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176-423: [REDACTED] The Kochi Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Kochi and the wider Kochi Metropolitan Region in Kerala , India . It was opened to the public within four years of starting construction, making it one of the fastest completed metro projects in India. The Kochi metro project is the first metro system in the country which connects rail, road and water transport facilities. It

352-722: A 6.67 km (4.14 mi) extension from Noida City Centre to Noida Electronic City was opened by Prime Minister Narendra Modi . Interchanges are available with the Aqua Line (Noida Metro) Noida Sector 51 station at Noida Sector 52 , with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk , with the Green Line at Kirti Nagar , with the Violet Line at Mandi House , with the Airport Express at Dwarka Sector 21 , with

528-537: A 90-second headway, although the actual headway between trains is higher because of the relatively low demand on the new corridors. Keeping the short headway and other constraints in mind, DMRC changed its decision to build nine-car-long stations for new lines and opted for shorter stations which can accommodate six-car trains. On 19 October 2008, a launching gantry and part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar collapsed and fell on

704-425: A body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service. A study of

880-454: A code for its stations. Unlike that of Singapore's MRT, it is mostly numbers. Based on the line number, for example Sinyongsan station, is coded as station 429. Being on Line 4, the first number of the station code is 4. The last two numbers are the station number on that line. Interchange stations can have multiple codes. Like City Hall station in Seoul which is served by Line 1 and Line 2. It has

1056-651: A code of 132 and 201 respectively. The Line 2 is a circle line and the first stop is City Hall, therefore, City Hall has the station code of 201. For lines without a number like Bundang line it will have an alphanumeric code. Lines without a number that are operated by KORAIL will start with the letter 'K'. With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when

1232-476: A contract to an agency which did the consultancy for a project. However, DMRC principal adviser E. Sreedharan has stated that the CVC norms would not apply in this case, as the contract is between two government agencies. Another issue for the metro was that DMRC had to obtain the permission of its director's board to The Corporation of Kochi and Kochi Mayor Tony Chammany supported handing over work to DMRCThe metro

1408-577: A contract with the DMRC. The 22 proposed stations for the Kochi Metro were approved by the State Cabinet on 19 June 2013. The selection of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation as operator of the project was a source of controversy, though they were ultimately awarded the contract. Some government ministers and IAS officials alleged that Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) norms do not allow awarding of

1584-583: A conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching . There are also some rubber-tired systems that use a central guide rail , such as the Sapporo Municipal Subway and the NeoVal system in Rennes , France. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction of

1760-405: A dedicated right-of-way are typically used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier in the urban fabric that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path and have a larger physical footprint. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line

1936-491: A difficult urban environment within a limited time frame. Putting the central and state governments on an equal footing gave an unprecedented level of autonomy and freedom to the company, which had full powers to hire people, decide on tenders, and control funds. The DMRC hired the Hong Kong MTRC as a technical consultant on rapid-transit operation and construction techniques. Construction proceeded smoothly except for

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2112-418: A large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an area of land with a set of lines , which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "L", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross

2288-652: A large part of the network, for example, in outer suburbs, runs at ground level. In most of Britain , a subway is a pedestrian underpass . The terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground . The North East England Tyne and Wear Metro , mostly overground, is known as the Metro . In Scotland , the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway . In Ireland ,

2464-452: A line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency . Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio  – more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to

2640-607: A major disagreement in 2000, when the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge . This decision led to an additional capital expenditure of ₹ 260 crore (US$ 31 million). The Delhi Metro's first line, the Red Line , was inaugurated by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 24 December 2002. The metro became India's second underground rapid transit system , after

2816-466: A maximum speed of 120 km/h (75 mph). Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance and was opened on 23 February 2011 after a delay of about five months. Sixteen months after beginning operations, it was shut down for viaduct repairs on 7 July 2012. The line reopened on 22 January 2013. On 27 June 2013, Reliance Infrastructure told DMRC that they were unable to operate

2992-651: A maximum speed of 160   km/h. Phase I of the project consists of three corridors: Delhi–Meerut , Delhi–Alwar, and Delhi–Panipat corridor. The Delhi–Meerut corridor, also known as the Delhi–Meerut RRTS , is currently under development by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC). The Delhi–Meerut RRTS is 82.15 km (51.05 mi) long and costs ₹ 30,274 crore (US$ 3.6 billion). It will comprise 14 stations (with nine additional stations for

