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111-518: Since no roads lead into the park, visitors arrive via chartered air taxi from Nome , Bettles , or Kotzebue . Flights are available year-round, but are weather dependent. The park is one of the least-visited American national parks, along with others inaccessible by road, including the neighboring Gates of the Arctic , Isle Royale in the middle of Lake Superior , the Dry Tortugas at the end of

222-476: A tundra , with long, very cold winters, and short, cool summers. However, conditions in both winter and summer are moderated by the city's coastal location; winters are less severe than in the Interior , and conversely, summers are lukewarm. For example, Fairbanks at a similar parallel quite far inland has much greater temperature swings with both very warm and cold temperatures throughout the year. Even so, Nome

333-486: A 3,025 ft (922 m) breakwater east of the existing Causeway and a 270 ft (82 m) spur on the end of the Causeway making it to a total of 2,982 feet (909 m). The City Dock (south) on the Causeway is equipped with marine headers to handle the community's bulk cargo and fuel deliveries. The City Dock is approximately 200 feet (61 m) in length with a depth of 22.5 feet (MLLW). The WestGold Dock (north)

444-651: A coastal city in Norway at 70°N, is in zone 7, and even Longyearbyen , the northernmost true city in the world at 78°N, is still in zone 4. All these coastal locations have one thing in common, though, which are cool, damp summers, with temperatures rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F), or 15 °C (59 °F) in Longyearbyen. This shows the importance of taking heat zones into account for better understanding of what may or may not grow. In Sweden and Finland generally, at sea level to 500 metres (1,600 ft), zone 3

555-551: A continued warming trend in the United States' climate. The USDA plant hardiness zones for selected U.S. cities as based on the 2023 map are the following: As the USDA system is based entirely on average annual extreme minimum temperature in an area, it is limited in its ability to describe the climatic conditions a gardener may have to account for in a particular area: there are many other factors that determine whether or not

666-500: A day. In 1899, Charles D. Lane founded Wild Goose Mining & Trading Co. His company constructed the Wild Goose Railroad from Nome to Dexter Discovery; it was extended (1906-1908) to the village of Shelton, also known as Lanes Landing. Many late-comers tried to "jump" the original claims by filing mining claims covering the same ground. The federal judge for the area ruled the original claims valid, but some of

777-519: A draft revised map, using temperature data collected from July 1986 to March 2002. The 2003 map placed many areas approximately a half-zone higher (warmer) than the USDA's 1990 map. Reviewers noted the map zones appeared to be closer to the original USDA 1960 map in its overall zone delineations. Their map purported to show finer detail, for example, reflecting urban heat islands by showing the downtown areas of several cities (e.g., Baltimore , Maryland; Washington, D.C. , and Atlantic City, New Jersey ) as

888-678: A full zone warmer than outlying areas. The map excluded the detailed a/b half-zones introduced in the USDA's 1990 map, an omission widely criticized by horticulturists and gardeners due to the coarseness of the resulting map. The USDA rejected the AHS 2003 draft map and created its own map in an interactive computer format, which the American Horticultural Society now uses. In 2006, the Arbor Day Foundation released an update of U.S. hardiness zones, using mostly

999-524: A given plant can survive in a given zone. Zone information alone is often not adequate for predicting winter survival, since factors such as frost dates and frequency of snow cover can vary widely between regions. Even the extreme minimum itself may not be useful when comparing regions in widely different climate zones . As an extreme example, due to the Gulf Stream most of the United Kingdom

1110-533: A major source of employment and revenue for Nome through to the present day. Mining's contribution to the town was estimated at $ 6 million a year in 1990 (~$ 12.4 million in 2023), before a major increase in the price of gold brought renewed interest to offshore leases (where 1,000,000 ounces of gold were estimated to be in reserve ) and a subsequent boom in revenues and employment. The Discovery Channel has featured 15 seasons of "Bering Sea Gold" concerning offshore efforts to dredge gold both in summer and winter; in

1221-498: A result of the more recent data, as well as new mapping methods and additional information gathered. Many areas were a half-zone warmer than the previous 1990 map. The 2012 map was created digitally for the internet, and includes a ZIP Code zone finder and an interactive map. In 2015, the Arbor Day Foundation revised another map, also with no a and b subdivisions, showing many areas having zones even warmer, with

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1332-502: A series that breaks up climate zones more finely than the USDA zones, identifying 45 distinct zones in the US, incorporating ranges of temperatures in all seasons, precipitation, wind patterns, elevation, and length and structure of the growing season. In addition, the Köppen climate classification system can be used as a more general guide to growing conditions when considering large areas of

1443-440: A ten-year record. One is in zone 4a, one in zone 4b, and the other is in zone 5a. Sydney residents are split between zones 3a and 4b. Different locations in the same city are suitable for different plants. Climate variables that reflect the capacity and detriments to plant growth are used to develop an index that is mapped to Canada's Plant Hardiness Zones. This index comes from a formula originally developed by Ouellet and Sherk in

1554-540: A toponym in several places in Norway . A second theory is that Nome received its name through an error: allegedly when a British cartographer copied an ambiguous annotation made by a British officer on a nautical chart, while on a voyage up the Bering Strait. The officer had written "? Name" next to the unnamed cape. The mapmaker misread the annotation as "C. Nome", or Cape Nome , and used that name on his own chart;

