129-473: Forza Italia ( FI ; lit. ' Forward Italy ' or ' Come on Italy ' or ' Let's Go Italy ' ) was a centre-right liberal-conservative political party in Italy , with Christian democratic , liberal (especially economic liberalism ), social democratic and populist tendencies. It was founded by Silvio Berlusconi , who served as Prime Minister of Italy four times. The party
258-496: A free vote ), as in the case of the referendum on stem-cell research , but leading members of the party, including Silvio Berlusconi , Giulio Tremonti and Marcello Pera (who is himself non-Catholic, although friend of Pope Benedict XVI ), spoke in favour of "abstention" (as asked by the Catholic Church, to not surpass the 50% of turnout needed for making the referendum legally binding). While Pera campaigned hard for
387-574: A liberal variant of conservatism . Conservative centre-right parties are more likely to incorporate ethnic nationalism relative to liberal centre-right parties. Conservatives and liberals both oppose heavy governmental involvement in the economy. Right-liberalism is common in Europe, contrasted with the centrist liberalism in Canada and the United Kingdom, and with the left-liberalism of
516-522: A bridge between Catholics and non-Catholics, who have been previously divided in the political system of the First Republic, and "the union of three political-cultural areas: that of liberal and popular Catholicism, that of secular, liberal and republican humanism and that of liberal socialism". In a speech during a party congress in 1998, Berlusconi himself proclaimed: "our liberal vision of the State
645-525: A centre-right coalition in Venezuela. Canada was one of the last Anglosphere countries for the centre-right to be restored after World War II, with no centre-right parties holding power until the premiership of Stephen Harper in 2006. The 2007–2008 financial crisis was followed by a decline in support for major centre-right and centre-left parties through the 2010s. For the centre-right, this occurred most prominently in newer democracies, while support
774-653: A challenge for Christian democracy, causing it to lose political influence. African political parties rapidly began joining political internationals in the 1990s. Among the centre-right, collaboration began between the Ghana New Patriotic Party , the Malawi Congress Party , and the Kenya Democratic Party . Japan, which had been ruled almost consistently by the centre-right Liberal Democratic Party for decades, saw
903-689: A consolidation of the middle-class at the expense of socialist parties. These centre-right parties gained influence during the Depression of 1920–1921 , where they responded with measures such as a restoration of the gold standard . Among the strongest of these parties were National Bloc and its successors in France, the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, and a coalition of the Catholic Conservative Party and
1032-451: A curious and, on many respects, untold mixture of 'liberalism' and 'democratic populism ' – deserves to be described as an 'anti-ideological ideology', ... as a synthesis or fusion of very diverse political families and traditions (from liberal Catholicism to social conservatism , from reformist socialism to economic liberalism ), kept together by the mobilizing appeal to 'freedom'." Chiara Moroni , who explains Forza Italia's ideology as
1161-866: A dominant political force in much of the western world over the following decades, including the American Republican Party as led by Dwight D. Eisenhower , one-nation conservatism of the British Conservative Party, and Gaullism of the Rally of the French People . Europe had little appetite for nationalist ideologies after the end of fascism, so Christian democracy was popularised as an alternative right-wing ideology. Instead of nationalism, its ideas were based on traditional values , pragmatism, and support for moderate state intervention. Its conception of government
1290-633: A means to limit the appeal of the nationalism that had led to fascism. In the United States, the centre-right was associated with the Rockefeller Republican faction of the Republican Party. The American centre-right promoted pro-business stances over the following decades, which led to economic justifications for supporting higher taxes as well as social programs such as public housing . Christian democrats supported
1419-494: A mixture of liberal, Christian-democratic and social-democratic values (united in the concept of "popular liberalism" in party documents), wrote that "Berlusconi offered to voters liberal values through a populist style" and that "Forza Italia has made the liberal political ideal popular" among voters, so that "it was spread and shared by broad and heterogenous sectors of the Italian population". The electoral base of Forza Italia
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#17327723589411548-545: A modest welfare state, and the European centre-right was reluctant to support more radical initiatives to liberalise the economy. In Southeast Asia, the centre-right secured power in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, implementing growth-oriented policies based on free market policies with moderate governmental intervention, leading to significant economic expansion. The centre-right rose to power in Greece with
1677-585: A new coalition called House of Freedoms (CdL) and composed mainly of the National Alliance, Lega Nord, Christian Democratic Centre and United Christian Democrats (the last two parties merged in 2002 to form the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats , UDC). In June 2001, after the huge success in May elections, Silvio Berlusconi was returned head of the Italian government, the longest-serving cabinet in
1806-453: A period of opposition to immigration in Europe at this time. By the 1980s, the post-war consensus had ended, with the new right supporting neoconservatism and neoliberalism . At this time, centre-right parties took a more active role in challenging the welfare state and union influence. The predominantly centre-right United States Republican Party began a rightward shift in the 1980s, with its moderate factions declining in numbers over
1935-415: A political force with the creation of party systems in the 19th century, when monarchist and religious conservatives competed with individualist and anti-clerical liberals. Christian democracy developed in the 1870s as another response to anti-clericalism. The centre-right provided a moderate position to compete with socialism in the 19th century, and it became a driving force for liberal democracy in
2064-470: A proliferation of centre-right opposition parties by the 1990s, with new parties forming and established parties shifting toward the centre-right to remain competitive. Following the rise of the Third Way among left-wing politics in the 1990s, the centre-right was forced to moderate, sacrificing the more aggressive aspects of right-wing politics that developed in the 1980s and abandoning its opposition to
2193-412: A religious justification for supporting democratisation , individual liberties , and international cooperation. Christian democrats hold conservative positions on most issues, but in a more moderate fashion than groups specifically described as conservative, and they trend centrist on economic issues. Instead of a strong government, it advocates decentralisation where other social units such as family,
2322-471: A series of reforms: a pension system reform, a labour market reform, a judiciary reform and a constitutional reform – the latter rejected by a referendum in June 2006. In foreign policy he shifted the country's position to more closeness to the United States, while in economic policy he was not able to deliver the tax cuts he had openly promised throughout all 2001 electoral campaign. In the 2006 general election
