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85-855: Florin Towne Centre (formerly Florin Mall and Florin Center ) is an outdoor shopping center in the unincorporated area of Parkway-South Sacramento in Sacramento County, California , United States, in the Sacramento area. It opened in 2008 on the site of the old Florin Mall, which closed and was demolished in 2006. The 484,500 square feet (45,010 m) center is anchored by AutoZone , Chuze Fitness, PetSmart , US Foods CHEF'STORE , and Walmart . Florin Mall (originally named Florin Center)

170-615: A Good Guys! electronics store that was adjacent to the mall (now a Dollar Tree ). It resulted in the deaths of three hostages, injuring 14 others and remains, to this day, the largest hostage rescue operation in U.S. history. With the acquisition of Weinstock's by Federated Department Stores in August 1995, it was decided that the Florin Mall location be shuttered rather than converting it to Macy's . The store closed in March 1996. This

255-549: A May Company California . Two of the largest shopping centers at the time were both in the San Fernando Valley , a suburban area of Los Angeles . They each consisted of one core open-air center and surrounding retail properties with various other owners, which would later hasten their decline as there wasn't a single owner, but rather a merchants' association, which was unable to react quickly to competition in later decades. Valley Plaza opened August 12, 1951. In

340-411: A White Front discount store (later Price Club ). On March 23, 1968 during the 1968 US presidential campaign, Senator Robert F. Kennedy made a campaign stop at the recently opened Florin Mall. The only physical expansion of the 620,400 square foot (57,640 m) shopping center was completed in 1978. A 1-level, 46,600 square foot (4,330 m) addition was built at the main entrance at the front of

425-493: A shopping mall with leisure amenities oriented towards upscale consumers. Theme or festival centers have distinct unifying themes that are followed by their individual shops as well as their architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and cater to tourists. They typically feature a retail area of 80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,200 m ). An outlet centre (or outlet mall in North America)

510-517: A town centre ) is typically larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m ) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores and offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these tend to have higher-end stores ( department stores ) that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable. Regional centres have tourist attractions, education and hospitality areas. Indoor centres are commonly called Shopping Malls in

595-435: A "shopping center". By the 1940s, the term "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, a place sharing comprehensive design planning, including layout, signs, exterior lighting, and parking; and shared business planning that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix. The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into

680-415: A 3-level, 157,000 square foot (14,600 m), Sacramento-based Weinstock's , which held its grand opening October 9, 1967. The mall also included a 2-level, 259,000 square foot (24,100 m) Sears and a 2-level, 125,000 square foot (11,600 m) JCPenney . Other major stores surrounding the mall (but not part of the property) were Montgomery Ward (now Burlington ), Zody's (later Pak 'n Save ) and

765-403: A building adjacent to the former Mervyn's that was originally intended for Old Navy , but never opened. Other retailers include America's Best Contacts & Eyeglasses , GameStop , GNC , Mattress Firm , Shoe Palace , Starbucks , and Verizon Wireless . Florin Towne Centre has a total area of 484,500 sq ft (45,010 m), a much smaller footprint than its predecessor as the bulk of

850-537: A group of investors that included private investment firm and turnaround specialist Sun Capital Partners , Cerberus Capital Management , and real estate investment company Lubert-Adler Management Inc. Rick Leto was named the new president and chief merchandising officer in January 2005. Sixty-two store closures were announced by the new owners in September 2005, stating the 62 stores closed only accounted for 17% of

935-739: A newly built store at Pembroke Lakes Mall ). They also competed for mall space with JCPenney , which later received top anchor spots at the Town Center Mall in Kennesaw , Shannon Mall in Union City (rebuilt as a DHL Distribution Center), and Gwinnett Place Mall in Duluth (now Beauty Master). Stores that were unaffected were those at North Dekalb Mall in Decatur that was taken over by Upton's ( Burlington Coat Factory now occupies

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1020-545: A number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå , in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine ) and was named Shopping ; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe. The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex

