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95-400: The Federal Coffee Palace was a large, elaborate French Second Empire style 560 room temperance hotel in the city centre of Melbourne , built between 1886 and 1888 at the height of the city's 1880s land boom, and demolished in 1972-73. Located on the corner of Collins and King streets, near Spencer Street station (the address is now 555 Collins Street ), it is prominent in lists of

190-455: A 1967 article on socialite Peter Janson who leased the vacant upper levels and converted them into an expansive apartment in 1967 including a bedroom in the dome of the tower with an attic window from which the entire city centre could be viewed and a rooftop courtyard garden. The Federal was designed in an eclectic style, with an array of Renaissance Revival details and French Second Empire style mansard roofs Ellerker & Kilburn designed

285-565: A chorus, Orpheus in the Underworld . It was a popular and critical triumph, playing for two hundred twenty-eight nights. After the final night, Napoleon III granted Offenbach French citizenship, and his name changed formally from Jacob to Jacques. Grand opera and other musical genres also flourished under Napoleon III. The construction of the railroad stations in Paris brought thousands of tourists from around France and Europe to

380-497: A city desperate for progress in the late 1960s and early 1970s. However it was mostly due to its prominent association with the speculative land boom. Elaborate buildings including the Federal were painted in a negative light at the time as they were constructed speculatively with excessively large amounts of borrowed funds many of which were never paid back. In particular, the association with James Munro carried with it strong links to

475-621: A consistency of urban planning that was unusual for the period. Numerous public edifices: railway stations, the tribunal de commerce de Paris , and the Palais Garnier were constructed in the style. The major buildings, including the Opera House and the Church of Saint Augustine, were designed to be the focal points of the new avenues, and to be visible at a great distance. Napoleon III also built monumental fountains to decorate

570-728: A drawing held at the State Library of Victoria). It was designed in an eclectic style, with an array of Renaissance Revival details and French Second Empire style mansard roofs The builders were T. Cockram and W. Comely. Construction began in early 1886, and it opened in July 1888, in time for Melbourne's Centennial Exhibition , which opened at the Exhibition Buildings on 1 August. The building had 560 rooms in total. It also featured impressively appointed dining and entertaining rooms. The hotel had 370 guest bedrooms, with

665-525: A former actress from the Comédie-Française to perform scenes of classic plays in costume. The law was revised in 1867, which opened the way to an entirely new institution in Paris, the music hall, with comedy, sets, and costumed singers and dancers. For the first time, the profession of singer was given formal status and composers could seek royalties for the performance of their songs. Cresting (architecture) Cresting , in architecture ,

760-531: A large 'Federal' neon sign was added to the Collins Street corner facade in addition to a large lettered 'Hotel Federal' sign on the corner. The entire external facade had also been painted dark grey with white trims. The International -style Southern Cross Hotel in Bourke Street was completed in 1962, and the proliferation of suburban hotels and motels in the 1950s and 60s was eating into of

855-794: A map of the Bois de Boulogne on the wall of his office. Central Park in New York City and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco both show the influence of the Napoleon ;III parks. Napoleon III's taste in paintings was quite traditional, favoring the academic style cultivated in the Académie des Beaux-Arts . His favorite artists included Alexandre Cabanel , Ernest Meissonier , Jean-Léon Gérôme , and William-Adolphe Bouguereau who received important commissions. Ingres near

950-544: A mason, his early studies were under François Rude . Carpeaux entered the École des Beaux-Arts in 1844 and won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo , Donatello and Verrocchio . Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. Carpeaux sought real life subjects in

1045-528: A new theater, the Bouffes-Parisiens , which opened in 1855 with a work called Ba-ta-clan , a Chinese-style Musical . Offenbach's theater attracted not only the working and middle class audiences, the traditional audience of the music halls, but also the upper classes. The comic opera scenes alternated with musical interludes by Rossini , Mozart , and Pergolesi . In 1858 he took a step further with his first full-length operetta, with four acts and

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1140-519: A park or square. In addition, they planted tens of thousands of trees along the new boulevards that Haussmann created, reaching out from the center to the outer neighborhoods. The parks of Paris, provided entertainment and relaxation for all classes of Parisians during the Second Empire. The Napoleon III style of landscape design for urban parks was very influential outside of France. The American landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted had