2451-497: A serious blow for the party, which however remained strong in the northern regions , such as Lombardy and Veneto , and somewhere in the South , where Sicily was a stronghold. After this disappointing electoral performance the cabinet was reshuffled, due to the insistence of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats 's leaders, and Berlusconi formed his third cabinet . During his five years in office, Berlusconi government passed
2580-472: A short life and fell in December, when Lega Nord left the coalition, after disagreements over pension reform and the first avviso di garanzia (preliminary notice of an investigation) for Berlusconi, passed by Milan prosecutors. Forza Italia's leader was replaced as prime minister by Lamberto Dini , an independent politician who had been the administration's Treasury Minister. No members of Forza Italia joined
2709-530: A social market economy. A democracy cannot afford citizens in poor conditions. With our book on welfare we tackle the needs of the weakest families. It is decidedly a left-wing policy. This government which centrist, liberal, with Catholics and reformists, intends to advance with policies that the left-wing promises by word of mouth. Sandro Bondi , a leading member of the party, wrote: Forza Italia considers liberal classics as Croce , Sturzo , Hayek and Einaudi as reference authors. In particular, it hark back to
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#17327723589412838-503: Is a private university in Milan and Rome , Italy . The university is consistently ranked as the best in Italy in its fields and among the best in the world. The university provides education in the fields of economics, finance, law, business administration , management , political science , public administration , information science , data science , and computer science . Bocconi
2967-586: Is a founding member of CEMS - The Global Alliance in Management Education , and the university through its graduate business school , SDA Bocconi School of Management , has received triple accreditation from the AACSB , EQUIS , and the AMBA where it offers MBA , Executive MBA , DBA , professional development , executive education , and professional certification programs. Bocconi University
3096-404: Is a left-wing stronghold, due to its alliance with the autonomist South Tyrolean People's Party ). The incumbent Berlusconi-led government narrowly lost to The Union coalition, which returned Romano Prodi as prime minister, relegating Forza Italia and its House of Freedoms allies to opposition. On 31 July 2007 Berlusconi's protegee and possible successor Michela Vittoria Brambilla registered
3225-479: Is a member of the Offshoring Research Network , an international network researching the offshoring of business processes and services. The university hosts student-run publications: In the atrium of the oldest building of the university, there are three sets of doors. The central doors, which are larger than the others, have two lions on either side of them. There is a superstition within
3354-694: Is also associated with anti-communism , which earned it support during the Cold War . Culturally, the centre-right has prioritised national and religious identity, especially by the mid-20th century. It has used religion and moral values as uniting elements, particularly with the middle class . European centre-right parties place higher priority on Christianity and providing support to Christians—a trait often shared with their far-right counterparts. The centre-right more strongly supports freedom of religion overall, as opposed to generalised support of human rights expressed by left-wing ideologies. As European
3483-449: Is continuous with that of the 19th century, and Christian democracy is sometimes regarded separately from the typical right-wing voter bloc. Conservatism is commonly grouped with the centre-right, though adherents of the far-right may argue that the centre-right is insufficiently conservative. Liberalism is sometimes grouped with the centre-right when it is expressed as conservative liberalism . The centre-right can also include
3612-556: Is derived from the left–right political spectrum , which originated with the seating arrangements of the National Assembly during the French Revolution . The centre-right came into being in the 19th century, developing with the earliest political parties . Modern conservatism was derived from the ideas of British philosopher Edmund Burke and various 17th century figures who preceded him. The liberal movement
3741-627: Is fully accredited by the AACSB, EQUIS, and AMBA. The school is also the publisher of E&M (Economia & Management), an Italian business and management review. The SDA also offers further Master of Science programs in Corporate Finance and Banking, Real Estate Management, Fine Food and Beverage management, Fashion Management, Design Management, Sports Law and Sport Management, and a Master in Stage and Show Management. In 2006, research
3870-465: Is heterogeneous and encompasses multiple distinct ideologies. Centre-right parties and coalitions are traditionally understood to be divided into separate factions depending on their priorities: economic, social, and cultural. They are unified by their opposition to left-wing politics . Christian democracy is a political ideology predominant in Europe that is often described as centre-right. It applies Christian morality to political issues, giving
3999-444: Is more likely to present immigration as a prominent issue when it is placed in the context of economic and cultural policy. Right-wing politics has historically opposed social acceptance of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, but the European centre-right has come to support protections on the basis of sexual orientation. Some centre-right groups have taken the position that gay marriage and adoption by gay couples are an extension of
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4128-475: Is perfectly in agreement with the Catholic social teaching". The "Secular Creed" of the party explains that FI was a party that primarily underlined freedom and the centrality of the individual, which are basic principles of both liberalism and the Catholic social teaching, often connected in party official documents: We believe in freedom, in all its several and vital forms: in the freedom of thought, in
4257-416: Is possible to distinguish some patterns. The party was divided over ethical (between social conservatives and progressives), economic (between social democrats and some Christian democrats on one side and liberals on the other one), and institutional issues. Regarding the latter issue, generally speaking, northern party members were staunch proposers of political and fiscal federalism , and autonomy for
4386-461: Is thanks to this group (and to those around Tremonti, he himself a former Socialist) that constitutional reform was at the top of Forza Italia's political agenda. It is difficult to say to what faction Berlusconi was closer, what is sure is that his political record was a synthesis of all the political tendencies within the party. Centre-right politics Centre-right politics is the set of right-wing political ideologies that lean closer to
4515-593: Is the Bachelor's in International Politics and Government (BIG), the first degree in the field of political science and international relations offered by the university. Also the university offers a Bachelor of Arts in partnership with HEC Paris . Announced in October 2023, it is focused on Data, Society & Organizations, it combines data sciences and social sciences . Students spend
