54-552: Fort San Felipe may refer to: Fort San Felipe (Cavite) , Philippines Fortaleza San Felipe in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic on Hispaniola - the oldest fortress in the New World. Fort San Felipe del Morro , San Juan, Puerto Rico Fort San Felipe, Santa Elena (Spanish Florida) , burned down 1576 Fort St. Philip , Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana Topics referred to by
108-406: A Christian saint and virgin , who was martyred in the early 4th century at the hands of the emperor Maxentius . According to her hagiography , she was both a princess and a noted scholar who became a Christian around age 14, converted hundreds of people to Christianity , and was martyred around age 18. More than 1,100 years after Catherine's martyrdom, Joan of Arc identified her as one of
162-546: A Greek mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who was murdered by the Parabalani after being accused of exacerbating a conflict between two prominent figures in Alexandria, the governor Orestes and the bishop Cyril . The idea that Catherine's life was either based on or became confused with the life of the pagan Hypatia has become a popular theory among modern scholars since. However, while Christine Walsh accepts
216-523: A large female following, whose devotion was less likely to be expressed through pilgrimage. The importance of the virgin martyrs as the focus of devotion and models for proper feminine behaviour increased during the Late Middle Ages. Among these, St Catherine in particular was used as an exemplar for women, a status which at times superseded her intercessory role. Both Christine de Pizan and Geoffrey de la Tour Landry point to Catherine as
270-467: A paragon for young women, emphasizing her model of virginity and "wifely chastity". This shows also for instance in the naming of Catalina Tomas ( Catalina being the Catalan version of Catherine ) whose family had a special veneration of Catherine of Alexandria. From the early 14th century the mystic marriage of Saint Catherine first appears in hagiographical literature and, soon after, in art. In
324-518: A phial of her oil, brought back from Mount Sinai by Edward the Confessor . Other shrines, such as St. Catherine's Hill, Hampshire were the focus of generally local pilgrimage, many of which are only identified by brief mentions in various texts, rather than by physical evidence. St. Catharine's College, Cambridge was founded on St Catharine's Day (25 November) 1473 by Robert Woodlark ( provost of King's College, Cambridge ) who sought to create
378-545: A report in 1659 of Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara : "it was quadrilateral in form, with four corner bastions , and had a perimeter of 220 feet (67 m). It was built to face the Cavite Port and Manila. Furthermore, a cube or platform enough for 10 cannons and named Santa Catalina the Martyr was nearby. Facing San Felipe were the ruins of the casa real which had another low platform for eight cannons. However, it
432-558: A small community of scholars who would study exclusively theology and philosophy. Woodlark may have chosen the name in homage to Catherine of Valois , mother of Henry VI of England , although it is more likely that it was named as part of the Renaissance cult of Saint Catherine, who was a patron saint of learning. St Catherine's College, Oxford , developed from the Delegacy for Unattached Students, formed in 1868. Catherine also had
486-517: A virgin by governing her passions and conquered her executioners by wearying their patience, but triumphed in science by closing the mouths of sophists , her intercession was implored by theologians, apologists, pulpit orators, and philosophers. Before studying, writing, or preaching, they besought her to illumine their minds, guide their pens, and impart eloquence to their words. This devotion to Catherine which assumed such vast proportions in Europe after
540-568: Is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 25 November . In 2022, Catherine was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day she shares with Barbara of Nicomedia , and Margaret of Antioch on 24 November. The pyrotechnic Catherine wheel , which rotates with sparks flying off in all directions, took its name from the saint's wheel of martyrdom. The lunar impact crater Catharina
594-548: Is believed that Jacques-Benigne Bossuet dedicated to her one of his most beautiful panegyrics and that Adam of St. Victor wrote a magnificent poem in her honour: Vox Sonora nostri chori . In France, unwed women who had attained the age of 25 were called "catherinettes" . They would wear richly decorated bonnets on the day of her feast. This custom gave rise to the French idiom 'coiffer Sainte-Catherine' ("don St. Catherine's bonnet"), to describe an unmarried woman between