1235-415: A penthouse suite in the tower at the top of the building. The construction took five million bricks and cost £110,000. The building was serviced by a passenger lift, one of Melbourne's earliest which was popular with visitors. The Federal Coffee Palace opened in time for Melbourne's Centennial Exhibition in July 1888. The first floors included billiards, dining, lounging, reading, and smoking rooms. Its decor

1330-541: A revolution was taking place inside; based on the model of The Crystal Palace in London (1851), Parisian architects began to use cast iron frames and walls of glass in their buildings. The most dramatic use of iron and glass was in the new central market of Paris, Les Halles (1853–1870), an ensemble of huge iron and glass pavilions designed by Victor Baltard (1805–1874) and Félix Callet (1792–1854). Jacques Ignace Hittorff also made extensive use of iron and glass in

1425-429: A single singer with a piano to elegant cafes with orchestras. A city ordinance, designed to protect the traditional musical theaters, forbid the performers in cafés from wearing costumes, dancing, or pantomime , or the use of sets or scenery; they were also forbidden to sing more than forty songs in an evening, and had to present the program in advance each day. This law was challenged by one café-concert owner, who hired

1520-477: A steel frame, and partly due to tall ceilings, its height to roof was also among the highest in the world for a habitable building in 1888. Contemporary skyscrapers in New York and Chicago were not much taller. The Federal was just five metres short of New York's tallest hotel, the 1884 Hotel Chelsea . It was just a few metres shorter than some of North America's tallest office buildings, just one metre less than

1615-556: A terrorist bomb in 1858; the Théâtre Lyrique ; and Les Italiens , where only Italian works were presented, in Italian. The major French composers of the period included Charles Gounod , Hector Berlioz , Félicien David , and Gabriel Fauré . While Verdi and Wagner certainly attracted the most attention, young new French composers were also striving to win attention. Charles Gounod wrote his first opera, Sapho , in 1851 at

1710-405: Is ornamentation attached to the ridge of a roof , cornice , coping or parapet , usually made of a metal such as iron or copper . Cresting is associated with Second Empire architecture , where such decoration stands out against the sharp lines of the mansard roof . It became popular in the late 19th century, with mass-produced sheet metal cresting patterns available by the 1890s. Cresting

1805-603: The Church of Saint Augustine by Victor Baltard , and particularly the iron-framed structures of the market of Les Halles and the reading room of the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, both also by Victor Baltard. A basic principle of Napoleon III interior decoration was leave no space undecorated. Another principle was polychromy , an abundance of color obtained by using colored marble, malachite , onyx , porphyry , mosaics, and silver or gold plated bronze. Wood panelling

1900-730: The Folies Concertantes on the Boulevard du Temple , the main theater district of Paris, and they were also staged at other theatres around the city. A new composer, Jacques Offenbach , soon emerged to challenge Hervé. Born in Germany, Offenbach was first a cello player with the orchestra of the Opéra-Comique , then the conductor of the orchestra for the Comédie-Française , composing music performed between

1995-468: The French Revolution , or were threatened with destruction by the growth of cities. This program was largely carried out by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , whose neo-Gothic design for a new Paris Opera later came in second to that of Garnier. The restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris , begun in 1845, continued for twenty-five years. Some of its additions varied from the originals. Viollet-le Duc restored

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2090-555: The Legion of Honour to Courbet, but Courbet disdainfully rejected the offer. The term Impressionist was not invented until 1874, but during the Second Empire, all the major impressionist painters were at work in Paris, inventing their own personal styles. Claude Monet exhibited two of his paintings, a landscape and portrait of his future wife Camille Doncieux , at the Paris Salon of 1866. A major decorative painter whose career

2185-658: The Louvre Palace by Hector Lefuel is a Louis-Napoléon version of French Renaissance architecture; few visitors to the Louvre realize it is a 19th-century addition to the building. Another characteristic of the Napoleon III style is the adaptation of the design of the building to its function and the characteristics of the material used. Examples include the Gare du Nord railway station by Jacques Ignace Hittorff ,

2280-598: The McClelland Sculpture Park and Gallery in Langwarrin outside Frankston, Victoria in 1996, and a panel of the cast-iron stair balustrade (with 'FCP' in the pattern) was donated by Myles Whelan to the Museum of Victoria in 1992. The Federal's replacement, the 23 storey Enterprise House was completed by 1975. In 2017 approval to replace Enterprise Houes with a 46 level hotel and apartment tower