4644-649: The Catholic social teaching and the social market economy . The party was a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and presented itself as the party of renewal and modernization. The core values of Forza Italia were " freedom " and the " centrality of the individual ". From a comparative perspective the ideology of Forza Italia has been characterized as liberal conservative, or conservative liberal , national conservative, and liberal. Alessandro Campi has written that "the political culture of Forza Italia –
4773-735: The Centrist Democrat International and centre-right liberal parties are affiliated with the International Democracy Union . In Europe, centre-right parties are affiliated with the European People's Party . Centre-right politics is associated with conservative positions on social and cultural issues and free-market liberal positions on economic issues—centre-right parties see their strongest support among demographics that share all of these positions. It broadly supports small government , though different factions hold different beliefs about when
4902-604: The Democratic Party of the Left (the direct heirs of the Italian Communist Party ) had been able to win the next election and enter in government for the first time since 1947. The establishment of Forza Italia was supported in terms of finance, personnel and logistics by Berlusconi's Fininvest corporation: The area managers of its advertisement branch Publitalia '80 (managed by Dell'Utri) organised
5031-628: The Great Depression set in. In nations where the centre-right lacked a unified party, such as Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, far-right movements seized power. Strong pre-existing centre-right parties retained power in other countries, including Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The use of market economics to keep wages steady, as well as the relative weakness of labour unions, meant that centre-right liberalism went unchallenged in much of Europe. In
5160-526: The New Democracy party in the 1970s, led by Konstantinos Karamanlis as Greece transitioned from dictatorship to democracy. Spain and Portugal underwent similar transitions as they emerged from dictatorship. The 1970s saw decreasing support for welfare policies with the end of the postwar economic boom and the economic fallout of the 1970s energy crisis . This led to increased support for privatisation and cuts in welfare spending. It also led
5289-774: The Pinacoteca di Brera , where its first building was inaugurated in 1902. The campus is now located beside Parco Ravizza, between Via Sarfatti and Viale Bligny and consists of several buildings within walking distance to Porta Ticinese , the Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio : Several other administrative and research offices of Bocconi's institutes are scattered across the area, especially around Parco Ravizza and Viale Isonzo. Bocconi University provides off-campus students with approximately 1800 places in dorms. Residences for students are Bocconi Residence , Javotte Residence , Dubini Residence , Spadolini Residence , Arcobaleno Residence ,
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5418-609: The Radicals in Switzerland. Christian democracy found a place among the European centre-right during the interwar period . Centre-right parties became the primary supporters of liberal democracy at this time, challenging the historical association of liberalism with the labour movement . The liberal centre-right opposed the other two European ideologies that were growing in popularity: fascism and social democracy . The European centre-right declined between 1931 and 1935 as
5547-518: The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies . The Bocconi PhD School offers the following 4-year PhD programs: SDA Bocconi ( Italian : Scuola di Direzione Aziendale Bocconi , lit. 'Bocconi School of Management') is the graduate business school of the university. The business school offers MBA programs, executive education, professional certifications , and a Doctor of Business Administration ( DBA ). Founded in 1971, SDA Bocconi
5676-412: The aftermath of World War II , the old centre-right was discredited in Europe, where it was seen as responsible for the Great Depression and complicit in the rise of fascism. European centre-right parties worked closely with the centre-left and the political centre in the post-war era , helping to define the welfare state, democratic consolidation , and European integration . They sought to avoid
5805-699: The political centre . It is commonly associated with conservatism , Christian democracy , liberal conservatism , and conservative liberalism . Conservative and liberal centre-right parties have historically been more successful in the Anglosphere , while Christian democracy has been the primary centre-right ideology in Europe. The centre-right commonly supports ideas such as small government , law and order , freedom of religion , and strong national security . It has historically stood in opposition to radical politics , redistributive policies , multiculturalism , immigration , and LGBT acceptance. Economically,
5934-568: The social market economy of Röpke , which was conceived in reference to the traditional social teaching of the Church . Forza Italia has imparted a deep cultural innovation, combining the language of the Church tradition with the liberal and reformist thought. The party included also non- Catholic members, but they were a minority, and it was less secular in its policies than Christian Democratic Union of Germany. The party usually gave to its members freedom of conscience on moral issues (and hence
6063-543: The "old" parties, mainly DC and PSI, who defected to the new party, bringing their local clientele with them. FI's political programme was strongly influenced by the manifesto "In Search of Good Government" (Alla ricerca del buongoverno) authored in late 1993 by Giuliano Urbani who was then a political science professor at Milan's private Bocconi University and an occasional collaborator of Fininvest. It denounced corruption, dominance of political parties and remnants of communism as Italy's ills, while advocating market economy,
6192-462: The (old) elites, a typical element of populist ideologies. However, Berlusconi viewed "the people" as a pluralistic and diverse collection of individuals, not an ethnically, historically and culturally homogeneous unit. Most members of the party were former Christian Democrats (DC): Giuseppe Pisanu (former member of the leftist faction of DC and Minister of Interior), Roberto Formigoni (President of Lombardy ), Claudio Scajola (former Minister of
6321-528: The 1970s caused a rise in support for neoliberalism and neoconservatism . The dissolution of the Soviet Union allowed a new centre-right movement to develop and take power in Central and Eastern Europe through the 1990s. The 2007–2008 financial crisis led to declining support for the centre-right, and the following decade saw it replaced by greater support for far-right politics . The centre-right
6450-756: The Christian Democracy party; while in the South most leading members of Forza Italia are former Christian Democrats, the party was highly influenced also by liberals in the North. Forza Italia claimed to be a fresh new party, with no ties with the last governments of the so-called First Republic , and at the same time to be the heir of the best political traditions of Italy: Christian Democrat Alcide De Gasperi , Social Democrat Giuseppe Saragat , Liberal Luigi Einaudi and Republican Ugo La Malfa were considered as party icons. The "Secular Creed", that