1105-570: A primary trade area of 5 to 10 miles (8 to 16 km). A retail park , in the United Kingdom and Europe, is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom, and some (but not all) other European countries. In Europe, any shopping center with mostly "retail warehouse units" (UK terminology; in the US the term is " big-box stores "/superstores), 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) or larger

1190-485: A retail area of 100,000 to 350,000 square feet (9,300 to 32,500 m ) and serve a primary area of 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km). Local-scale shopping centres usually have a retail area of 30,000 to 150,000 square feet (2,800 to 13,900 m ), and serve a primary area in a 3-mile (5 km) radius. They typically have a supermarket as an anchor or a large convenience shop and commonly serve large villages or as secondary centres to towns. Car-dependent centres in

1275-498: A shopping center parking lot where a former Mervyn's location used to be is still named Mervyn's Drive in Fullerton , as a Mervyn's location was there prior to 2008. Caltrans continues to maintain the traffic signal which connects the private road to Imperial Highway , and installed a new overhead sign with the name "Mervyn's Dr" in 2019 after the old one fell off. The former store is now a Floor & Decor . A private road into

1360-461: Is Strøget in Copenhagen, Denmark . In the U.S. chiefly in the 1960s, some cities converted a main shopping street (usually several blocks of one street only) to pedestrian zones known at the time as shopping malls (i.e. the original meaning of "mall": a "promenade"), but now referred to as pedestrian malls . A shopping arcade is a type of shopping precinct that developed earlier and in which

1445-405: Is a group of shops built together, sometimes under one roof. The first known collections of retailers under one roof are public markets , dating back to ancient times, and Middle Eastern covered markets, bazaars and souqs . In Paris, about 150 covered passages were built between the late 18th century and 1850, and a wealth of shopping arcades were built across Europe in the 19th century. In

1530-476: Is a retail park, according to the leading real estate company Cushman & Wakefield. This would be considered in North America either a power center or a neighborhood shopping center , depending on the size. A lifestyle center ( American English ), or lifestyle centre ( Commonwealth English ), is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines the traditional retail functions of

1615-827: Is a type of shopping center, a North American term originally meaning a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s began to be used as a generic term for large shopping centers anchored by department stores, especially enclosed centers. Many malls in the United States are currently in severe decline (" dead malls ") or have closed. Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added big-box stores as anchor tenants, or are specialized formats: power centers , lifestyle centers , factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces . Smaller types of shopping centers in North America include neighborhood shopping centers , and even smaller, strip malls . Pedestrian malls (shopping streets) in

1700-500: Is a type of shopping centre in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet centres are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices. Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet centre, Vanity Fair , located in Reading, Pennsylvania , did not open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened

1785-628: Is not used in the U.K. The term "mall" is used for those types of centers in some markets beyond North America such as India and the United Arab Emirates . In other developing countries such as Namibia and Zambia , "Mall" is found in the names of many small centers that qualify as neighborhood shopping centers or strip malls according to the ICSC. The suburban shopping center concept evolved further with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores. The first

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1870-487: Is over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) of gross leasable area. These have three or more anchors, mass and varied merchant trade and serves as the dominant venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located. Note that ICSC defines indoor centers above 800,000 square feet (74,000 m ) net leasable area in Asia-Pacific as mega-malls . A regional-scale shopping centre (commonly known as

1955-463: The High Street (street – pedestrianized or not – with a high concentration of retail shops), and retail parks (usually out of the city centre, 5000 sq.m. or larger and anchored by big-box stores or supermarkets, rather than department stores). Most English-speakers follow a mix of the United Kingdom's and United States's naming conventions. In the U.K. a "centre for shopping" is commonly

2040-798: The 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage and accommodation for traders on various levels. Different rows specialized in different goods, such as 'Bakers Row' or 'Fleshmongers Row'. Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg , which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m (570,000 sq ft). The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today. The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford , England opened in 1774 and still runs today. The Passage du Caire