2375-530: The Sainte-Chapelle were restored by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , and the Cathedral of Notre-Dame underwent extensive restoration. In the case of the Louvre in particular, the restorations were sometimes more imaginative than precisely historical. During the Second Empire, under the influence particularly of the architect and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , French religious architecture broke away from

2470-440: The flèche , or spirelet, of the cathedral, which had been partially destroyed and desecrated during the French Revolution , in a slightly different style, and added gargoyles which had not originally been present to the façade. In 1855, he completed the restoration, begun in 1845, of the stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle , and in 1862 he declared it a national historical monument. He also began restoration programs of

2565-432: The 12-storey Washington Building of 1887, which was 67 metres (220 ft) to the roof. Its guests included Alexander Graham Bell , Herbert Hoover and Mark Twain . Federal Hotels P/L, seeking funds to develop Hobart's Wrest Point Casino sold it to developers Artagen Property Group (a subsidiary of a London based company) in 1971 for $ 3.7 million. Closure and demolition for a $ 12 million 23 storey office development

2660-489: The 1887 Wilder Building , five metres less than the Rookery Building completed the same year and nine metres shorter than the 1886 Potter Building , considered among the earliest steel framed skyscrapers. It would have been dwarfed by very few including the tallest towers in the world, the 1875 New York Tribune Building and 1885 Chicago Board of Trade Building (but would have almost reached its roof) as well as

2755-644: The Chapelle des Anges at the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris . They included "The Battle of Jacob with the Angel", "Saint Michael Slaying the Dragon", and "The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple". Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot began his career with study at the École des Beaux-Arts as an academic painter, but gradually began painting more freely and expressing emotions and feelings through his landscapes. His motto

2850-642: The Emperor on the subject of the works of art which were refused by the jury of the Exposition. His Majesty, wishing to let the public judge the legitimacy of these complaints, has decided that the works of art which were refused should be displayed in another part of the Palace of Industry." Following Napoleon's decree, an exhibit of the rejected paintings, called the Salon des Refusés , was held in another part of

2945-634: The Federal and other significant buildings at the time including the Menzies, the Historic buildings act 1974 and Historic Buildings Preservation Council were introduced. Ironically justifications cited for not saving the Federal were used to support the preservation of the Windsor just years later, the Windsor's preservation benefiting from its proximity to Parliament and the new laws introduced following

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3040-510: The Federal gained a wine licence, and changed its name to the Federal Palace Hotel, and in 1923 after years of attempts, it finally became fully licensed. Many of the interiors rooms were modernised in the interwar period including the dining room which was to be insulated with asbestos fibre for soundproofing in 1936. The Federal was listed in 1948 as one of the key sites for the modernisation of Melbourne. The site, along with

3135-492: The Louvre originally featured an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by Antoine-Louis Barye over the central arch, which was removed during the Third Republic . Comfort was the first priority of Second Empire furniture. Chairs were elaborately upholstered with fringes, tassels, and expensive fabrics. Tapestry work on furniture was very much in style. The structure of chairs and sofas was usually entirely hidden by

3230-647: The Opera was pulled from the repertoire. Wagner got his revenge in 1870, when the Prussian Army captured Napoleon III and surrounded Paris; he wrote a special piece of music to celebrate the event, "Ode to the German Army at Paris". During the Second Empire, before the contraction of the Opéra Garnier , Paris had three major opera houses: The Salle Le Pelletier , where the Emperor barely escaped

3325-509: The Palace of Industry, where the Salon took place. More than a thousand visitors a day came to see now-famous paintings as Édouard Manet 's Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe and James McNeill Whistler 's Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl . The journalist Émile Zola reported that visitors pushed to get into the crowded galleries where the refused paintings were hung, and the rooms were full of

3420-597: The Second Empire was Church of Saint Augustine (1860–71) by Victor Baltard , the designer of the metal pavilions of the market of Les Halles . While the façade was eclectic, the structure inside was modern, supported by slender cast iron columns. Not all churches under Napoleon III were built in the Gothic style. Marseille Cathedral , constructed from 1852 to 1896, was designed in a Byzantine Revival style from 1852 to 1896, principally by Léon Vaudoyer and Henri-Jacques Espérandieu . Napoleon III's many projects included