6579-692: The Cold War, centre-right groups supported the United States and the Western Bloc , opposing the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc . In several countries, centre-right parties were opposed by domestic communism on top of their opposition to the Soviet Union. As suffrage expanded and the centre-right spread across social classes, cultural issues and social identity, such as support for nationalism and religion, became more prominent themes. The European centre-right began supporting social integration as
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#17327723589416708-551: The Interior and of Industry), Enrico La Loggia , Renato Schifani , Guido Crosetto , Raffaele Fitto , Giuseppe Gargani , Alfredo Antoniozzi , Giorgio Carollo , Giuseppe Castiglione , Francesco Giro , Luigi Grillo , Maurizio Lupi , Mario Mantovani , Mario Mauro , Osvaldo Napoli , Antonio Palmieri , Angelo Sanza , Riccardo Ventre and Marcello Vernola are only some remarkable examples. Several members were former Socialists (PSI), as Giulio Tremonti (vice-president of
6837-796: The Master of Science in Finance was among the first six programs in the world to establish a partnership with the CFA institute and the first in continental Europe, while the Masters of Science in Management and International Management enable a select number of students to take part in the CEMS Master of International Management, of which Bocconi is a founding member, along with HEC , ESADE and University of Cologne . Bocconi University School of Law
6966-578: The Region in Piedmont ( Enzo Ghigo ), Lombardy ( Roberto Formigoni ), and Veneto ( Giancarlo Galan ), together with three more elected for the first time in Liguria ( Sandro Biasotti ), Apulia ( Raffaele Fitto ) and Calabria ( Giuseppe Chiaravalloti ). The party regained power in the general election of 2001 , gaining 29.4% of the votes with Giorgio La Malfa 's tiny Italian Republican Party , in
7095-608: The Regions (in some parts of Veneto and Lombardy , it was sometimes difficult to distinguish a member of FI from a member of the LN ), while those coming from the South were more cold on the issue. Also some former Liberals , due to their role of unifiers of Italy in the 19th century, were more centralist. A scheme of the internal factions within Forza Italia could be this: Christian democrats and liberal-centrists were undoubtedly
7224-462: The Soviet Union encouraged close alignment with the United States and strong support for combatting dictatorships. The centre-right in this region fragmented at the onset of the 21st century as much of the centre-right shifted away from liberalism to more conservative and nationalist politics with a strong stance against European integration. As Islamism lost support in Turkey, many Islamists moved to
7353-453: The State. We believe that the State should be the servant of the citizen and not the citizen the servant of the State. The citizen is sovereign. For this, we believe concretely in the individual ... . We believe in the values of our Christian tradition, in the life values which cannot be renounced, in common good, in freedom of education and learning, in peace, in solidarity, in justice, in tolerance ... . In 2008 Berlusconi stated that: We want
7482-494: The United States. Economic ideologies associated with the centre-right include neoliberalism and market liberalism . Other ideologies sometimes grouped under the centre-right descriptor include agrarianism and populist nationalism . Centre-right liberal and conservative parties have historically been successful in the Anglosphere , such as those in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, and they have made up
7611-461: The assertion of civil society and more efficient politics as the solutions. In a couple of months Forza Italia became one of the leading Italian parties, achieving a large consensus through an accurate strategy of communication and pounding electoral spots aired by the Mediaset TV channels. A few months after its creation, Forza Italia came to national power after the 1994 general election as
7740-400: The beginning of the 21st century, but by the 2010s these groups had lost influence as the Republican Party shifted from the centre-right to right-wing populism . The centre-right underwent a decline throughout the western world in the late 2010s and early 2020s, led by demographic changes such as increased tertiary education and ethnic diversity as well as the waning influence of religion and
7869-563: The centre-left—this included parties in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Sweden. The 2000s also saw an example of a successful populist centre-right party with the ascension of Forza Italia , led by Silvio Berlusconi . During the 2003 invasion of Iraq , centre-right parties in Europe were more likely to send military forces than centre-left parties. This was especially true in Central and Eastern Europe, where memories of
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#17327723589417998-759: The centre-right lacked experience in political organisation, many of the first-generation centre-right movements lost momentum and faded into irrelevance in the years thereafter. Nationalism and populism became the dominant political forces here until the end of the decade. Centre-right liberals in Central and Eastern Europe supported integration with the Western World and acceleration of industrialisation, while conservatives wished to preserve individual national identities and protect Catholic traditions from Western secularism. Post-communist centre-right groups were more inclined toward liberal positions, favouring market capitalist policies over government intervention, which
8127-475: The centre-right secularises, it becomes less likely to support conservative positions on social issues . Centre-right parties that take strong stances on cultural issues are more susceptible to radicalise and adopt far-right positions. While opposition to immigration is most commonly associated with far-right politics , the centre-right can attract support from voters with more moderate anti-immigrant positions. Centre-right opposition to immigration comes from
8256-423: The centre-right supports free markets and the social market economy , with market liberalism and neoliberalism being common centre-right economic positions. It typically seeks to preserve the cultural and socioeconomic status quo and believes that changes should be implemented gradually . The centre-right is derived from the left–right political spectrum of the French Revolution . It first developed as
8385-589: The centre-right until a leftward shift among women took place over the 1970s and 1980s. Eastern and Central Europe were introduced to centre-right politics in the 1990s after the dissolution of the Soviet Union . These movements—which preferred not to be identified as parties due to the term's association with communism—were made up of intellectual groups that had been dissidents during communist rule. The Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland all had strong opposition movements under communism, allowing these movements to form strong centre-right parties. In nations where
8514-748: The centre-right's handling of economic crises reached a crescendo with public demonstrations that relegated the centre-right to a relatively ineffective opposition. Colombia was an exception, where the long-standing centre-right dominance remained unchallenged. Centre-right parties retook power in several Latin American countries by the 2010s, including the National Renewal in Chile and the Republican Proposal in Argentina, as well as
8643-509: The centre-right, forming the new Justice and Development Party . This party was more accepting of secularism and neoliberalism, and it became the nation's dominant political force. Although citizens throughout Latin America most commonly self-identified as centre-right, the region saw a surge of popularity for expanding government programs and state ownership , leading to a leftward shift that began in 1998. In Bolivia, dissatisfaction with