1665-583: A transition zone between boreal forest and tundra . The fish and wildlife in the park are typical of arctic and subarctic fauna. The major economic species are caribou , moose , and fish species such as salmon and sheefish . The most visible animals are the 400,000 caribou of the Western Arctic herd. The herd migrates annually between their winter breeding grounds, south of the Waring Mountains, and their summer calving grounds, north of

1776-486: A variety of voles . Fish species include chinook , chum , pink and sockeye salmon , with other salmonids including Dolly Varden , Arctic char , lake trout and Arctic grayling . Other species include burbot , Arctic lamprey , round , broad and humpback whitefish, and pond and rainbow smelt. Human habitation in Kobuk Valley is believed to extend back at least 12,500 years. The present inhabitants of

1887-404: Is 190 feet (58 m) in length with the same depth of 22.5 feet (ML, LW). The Westgold dock handles nearly all of the exported rock/gravel for this region and is the primary location to load/unload heavy equipment. The opening between the new breakwater and the Causeway (Outer Harbor Entrance) is approximately 500 feet (150 m) in width and serves as access to both Causeway deep water docks and

1998-475: Is 8–9 (some highland areas are slightly colder). The Spanish and Portuguese Atlantic coast, much of Andalusia and Murcia , coastal and slightly inland southern Valencian Community , a part of coastal Catalonia , the Balearic Islands , southwestern Sardinia , most of Sicily , coastal southern Italy, some areas around Albania , coastal Cyprus and southwestern Greece are in zone 10. In Europe,

2109-653: Is a geographic area defined as having a certain average annual minimum temperature, a factor relevant to the survival of many plants. In some systems other statistics are included in the calculations. The original and most widely used system, developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a rough guide for landscaping and gardening, defines 13 zones by long-term average annual extreme minimum temperatures. It has been adapted by and to other countries (such as Canada) in various forms. A plant may be described as "hardy to zone 10": this means that

2220-635: Is a qualified acute care facility and medevac service. Long-term care is provided by Quyaana Care Center (a unit of the hospital). Specialized care is available through facilities such as Norton Sound Community Mental Health Center, Turning Point – Saquigvik (transitional living), and XYZ Senior Center. Nome is classified as a large town/Regional Center, it is found in EMS Region 5A in the Norton Sound Region. Emergency Services have limited highway, coastal and airport access. Emergency service

2331-606: Is an inholding of the NANA Regional Corporation , an Alaskan native corporation with rights in the park. The first human inhabitants of the Kobuk Valley were people of the Paleo-Arctic tradition , who hunted caribou at Onion Portage. The region was apparently deserted for about 2,000 years until people of the Archaic tradition appeared in the valley from the south and east. By about 4,000 years before

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2442-545: Is entirely national park land, with only subsistence hunting by local residents permitted. No part of the park is designated as a national preserve , which would allow sport hunting. Nome, Alaska Nome ( / ˈ n oʊ m / ; ( Inupiaq : Sitŋasuaq , pronounced [sitŋɐsuɑq] , also Sitŋazuaq , Siqnazuaq )) is a city in the Nome Census Area in the Unorganized Borough of

2553-411: Is greatest in the summer months, and averages 17.22 inches (437.4 mm) per year. The annual average temperature is 28.0 °F (−2.2 °C). Extreme temperatures range from −54 °F (−48 °C) on January 27–28, 1989 up to 86 °F (30 °C) on June 19, 2013, and July 31, 1977; the record cold daily maximum is −40 °F (−40 °C), set on January 28–29, 1919, while, conversely,

2664-692: Is home to Alaska's oldest newspaper, the Nome Nugget . Nome is a regional center of transportation for surrounding villages. There are two state-owned airports: Nome seaport is used by freight ships and cruise ships, located at 64.5°N and 165.4°W on the southern side of the Seward Peninsula in Norton Sound . The Corps of Engineers completed the Nome Harbor Improvements Project in the summer of 2006 adding

2775-458: Is in zone 3b while nearby Kraków , only 80 km (50 mi) to the north and 300 m (980 ft) lower is in zone 6a. These examples prove that local topography can have a pronounced effect on temperature and thus on what is possible to grow in a specific region. The southern European marker plant for climate as well as cultural indicator is the olive tree , which cannot withstand long periods below freezing so its cultivation area matches

2886-526: Is in zones 8–9, while in the US, zones 8–9 include regions such as the subtropical coastal areas of the southeastern US and Mojave and Chihuahuan inland deserts, thus an American gardener in such an area may only have to plan for several nights of cold temperatures per year, while their British counterpart may have to plan for several months. In addition, the zones do not incorporate any information about duration of cold temperatures, summer temperatures, or sun intensity insolation ; thus sites which may have

2997-556: Is influenced by Far East Russia 's cold landmass and as a result the climate is much colder than in coastal Scandinavia at similar latitudes. The coldest month is January, averaging 5.6 °F (−14.7 °C), although highs on average breach the freezing point on 2–4 days per month from December to March and there are 76 days annually of 0 °F (−17.8 °C) or lower temperatures, which have been recorded as early as October 12 in 1996 and as late as May 5 in 1984. Average highs stay below freezing from late October until late April, and

3108-524: Is located at 64°30′14″N 165°23′58″W  /  64.50389°N 165.39944°W  / 64.50389; -165.39944 (64.503889, −165.399444). According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 21.6 square miles (56 km ), of which 12.5 square miles (32 km ) is land and 9.1 square miles (23.6 km ) (41.99%) is water. Nome has a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ), closely bordering on