2125-619: The 1890s. Historic and/or monumental buildings are sometimes converted into shopping centers, often forming part of a larger city center shopping district that otherwise consists mostly of on-street stores. Examples are the former main post office of Amsterdam, now Magna Plaza ; the Stadsfeestzaal  [ nl ] in Antwerp , Belgium, a former exhibition "palace"; the former Sears warehouse, now Ponce City Market in Atlanta ;

2210-430: The 1950s and 1960s, this made Mervyn's popular with the young suburban families comprising the majority of San Lorenzo's population. This marketing strategy was later abandoned before Mervyn's expanded beyond its original single location, but Mervyn's remained popular as a lower-priced alternative to national department store chains. The second Mervyn's store opened about 15 miles (24 km) south as an anchor tenant of

2295-422: The 1950s. Mervyn's carved a niche for itself by having a relatively no-frills shopping environment that reduced overhead , enabling the store to price merchandise lower than competing department stores. Mervyn's also offered significantly-discounted factory seconds of basics such as jeans , T-shirts , underwear , and similar garments, as well as household linens, with flaws minor and undetectable by most. During

2380-544: The 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus , Syria , might also be considered as precursors to the present-day large shopping centers. Isfahan 's Grand Bazaar , which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history. The oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows . Dating back at least to

2465-694: The Fremont Hub Shopping Center, one of two regional malls in Fremont, California , in 1962. In mid-1975, Mervyn's operated stores in major cities and towns throughout California. , and by October, it had expanded to southern California, opening stores in Fullerton and Huntington Beach. The location in Millbrae was particularly popular among San Francisco Peninsula customers searching for deals on off-season discount items. By 1978,

2550-609: The Mervyn's and Marshall Field's divisions up for sale to focus on Target stores. Target Corporation was approached by many buyers for both stores but many of the potential buyers saw value only in the real estate. Target refused to sell to the groups that wanted to purchase Mervyn's for the property value only. Target would only consider deals that would not close the company and put the then 30,000 employees out of work. The Mervyn's locations in Minnesota were closed in 2004 as part of

2635-417: The Mervyn's website was replaced with a single-page site allowing visitors to sign-up for a mailing list to receive updates about the future of Mervyn's. However, that page is no longer accessible, and the website no longer exists. As of 2024, Meryvn's Department Store has returned as an online only store that specializes in selling closeout and overstock merchandise from other retailers. A private road into

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2720-616: The Northern District of California. Soon, the Chapter 11 case was converted to Chapter 7 liquidation on October 17, 2008. At the time of this announcement 3 stores had just held grand openings only a few months prior to being told they would soon close. Although the company initially vowed to keep all locations open during the reorganization efforts, the company announced in August 2008 the closure of all 26 underperforming stores. The company hired an outside company to assist in

2805-600: The U.K. and Europe, if larger than 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) can be termed a small retail park , while in the U.S. and some other countries it is known as a neighborhood shopping center . Convenience-scale centers, independent of other centers are known as strip malls or as shopping parades. These centers are less than 30,000 square feet (2,800 m ) of gross leasable space and commonly serve villages or as parts of larger centers commonly called small squares, plazas or indoor markets. They are also called strip centers or convenience centers. Strip Malls, despite

2890-654: The U.S. or Shopping Centres in Commonwealth English . Community-scale shopping centres are commonly called Main Streets , High Streets or town squares in wider centres or in English-speaking Europe as retail parks for certain centres. These offer a wider range of goods and has two anchor supermarkets or discount department stores. They may also follow a parallel configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature

2975-553: The United States have been less common and less successful than in Europe. In Canada, underground passages in Montreal and Toronto link large adjacent downtown retail spaces. In Europe shopping malls/centers continue to grow and thrive. In the region distinction is made between shopping centers (shops under one roof), shopping precincts ( pedestrianized zones of a town or city where many retail stores are located),

3060-450: The United States, the widespread use of the automobile in the 1920s led to the first shopping centers of a few dozen shops that included parking for cars. Starting in 1946, larger, open air centers anchored by department stores were built (sometimes as a collection of adjacent retail properties with different owners), then enclosed shopping malls starting with Victor Gruen 's Southdale Center near Minneapolis in 1956. A shopping mall