3515-494: The Second Empire, architects began to use metal frames combined with the Gothic style: the Eglise Saint-Laurent , a 15th-century church rebuilt in neo-Gothic style by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–65), Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cecile by Louis-Auguste Boileau and Louis-Adrien Lusson (1854–55), and Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville by Jean-Baptiste Lassus (1854–59). The largest new church built in Paris during

3610-585: The acts. In 1853, he wrote a short musical scene performed between acts, then a more ambitious short comedy, Pepito , for the Théâtre des Variétés . He was unable to have his work performed in the major theaters, so he tried a different approach. In 1855, taking advantage of the first Paris Universal Exposition , which brought enormous crowds to the city, he rented a theater on the Champs-Élysées and put on his musicals to full houses. He then opened up

3705-400: The adjoining Australian Estate Company wool store, was purchased for £78,500 and earmarked for replacement with a new modern hotel building, however the new hotel construction did not proceed. The owners would instead attempt to modernise some of the bars and accommodation. Some minor modifications had taken place by the 1950s, including the removal of iron cresting and the widow's walks on

3800-431: The architect Jacques Ignace Hittorff (1792–1867). The Industrial Revolution was beginning to demand a new kind of architecture: bigger, stronger and less expensive. The new age of railways and the enormous increase in travel that it caused required new train stations, large hotels, exposition halls and department stores in Paris. While the exteriors of most Second Empire monumental buildings usually remained eclectic,

3895-400: The building with multiple setbacks to relieve its great bulk whilst making an impressive visual statement with the lofty corner dome. The setbacks were punctuated by a mixture of recessed and projected balconies, forming a loggia arcade near the base, and large vertical classical temple-like structures. The external stucco facade combined a staggering array of distinctive decorative features of

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3990-407: The buildings Melburnians most regret having lost . The Federal Coffee Palace was by far the largest and grandest product of the late 19th century temperance movement in the southern hemisphere . The Age wrote that the £150,000 hotel was one of "Australia's most splendid" buildings; in fact, it was "one of the largest and most opulent hotels in the world". With seven main floors and two more in

4085-493: The business from the old grand city hotels such as the Menzies, Federal, Windsor and Scotts. Photos from the Wolfang Sievers Collection show that by 1965 the reception lobby and some reception rooms had been completely or partly modernised, along with most of the accommodation rooms, in an effort to compete. The huge Victorian era vestibule however remained intact. The Australian Women's Weekly featured

4180-504: The center of the city, Napoleon's Prefect of the Seine destroyed the crumbling and overcrowded neighborhoods in the heart of the city and built a network of grand boulevards. The expanded use of new building materials, especially iron frames , allowed the construction of much larger buildings for commerce and industry. Another aspect of the Napoleon III style was the restoration of historical monuments which had been badly damaged during

4275-478: The city limits by Napoleon III and Haussmann's new boulevards called for the construction of a variety of new public buildings, including the new tribunal de commerce (1861–67), influenced by the French Renaissance style, by Théodore Ballu ; and the new city hall of the 1st arrondissement, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff (1855–60), in a combination of Renaissance and Gothic styles. The new city hall

4370-455: The city'. In November 1885, perhaps not satisfied with that design, the Company held a competition, with 13 entries; the first prize was awarded to Ellerker & Kilburn, and the second to William Pitt , who then worked together to design 'the massive edifice' (the exterior was probably much as Ellerker & Kilburn designed it, since Pitt's exterior design of tall plain elevations survives in

4465-451: The city's first Director of the new Service of Promenades and Plantations; Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps , the city's first gardener-in-chief; Eugène Belgrand , a hydraulic engineer who rebuilt the city's sewers and water supply, and provided the water needed for the parks; and Gabriel Davioud , the city's chief architect, who designed chalets, temples, grottos, follies , fences, gates, lodges, lampposts, and other park architecture. Over

4560-545: The city's total economic collapse and corruption prior to the Australian banking crisis of 1893 . Michael Cannon's influential 1966 book 'Land Boomers' was frequently cited as justifications to rid Melbourne of the embarrassment of the land boom era, his book had whole chapters dedicated to the speculative financial backing behind the Federal Coffee Palace. In response to public regret of the demolition of