3219-515: Is north of the Arctic Circle, including cities like Karesuando and Pajala . Kiruna is the major exception here, which being located on a hill above frost traps , is in zone 5. Zone 4 lies between the Arctic Circle and about 64–66°N, with cities such as Oulu , Rovaniemi and Jokkmokk , zone 5 (south to 61–62°N) contains cities such as Tampere , Umeå , and Östersund . Zone 6 covers the south of mainland Finland, Sweden north of 60°N, and

3330-630: Is provided by 911 Telephone Service and by Nome Volunteer Ambulance Dept. The reality television series Bering Sea Gold is set and filmed in Nome. Nome is referenced in the songs "Marry the Man Today" from the 1950 Frank Loesser / Jo Swerling / Abe Burrows musical Guys and Dolls ; in "A Little Brains, A Little Talent" from the 1955 Richard Adler and Jerry Ross musical Damn Yankees ; and in "Ah, Paree!" from Stephen Sondheim 's 1971 musical Follies . Hardiness zone A hardiness zone

3441-525: The 2000 United States Census , there were 3,505 people, 1,184 households, and 749 families in the city. The population density was 279.7 inhabitants per square mile (108.0/km ). There were 1,356 housing units at an average density of 108.2 per square mile (41.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 51.0% Native American , 37.9% White , 1.5% Asian , 0.9% Black or African American , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 0.4% from other races , and 8.2% from two or more races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of

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3552-480: The Distant Early Warning system that are visible from the city but are no longer in use. Total gold production for the Nome district has been at least 3.6 million troy ounces (110,000 kg). Nome's population decline continued after 1910 although at a fairly slow rate. By 1950 Nome had 1,852 inhabitants. By 1960 the population of Nome had climbed to 2,316. At this point placer gold mining

3663-551: The Dodecanese , Cyclades and some Argo-Saronic Gulf islands. The Mediterranean islands of Malta , Lampedusa and Linosa belong to zone 11a as well as a few areas on the southernmost coast of Cyprus . The Balkan area is also more prone to cold snaps and episodes of unseasonable warmth. For instance, despite having similar daily means and temperature amplitudes to Nantucket, Massachusetts , for each month, Sarajevo has recorded below-freezing temperatures in every month of

3774-720: The Florida Keys , as well as Katmai and Lake Clark in southern Alaska. The park is the center of a vast ecosystem between Selawik National Wildlife Refuge and the Noatak National Preserve . It is over 75 miles (121 km) by river to the Chukchi Sea . The Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve lie 32 miles (51 km) to the east. The park includes about 81,000 acres (33,000 ha) of lands owned by native corporations and

3885-507: The Gulf Coast , and southern Arizona and California , are responsible for the rarity of episodes of severe cold relative to normal in those areas. The warmest zone in the 48 contiguous states is the Florida Keys (11b) and the coldest is in north-central Minnesota (2b). A couple of locations on the northern coast of Puerto Rico have the warmest hardiness zone in the United States at 13b. Conversely, isolated inland areas of Alaska have

3996-793: The Kougarok River , and Teller : the Nome-Council , Nome-Taylor , and Nome-Teller Highways , respectively. There are also smaller roads to communities up to 87 miles (140 km) from Nome, yet no road connection to the other major cities of Alaska. There are no railroads going to or from Nome. A 500-mile (800 km) road project ( Manley Hot Springs–Nome ) is being discussed in Alaska. It has been estimated (as of 2010) to cost $ 2.3 to $ 2.7 billion, or approximately $ 5 million per mile. Local hospitals and medical centers include Norton Sound Regional Hospital and Nome Health Center. The hospital

4107-439: The Köppen climate classification system, Kobuk Valley National Park has a Subarctic climate ( Dfc ) with cool summers and year around precipitation. Dfc climates are defined by their coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F), 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. According to

4218-469: The Polish Carpathians , which regularly reaches −35 °C (−31 °F) during winter on calm nights when cold and heavy airmasses from the surrounding Gorce and Tatra Mountains descend down the slopes to this low-lying valley, creating extremes which can be up to 10 °C (18 °F) colder than nearby Nowy Targ or Białka Tatrzańska , which are both higher up in elevation. Waksmund

4329-664: The US National Arboretum in Washington . The first map was issued in 1960, and revised in 1965. It used uniform 10 °F (5.6 °C) ranges, and gradually became widespread among American gardeners. The USDA map was revised and reissued in 1990 with freshly available climate data, this time with five-degree distinctions dividing each zone into new "a" and "b" subdivisions. In 2003, the American Horticultural Society (AHS) produced

4440-606: The United States Department of Agriculture , the Plant Hardiness zone at Kallarichuck at 13 ft (4 m) elevation is 2a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of -47.1 °F (-43.9 °C). Weather in the park is subject to extremes. Average low temperatures in January are −8 °F (−22 °C), and can reach nighttime lows of −50 °F (−46 °C). Summer temperatures average around 65 °F (18 °C), and can reach 85 °F (29 °C). Since

4551-484: The Western Federation of Miners for all unemployed workers to stay away, saying that "All the rich mines are practically worked out." Fires in 1905 and 1934, as well as violent storms in 1900, 1913, 1945 and 1974, destroyed much of Nome's gold rush -era architecture. The pre-fire " Discovery Saloon " is now a private residence and is being slowly restored as a landmark. The Black Wolf Squadron , under