3168-615: A metro. In Spain, such systems are present in Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Valencia . In Portugal, Lisbon has a metro. The Italian cities of Catania , Genoa , Milan , Naples , Rome and Turin also have metro lines. In Germany and Austria they rapid transit is known as U-Bahn , which are often supported by S-Bahn systems. In Germany, U-Bahn systems exist in Berlin , Hamburg , Munich and Nuremberg , while in Austria such

3344-607: A model exhibited alongside." The Western Ghats that run along most of the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border forms a common design theme at all the stations. The design of each individual station is a variation on this common theme. Aluva station's theme is Kerala's natural beauty and the station's interiors depict the Periyar and the other major rivers in the state. The walls of the Pulinchodu station feature flora and fauna of

3520-521: A number of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment, and governmental jurisdiction. In 1984, the Urban Arts Commission proposed the development of a multi-modal transport system which would build three underground mass rapid transit corridors and augmenting the city's suburban railway and road transport networks. The city expanded significantly while technical studies and financing

3696-514: A passing bus. Workers were using a crane to lift a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge when the gantry and a 34-metre-long (112 ft) span of the bridge collapsed on the bus. The driver and a construction worker were killed. On 12 July 2009, a section of a bridge collapsed while it was being erected at Zamrudpur, east of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat – Badarpur corridor. Six people died and 15 were injured. A crane removing

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3872-510: A rapid transit setting. Delhi Metro [REDACTED] The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system that serves Delhi and the adjoining satellite cities of Ghaziabad , Faridabad , Gurugram , Noida , Bahadurgarh , and Ballabhgarh in the National Capital Region of India . The system consists of 10 colour-coded lines serving 256 stations , with a total length of 350.42 kilometres (217.74 mi). It

4048-466: A span of 3 to 4 years." On 14 August 2012, the state government reconstituted the Board of Directors of KMRL. Power Secretary Elias George was appointed as the new Managing Director, replacing Tom Jose. It is believed that Jose's differences with Sreedharan led to the decision. The then Chief Minister Oommen Chandi stated that it was part of an administrative decision. The rest of the board would include

4224-565: A specialized transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying. Some subway systems, such as the Beijing Subway , which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the "World's Safest Rapid Transit Network" in 2015, incorporates airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as

4400-608: A system exists in Vienna . In addition, the small, car-free town of Serfaus in the Austrian state of Tyrol also features a short U-Bahn line. There are no U-Bahn systems in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, but the city of Lausanne has its own, small metro system. In Zurich, Switzerland's largest city, a project for a U-Bahn network was stopped by a referendum in the 1970s and instead its S-Bahn system

4576-540: A term loan agreement for Rs 1,170 crore with Canara Bank on 20 July 2014. The Metro authority said that Canara Bank has taken this project as a special case with their request of interest reduction and provided relaxations on their conditions. In November 2016, the AFD agreed to provide a loan of EUR 175 million to the KMRL for the 11.2 km (7.0 mi) extension of the metro from JLN Stadium to Infopark via Kakkanad. Although

4752-530: Is India's largest and busiest metro rail system and the second-oldest, after the Kolkata Metro . The metro has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using broad-gauge and standard-gauge tracks. The metro makes over 4,300 trips daily. Construction began in 1998, and the first elevated section ( Shahdara to Tis Hazari ) on the Red Line opened on 25 December 2002. The first underground section ( Vishwa Vidyalaya – Kashmere Gate ) on

4928-801: Is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area . Rapid transit systems such as the Washington Metrorail , Los Angeles Metro Rail , the Miami Metrorail , and the Montreal Metro are generally called the Metro . In Philadelphia , the term "El" is used for the Market–Frankford Line which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term "subway" applies to the Broad Street Line which is almost entirely underground. Chicago 's commuter rail system that serves

5104-608: Is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile. A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport. Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms , elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables . Maps help users understand

5280-564: Is also the first metro rail system in India to be operated using the Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC) signalling system, which requires minimum human intervention. The Kochi Water Metro is integrated with the Kochi Metro, which also serves as a feeder service to the suburbs along the rivers where transport accessibility is limited. Kochi Metro is being constructed in three phases. The construction work of