3145-413: The centre for a settlement. More recent shopping dedicated areas outside the main centre are known as "shopping centres" (with understanding of the synonym shopping mall) "shopping villages" or "retail parks". According to author Richard Longstreth, before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applied to any group of adjacent retail businesses. A city's downtown might be called

3230-727: The chain's sales. The closures comprised 28 of the 40 stores in Texas , 15 stores in Michigan , 10 stores in Colorado , three stores in Oklahoma , 3 stores in Louisiana ; and one store closing in each state of Utah , Oregon , and California . Mervyn's had an enviable real estate portfolio, and it was believed they could further invest in those properties, and make themselves more competitive. In 2007, an additional 18 stores were closed. Of

3315-551: The company announced that it would liquidate its assets through a Chapter 7 filing. Every remaining location will be closed by the end of the year. The Morris family, having bought back intellectual property rights to the company in 2009, announced plans to relaunch Mervyn's as an internet-based enterprise, but the proposed revival never came to fruition. As of 2024, Meryvn's Department Store has returned as an online only store that specializes in selling closeout and overstock merchandise from other retailers. Mervin G. Morris founded

3400-495: The company had grown to a chain of more than 50 stores in three states, and Mervyn's was acquired by the Dayton Hudson Corporation (now Target Corporation ). Mervyn's kept its separate identity as a Dayton Hudson subsidiary. The average store had 80–130 employees. There was a Store Team Leader (1), Executive Team Leaders (2–4), Department Leaders (7–10), benefited team members (full-time employees not part of

3485-438: The company to liquidate and close its remaining stores. The announcement came amidst an offer by fashion retailer Forever 21 to purchase 149 of the remaining Mervyn's stores for an undisclosed amount. The original negotiations failed, and Mervyn's liquidated all 149 stores under the bankruptcy action. Several months later, department store retailer Kohl's and Forever 21 prevailed in a joint bid at bankruptcy auction to take over

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3570-421: The complex a regular hangout spot by the early 1990s. Customers began wafting to other frequent regional centers, such as Arden Fair , Downtown Plaza and Sunrise Mall . A remodeling of Weinstock's in 1989 and a facelift renovation of the mall proper in the second half of 1990 did little to dispel the negative image that the center had taken on, especially in 1991 when four perpetrators took 41 people hostage at

3655-720: The connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and may be in the open air or covered by a ground-floor loggia . Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still functioning as shopping centres, while many others have been demolished. In Russia , centuries-old shopping centres

3740-689: The deal between Target Corporation selling their Marshall Field's division to The May Department Stores Company in June 2004. May purchased 9 Twin Cities area Mervyn's locations along with the Marshall Field's stores, and immediately announced closure of those Mervyn's stores. Analysts saw this as a move by the May Company to block competition from acquiring those locations. In July 2004, Target Corporation announced that Mervyn's had been sold to

3825-683: The dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl. Mervyn%27s In 2006, Mervyn's had 189 stores in 10 states. One year later, after Mervyn's closed its stores in Oregon and Washington , Mervyn's had reduced its store count to 177 stores in seven states. On October 17, 2008,

3910-669: The design and business plan, a place built according to an overall program that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix, signs, exterior lighting, and parking. In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtown . Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square , Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza , Kansas City, Missouri , 55 acres (220,000 m ), opened 1923. The Bank Block in Grandview Heights, Ohio (1928)

3995-566: The earliest public shopping centers is Trajan's Market in Rome located in Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market was probably built around 100–110 AD by Apollodorus of Damascus , and it is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center. The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as

4080-481: The final time on February 28, 2006. It was fully demolished in July 2006 (including the former JCPenney and Weinstock's anchors), leaving Sears, its Auto Center, and five outparcels standing. Construction of Florin Towne Centre commenced shortly after Florin Mall was demolished. It included a collection of smaller shops constructed from the east side of Sears (approximately from where the store's old mall entrance was) to