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4662-497: The tropics , have hardiness zones that range from 12 to 13 in the coastal areas, while the lowest hardiness zone is found in the island of Fogo , in the country's highest peak Pico do Fogo . In addition to the USDA Hardiness zones there are American Horticultural Society (AHS) heat zones. The criterion is the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F). The AHS Heat Zone Map for

4773-702: The 1925 serum run to Nome. One of his dogs, Togo , is considered the forgotten hero of the Great Race of Mercy; another of his dogs, Fritz, is preserved and on display at the Carrie M. McLain Memorial Museum in Nome. During World War II, Nome was the last stop on the ferry system for planes flying from the United States to the Soviet Union for the Lend-lease program. The airstrip currently in use

4884-526: The 21st century, Nome's economy remains based around gold mining, which is now mostly carried out offshore. The city of Nome also claims to be home to the world's largest gold pan , although this claim has been disputed by the Canadian city of Quesnel, British Columbia . The origin of the city's name "Nome" is debated; there are three theories. The first is that the name was given by Nome's founder, Jafet Lindeberg , an immigrant from Norway. Nome appears as

4995-679: The 2nd and 3rd largest places. The demographics for 1900 included 12,395 Whites, 42 Natives, 41 Asians and 10 Blacks. It was incorporated as a city in 1901. By 1910, it had fallen to 2,600 residents. Of those, 2,311 were White, 235 were Natives and 54 for all other races. It dropped to the 2nd largest city in Alaska behind Fairbanks. By 1920, it dropped to 9th place, with just 852 residents. In 1930, it rose to 6th largest with 1,213 residents (882 Whites, 326 Natives, 5 others). In 1940, it remained in 6th place with 1,559 residents. It dropped to 10th place in 1950 with 1,876 residents. In 1960, it rose to 8th place with 2,316 residents (with 1,608 "other", which

5106-613: The Akunirmiut and Kuuvaum Kangiamirnuit. One of their villages was located in the present park at the mouth of the Hunt River. Their descendants, now known as the Kuuvangmiit, have mostly moved out of park lands. About 32 prospectors' camps were established during a short gold rush in 1899–1900. Surveys have not yet located them, although debris associated with the miners' boats has been found. Kobuk Valley National Park

5217-622: The Baird Mountains. The herd's annual crossing of the Kobuk River is central to the Inupiaq people's subsistence hunting. Large mammals in the park include wolf packs, Arctic and red foxes , caribou, and moose. Black bears , brown bears , beavers , river otters , Canadian lynxes , and Dall sheep exist in the park as well. Smaller mammals include wolverines , martens , minks , porcupines , muskrats , snowshoe hares and

5328-535: The Dexter Saloon, the city's first two-story wooden building and its largest and most luxurious saloon out of more than 60 saloons. During the period from 1900 to 1909, estimates of Nome's population reached as high as 20,000. The highest recorded population of Nome, in the 1900 United States Census, was 12,488. At this time, Nome was the largest city in the Alaska Territory . Early in this period,

5439-567: The Earth's surface or attempting to make comparisons between different continents. The Trewartha climate classification is often a good "real world" concept of climates and their relation to plants and their average growing conditions. The Australian National Botanic Gardens have devised another system keeping with Australian conditions. The zones are defined by steps of 5 degrees Celsius, from −15–−10 °C for zone 1 to 15–20 °C for zone 7. They are numerically about 6 lower than

5550-603: The Kobuk River, from just above Kiana to just below Ambler , is included in the park, as are several of its major tributaries such as the Salmon River and the Hunt River . The valley floor is mainly covered by glacial drift . Much of the southern portion of the park, south of the Kobuk River, is managed as the Kobuk Valley Wilderness of 174,545 acres (70,636 ha). The Selawik Wilderness lies to

5661-595: The State of Alaska. The park consists of the broad wetlands valley of the Kobuk River which runs along the southern edge of the western Brooks Range , which is known as the Baird Mountains . The boundary of the park runs along the height-of-land of the Baird Mountains in the north and the shorter Waring Mountains in the south that form a ring, defining and enclosing the Kobuk Valley. The middle two-thirds of

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5772-655: The U.S. Army policed the area, and expelled any inhabitant each autumn who did not have shelter (or the resources to pay for shelter) for the harsh winter. By 1910 Nome's population had fallen to 2,600, and by 1934, to less than 1,500. In May 1910, the Industrial Worker , the newspaper of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), published a notice from the Nome Miners' Union and Local 240 of

5883-492: The UK Royal Horticultural Society and US Sunset Western Garden Book systems. A heat zone (see below) is instead defined by annual high temperatures; the American Horticultural Society (AHS) heat zones use the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F). The USDA system was originally developed to aid gardeners and landscapers in the United States. In

5994-407: The US is available on the American Horticultural Society website. South Africa has five horticultural or climatic zones. The zones are defined by minimum temperature. The USDA map published in 2012 shows that most of the US has become a half zone (2.8 °C or 5 °F) hotter in winter compared to the 1990 release. Again, with the publication of the 2023 map, about half of the US has shifted

6105-569: The US state of Alaska . The city is located on the southern Seward Peninsula coast on Norton Sound of the Bering Sea . It had a population of 3,699 recorded in the 2020 census , up from 3,598 in 2010. Nome was incorporated on April 9, 1901. It was once the most-populous city in Alaska. Nome lies within the region of the Bering Straits Native Corporation , which is headquartered in Nome. In prehistory, Nome