5456-506: Is built. Most rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars. Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains. Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires . The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use

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5632-496: Is designed on a specific theme around Kerala culture and geography . Apart from the regular tickets, it has also adopted a single card, single timetable and a singular command and control. This debit card along with the Kochi One Mobile App allow passengers to access all modes of public transportation. It can be also utilized for mercantile and internet transactions and will introduce the click and collect feature in

5808-554: Is estimated to cost ₹ 52 crore (US$ 6.2 million) and will be constructed by the DMRC. About 52 cents of land will be acquired for the project. The foundation stone for the project was laid on 4 March, and construction was expected to complete in 6 months. It was inaugurated on 11 January 2016. Cherian Varkey Construction Company was the contractor for the project. Based on suggestions from Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR), Kochi, Kochi Metro Rail Limited decided to shift Vyttila station to Vyttila Mobility Hub to follow

5984-562: Is expected to be around 20 km including connectivity with Cochin International Airport . The airport authority had requested that the State Government build the metro link in the second phase, but the government decided to take it up in the third phase instead. KMRL are considering two alignments. The first is the main line from Athani Junction to Angamaly, and from there a link to the airport. The second alignment

6160-424: Is from Athani to Angamaly via Airport. KMRL plans to operate light trams on the 6.2 km MG Road-Menaka-Park Avenue Road-Jos Junction-Thevara loop line corridor. KMRL held discussions with HESS Green Mobility, who were conducting the feasibility study. The original cost of the Kochi Metro project was ₹ 51.46 billion (US$ 620 million), but this later increased to ₹ 55.373 billion (US$ 660 million). Taxes on

6336-416: Is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller loading gauge from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services. Most rapid transit systems use conventional standard gauge railway track . Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to rain , snow , or other forms of precipitation , they are often fixed directly to

6512-458: Is now operated by DMRC. The line was built at a cost of ₹ 57 billion (US$ 680 million), of which Reliance Infrastructure invested ₹ 28.85 billion (US$ 350 million) and will pay fees in a revenue-share model. It has six stations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on 15 August 2011), and some have check-in facilities , parking, and eateries. Rolling stock consists of six-coach trains, operating at ten-minute intervals, with

6688-494: Is provided at five-minute intervals. An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse. On 14 January 2011, the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened; this added three new stations to the network. The section between Mandi House and Central Secretariat was opened on 26 June 2014, and a 971-metre-long (3,186 ft) section between ITO and Mandi House

6864-555: Is referred to simply as "the subway", despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term "L" or "El" is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The "L" train or L (New York City Subway service) refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains. Similarly, the Toronto Subway is referred to as "the subway", with some of its system also running above ground. These are

7040-412: Is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in

7216-658: Is the Delhi Metro's longest line. The mostly-elevated line covers Delhi in a U-shaped pattern. It is also known as the Ring Road Line, since it runs along the busy Ring Road . The line has interchanges with most of the metro's other lines, including with the Red Line at Netaji Subhash Place and Welcome , with the Yellow Line at Azadpur and Dilli Haat – INA , with the Blue Line at Rajouri Garden , Mayur Vihar Phase-I , Anand Vihar and Karkarduma , with

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7392-698: Is the current Minister for Devaswom, Tourism and Co-Operation declared that the inauguration of Kochi Metro Train service is expected to occur on 30 May 2017 On 21 February 2014, the Kerala High Court expressed its displeasure over the failure of the Kochi Corporation to finalise the final alignment of the proposed rail over bridge (ROB) at Pachalam submitted by the Roads and Bridges Development Corporation. The Division Bench comprising Chief Justice Manjula Chellur and Justice A.M. Shafeeque directed

7568-617: Is the longest corridor outside Delhi: 11 stations and 17 km (11 mi). On 28 May 2017, the ITO – Kashmere Gate corridor was opened by Union Minister of Urban Development Venkaiah Naidu and Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal . The underground section is popularly known as the Heritage Line. Interchanges are available with the Red Line at Kashmere Gate, with the Yellow Line at Kashmere Gate and Central Secretariat , with