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#1732765227989648-401: Is debated: it could derive from ἑκάτερος ( hekáteros , "each of two"); it could derive from the name of the goddess Hecate ; it could be related to Greek αἰκία ( aikía , "insult, outrage, suffering, torture"); or it could be from a Coptic name meaning "my consecration of your name". In the early Christian era, it became associated with Greek καθαρός ( katharós , "pure"), and
702-518: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Fort San Felipe (Cavite) Fort San Felipe ( Spanish : Fortaleza de San Felipe ; Filipino : Moog ng San Felipe Neri ) is a military fortress in Cavite City , Philippines. It was constructed by the Spanish military in 1609 in the first port town of Cavite , the historic core of
756-672: Is located within the 9-hectare (22-acre) Naval Base Cavite of the Philippine Navy and is not open to the public. At present, the name Fort San Felipe also refers to the area of the present Cavite City where the first historic port town Cavite (also known as Cavite Nuevo then Cavite Puerto ) and the Cavite Arsenal (now Naval Base Cavite ) were located. It is now part of the San Roque district of Cavite City. As early as 1591, Gov. Gomez Perez Dasmariñas recognized
810-647: Is named after Saint Catherine. Santa Catarina Island in Brazil and the State of Santa Catarina are named after her. The Gulf of Santa Catalina is located in the Pacific Ocean on the west coast of North America. Santa Catalina Island off the coast of California, was named by Sebastián Vizcaíno , who arrived there on her feast day. The Santa Catalina Mountains in Arizona are her namesake. Kaarina , Finland,
864-545: Is named after her. One accepted origin of the namesake of St. Catharines , Ontario, is Saint Catherine of Alexandria, but there are other proposed explanations as "no definitive documentation exists to conclusively prove that the founders chose the unique spelling for any one particular reason". St Catherine of Alexandria Parish and School in Oak Lawn, Illinois, is named after her. St. Catherine University in St. Paul, Minnesota
918-746: Is not known. In 11th-century Kievan Rus , the feast day was celebrated on 25 November. Dimitry of Rostov in his Kniga zhyty sviatykh ( Book of the Lives of the Saints ), T.1 (1689) places the date of celebration on 24 November. A story that Empress Catherine the Great did not wish to share her patronal feast with the Leavetaking of the feast of the Presentation of the Theotokos and hence changed
972-582: Is now collectively known as the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite . Among the revolutionaries captured were musician Julián Felipe (who would compose the Philippine national anthem the following year). Felipe was incarcerated for nine months at Fort San Felipe. Also subsequently released were Pablo and Marcos José, and Juan Castañeda of Imus. During the early year of the American occupation, only
1026-468: Is richly dressed and crowned, as befits her rank as a princess, and often holds or stands next to a segment of her wheel as an attribute . She also often carries either a martyr's palm or the sword with which she was actually executed. She often has long unbound blonde or reddish hair (unbound as she is unmarried). The vision of Saint Catherine of Alexandria usually shows the Infant Christ, held by
1080-597: The Crusades , received additional éclat in France at the beginning of the 15th century, when it was rumoured that she had spoken to Joan of Arc and, together with Margaret of Antioch , had been divinely appointed Joan's adviser. Devotion to Catherine remains strong amongst Eastern Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians . With the relative ease of travel in the modern age, pilgrimages to Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai have increased. Catherine of Alexandria
1134-517: The Episcopal Church , St. Catherine is commemorated on 24 November, together with the martyrs Barbara of Nicomedia and Margaret of Antioch , while in the Church of England her feast day is 25 November. Some modern scholars consider that the legend of Catherine was probably based on the life and murder of the virgin Saint Dorothea of Alexandria and the Greek philosopher Hypatia , with
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#17327652279891188-499: The 4th-century Diocletianic Persecutions of Christians in Alexandria. There is no evidence that Katherine herself was a historical figure and she may well have been a composite drawn from memories of women persecuted for their faith. Many aspects of her Passio are clearly legendary and conform to well-known hagiographical topoi . Her name appears in Greek as Αἰκατερίνη ( Aikaterínē ) or Ἑκατερίνη ( Ekaterínē ). The etymology