4165-492: The first Mervyn's store in San Lorenzo, California , on July 29, 1949. The store was supposed to be named Mervin's , but a designer suggested that a spelling with a "y" instead of an "i" would be more visually appealing. Mervyn's was located in the midst of San Lorenzo Village, a planned residential community between the cities of Hayward and San Leandro, composed of two- and three-bedroom tract homes built between 1944 and

4250-486: The first enclosed factory outlet center in 1979, in Lakeland, Tennessee , a suburb of Memphis . A shopping precinct (U.K. term) or pedestrian mall (U.S. term) is an area of city centre streets which have been pedestrianized, where there is a concentration of " high street shops" such as department stores, clothing and home furnishings stores, and so forth. They may be part of a larger city-centre pedestrian zone , as

4335-479: The following types: Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area , AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America does not apply to Europe a.k.a. large neighborhood shopping center in US, Can A superregional-scale center is commonly called a city centre. According to the International Council of Shopping Centers it

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4420-572: The former Emporium-Capwell department store in San Francisco , now San Francisco Centre ; Georgetown Park in Washington, D.C. , and the Abasto de Buenos Aires , formerly the city's wholesale produce market. Shopping centers are not a recent innovation. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome , in forums where shopping markets were located. One of

4505-401: The former Mervyn's. The other major opening in 2008 was fitness chain 24 Hour Fitness . Walmart opened on June 17, 2009, replacing a former store 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the west (the old store re-opened six years later as Walmart's Neighborhood Market format in 2015, occupying only half of the old store's original footprint, but later closed in 2019). PetSmart opened on November 12, 2011 in

4590-515: The increased rent to finance the buyout. Although the company attempted to undergo reorganization under bankruptcy, Mervyn's ultimately succumbed to the ongoing Great Recession and announced that it would liquidate its assets through Chapter 7 of Title 11 in the United States Code, stating it "is the best course of action to maximize value for all of the company's creditors, employees and other stakeholders." The bankruptcy called for

4675-538: The late 19th century and early 20th century, including the Cleveland Arcade , and Moscow 's GUM , which opened in 1890. When the Cleveland Arcade opened in 1890, it was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US, and like its European counterparts, was an architectural triumph. Two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example of Victorian architecture . Sydney's Queen Victoria Markets Building , opened in 1898,

4760-478: The latter three locations became "double headers" for Dillard's. The eight other Florida stores weren't included in the deal and were sold to other retailers. Mervyn's had withdrawn from both Miami and Atlanta in 1997. During the 1990s, Mervyn's also expanded into Arizona, Colorado, Texas, Michigan, Minnesota, and Washington State. From 1995 to 2001, the stores were rebranded as Mervyn's California , in an effort to identify with its West Coast roots. A media campaign

4845-442: The leadership team), and part-time employees. All employees had "credit goals", which referred to the number of customers that opened a Mervyn's credit account. Part-time employees were expected one per every eight hours, and the leadership team was expected one per every 40 hours. Mervyn's entered Florida in 1988 with a store at Lakeland Square Mall in Lakeland , and began major expansions outside of California with Atlanta being

4930-528: The leases of 46 Mervyn's stores; Kohl's has assumed 31 stores, while Forever 21 has assumed 15 stores. In a KPIX-TV interview on February 11, 2009, Mervin Morris's son Jeff revealed that the family had bought the Mervyn's name and intellectual property , including the company's customer list as part of an effort to relaunch the company. Morris did not say when the website would launch or how much it would cost, only that decisions will be up to his sons. In 2009,

5015-596: The liquidation of assets from the stores affected. The closures also marked a complete retreat by Mervyn's from the Idaho market, whose sole store in Boise was one of the ones marked for closure. In Texas , a complete retreat was slated from San Antonio , where all three remaining stores were marked for closure, in addition to the closure of the sole stores in Lubbock , Midland , and Odessa . After these closures, Mervyn's