7744-514: Is the metro's first line to replace four-coach trains with six- and eight-coach configurations. The Metro Museum at Patel Chowk metro station , South Asia 's only rapid-transit museum, has a collection of display panels, historical photographs and exhibits tracing the genesis of the Delhi Metro. The museum was opened on 1 January 2009. The Blue Line, the third line of the metro open, was the first to connect areas outside Delhi. Mainly elevated and partly underground, it connects Dwarka Sub City in

7920-748: Is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts ; the use of tunnels inspires names such as subway , underground , Untergrundbahn ( U-Bahn ) in German, or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish. The use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated ( L or el ), skytrain , overhead , overground or Hochbahn in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if

8096-456: Is to highlight the uniqueness of the state, especially to outsiders, but the station buildings won't be an exact replica of the Kerala model of architecture. The station designs are contemporary but inspired by socio-cultural themes. The kettuvalam or houseboat, for example, widely used in the backwaters of the state, is the theme of one of the stations, bearing descriptions of how it is made with

8272-660: The Blue Line at Mandi House , with the Pink Line at Lajpat Nagar and with the Magenta Line at Kalkaji Mandir . The Airport Express line runs 22.7 km (14.1 mi) from New Delhi to Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 , linking the New Delhi railway station and Indira Gandhi International Airport . The line was operated by Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure (the line's concessionaire until 30 June 2013). It

8448-655: The Chief Secretary , Finance Secretary and Principal Secretary (Water Resources). The Director Board of Kochi Metro Rail Limited entrusted MD, KMRL to find alternate funding options for the project as advised by DEA (Department of Economic Affairs). As part of it, representatives of the French Development Agency (AFD) met the KMRL team as part of their pre-appraisal mission on 18–19 March 2013. The agency had detailed discussions with KMRL MD Elias George and other senior officials. They also visited

8624-489: The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). The number of metro stations on the line was set at 22. On 3 July 2012, Union Government gave final clearance to the project. Then Managing Director of KMRL, Tom Jose said, "Now we will sit down with our valued partner, DMRC, and chalk out the way forward, obtaining advice and guidance from former DMRC Chief, E Sreedharan . We aim to complete the project within

8800-627: The Dublin Area Rapid Transit is despite the name considered a commuter rail due to usage of mainline railways. In France, large cities, such as Paris , Marseille and Lyon , feature a Métro . Also the smaller cities of Lille Rennes have a light metro. Furthermore, Brussels in Belgium, and Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands have metro systems in place. Several Southern European contries also have

8976-554: The Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station of the Pink Line at Dhaula Kuan , and with Indian Railways at New Delhi . An expansion of Dwarka Sector 25 was inaugurated on 17 September 2023 with the opening of the adjacent India International Convention Centre . The Pink Line is the second new line of the Delhi Metro's third phase. It was opened on 14 March 2018, with an extension opening on 6 August. The Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake -to- Shiv Vihar section

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9152-542: The Green Line at Punjabi Bagh West , with Dhaula Kuan of the Airport Express at Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus , with the Violet Line at Lajpat Nagar , with Indian Railways at Hazrat Nizamuddin and Anand Vihar Terminal , and the ISBTs at Anand Vihar and Sarai Kale Khan . The Pink Line reaches the Delhi Metro's highest point at Dhaula Kuan  – 23.6 metres (77 ft 5 in), passing over

9328-752: The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad K-series cars from 1958, the New York City Subway R38 and R42 cars from the late-1960s, and the Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series , Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series and MTR M-Train EMUs from the 1970s, were generally only made possible largely due to the relatively generous loading gauges of these systems and also adequate open-air sections to dissipate hot air from these air conditioning units. Especially in some rapid transit systems such as

9504-711: The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium at 10:30 am on the same day. At the inauguration ceremony, the State Government announced that the metro would be extended a kilometre-and-a-half from Pettah to Tripunithura, Construction work on Metro' first station, at Kaloor, began at 10:30 am IST on 30 September 2013, when Soma Constructions began piling. The next station where piling work was carried out was Aluva. Several companies (Era Infra Engineering, Larsen & Toubro , Cherian Varkey Construction Company-RDS, SP Singla Constructions and Soma Constructions) were contracted to build viaducts and stations. Larsen and Toubro (L&T)