1242-570: The Latin spelling was changed from Katerina to Katharina to reflect this. Catherine was one of the most important saints in the religious culture of the late Middle Ages and arguably considered the most important of the virgin martyrs, a group including Agnes of Rome , Margaret of Antioch , Barbara , Lucia of Syracuse , Valerie of Limoges and many others. Her power as an intercessor was renowned and firmly established in most versions of her hagiography , in which she specifically entreats Christ at
1296-569: The Plaza de Armas, outside Fort San Felipe, and were executed by musketry. The thirteen were leaders of the foiled uprising planned at the Cavite Arsenal on September 3. After the Spanish authorities learned about the plan from a Filipino dressmaker, they immediately arrested Severino Lapidario, Alfonso de Ocampo and Luis Aguado. The rest were rounded up on September 3 after their names were revealed by De Ocampo after being tortured. The group of heroes
1350-578: The Virgin, placing a ring (one of her attributes) on her finger, following some literary accounts, although in the version in the Golden Legend he appears to be adult, and the marriage takes place among a great crowd of angels and "all the celestial court", and these may also be shown. She is very frequently shown attending on the Virgin and Child, and is usually prominent in scenes of the Master of
1404-543: The Western church, the popularity of her cult began to reduce in the 18th century. Her principal symbol is the spiked wheel, which has become known as the Catherine wheel, and her feast day is celebrated on 25 November by most denominations. In many places, her feast was celebrated with the utmost solemnity, servile work being suppressed and the devotions attended by great numbers of people. In several dioceses of France it
1458-443: The ages of 25 and 30. In memory of her sacrifice in some homes, Egyptian and other Middle Eastern foods are offered for her feast, such as hummus or tabbouleh salads. Favourites also are melons cut into circles with sherbet "hubs", or cookies shaped as spiked wheels with icing. Meanwhile, owing to several circumstances in his life, Nicholas of Myra was considered the patron of young bachelors and students, and Catherine became
1512-553: The confinement she was fed daily by a dove from heaven, and Christ also visited her, encouraging her to fight bravely, and promised her the crown of everlasting glory. Angels tended her wounds with salve . During her imprisonment more than 200 people came to see her, including Maxentius' wife, Valeria Maximilla ; all converted to Christianity and were subsequently martyred . Upon the failure of Maxentius to make Catherine yield by way of torture, he tried to win her over by proposing marriage. Catherine refused, declaring that her spouse
1566-587: The date is not supported by historical evidence. One of the first Roman Catholic churches to be built in Russia, the Catholic Church of St. Catherine , was named after Catherine of Alexandria because she was Catherine the Great's patron. A footnote to the entry for 25 November in The Synaxarion compiled by Hieromonk Makarios of Simonos Petra states: "Until the 16th century, the memory of St Catherine
1620-532: The details that embellish the narrative, as well as the long discourses attributed to Catherine, are to be rejected as later inventions. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , no extant written mention of Catherine of Alexandria is known before the 9th century, and "her historicity is doubtful". Donald Attwater dismisses what he calls the "legend" of Saint Catherine, arguing for a lack of any "positive evidence that she ever existed outside
1674-448: The emperor and rebuked him for his cruelty. The emperor summoned 50 of the best pagan philosophers and orators to dispute with her, hoping that they would refute her pro-Christian arguments, but Catherine won the debate. Several of her adversaries, conquered by her eloquence, declared themselves Christians and were at once put to death. The emperor gave orders to subject Catherine to terrible tortures and then throw her in prison. During
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1728-507: The façade, the main entrance with flanking curtain walls, and the two bastions at the ends remain of the old port. The rest were demolished by the Americans during the early 20th century to make way for a naval station. The fort is located inside Naval Base Cavite , which is off limits to the public. Saint Catherine of Alexandria Catherine of Alexandria , also spelled Katherine ( Greek : Αίκατερίνη) is, according to tradition,
1782-476: The foot of Mount Sinai was about 800 and presumably implies an existing cult at that date (though the common name of the monastery developed after the discovery). In her book The Cult of St Katherine of Alexandria in Early Medieval Europe , Christine Walsh discusses "the historical Katherine": As we have seen, the cult of St Katherine of Alexandria probably originated in oral traditions from