5100-403: The mall, increasing its gross leasable area to 667,000 square feet (62,000 m). As the second mall-type center on Sacramento's south side, it eclipsed its nearest commercial competitor, Southgate Plaza, which has since converted to a conventional shopping center. By the 1980s, Florin Mall was becoming rather notorious as a haven for shootings, stabbings and car thefts. Local gangs had made

5185-632: The mid-1950s, it claimed to be the largest shopping center on the West Coast of the United States and the third-largest in the country. The first part of the Panorama City Shopping Center opened as on October 10, 1955, and would grow until the mid-1960s, it claimed to be the first shopping center with four major department store anchors, even though the "center" was in fact a marketing association for multiple adjacent properties. Northland Center near Detroit , built 1954,

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5270-437: The name, are not considered "malls" in North America. Power centers , in North America, are open-air single-level shopping centers that almost exclusively feature several big-box retailers as their anchors (although newer urban power centers have adopted enclosed and/or vertical formats while retaining the strong big-box emphasis). They usually have a retail area of 250,000 to 600,000 square feet (23,000 to 56,000 m ) and

5355-509: The northern edge of Florin Road. On March 6, 2008, Mervyn's became the first store to open in the new shopping center, however the store was short-lived as it was shuttered in February 2009 when the entire chain went out of business. It sat vacant the majority of the time (aside from temporary usage for seasonal retailers such as Halloween City ) until 2019 when AutoZone opened in a portion of

5440-522: The old mall's footprint now serves as the parking lot for Walmart and other neighboring businesses. In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at the Florin Towne Centre, into Seritage Growth Properties. On October 15, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 142 stores nationwide. The store closed later that year. Sears

5525-427: The site of a particularly strong expansion campaign, followed by Miami in 1991 with the conversion of five Lord & Taylor locations-- Cutler Ridge Mall (1982), Coral Square (1984), Miami International Mall , Boynton Beach Mall (both 1985), and Treasure Coast Square (1987). Mervyn's had not previously had a retail presence in the southern U.S., taking over a handful of Jordan Marsh sites in 1992 (along with

5610-538: The size of regional malls still operate, consisting of multiple arcades. They developed from previous so-called "trading rows", which were essentially markets where traders could obtain space to sell their goods. Great Gostiny Dvor in Saint Petersburg in its present buildings dates back to the 1760s. With a total area of 800,000 square feet (74,000 m ), GUM in Moscow, opened in its present buildings in

5695-505: The store's back-to-school season sales efforts. In addition, financing requests were denied by lenders. This raised the possibility of the company having to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, or going out of business altogether. The company made no official comments at the time, but on July 29, 2008, Mervyn's announced that it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for

5780-593: The store) and North Point Mall in Alpharetta , which became Parisian and was rebuilt as AMC Theatres . This was also likewise done at the same time in Florida where the company sold ten stores to Dillard's , including the 5 aforementioned L&T stores, along with former JM boxes at Pompano Fashion Square , Broward Mall , and Melbourne Square in Melbourne , and 2 others (Lakeland Square and Pembroke Lakes),

5865-538: The stores closed, 17 were in Oregon and Washington , and one in Grand Junction, Colorado , which was the last remaining Mervyn's store in that state. Signs of financial distress and possible bankruptcy surfaced on July 21, 2008, when the Associated Press reported that Mervyn's had stopped updating its financial status and that the department store's vendors ceased shipping some products, hurting

5950-779: The twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell . The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall . The center, which opened with an open-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center , significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois. Other early malls moved retailing away from

6035-406: The word "mall", that is, a pedestrian promenade (in U.K. usage a "shopping precinct"). Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo , Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach , Santa Monica Mall (1965), and malls in Fort Worth and in Canada's capital, Ottawa . The downtown Urbana, Illinois mall , converted from a city street,

6120-575: Was a center in Ardmore, Pennsylvania later named Suburban Square , when the Philadelphia department store Strawbridge & Clothier opened a four-story, 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m ) branch there on May 12, 1930. A much larger example would be the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m ) Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles built in 1947, anchored by a five-story Broadway and