9680-498: The Kolkata Metro , when the Vishwa Vidyalaya – Kashmere Gate section of the Yellow Line opened on 20 December 2004. The underground line was inaugurated by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . The project's first phase was completed in 2006, on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by Business Week as "nothing short of a miracle". A 64.75 kilometer (40.23 miles) network of 59 stations

9856-429: The London Underground . In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway , initially a cable-hauled line using stationary steam engines . As of 2021 , China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world  – 40 in number, running on over 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of track – and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in

10032-657: The Meerut Metro ) and two depots. Three of the 14 stations (Sarai Kale Khan, New Ashok Nagar, and Anand Vihar) will be in Delhi, and are planned for seamless integration with the Delhi Metro. The Delhi Metro was planned to be built in phases spread over about 20 years, with each phase lasting five years and the end of one phase marking the beginning of the next. Phase I (65 km or 40 mi) and Phase II (125 km or 78 mi) were completed in 2006 and 2011, respectively. Phase III, totaling 160.07 km (99.46 mi),

10208-740: The Metropolitan Railway opened publicly in London in 1863. High capacity monorails with larger and longer trains can be classified as rapid transit systems. Such monorail systems recently started operating in Chongqing and São Paulo . Light metro is a subclass of rapid transit that has the speed and grade separation of a "full metro" but is designed for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller loading gauges, lighter train cars and smaller consists of typically two to four cars. Light metros are typically used as feeder lines into

10384-578: The Montreal Metro (opened 1966) and Sapporo Municipal Subway (opened 1971), their entirely enclosed nature due to their use of rubber-tyred technology to cope with heavy snowfall experienced by both cities in winter precludes any air-conditioning retrofits of rolling stock due to the risk of heating the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot for passengers and for train operations. In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub-networks may not often be connected by track, in cases when it

10560-686: The Noida-Greater Noida Metro and the 11.7-kilometre (7.3 mi) Rapid Metro Gurgaon which connect to the Delhi Metro. The Haryana Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (HMRTC) has plans to establish a metro network spanning 188 kilometers in Gurugram. Gurugram Metro Rail Limited (GMRL) will be responsible for constructing, maintaining, and operating this metro line, similar to the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. Currently, all these lines will be developed in

10736-480: The Pink Line at Rajouri Garden , Mayur Vihar Phase-I , Karkarduma and Anand Vihar , with the Magenta Line at Janakpuri West and Botanical Garden , and with Indian Railways and the Interstate Bus Station (ISBT) at Anand Vihar station (which connects with Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Anand Vihar ISBT ). An interchange with the Red Line at Mohan Nagar is planned. Opened in 2010,

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10912-589: The Prague Metro . The London Underground and Paris Métro are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its lines converging on The Loop , the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro 's Koltsevaya Line and Beijing Subway 's Line 10 . The capacity of

11088-685: The Singapore MRT , Changi Airport MRT station has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations have at least two codes, for example, Raffles Place MRT station has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line. The Seoul Metro is another example that utilizes

11264-594: The Yamuna River between the Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations. The opening of the first stretch on 24 December 2002, between Shahdara and Tis Hazari , crashed the ticketing system due to demand. Subsequent sections were opened from Tis Hazari – Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok ) on 4 October 2003, Inderlok – Rithala on 31 March 2004, and Shahdara – Dilshad Garden on 4 June 2008. The Red Line has interchanges at Kashmere Gate with

11440-418: The Yellow and Violet Lines , at Inderlok with the Green Line , and at Netaji Subhash Place and Welcome with the Pink Line . An interchange with the Blue Line at Mohan Nagar is planned. Six-coach trains were commissioned on the line on 24 November 2013. An extension from Dilshad Garden to Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda) opened on 8 March 2019. The metro introduced a set of two eight-coach trains on

11616-438: The Yellow Line opened on 20 December 2004. The network was developed in phases. Phase I was completed by 2006, followed by Phase II in 2011. Phase III was mostly complete in 2021, except for a small extension of the Airport Line which opened in 2023. Construction of Phase IV began on 30 December 2024 . The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), a joint venture between the Government of India and Delhi , built and operates

11792-450: The deep tube lines . Historically, rapid transit trains used ceiling fans and openable windows to provide fresh air and piston-effect wind cooling to riders. From the 1950s to the 1990s (and in most of Europe until the 2000s), many rapid transit trains from that era were also fitted with forced-air ventilation systems in carriage ceiling units for passenger comfort. Early rapid transit rolling stock fitted with air conditioning , such as