1836-620: The journey to Mount Sinai , most notably those of John Mandeville and Friar Felix Fabri . However, while the monastery at Mount Sinai was the best known site of Catherine pilgrimage, it was also the most difficult to reach. The most prominent Western shrine was the monastery in Rouen that claimed to house Catherine's fingers. It was not alone in the west, however, and was accompanied by many scattered shrines and altars dedicated to Catherine throughout France and England. Some were better-known sites, such as Canterbury and Westminster , which claimed
1890-499: The many parallels between Catherine and Hypatia, she does not believe there is any evidence for or against the idea that Catherine was created based on Hypatia. The earliest surviving account of Catherine's life comes around 600 years after the traditional date of her martyrdom, in the Menologium , a document compiled for Emperor Basil II in 976, although the alleged rediscovery of her relics at Saint Catherine's Monastery at
1944-399: The mind of some Greek writer who first composed what he intended to be simply an edifying romance." Harold Davis writes that "assiduous research has failed to identify Catherine with any historical personage". Anna Brownell Jameson was the first to argue that the life of Catherine was confused with that of the slightly later neoplatonist philosopher Hypatia of Alexandria . Hypatia was
1998-411: The moment of her death to answer the prayers of those who remember her martyrdom and invoke her name. The development of her medieval cult was spurred by the alleged rediscovery of her body around 800 (about 500 years after her death) at Mount Sinai, supposedly with hair still growing and a constant stream of healing oil issuing from her body. There are several pilgrimage narratives that chronicle
2052-651: The participants and began to crack down on a burgeoning nationalist movement. The uprising also resulted in the unjust implication and the tragic execution by garrote of Filipino priests Mariano Gomez , Jose Burgos , and Jacinto Zamora on February 17, 1872. Many scholars believe that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896 . On September 12, 1896, at 12:45 p.m., thirteen Filipino patriots were taken to
2106-552: The patroness of young maidens and female students. Looked upon as the holiest and most illustrious of the virgins of Christ after the Blessed Virgin Mary , it was deemed appropriate that she, of all others, should be worthy to watch over the virgins of the cloister and the young women of the world. The spiked wheel having become emblematic of the saint, wheelwrights and mechanics placed themselves under her patronage. Finally, as according to tradition she not only remained
2160-414: The present and larger Cavite City, for its protection. Less than half of the original historic structure survives today. The remaining structure is made of granite blocks with 30-foot high walls and features a wide stairway leading to the top of the bastions and remaining walls. Naval memorabilia including antique cannons and cannonballs decorate the lawns of the fortification . Fort San Felipe
2214-442: The purported burning bush seen by Moses . Countless people make the pilgrimage to the monastery to receive miracle healing from Catherine. Sometimes cited as a possible inspiration of Catherine, Eusebius wrote around 320 that Maximinus had ordered a young Christian woman to come to his palace to become his mistress, and when she refused he had her punished by having her banished and her estates confiscated. Eusebius did not name
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2268-491: The reversed role of a Christian and neoplatonist in the case of the latter. On the other hand, Leon Clugnet writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia states "although contemporary hagiographers look upon the authenticity of the various texts containing the legend of St. Catherine as more than doubtful, it is not therefore meant to cast even the shadow of a doubt around the existence of the saint". According to
2322-690: The saints who appeared to and counselled her. The Eastern Orthodox Church venerates her as a great martyr and celebrates her feast day on 24 or 25 November, depending on the regional tradition. In Catholicism , Catherine is traditionally revered as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers , and she is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on 25 November. Her feast was removed from the General Roman Calendar in 1969 but restored in 2002 as an optional memorial. In