4655-488: The city, and increased the demand for music and entertainment. Operas and musicals could play to larger houses, and play for much longer. The old theaters on the "Boulevard of Crime" were demolished to make way for a new boulevard, but larger new theaters were constructed in the center of the city. Verdi signed a contract in 1852 to create a new work for the Paris Opera, in collaboration with Eugène Scribe . The result

4750-575: The completion of the Louvre Palace , which adjoined his own residence in the Tuileries Palace . The Nouveau Louvre project was led by architect Hector Lefuel between 1852 and 1857. Between 1864 and 1868, Napoleon III also commissioned Lefuel to rebuild the Pavillon de Flore ; Lefuel added many of his own decorations and ideas to the pavilion, including a celebrated sculpture of Flore by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux . Lefuel's grands guichets of

4845-493: The corner tower, it was the most massive of the rash of large tall buildings built in the central city in the 1880s boom. The height to the top of the corner dome was 165 ft (50 m), its height to roof of 48m exceeded the 43m Fink's Building completed the previous year making it briefly Melbourne and Australia's tallest building until completion of the Australian Building in mid 1890, which measured 53m to

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4940-448: The course of seventeen years, Napoleon III, Haussmann and Alphand created 1,835 hectares of new parks and gardens, and planted more than six hundred thousand trees, the greatest expansion of Paris green space before or since. They built four major parks in the north, south, east, and west of the city, replanted and renovated the historic parks, and added dozens of small squares and gardens, so that no one lived more than ten minutes from

5035-404: The criteria for floors but qualified for height when the tower is included. It had a 7 storey height to roof of 156 ft (48 m) and to the additional 2 storey habitable tower of 165 ft (50 m) making it briefly Melbourne and Australia's tallest building, exceeding Fink's Building (43m) in 1888 and until completion of the Australian Building (53m) in mid 1890. Despite the lack of

5130-596: The demolition of the Menzies, Federal and others which saw the Windsor become the last surviving luxury hotel of the Victorian era. Some elements of the building were carefully removed by Whelan the Wrecker ; three of the four female statues by modeller Charles William Scurry were relocated to the then new Chateau Commodore in Lonsdale Street, and when that changed hands over 20 years later, they were donated to

5225-577: The design of municipal and corporate buildings. In the United States, where one of the leading architects working in the style was Alfred B. Mullett , buildings in the style were often closer to their 17th-century roots than examples of the style found in Europe. The dominant architectural style of the Second Empire was eclecticism , drawing liberally from the Gothic style , Renaissance style , and

5320-628: The end of his life, was also still an important figure in both portrait and history painting. During the Second Empire, the Paris Salon was the most important event of the year for painters, engravers and sculptors. It was held every two years until 1861, and every year thereafter, in the Palais de l'Industrie , a gigantic exhibit hall built for the Paris Exposition Universelle (1855) . The Salon granted medals based around

5415-626: The era of the Second French Empire . As the Second Empire style evolved from its 17th-century Renaissance foundations, it acquired a mix of earlier European styles, most notably the Baroque, often combined with mansard roofs and/or low, square-based domes. The style quickly spread and evolved as Baroque Revival architecture throughout Europe and across the Atlantic. Its suitability for super-scaling allowed it to be widely used in

5510-557: The façade was eclectic. Henri Labrouste (1801–1875) also used iron and glass to create a dramatic cathedral-like reading room for the National Library , Richelieu site (1854–1875). The Second Empire also saw the completion or restoration of several architecture treasures: the Nouveau Louvre project realized a longstanding ambition of rationalizing the Louvre Palace , the famed stained glass windows and structure of

5605-589: The heart of the city; his Paris city architect, Gabriel Davioud , designed the polychrome Fontaine Saint-Michel (officially the Fontaine de la Paix) at the beginning of Haussmann's new Boulevard Saint-Michel . Davioud's other major Napoleon III works included the two theatres at the Place du Châtelet , as well as the ornamental fence of Parc Monceau and the kiosks and temples of the Bois de Boulogne , Bois de Vincennes , and other Paris parks. The expansion of

5700-461: The inconveniences of a vendetta infinitely prolonged too long and Agamemnon, or the Camel with Two Humps . The early works were limited to two performers on the stage at a time, and usually were no longer than a single act. After 1858, they became longer and more elaborate, with larger casts and several acts, and took the name first of operas bouffes , then operettas . Hervé opened his own theater,