8772-412: The challenge that immigration presents to the status quo and to national identity. Supporters of centre-right politics in Europe often fear that immigration will lead to consequences such as increased crime , abuse of welfare , or acts of terrorism . Centre-right political parties sometimes take stronger positions against multiculturalism to gain an advantage over far-right parties. The centre-right
8901-505: The community, and various organisations are major actors in society. While still supporting a market economy, Christian democrats are more open to state intervention than conservatives, so as to prevent social inequality . Unlike historical Christian political movements, Christian democracy is non-denominational and is not affiliated with the Catholic Church . Political scientists disagree as to whether post-war Christian democracy
9030-465: The containment of political conflicts, after the hyper-politisation of Italian society during the "First Republic") and the identification of a "new virtuous elite". The concepts of a good civil society and hypopolitics were both liberal and populist; while the minimal state was a mainly liberal idea and the new virtuous elite a chiefly populist one. According to Orsina, Berlusconism sanctified "the people" that embodied all virtues while being "betrayed" by
9159-913: The content necessary to take the CFA Program Exam level III, the highest level. In a joint venture with the Central European University of Budapest , Hungary , Bocconi also offers a four-year Dual Degree in International Business , the first two years of which are spent in Budapest and the latter in Milan . The Bocconi Graduate School mainly offers master programs mainly taught in English, with some also in Italian: Bocconi has established many partnerships for its Master of Science programs:
9288-540: The creation of a strong Christian democratic movement in Italy, which was a leading political force in various coalitions for over 50 years. The United Kingdom was the only major exception to the spread of Christian democracy, as its old centre-right was seen as triumphant under the wartime leadership of Winston Churchill , and the failure of Nazi Germany to invade meant that its pre-war institutions remained intact. Here conservatism remained dominant, meaning less state intervention relative to other European nations. During
9417-406: The desert", something that could have proved fatal for such a young and unstructured party. Between 1996 and 1998, the party started to strengthen its organisation under Claudio Scajola , a former Christian Democrat who served as national coordinator of Forza Italia from 1996 to 2001. In December 1999, Forza Italia gained full membership in the European People's Party , of which Antonio Tajani ,
9546-483: The early 20th century. The centre-right was reconfigured after World War II to temper support for nationalism; it became a dominant political position throughout the Western world , particularly with the spread of Christian democracy across Europe. It aligned with the Western bloc during the Cold War, and in Europe it heavily influenced democratic consolidation and European integration . Global economic downturn in
9675-538: The economy to regulate how business may be conducted, but it opposes nationalisation or infringement on the free market . Social market economies allow cooperation between employers and unions, and they provide for basic welfare programs, though centre-right parties that have less appeal among working class voters have less incentive to dedicate themselves to these positions. Centre-right conservatives oppose redistributive policies , believing that individuals should be allowed to retain their wealth. This tends to attract
9804-405: The economy, its incrementalist approach to politics, and its support for the status quo have been attributed to its ability to remain in power for extended periods of time. The centre-right commonly supports a social market economy , rejecting both socialism and laissez-faire capitalism. First developed by Christian democrats in post-war Germany, this system allows the state to intervene in
9933-482: The far-right and far-left politics that had brought about Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, respectively, and they saw European integration as a means to protect against socialism and anti-Christianity. The modern centre-right developed in response as a political unification of several distinct right-wing schools of thought. Ideological diversity meant flexibility in policy positions, but it also caused factionalism across centre-right parties. The centre-right became
10062-757: The first three semesters in Italy and the last three in France on the Jouy-en-Josas campus. The university also offers a five-year course in Law, which incorporates the Italian equivalents of the Bachelor of Laws and the Master of Laws . The bachelor's degrees in finance (BIEF) has been recognized by the Chartered Financial Analyst Institute ( CFA Institute ). The partnership is granted to programs which cover at least 70% of
10191-559: The following decades. The Indian Bharatiya Janata Party followed the Western centre-right strategy in the 1980s and 1990s, appealing to the centre while maintaining a militarist, nationalist platform. New political parties were formed in Turkey after the 1980 coup d'état , and the Motherland Party , led by businessmen and tradesmen, implemented secular neoliberal policies. In European nations, women were most likely to support
10320-577: The fourth course is entirely taught in English (BIEF) and is targeted at both international students and students pursuing an international career. Students in this course have the choice to major in Economics , Management or Finance during their course of studies. A fifth separate three-year undergraduate course in Economics focuses on the economics and management of Arts, Culture and Communication (CLEACC). Another three-year undergraduate course
10449-404: The freedom of expression, in religious freedom, of every religion, in the freedom of association. ... Freedom is not graciously conceded by the State, because it comes before it. It is a natural right, which belongs to us as we are human beings and it itself rather lays the foundations of the State. ... We believe that the State should be at the service of citizens, and not citizens at the service of
10578-551: The head of a political coalition called Pole of Freedoms / Pole of Good Government , composed of Lega Nord , National Alliance , Christian Democratic Centre and Union of the Centre . Silvio Berlusconi was sworn in May 1994 as Prime Minister of Italy in a government in which the most important cabinet posts were held by fellow Forza Italia members: Antonio Martino was Foreign Minister, Cesare Previti Defence Minister, Alfredo Biondi Justice Minister and Giulio Tremonti (at
10707-442: The history of the Italian republic. Again all key ministerial posts were given to Forza Italia members: Interior ( Claudio Scajola 2001–2002, Giuseppe Pisanu 2002–2006), Defence ( Antonio Martino 2001–2006), Finance ( Giulio Tremonti , 2001–2004 and 2005–2006), Industry ( Antonio Marzano 2001–2005, Claudio Scajola 2005–2006) and Foreign Affairs ( Franco Frattini , 2002–2004). Additionally, National Alliance leader Gianfranco Fini
10836-429: The initial phase, both elements were represented about equally, only after 2000 pro-market liberal positions had receded in favour of more socially conservative ones. As the main ideologic themes of Berlusconism , Orsina identified the myth of the "good" civil society (as opposed to the state apparatus), a "friendly, minimal state " (providing services to citizens rather than regulating their lives), "hypopolitics" (i.e.