2376-427: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fort San Felipe . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_San_Felipe&oldid=1194846917 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2430-521: The strategic importance of Cavite Puerto as the gateway to the City of Manila and moved toward its fortification. It was in fact at this isthmus, two decades earlier, that Miguel de Legazpi hid his ships prior to the attack in Manila. Constructed between 1609 and 1616, Fort San Felipe is the first military fortress built in the province of Cavite during the time of Governor Juan de Silva . According to
2484-528: The traditional narrative, Catherine was the daughter of Sabinella and Constus (or Costus), the governor of Alexandria during the reign of the emperor Maximian (286–305). She was of Greek origin. From a young age she devoted herself to study. A vision of the Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus persuaded her to become a Christian. When the persecutions began under the emperor Maxentius , she went to
2538-465: The woman but Rufinus of Aquileia names her Dorothea ( Δωροθέα ) in his translation of Eusebius' work. A sixteenth century Italian historian, Caesar Baronius (c.1538-1607), suggested that Catherine and Dorothea were the same person and that Catherine (Hecaterina) was her former pagan name while Dorothea (the gift of God) was the name given to her at the time of baptism. The Catholic Encyclopedia , while not denying her historicity, states that most of
2592-616: Was Jesus Christ, to whom she had consecrated her virginity. The furious emperor condemned Catherine to death on a spiked breaking wheel , but at her touch it shattered. Maxentius ordered her to be beheaded. Catherine ordered the execution to commence. A milk-like substance rather than blood flowed from her neck. In the 6th century, the Eastern Emperor Justinian had established what is now Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt, which had been originally built encircling
2646-452: Was an uprising of military personnel of the Spanish arsenal in Cavite including Fort San Felipe, on January 20, 1872. Around 200 soldiers and laborers led by Sergeant Francisco La Madrid rose up in the belief that it would elevate a national uprising. The event led to the killing of the governor of the fort but was quickly suppressed on January 22. The government soldiers executed many of
2700-428: Was chosen over that of St. Anne because it sounds better when translated into Chinese. Sœur de La Chapelle was a French nun who wrote a tragedy about her martyrdom. Countless images of Saint Catherine are depicted in art, especially in the late Middle Ages , which is also the time that the account of Saint Catherine's Mystical Marriage makes its first literary appearance. She can usually be easily recognised as she
2754-969: Was founded in 1905 by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet and named for St. Catherine of Alexandria. University of Saint Katherine in San Marcos, California is the first Eastern Orthodox Christian university in the United States and the English-speaking world. St. Catherine's School , is an independent Episcopal diocesan school in Richmond, Virginia. St Helen and St Katharine , a girls' school in Oxfordshire, England celebrates "St. Katharine's Day" each November. The name of St. Catharine's School for Girls (Kwun Tong) in Hong Kong
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#17327652279892808-538: Was in bad state and had to be repaired." In August 1663, Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara ordered the construction of a platform at the entrance of Fort San Felipe that would handle 10 cannons . After some years, four more platforms followed, each were named after Catholic saints . From 1679 to 1688, the fort was used as a prison for Fernando de Valenzuela , former valido to the Queen Regent Mariana of Austria . The Cavite Mutiny of 1872
2862-484: Was observed as a Holy Day of Obligation up to the beginning of the 17th century, the splendour of its ceremonial eclipsing that of the feasts of some of the apostles . Many chapels were placed under her patronage, and nearly all churches had a statue of her, representing her according to medieval iconography with a wheel, her instrument of torture. The Russian , Serbian and Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Churches celebrate it on 24 November. The origin of this tradition
2916-566: Was observed on 24 Nov. According to a note by Bartholomew of Koutloumousiou inserted in the Menaion , the Fathers of Sinai transferred the date to 25 Nov. in order that the feast might be kept with greater solemnity." The 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia describes her historical importance: Ranked with St Margaret and St Barbara as one of the fourteen most helpful saints in heaven , she was unceasingly praised by preachers and sung by poets. It
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