5795-457: The interior of the new Gare du Nord train station (1842–1865), although the façade was perfectly neoclassical , decorated with classical statues representing the cities served by the railway. Baltard also used a steel frame in building the largest new church to be built in Paris during the Empire, the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871). While the structure was supported by cast iron columns,

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5890-454: The laughter and mocking comments of many of the spectators. While the paintings were ridiculed by many critics and visitors, the work of the avant-garde became known for the first time to the French public, and it took its place alongside the more traditional style of painting. The government of Napoleon III also commissioned artists to produce decorative works for public buildings. Ingres

5985-460: The mansard roofs, truncation of the chimneys, the enlarging of the top floor circular windows into taller ones, and the insertion of small windows into the main pediments. Most of the building's original gargoyles were also removed, though the statuary remained. A mezannine was added to some of the function rooms resulting in the large arched window bays on the lower King Street frontage lower floors being converted into square windows. During this period

6080-568: The medieval walls of the Cité de Carcassonne and other sites. Viollet-le-Duc's restoration was criticized in the late 20th century for sometimes pursuing the spirit of the original work, rather than strict accuracy (for example, by using a type of Gothic tower cap from northern France for the walls of the Cité de Carcassonne, rather than a tower design from that region), but in Carcassonne and other cases

6175-411: The neoclassical style which had dominated Paris church architecture since the 18th century. Neo-Gothic and other historical styles began to be built, particularly in the eight new arrondissements farther from the center added by Napoleon III in 1860. The first neo-Gothic church was the Basilica of Sainte-Clothilde , begun by Franz Christian Gau in 1841 and finished by Théodore Ballu in 1857. During

6270-409: The orchestra sixty-three times for the first French production of Tannhäuser on March 13, 1861. Unfortunately, Wagner was unpopular with both the French critics and with the members of the Jockey Club , an influential French social society. During the premiere, with Wagner in the audience, the Jockey Club members whistled and jeered from the first notes of the Overture. After just three performances,

6365-486: The other artists of a new, more natural school, and began to develop his own style. The most prominent sculptor of the reign of Napoleon III was Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux , who contributed to the decoration of several Napoleon III landmarks, including the façade of the Opéra Garnier and the new additions to the Louvre . His style perfectly complemented the historical styles, but was original and bold enough to stand on its own. Born in Valenciennes , Nord , son of

6460-525: The period. The main entrance was paired giant order ionic columns in a large Paladian arrangement. Other external features included extensive use of diocletian windows , festooned round windows, baroque styled broken and nested pediments complete with detailed reliefs , pilasters , balustered balconies, oriel windows , keystones , niches , sculptured statuary, curved walls, cast iron lacework and cresting. The building also featured several gargoyles which were later removed, including lions and gryphons on

6555-403: The streets and broke with the classical tradition. His sculpture La Danse for the façade of the Paris Opera (1869) caused a scandal when it was installed, because of the flamboyant pose of the nude figures. A young new sculptor, Auguste Rodin , attempted to break into the sculptural profession during the Second Empire, with no success; he applied three times to the École des Beaux-Arts, but

6650-408: The style of the building was called, he replied simply, "Napoleon III". At the time, it was the largest opera house in the world, but much of the interior space was devoted to purely decorative spaces: grand stairways, huge foyers for promenading, and large private boxes . Another example was the Mairie , or city hall, of the 1st arrondissement of Paris , built in 1855–1861 in a neo-Gothic style by

6745-411: The styles dominant during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI . The combination was derided by Émile Zola as "the opulent bastard child of all the styles". The best example was the Opéra Garnier , begun in 1862 but not finished until 1875. The architect was Charles Garnier (1825–1898), who won the competition for the design when he was only thirty-seven. When asked by the Empress Eugénie what

6840-542: The top of its corner spire. In June 1885, the local businessmen and politicians James Mirams and James Munro established the Federal Coffee Palace Company , and announced their intention to issue £100,000 of shares to buy the plot on the corner of Collins and King streets, and build a seven-storey temperance hotel to the design of Tappin Gilbert and Dennehy, that would be 'the finest in

6935-541: The traditional hierarchy of genres , and a medal from the Salon assured an artist of commissions from wealthy patrons or from the French government. Painters devoted great effort and intrigue to win approval from the jury to present their paintings at the Salon and arrange for good placement in the exhibit halls. The Paris Salon was directed by the Count Émilien de Nieuwerkerke , the Superintendent of Fine Arts, who