6216-559: The USDA system. For example, Australian zone 3 is roughly equivalent to USDA zone 9. The higher Australian zone numbers had no US equivalents prior to the 2012 addition by USDA of zones 12 and 13. The spread of weather stations may be insufficient and too many places with different climates are lumped together. Only 738 Australian stations have records of more than ten years (one station per 98,491 hectares or 243,380 acres), though more populated areas have relatively fewer hectares per station. Mount Isa has three climatic stations with more than

6327-458: The United Kingdom's Royal Horticultural Society introduced new hardiness ratings for plants, not places. These run from H7, the hardiest (tolerant of temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F)) to H1a (needing temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F)). The RHS hardiness ratings are based on absolute minimum winter temperatures (in °C) rather than the long-term average annual extreme minimum temperatures that define USDA zones. Scandinavia lies at

6438-453: The United States, most of the warmer zones (zones 9, 10, and 11) are located in the deep southern half of the country and on the southern coastal margins. Higher zones can be found in Hawaii (up to 12) and Puerto Rico (up to 13). The southern middle portion of the mainland and central coastal areas are in the middle zones (zones 8, 7, and 6). The far northern portion on the central interior of

6549-443: The annual mean temperature has ranged from 21.1 °F (−6.1 °C) in 1920 to 32.5 °F (0.3 °C) in 2016. Bering Sea water temperatures around Nome vary during summer from 34 to 48 °F (1.1 to 8.9 °C). See or edit raw graph data . Nome first appeared on the 1900 US Census as an unincorporated village of 12,488 residents. At the time, it was the largest community in Alaska, ahead of Skagway and Juneau ,

6660-404: The average family size was 3.45. The city population contained 31.9% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 115.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 59,402, and

6771-614: The average first and last dates of freezing lows are August 30 and June 9, respectively, a freeze-free period of 81 days. The warmest month is July, with an average of 52.0 °F (11.1 °C); temperatures rarely reach 80 °F (27 °C) or remain above 60 °F (16 °C) the whole night. Snow averages 82.8 inches (210 cm) per season, with the average first and last dates of measurable (≥0.1 inches or 0.25 centimetres) snowfall being October 4 and May 16; accumulating snow has not been officially observed in July or August. Precipitation

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6882-489: The city in turn took its name from the cape. Noted toponymist and historian George R. Stewart favored this explanation, citing a letter from the British Admiralty which allegedly confirmed the story from historical records. The third proposed origin of the name is from a misunderstanding of the local Inupiaq word for "Where at?", Naami . In February 1899, some local miners and merchants voted to change

6993-437: The claim jumpers agreed to share their invalid claims with influential Washington politicians. Alexander McKenzie took an interest in the gold rush and secured the appointment of Arthur Noyes as the federal district judge for the Nome region for the purpose of taking control of gold placer mines in Nome. McKenzie seized mining claims with an unlawfully procured receivership granted by Judge Noyes. McKenzie's claim-jumping scheme

7104-560: The coldest hardiness zone in the United States at 1a. The first attempts to create a geographical hardiness zone system were undertaken by two researchers at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston ; the first was published in 1927 by Alfred Rehder , and the second by Donald Wyman in 1938. The Arnold map was subsequently updated in 1951, 1967, and finally 1971, but eventually fell out of use completely. The modern USDA system began at

7215-474: The command of Capt. St. Clair Streett , landed here on August 23, 1920, after the culmination of a 4527-mile flight from Mitchel Field . Noel Wien and Gene Miller based their air services from Nome in June 1927. In 1925, Nome was the destination of the famous Great Race of Mercy , in which dog sleds played a large part in transporting diphtheria antitoxin serum through harsh conditions. In 1973, Nome became

7326-570: The community. A federally recognized tribe is located in the community, the Nome Eskimo Community. Former villagers from King Island also live in Nome. The ANCSA village corporation in Nome is Sitnasuak Native Corporation. Inupiat hunted for game on the west coast of Alaska from prehistoric times and there is recent archeological evidence to suggest that there was an Inupiat settlement at Nome, known in Inupiat as Sitnasuak, before

7437-649: The cool winter zone. The Mediterranean Sea acts as a temperature regulator, so this area is generally warmer than other parts of the continent; except in mountainous areas where the sea effect lowers, it belongs in zones 8–10; however, southern Balkans (mountainous Western and Eastern Serbia , continental Croatia , and Bulgaria ) are colder in winter and are in zones 6–7. The Croatian ( Dalmatian ) coast, Albania , and northern Greece are in zones 8–9, as are central-northern Italy (hills and some spots in Po Valley are however colder) and southern France ; Central Iberia

7548-472: The discovery of gold. In the summer of 1898, the "Three Lucky Swedes": Norwegian-American Jafet Lindeberg , and two naturalized American citizens of Swedish birth, Erik Lindblom and John Brynteson , discovered gold on Anvil Creek. News of the discovery reached the outside world that winter. By 1899, Nome had a population of 10,000 and the area was organized as the Nome mining district . In that year, gold

7659-652: The east, west and south inner harbor sheet pile docks, east beach landing and west barge ramp for delivery in the region. An addition to the Nome facility in 2005 was a 60-foot-wide (18 m) concrete barge ramp located inside the inner harbor just west of the Snake River entrance. The ramp provides the bulk cargo carriers with a location closer to the causeway to trans-load freight to landing craft and roll equipment on and off barges. This location also has 2 acres (8,100 m ) of uplands to be used for container, vessel and equipment storage. Local roads lead to Council ,