10965-563: The main building is a cross of two "L"s. The award for Alumnus of the Year was given for the first time in 2011 to Fabrizio Saccomanni , former general director of Bank of Italy , replacing the awards for Bocconian of the Year (given since 1988) and Master of Masters (given since 2007). The award is given to a Bocconi alumnus from any of the five schools (Undergraduate School, School of Law, Graduate School, PhD School and SDA Bocconi School of Management) who has distinguished himself following
11094-495: The middle and working classes. In most countries, centre-right ideologies such as conservatism and Christian democracy are perceived by the public as most capable of managing the economy. Economic downturn often leads to a short-term benefit for centre-right parties before a longer-term benefit for centre-left parties. The centre-right places emphasis on protecting public safety , preserving national security , and maintaining law and order . It supports democratisation around
11223-452: The more modern Isonzo Residence , Bligny Residence , and the latest Castiglioni Residence (inaugurated in 2018) and the former Kramer Residence (Now closed). The university offers four three-year undergraduate courses in Economics which share a common basis in the first three semesters and then distinguish themselves from one another by focusing on either Finance (CLEF), Social sciences (CLES) or Business administration (CLEAM);
11352-582: The more wealthy to the ideology. While left-wing politics involves class conflict , centre-right parties forgo this in favour of supporting overall economic growth across classes. Alongside its support for lowering spending, the centre-right supports lower taxes. In some cases, they may advocate private-public partnership or emphasise policies geared toward economic growth—these traits are common in Latin America where centre-right parties differentiate themselves from far-right parties by appealing to
11481-636: The name and the logo of the "Freedom Party" ( Partito della Libertà ) apparently with Berlusconi's backing. On 18 November, after Forza Italia claimed to have collected the signatures of more than 7 million Italians (including Umberto Bossi ) against Romano Prodi's second government to ask the President of the Republic Giorgio Napolitano to call a fresh election, Berlusconi announced that Forza Italia would have soon merged or transformed into The People of Freedom (PdL) party. After
11610-483: The national council of the party, presided over by Alfredo Biondi and attended by Berlusconi himself, officially decided the dissolution of Forza Italia into The People of Freedom (PdL), whose official foundation took place on 27 March 2009. In June 2013 Berlusconi announced the upcoming revival of Forza Italia, and the transformation of the People of Freedom into a centre-right coalition . The modern-day Forza Italia
11739-476: The new government and the party leader was relegated to opposition. However, the party obtained substantial successes in the 1995 Italian regional elections , both in the North (winning in Piedmont , Lombardy and Veneto ) and the South ( Campania , Apulia and Calabria ). In 1996 the Pole for Freedoms coalition led by Forza Italia lost that year's general election and began what Berlusconi called "the crossing of
11868-471: The new party could have seen the participation of other parties. Finally, on 8 February, Berlusconi and Fini agreed to form a joint list under the banner of "The People of Freedom", allied with Lega Nord. In the 2008 general election the PdL won 37.4% and a majority in both chambers, thanks to the alliance with Lega Nord (8.3%). Soon after the election Berlusconi formed his fourth government . On 21 November 2008
11997-545: The party and former Minister of Economy), Franco Frattini (Vice President of the European Commission ), Fabrizio Cicchitto (national deputy-coordinator of the party), Renato Brunetta , Francesco Musotto , Amalia Sartori , Paolo Guzzanti and Margherita Boniver . Berlusconi himself was a close friend of Bettino Craxi , leader of the PSI, in spite of his own Christian Democratic and Liberal background (Berlusconi
12126-569: The party leader of Forza Italia in the European Parliament , became a Vice President. In the same year, the party scored well (25.2% of votes) in the European Parliament election of 1999 . In the Italian regional elections of 2000, the Pole for Freedoms, with the support of Lega Nord, won in eight out of fifteen regions (all the most populous ones, except for Campania ), while three members of Forza Italia were re-elected as presidents of
12255-506: The party was present with a slightly different logo, with the words "Berlusconi President" ( Berlusconi Presidente ). It was the only party to use the word "President" in its logo. In the election for the Chamber of Deputies , FI scored 23.7% and 137 seats, in those for the Senate 24.0%, without counting Trentino-Alto Adige , whose seats were contested on first-past-the-post basis and which
12384-482: The party, political scientist Emanuela Poli described Forza Italia as "a mere diversification of Fininvest in the political market". The case of Forza Italia was unprecedented as never before had a large political party been launched by a business corporation. Only slowly it transformed into a mass-membership organisation. It took four years until the first party congress was held. To extend its representation in different regions, FI often recruited established politicians of
12513-625: The primary centre-right ideologies in Scandinavia. In contemporary politics, these two ideologies often co-exist in the same party. Christian democracy has been the predominant centre-right ideology in continental Europe, particularly in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. It has performed most successfully in Catholic countries, while Christian democracy in other countries takes on more left-wing positions or fails to gain influence. Christian democratic parties are affiliated with
12642-411: The public from the centre-right to opposition parties across the political spectrum. The weakening of the centre-right corresponded with increased support for the far-right. To align more closely with conservative allies, Christian democratic parties had begun adopting more conservative economic policies by 2013. The American centre-right supported traditionalist conservatism and neoconservatism at
12771-465: The rise of identity politics . At this time, the centre-left came into power and centre-right parties drifted rightward or were supplanted by new far-right parties. Bocconi University Bocconi University or Università Bocconi (formally known in Italian as Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi [universiˈta kommerˈtʃaːle luˈiːdʒi bokˈkoːni] - Luigi Bocconi Commercial University)