7030-562: The upholstery or ornamented with copper, shell, or other decorative elements. Novel and exotic new materials, such as bamboo , papier-mâché , and rattan , were used for the first time in European furniture, along with polychrome wood, and wood painted with black lacquer . The upholstered pouffe , or footstool, appeared, along with the angle sofa and unusual chairs for intimate conversations between two persons ( Le confident ) or three people ( Le indiscret ). The crapaud (or toad) armchair

7125-536: The upper storeys. The interiors were equally impressive, often attributed to William Pitt featured a huge sunlit, four storey lobby with vaulted roof and grand staircase, and a main hall reached via a long arcade loggia of 14 Ionic columns. The elaborately detailed interior atrium featured giant order composite columns culminating in a Palladian architecture styled arch flanked by vault archway openings. Skyscrapers by contemporary definition are 10 storeys tall and exceed 50 metres. The Federal at 9 storeys narrowly misses

7220-423: The urging of his friend, the singer Pauline Viardot ; it was a commercial failure. He had no great theatrical success until Faust , derived from Goethe , which premiered at the Théâtre Lyrique in 1859. This remains the composition for which he is best known; and although it took a while to achieve popularity, it became one of the most frequently staged operas of all time, with no fewer than 2,000 performances of

7315-547: The work having occurred by 1975 at the Paris Opéra alone. Georges Bizet wrote his first opera, Les pêcheurs de perles , for the Théâtre Lyrique company. It had its first performance on 30 September 1863. Critical opinion was generally hostile, though Berlioz praised the work, writing that it "does M. Bizet the greatest honour". Public reaction was lukewarm, and the opera's run ended after 18 performances. It

7410-419: The works would have been destroyed entirely without the intervention of Napoleon III and Viollet-le-Duc. Napoleon III named Georges-Eugène Haussmann his new Prefect of Seine in 1853, and commissioned him to build new parks on the edges of the city, on the model of Hyde Park in London, the parks he had frequented when he was in exile. Haussmann assembled a remarkable team: Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand ,

7505-541: Was Les vêpres siciliennes . Verdi complained that the Paris orchestra and chorus were unruly and undisciplined, and rehearsed them an unheard-of one hundred and sixty-one times before he felt they were ready. His work was rewarded. The opera was a critical and popular success, performed 150 times, rather than the originally proposed forty performances. He was unhappy, however, that his operas were less successful in Paris than those of his chief rival, Meyerbeer ; he returned to Italy and did not come back for several years. He

7600-469: Was "never lose that first impression which we feel." He made sketches in the forests around Paris, then reworked them into final paintings in his studio. He was showing paintings in the Salon as early as 1827, but he did not achieve real fame and critical acclaim before 1855, during the Second Empire. While the academic painters dominated the Salon, new artists and new movements rose to prominent prominence under Napoleon III. Gustave Courbet (1819–1872)

7695-545: Was announced, commencing March 1972 and completed in 1973. Unlike many other historic buildings in the city the National Trust did not list the Federal and chose not to oppose the demolition, at the time it was concerned mainly with preserving of earlier colonial era buildings and houses, though in 1971 it had listed the nearby much smaller 1890 Olderfleet in response to its acquisition by developers, one of few similar type of buildings to be Trust listed. No green ban

7790-456: Was attempted. Disinterest in preservation of the Federal can be explained in part by its failure to compete as hotel accommodation despite attempts at modernisation and the stark contrast of the patchwork interiors between the modern and remaining Victorian features. According to historian Robyn Annear elaborate Victorian buildings were “really on the nose” and the Federal's creaky floorboards and lack of ensuites were an "extreme embarrassment" in

7885-822: Was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the main salon of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris with the Apotheosis of Napoleon , the Emperor's uncle. The painting was destroyed in 1871 when the building was set afire by the Paris Commune . Napoleon III named Ingres a Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur . In 1862 he was awarded the title of Senator, and made a member of the Imperial Council on Public Instruction. Eugène Delacroix also received important official commissions. From 1857 to 1861 he worked on frescoes for

7980-604: Was granted. In 2019 the design changed to a 35 level office building with retail at ground level. Second empire architecture The Napoleon III or Second Empire style took its inspiration from several different periods and styles, which were often combined in the same building or interior. The interior of the Opéra Garnier by Charles Garnier combined architectural elements of the French Renaissance , Palladian architecture , and French Baroque , and managed to give it coherence and harmony. The Lions Gate of