7770-627: The ending point of the 1,049+ mi (1,600+ km) Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race . The latter part of its route was used in the serum run. The sled driver of the final leg of the relay was the Norwegian-born Gunnar Kaasen ; his lead sled dog was Balto . A statue of Balto by F.G. Roth stands near the Central Park Zoo in Central Park , New York City. Leonhard Seppala ran the penultimate, and longest, leg of

7881-668: The glaciers and strong winds created the field, which is now mostly covered by forest and tundra. In present times the active dune fields cover about 20,500 acres (8,300 ha). The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes comprise the largest active Arctic dune field in North America. NASA has funded their study as an analog for Martian polar dunes. The park's headquarters are at the Northwest Arctic Heritage Center in Kotzebue , about 100 miles (160 km) west of

7992-600: The hardiness zones are high considering the latitude of the region, although not as high as Northern Europe with the Shetland Islands where zone 9 extends to over 60°N. In Central Europe, the relevant zones decrease from zone 8 on the Belgian, Dutch, and German North Sea coast, with the exception of some of the Frisian Islands (notably Vlieland and Terschelling ), the island of Helgoland , and some of

8103-569: The high plateau of Småland further south. Here one will find cities such as Gävle , Örebro , Sundsvall , and Helsinki . Åland , as well as coastal southern Sweden, and the Stockholm area are in zone 7. The west coast of Sweden ( Gothenburg and southwards) enjoys particularly mild winters and lies in zone 7, therefore being friendly to some hardy exotic species (found, for example, in the Gothenburg Botanical Garden ),

8214-515: The islands in the Rhine - Scheldt estuary, which are in zone 9, to zone 5 around Suwałki , Podlachia on the far eastern border between Poland and Lithuania . Some isolated, high elevation areas of the Alps and Carpathians may even go down to zone 3 or 4. An extreme example of a cold sink is Funtensee , Bavaria which is at least in zone 3. Another notable example is Waksmund , a small village in

8325-482: The latter season access is gained by making holes in the ice and sending a diver beneath to dredge the sea floor. The University of Alaska Fairbanks operates a regional satellite facility in Nome called the Northwest Campus (formerly known as Northwest Community College). Nome is served by Nome Public Schools and the following public schools attended by over 720 students: Nome's airwaves are filled by

8436-421: The latter, in terms of length of hot weather and sun intensity. Coastal Ireland and central Florida are both Zone 10, but have radically different climates. The hardiness scales do not take into account the reliability of snow cover in the colder zones. Snow acts as an insulator against extreme cold, protecting the root system of hibernating plants. If the snow cover is reliable, the actual temperature to which

8547-509: The location and the altitude. The islands are generally part of zones 11b/12a in lower altitudes and coastal areas, reaching up to 12b in the southernmost coasts or populated coastal parts such as the city of Las Palmas . The lowest hardiness areas are found in Teide National Park being at 8a/8b for its very high altitude. Teide peak is the highest peak of Macaronesia. The Cape Verde islands, located much further south inside

8658-519: The mainland have some of the coldest zones (zones 5, 4, and small area of zone 3) and often have much less consistent range of temperatures in winter due to being more continental, especially further west with higher diurnal temperature variations, and thus the zone map has its limitations in these areas. Lower zones can be found in Alaska (down to 1). The low latitude and often stable weather in Florida ,

8769-501: The maps of Hawaii and Puerto Rico. There is a very small spot east of San Juan , Puerto Rico, that includes the airport in coastal Carolina , where the mean minimum is 67 degrees F (19 C), which is classified as hardiness Zone 13b, the highest category, with temperatures rarely below 65 °F (18 °C). The map has a higher resolution than previous editions, and is able to show local variations due to factors such as elevation or large bodies of water. Many zone boundaries were changed as

8880-469: The median income for a family was $ 68,804. Males had a median income of $ 50,521 versus $ 35,804 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 23,402. About 5.4% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 4.3% under the age of 18 and 6.9% ages 65 or older. The population of Nome is a mixture of Inupiat Eskimos and non-Natives. Although some employment opportunities are available, subsistence activities are prevalent in

8991-1132: The mid-1960s. The formula used is: Y = -67.62 + 1.734X 1 + 0.1868X 2 + 69.77X 3 + 1.256X 4 + 0.006119X 5 + 22.37X 6 - 0.01832X 7 where: For practical purposes, Canada has adopted the American hardiness zone classification system. The 1990 version of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map included Canada and Mexico, but they were removed with the 2012 update to focus on the United States and Puerto Rico. The Canadian government publishes both Canadian and USDA-style zone maps. The table below provides USDA hardiness zone data for selected European cities: USDA zones do not work particularly well in Ireland and Great Britain as they are designed for continental climates and subtropical climates. The high latitude, weaker solar intensity, and cooler summers must be considered when comparing to US equivalent. New growth may be insufficient or fail to harden off affecting winter survival in

9102-465: The most notable changes in the Mid Atlantic and Northeast, showing cities like Philadelphia, New York City and Washington D.C. in zone 8, due to their urban heat islands. In November 2023, the USDA released another updated version of their plant hardiness map, based on 1991–2020 weather data across the United States. The updated map shows continued northward movement of hardiness zones, reflecting

9213-537: The name from Nome to Anvil City, because of the confusion with Cape Nome, 12 miles (19 km) east, and the Nome River , the mouth of which is 4 mi (6.4 km) east of Nome. The United States Post Office in Nome refused to accept the change. Fearing a move of the post office to Nome City, a mining camp on the Nome River, the merchants unhappily agreed to change the name of Anvil City back to Nome. Nome