12900-475: The selection of FI candidates, its marketing network staffed the opinion research centre Diakron that surveyed the "market potential" of the new party and the financial intermediaries of Fininvest subsidiary Programma Italia encouraged the launch of Forza Italia clubs. The new party's campaigning was strongly dependent on Fininvest's TV stations and PR resources. This earned Forza Italia labels like "virtual", "plastic" or "business-firm party". In her 2001 study of
13029-557: The skillful use of media campaigns, especially via television. The party's organisation and ideology depended heavily on its leader, so much so that its appeal to voters was based on Berlusconi's personality more than on its ideology or programme. In November 2008, the national council of the party, presided by Alfredo Biondi , voted to merge Forza Italia into The People of Freedom (PdL), Berlusconi's new political vehicle, whose official foundation took place in March 2009. A new Forza Italia
13158-407: The societal status quo , in both a cultural and socioeconomic context, and it is opposed to the radical politics espoused by the far-right. Instead, it displays loss-averse tendencies and leans toward gradualism . Constitutionalism and separation of powers are championed by the centre-right, combining protections for individual liberties with rule of law . The centre-right's handling of
13287-484: The state should intervene in economic and social affairs. Conservatives generally have limited trust in human nature and believe society forms a natural hierarchical structure. Liberalism is individualist and maintains that people are best fit to make decisions for themselves. Christian democrats lean toward personalism , which places value on individuals but adopts collectivist and corporatist elements as well as hierarchy. The centre-right generally seeks to preserve
13416-427: The strongest factions within the party, but all four were mainstream for a special issue: for example liberals and liberal-centrists were highly influential over economic policy, Christian democrats led the party over ethical issues (although there was a substantial minority promoting a more progressive outlook), while social democrats had their say in defining the party's policy over labour market reform and, moreover, it
13545-559: The strongly anti-socialist church by advocating a more tempered approach. Christian democracy likewise presented itself as an alternative to liberalism and socialism. Centre-right figures were involved in early democratisation processes to ensure that their own advantages from the previous status quo were retained. Centre-right liberalism declined with the beginning of the 20th century, and many liberal parties merged with conservative parties. After World War I , several European nations formed weak centre-right parties, which grew through
13674-543: The subsequent police investigation, called Mani pulite . This led to the disappearance of the five parties which governed Italy from 1947: DC , PSI , PSDI , PLI and PRI (they formed a successful five-party coalition called Pentapartito from 1983 to 1991, and then governed without PRI from 1991 to 1994) and to the end of the so-called First Republic . Forza Italia's aim was to attract moderate voters who were "disoriented, political orphans and who risked being unrepresented" (as Berlusconi described them), especially if
13803-413: The success of the boycott along with most FI members, both Berlusconi and Tremonti explicitly said that "abstention" was their personal opinion, not the official one of the party. The political scientist Giovanni Orsina has defined Berlusconism , as he terms the ideology of Forza Italia and its leader, as an "emulsion of populism and liberalism", more specifically right-liberalism. According to him, in
13932-508: The sudden fall of the Prodi II Cabinet on 24 January 2008, the break-up of The Union coalition and the subsequent political crisis paving the way towards a new general election, Berlusconi hinted on 25 January that Forza Italia would have probably contested its final election and the new party would have been officially founded after that election. In an atmosphere of reconciliation with Gianfranco Fini , Berlusconi also stated that
14061-478: The time an independent member of Parliament) Finance Minister. In the 1994 European Parliament election held in June, Forza Italia was placed first nationally, with 30.6% of the vote, electing 27 MEPs . The party did not join an existing group in the European Parliament , instead forming the new group Forza Europa , composed entirely of Forza Italia MEPs. The first Berlusconi-led government had
14190-428: The traditional nuclear family . Such support has not been widely extended to transgender people. Centre-right parties support environmental preservation, though they are often seen as less interested in the subject than left-wing parties. The centre-right rejects concepts of climate grief or catastrophism, arguing that they can reduce interest in solving environmental issues. The concept of centre-right politics
14319-469: The university that students who pass in between the two lions via the central doors risk not being able to graduate. This derives from the adage "Chi passa tra i Leoni non si laurea alla Bocconi." If seen from the top, the three main buildings of Bocconi seem to spell "30L" (30 cum laude ), the maximum achievable grade in any exam. The building in Via Roentgen is the "3", the velodrome is the "0" and
14448-451: The upper class. Christian democracy developed as a new European ideology in the 1870s as a response to the anti-clericalism advocated by liberals. Closely aligned with Catholicism, its ideals were reflected in the Rerum novarum issued by Pope Leo XIII . The European centre-right was a force of moderation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Conservatism stood between socialism and
14577-654: The welfare state. It saw reduced support at this time as the centre-left usurped much of its leverage on economic issues. In Western Europe, this marked the beginning of a broader decline in moderate politics. The 2000s saw a shift back to the right in Europe, where centre-right parties formed coalition governments with far-right parties in countries such as France, Italy, and the Netherlands. The European and American centre-right adopted some nationalist far-right ideas at this time, including positions on immigration and crime. Centre-right parties in other countries shifted leftward with pro-labour policies to remain competitive with
14706-505: The world, and some centre-right groups consider regime change an appropriate means to spread and protect democracy. Taking a strong pro-peace stance can alienate members of a centre-right voting bloc. It is often more reluctant to support peace agreements because these often involve compromising on other centre-right positions such as maintaining a strong ethnic and religious identity. The centre-right leans toward paternalism over individualism and social harmony over societal conflict. It