6205-411: Was a collection of stores under one roof aimed at the workers in the company town of Morgan Park , in Duluth, Minnesota . Before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applies to a collection of retail businesses. A city's Downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, comprehensive planning in

6290-607: Was also an ambitious architectural project. Shopping Centers built before the 20th century ; Notes: *based on current ICSC shopping center type definitions, **center opened in 1926 without department store, which was added in 1930 Early examples of "stores under one roof" include the nine-building shopping arcade Dayton Arcade in Dayton, Ohio (1902–1904), primarily built to rehouse the public food markets in more sanitary conditions, but which added retail clothing and household goods stores. The Lake View Store , opened July 1916,

6375-520: Was an early strip mall or neighborhood center of 30 shops built along Grandview Avenue, with parking in the back for 400 cars. Uniquely for the time, it had multiple national grocery store tenants Kroger , Piggly Wiggly , and the A&;P Tea Company. The Park and Shop (1930) in Cleveland Park, Washington, D.C. was an early strip mall or neighborhood center with parking in the front. It

6460-507: Was anchored by Piggly Wiggly and built in an L shape. Other notable, large early centers with strips of independent stores, adjacent parking lots, but no department store anchors, include Highland Park Village (1931) in Dallas ; and River Oaks Shopping Center (1937) in Houston . In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of

6545-586: Was built by the James J. Cordano Company and Blumenfield Enterprises. The single-level center was situated on 70 acres (280,000 m), 8 miles (13 km) southeast of downtown Sacramento. It was the Sacramento area's first fully enclosed shopping mall built from the ground up. The site had previously been utilized as the Sky Ranch Airfield. The mall was opened in February 1968 and was anchored by

6630-399: Was enclosed, designed by Victor Gruen . Although Bergen Mall (opened 1957) led other suburban shopping centers in using "mall" in their names, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s, when the term "shopping mall" started to be used generically for large suburban shopping centers. The term "mall" for regional enclosed shopping centers

6715-519: Was launched to publicize the rebranding, with TV commercials and catalogs featuring former San Francisco 49ers ' quarterback Joe Montana . The rebranding had little effect on the company's revenues, and the "California" was dropped from the name in 2001, reverting to the original name. The majority of their stores in Texas didn't even consider adding the "California" name to their stores. In March 2004, Target Corporation announced that they planned to put

6800-654: Was left with about 150 stores: 16 in Arizona, 121 in California, three each in Nevada and New Mexico, seven in Texas and six in Utah. In September 2008, Mervyn's sued the financial institutions involved in the leveraged buyout of the chain, alleging that the deal had stripped the retailer of its real estate assets, forcing it into bankruptcy. Mervyn's said in the suit that Cerberus Capital Management and its partners had used

6885-551: Was opened in Paris in 1798. The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island introduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828 and is arguably the oldest "shopping center" in the country. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan , Italy followed in the 1870s and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centers in

6970-692: Was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen . This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Center , which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota , United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of

7055-465: Was seen as the first significant decline to Florin Mall. JCPenney was converted to an outlet store in November 1998. The store was shuttered in 2003, leaving Sears as the sole anchor of the mall. In a state of disrepair for some time, the bulk of Florin Mall was purchased by San Francisco's Jim Kessler and Prudential Insurance Company in October 2005. After 38 years of operation, the mall closed for

7140-559: Was the first of 4 centers that Victor Gruen built for Hudson's ( Eastland Center , Southland Center , and Westland Center were the others) At launch, Northland Center was the world's largest shopping center. The enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin , which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured

7225-657: Was the only remnant and remaining anchor from the former Florin Mall that continued to operate until its closure. In the early 2020s, the remaining portion of the former Mervyn's has since been filled by BioLife , a plasma donation center , and local discount retailer Falling Prices. In 2021, 24 Hour Fitness was shuttered. It was replaced by Chuze Fitness in 2023. Shopping center A shopping center in American English , shopping centre in Commonwealth English (see spelling differences ), shopping complex , shopping arcade , shopping plaza , or galleria ,

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