8075-436: Was known for his conservative tastes. He was scornful of the new school of Realist painters led by Gustave Courbet . In 1863, the jury of the Paris Salon refused all submissions by avant-garde artists, including those by Édouard Manet , Camille Pissarro , and Johan Jongkind . The artists and their friends complained, and the complaints reached Napoleon III. His office issued a statement: "Numerous complaints have come to

8170-796: Was launched under Napoleon III was Puvis de Chavannes . He became known in the Paris in the Belle Époque for his murals in the Paris Panthéon , the Sorbonne and the Hôtel de Ville, Paris . Edgar Degas (1834–1917), the son of a banker, studied academic art at the École des Beaux-Arts and travelled to Italy to study the Renaissance painters. In 1868, he began to frequent the Café Guerbois , where he met Manet, Monet, Renoir, and

8265-487: Was located next to the Gothic church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois . Between the two structures, the architect Théodore Ballu constructed a Gothic bell tower (1862), to link the two buildings. New types of architecture connected with the economic expansion: railroad stations, hotels, office buildings, department stores, and exposition halls, occupied the center of Paris, which previously had been largely residential. To improve traffic circulation and bring light and air to

8360-542: Was low, with a thickly padded back and arms, and a fringe that hid the legs of the chair. The French Renaissance and the Henry II style were popular influences on chests and cabinets, buffets and credences, which were massive and built like small cathedrals, decorated with columns, frontons, cartouches , mascarons , and carved angels and chimeras. They were usually constructed of walnut or oak, or sometimes of poirier stained to resemble ebony . Another popular influence

8455-404: Was not performed again until 1886. Bizet did not have a major success until Carmen in 1875. He died after the thirty-third performance. Carmen went on to become one of the most performed operas of all time. The styles of popular music also evolved under Napoleon III. The café-concert or café-concert was a Paris institution, with at least one in every neighborhood. They ranged from

8550-468: Was often encrusted with rare and exotic woods, or darkened to resemble ebony . The façade of the Opéra Garnier employed seventeen different colored materials, including various marbles, stones, and bronze. Second Empire is an architectural style most popular in the latter half of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century. It was so named for the architectural elements in vogue during

8645-475: Was persuaded to return to stage Don Carlos , commissioned especially for the Paris Opera. Once again he ran into troubles; one singer took him to court over the casting, and rivalries between other singers poisoned the production. He wrote afterwards, "I am not a composer for Paris I believe in inspiration; others only care about how the pieces are put together". Napoleon III intervened personally to have Richard Wagner come back to Paris; Wagner rehearsed

8740-595: Was rejected each time. Under Napoleon III, a new, lighter musical genre, the operetta , was born in Paris, and flourished especially in the work of Jacques Offenbach . It emerged not from the classical opera, but from the comic opera and vaudeville , which were very popular at the time. Its characteristics were a light subject, an abundance of amusement and comedy, spoken dialogue mixed with songs, and instrumental music. The first works were staged in 1848 by August Florimond Ronger, better known as Hervé . The works of Hervé included Latrouillatt and Truffaldini, or

8835-424: Was so unique that the building became a tourist attraction. Its upper five floors included nearly 400 luxury bedrooms. The Age wrote that the £150,000 hotel was one of "Australia's most splendid" buildings; in fact, it was "one of the largest and most opulent hotels in the world". The boom soon turned into the economic crash of the early 1890s, and the Federal struggled to make dividends for its investors. In 1897

8930-542: Was the Louis XVI style , or French neoclassicism , which was preferred by the Empress Eugénie . Her rooms at the Tuileries Palace and other palaces were decorated in this style. The Napoleon III style is inseparable from renovation of Paris under Georges-Eugène Haussmann , the Emperor's Prefect of the Seine between 1852 and 1870. The buildings of the renovation show a singularity of purpose and design,

9025-495: Was the leader of the school of realist painters during the Second Empire who depicted the lives of ordinary people and rural life, as well as landscapes. He delighted in scandal and condemned the art establishment, the Academy of Fine Arts , and Napoleon III. In 1855, when his submissions to the Salon were rejected, he put on his own exhibit of forty of his paintings in a nearby building. In 1870, Napoleon III proposed giving

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