14835-416: Was a DC activist in occasion of the 1948 general election ). Many were former Liberals (PLI), Republicans (PRI) and Social Democrats (PSDI): Alfredo Biondi (president of Forza Italia's national council) and Raffaele Costa , both former PLI leaders, and former PSDI leader Carlo Vizzini were later MPs for Forza Italia. Also Antonio Martino and Giancarlo Galan were formers Liberals, Jas Gawronski
14964-415: Was a leading Republican, while Marcello Pera has a Socialist and Radical background. Even some former Communists were leading members of the party, such as national party coordinator Sandro Bondi and Ferdinando Adornato . Members of Forza Italia were divided in factions, which were sometimes mutable and formed over the most important political issues, despite previous party allegiances; however, it
15093-405: Was also the preamble to the party's constitution, described the party in this way: Forza Italia is a liberal party although not an elitist one, indeed a popular liberal-democratic party; it is a Catholic party although not a confessional one; it is a secular party, although not an intolerant and secularist one; it is a national party, although not a centralist one. Forza Italia presented itself as
15222-476: Was appointed deputy prime minister and foreign minister from 2004 to 2006, while Roberto Castelli , senior figure of Lega Nord was Justice Minister from 2001 to 2006. In 2004 European elections , Forza Italia was second place nationally, receiving 20.1% of the vote and returning 16 MEPs. In national office, the government's popularity kept declining steadily year after year. Regional elections in April 2005 were
15351-662: Was associated with communist rule. Anti-communism and anti-totalitarianism were paramount among all factions of the centre-right in these regions, and they condemned the West for treating mass killings under communist regimes differently than the Holocaust . More broadly, the European centre-right became increasingly secular by the 1990s, creating a division between centre-right parties that were more liberal on social issues and religious right parties that maintained conservative positions on social issues. Secularism especially became
15480-448: Was established by Berlusconi as PdL's legal successor in 2013. Forza Italia was formed in 1993 by Silvio Berlusconi , a successful businessman and owner of four of the main private television stations in Italy, along with Antonio Martino , Mario Valducci [ it ] , Antonio Tajani , Marcello Dell'Utri , Cesare Previti and Giuliano Urbani . Italy was shaken by a series of corruption scandals known as Tangentopoli and
15609-538: Was established in 2006, consolidating the tradition of legal studies at Bocconi under the aegis of the "A. Sraffa" Institute for Comparative Law. The School of Law currently offers a combined LL.B. and LL.M. in Law, runs the Specialization School for Legal professions in cooperation with the University of Pavia , and hosts a Summer Academy in cooperation with the University of Trento , as well as with
15738-676: Was founded in 1902 by Ferdinando Bocconi and was named after his son, who died in the Battle of Adwa during the First Italo-Ethiopian War . The university was originally affiliated with the Polytechnic University of Milan engineering school and incorporated a teaching model that was based on what was in use at the École Supérieure of Antwerp . The campus was originally located in Via Statuto near
15867-431: Was founded in December 1993 and won its first general election soon afterwards in March 1994. It was the main member of the Pole of Freedoms / Pole of Good Government , Pole for Freedoms and House of Freedoms coalitions. Throughout its existence, the party was characterised by a strong reliance on the personal image and charisma of its leader (it has been called a "personality party" or Berlusconi's "personal party"), and
15996-510: Was heavily influenced by English philosopher John Locke , including his support for property rights and the right to overthrow tyrannical government. Early conservative and liberal parties clashed with one another: conservatives supported monarchy, land-owners, and the church, while liberals supported anti-clericalism, free markets, individualism, and scientific advancement. Due to limitations in suffrage , early centre-right parties were able to maintain sufficient support by appealing solely to
16125-671: Was heavily influenced by the constitutionalism and separation of powers of the United Kingdom and the United States. West Germany reformed its centre-right faction with the creation of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU). Formed by a grassroots Christian movement, the CDU played a significant role in forming post-war Germany, combining social Christianity, market liberalism, and national conservatism . Its social market economy model proved to be influential across Europe. Alcide De Gasperi similarly brought about
16254-403: Was highly heterogeneous and the ideological differences among its voters are explained also by its different regional constituencies; while voters from the North tended to support the original libertarian line of the party, voters from the South tended to be more statist . Both its Northern strongholds ( Lombardy and Veneto) and its Southern strongholds ( Sicily and Apulia) were once dominated by
16383-627: Was launched on 18 September 2013 and the PdL was dissolved into the new party on 16 November 2013. Defunct Forza Italia was a centre-right party, formed mainly by former members of Christian Democracy , the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian Liberal Party . The ideology of the party ranged from libertarianism to social democracy (often referred to as " liberal socialism " in Italy), including elements of
16512-637: Was mainly funded by Bocconi itself (around €1.5 million), the European Union (around €1.4 million) and the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (around €300 thousand), in addition to other external sources (around €11 million). In 2011, the European Research Council (ERC) assigned around €5 million to five projects in the area "social science and humanities" led by five Bocconi professors. Bocconi
16641-510: Was steadier in more established ones. To regain support, the European centre-right shifted toward the centre and moved away from neoliberalism, replacing it with a renewed focus on public safety, economic growth, and social issues. It saw further trouble later in the decade with the European debt crisis causing governments to enact controversial austerity policies, particularly through spending cuts and value-added taxes . These further pushed
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