9324-558: The new Snake River entrance that leads into the Small Boat Harbor. The old entrance along the seawall has been filled in and is no longer navigable (see photos on website). Buoys outline the navigation channel from the outer harbor entrance into the inner harbor. The Nome Small Boat Harbor has a depth of 10 feet (MLLW) and offers protected mooring for recreational and fishing vessels alongside two floating docks. Smaller cargo vessels and landing craft load village freight and fuel at

9435-456: The park is above the Arctic Circle, the sun does not set from June 3 to July 9, and the sun is visible for only 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours on the winter solstice, with long periods of twilight on either side of sunrise and sunset. As is the case over all of northern Alaska, the aurora borealis is often visible on winter nights when solar activity is high. Snow can happen at any time of the year. Wind and rain are common in summer. The park lies in

9546-605: The park on the Bering Sea coast. Seasonal ranger stations are operated along the Kobuk River at Kallarichuk, at the west end of the park, and at Onion Portage at the east end of the park. Offices and visitor services for Cape Krusenstern National Monument and Noatak National Preserve are in the same facility. The units are managed together as the Western Arctic National Parklands , with a single Park Service superintendent in charge. According to

9657-569: The plant can withstand a minimum temperature of 30 to 40 °F (−1.1 to 4.4 °C). Unless otherwise specified, in American contexts "hardiness zone" or simply "zone" usually refers to the USDA scale. However, some confusion can exist in discussing buildings and HVAC , where "climate zone" can refer to the International Energy Conservation Code zones, where Zone 1 is warm and Zone 8 is cold. Other hardiness rating schemes have been developed as well, such as

9768-406: The population. There were 1,184 households, out of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.7% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and

9879-543: The present, people of the Arctic Small Tool tradition arrived, but departed between 1,500 and 1,000 years ago, again leaving the valley unoccupied. New people arrived by about 1200 AD, as documented by the Ahteut site 25 miles (40 km) downriver from Onion Portage. People remained in the valley until the mid-19th century, when the caribou population declined and people moved closer to the coast. These people were

9990-483: The radio stations KNOM (780 AM, 96.1 FM) and KICY ( 850 AM , 100.3 FM ), plus a repeater of Fairbanks' KUAC , K217CK, on 91.3 FM. Cable television and broadband in Nome is serviced by GCI , which offers all popular cable channels, plus most of Anchorage's television stations. Nome also has three local low-powered stations, K09OW channel 9 and K13UG channel 13 (both carrying programming from ARCS ), plus K11TH channel 11 (a 3ABN owned and operated translator). Nome

10101-418: The record warm daily minimum is 64 °F (18 °C) on July 20, 1993, and August 14, 1926. The coldest day of the year averaged −17 °F (−27 °C) in the 1991 to 2020 normals, while the warmest night average was at 57 °F (14 °C). The coldest has been February 1990 with a mean temperature of −17.2 °F (−27.3 °C), while the warmest month was August 1977 at 56.3 °F (13.5 °C);

10212-512: The roots are exposed will not be as low as the hardiness zone number would indicate. As an example, Quebec City in Canada is located in zone 4, but can rely on a significant snow cover every year, making it possible to cultivate plants normally rated for zones 5 or 6. But, in Montreal , located to the southwest in zone 5, it is sometimes difficult to cultivate plants adapted to the zone because of

10323-565: The same data as the AHS. It revised hardiness zones, reflecting generally warmer recent temperatures in many parts of the country, and appeared similar to the AHS 2003 draft. The Foundation also did away with the more detailed a/b half-zone delineations. In 2012 the USDA updated their plant hardiness map based on 1976–2005 weather data, using a longer period of data to smooth out year-to-year weather fluctuations. Two new zones (12 and 13) were added to better define and improve information sharing on tropical and semitropical plants, they also appear on

10434-461: The same latitude as Alaska or Greenland, but the effect of the warm North Atlantic Current is even more pronounced here than it is in Britain and Ireland. Save for a very small spot around Karasjok Municipality , Norway, which is in zone 2, nowhere in the Arctic part of Scandinavia gets below zone 3. The Faroe Islands , at 62–63°N are in zone 8, as are the outer Lofoten Islands at 68°N. Tromsø ,

10545-424: The same mean winter minima on the few coldest nights and be in the same garden zone, but have markedly different climates. For example, zone 8 covers coastal, high latitude, cool summer locations like Seattle and London , as well as lower latitude, hot-summer climates like Charleston and Madrid . Farmers, gardeners, and landscapers in the former two must plan for entirely different growing conditions from those in

10656-547: The shorter and much cooler summers of Ireland and Britain. Owing to the moderating effect of the North Atlantic Current on the Irish and British temperate maritime climate , Britain, and Ireland even more so, have milder winters than their northerly position would otherwise afford. This means that the USDA hardiness zones relevant to Britain and Ireland are quite high, from 7 to 10, as shown below. In 2012

10767-467: The south, in the adjoining Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. Three sets of sand dune fields are located on the south side of the Kobuk River. The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, Little Kobuk Sand Dunes and the Hunt River Dunes are remnants of dune fields that covered as many as 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) immediately after the retreat of Pleistocene glaciation. A combination of outwash deposits from

10878-503: The southeast coast of Sweden has a colder winter due to the absence of the Gulf Stream. Central Europe is a good example of a transition from an oceanic climate to a continental climate , which reflects in the tendency of the hardiness zones to decrease mainly eastwards instead of northwards. Also, the plateaus and low mountain ranges in this region have a significant impact on how cold it might get during winter. Generally speaking,

10989-406: The sun, natural or humanmade protection from excessive sun, snow, frost, and wind, etc. The annual extreme minimum temperature is a useful indicator, but ultimately only one factor among many for plant growth and survival. An alternative means of describing plant hardiness is to use "indicator plants". In this method, common plants with known limits to their range are used. Sunset publishes

11100-508: The unreliable snow cover. Many plants may survive in a locality but will not flower if the day length is insufficient or if they require vernalization (a particular duration of low temperature). There are many other climate parameters that a farmer, gardener, or landscaper may need to take into account as well, such as humidity, precipitation, storms, rainy-dry cycles or monsoons, and site considerations such as soil type, soil drainage and water retention, water table, tilt towards or away from

11211-462: The valley are the Inupiat people , who subsist on hunting and fishing in the region. The Onion Portage Archeological District is a National Historic Landmark district at the east end of the Kobuk River's course through the park. The site, strategically located at a major caribou river crossing, documents nine cultural complexes spanning from 8,000–6,000 BC to about 1000–1700 AD. The site

11322-517: The winter of 1925, a diphtheria epidemic raged among Alaska Natives in the Nome area. Fierce territory-wide blizzard conditions prevented the delivery of a life-saving diphtheria antitoxin serum by airplane from Anchorage . A relay of dog sled teams was organized to deliver the serum , which was successfully led by Balto and Togo . Today, the Iditarod Dog Sled Race follows the same route they took and ends in Nome. In

11433-737: The year. Macaronesia consists of four archipelagos: The Azores , the Canary Islands , Cape Verde and Madeira . At lower altitudes and coastal areas, the Portuguese Azores and Madeira belong to zones 10b/11b and 11a/11b respectively. The Azores range from 9a to 11b and Madeira ranges from 9b to 12a, 9a and 9b found inland on the highest altitudes such as Mount Pico in the Azores or Pico Ruivo in Madeira. The Spanish Canary Islands hardiness zones range from 8a to 12b depending on

11544-626: The zone 11a is limited only to a few spots. In the Iberian Peninsula, it can be found on the southern coast, in small Spanish areas inside the provinces of Almería , Cádiz , Granada , Málaga and Murcia . In Portugal , zone 11a can be found in the Southwest on a few unpopulated sites around the municipalities of Lagos and Vila do Bispo . In mainland Greece , zone 11a can be found in Monemvasia and also in areas of Crete ,

11655-403: Was built and troops were stationed there. One "Birchwood" hangar remains and has been transferred to a local group with hopes to restore it. It is not located on the former Marks Air Force Base (now the primary Nome Airport ); rather it is a remnant of an auxiliary landing field a mile or so away: "Satellite Field". In the hills north of the city, there were auxiliary facilities associated with

11766-676: Was established as one of fifteen new National Park Service properties established by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980. It was first declared a national monument by President Jimmy Carter on December 1, 1978 using his authority under the Antiquities Act when Congressional negotiations on the proposed ANILCA bill were stalled. ANILCA was finally passed in 1980, and signed by Carter on December 2, 1980. Unlike many Park Service units in Alaska, Kobuk Valley

11877-594: Was eventually stopped by the federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. However, the episode provided the plot for Rex Beach 's best-selling novel The Spoilers (1906), which was made into a stage play, then five times into movies, including two versions starring John Wayne : The Spoilers (co-starring Marlene Dietrich ) and North to Alaska (1960, the theme of which mentions Nome. ) Wyatt Earp , of Tombstone, Arizona, fame, lived in Nome during gold-rush days - in September 1899, Earp and partner Charles E. Hoxie built

11988-425: Was found in the beach sands for dozens of miles along the coast at Nome, which spurred the stampede to new heights. Thousands more people poured into Nome during the spring of 1900 aboard steamships from the ports of Seattle and San Francisco. By 1900, a tent city on the beaches and on the treeless coast reached 48 km (30 mi), from Cape Rodney to Cape Nome . In June of that year, Nome averaged 1000 newcomers

12099-557: Was home to Iñupiat natives. The area came to Western attention in 1898, when three Nordic-Americans discovered gold on the ocean shores of Nome, prompting the Nome Gold Rush . Within a year the city went from non-existent to a population of some 10,000. Gold mining continued to attract settlers into the early 1900s, but the city's population had fallen considerably by 1910. A series of fires and violent storms destroyed most of Nome's Gold Rush era buildings between 1905 and 1974. In

12210-430: Was mostly Native; 705 Whites and 3 Blacks). By 1970, Nome had fallen out of the top 10 places to 18th largest community (although 9th largest incorporated city). In 1980, it was 15th largest (12th largest incorporated city). In 1990, it was 16th largest (12th largest incorporated city). In 2000, it was 25th largest (16th largest incorporated city). In 2010, it was now the 30th largest (16th largest incorporated city). As of

12321-523: Was still the leading economic activity. The local Alaska Native population was involved in ivory carving and the U.S. military had stationed troops in the city also contributing to the local economy. In 1995, Nome was "connected to the Internet." The Hope Sled Dog Race was run between Anadyr, Russia, and Nome after the fall of the Soviet Union. The race continued for more than a decade, but has not been run since approximately 2004. Gold mining has been

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