11968-409: The linear motor for propulsion. Some urban rail lines are built to a loading gauge as large as that of main-line railways ; others are built to a smaller one and have tunnels that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the London Underground , which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on

12144-432: The 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it. Rapid transit operators have often built up strong brands , often focused on easy recognition – to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities – combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority. In many cities, there

12320-639: The 15.1-kilometre (9.4 mi) Inderlok–Mundka section opening on 3 April 2010 and the 3.5-kilometre (2.2 mi) Kirti Nagar–Ashok Park Main branch line opening on 27 August 2011. On 6 August 2012, to improve commuting in the National Capital Region, the government of India approved an extension from Mundka to Bahadurgarh in Haryana. The 11.18-kilometre (6.95 mi) stretch has seven stations ( Mundka Industrial Area , Ghevra , Tikri Kalan , Tikri Border , Pandit Shree Ram Sharma , Bahadurgarh City and Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh ) between Mundka and Bahadurgarh, and opened on 24 June 2018. Interchanges are available with

12496-419: The 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack and the 2005 " 7/7 " terrorist bombings on the London Underground. Some rapid transport trains have extra features such as wall sockets, cellular reception, typically using a leaky feeder in tunnels and DAS antennas in stations, as well as Wi-Fi connectivity. The first metro system in the world to enable full mobile phone reception in underground stations and tunnels

12672-621: The 2010s. The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by route length is the Shanghai Metro . The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total) is the New York City Subway . The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, Tokyo subway system , Seoul Metro and the Moscow Metro . The term Metro

12848-532: The 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a rapid transit system . Rapid transit is used for local transport in cities , agglomerations , and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency . The extent of

13024-441: The 38-kilometre-long (24 mi) Magenta line began on 28 December 2021, making it the Delhi Metro's (and India's) first driverless metro line. On 25 November 2021, the 59-kilometre-long (37 mi) Pink Line also began driverless operations. The total driverless DMRC network is nearly 97 km (60 mi), putting Delhi Metro in fourth position globally among such networks behind Kuala Lumpur . The expected daily ridership of

13200-451: The AFD typically issues 20-year loans for urban infrastructure projects, it agreed to offer KMRL a longer tenure of 25 years at an interest rate of 1.35%. EUR 22 million will be utilized to carry out works related to non-motorised transportation at 20 stations, pedestrianization of MG Road, and junction development at Aluva, Edappally and Vyttila. The extension is estimated to cost ₹ 2,024 crore (US$ 240 million). Apart from ticket sales,

13376-603: The Blue Line at Dwarka. The Najafgarh-to-Dwarka section was opened on 4 October 2019. The extension to Dhansa Bus Stand was scheduled to open in December 2020, but construction was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic ; it opened on 18 September 2021. The RapidX is a semi-high-speed regional rapid transit system (RRTS) which aims to connect Delhi with its neighbouring cities via eight lines of semi-high-speed trains operating at

13552-583: The Blue Line completed Phase I in October 2006. Phase II consists of 123.3 km (76.6 mi) of route length and 86 stations, and is completed; the first section opened in June 2008, and the last section opened in August 2011. Phase III consists of 109 stations, three new lines and seven route extensions, totaling 160.07 km (99.46 mi), at a cost of ₹ 410.79 billion (US$ 4.9 billion). Most of it

13728-419: The Blue Line to Noida and Ghaziabad) of the national capital region in the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At the end of Phases I and II, the network's total length was 188.05 km (116.85 mi) and 145 stations became operational between 4 June 2008 and 27 August 2011. Phase I (Red, Yellow and Blue Lines) and Phase II (Green, Violet, and Airport Express Lines) focused on adding radial lines to expand

13904-568: The Delhi Metro. The DMRC was certified by the United Nations in 2011 as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to receive carbon credits for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, reducing annual carbon emission levels in the city by 630,000 tonnes. The Delhi Metro has interchanges with the Rapid Metro Gurgaon (with a shared ticketing system) and Noida Metro . On 22 October 2019, DMRC took over operations of

14080-598: The Dhaula Kuan grade-separator flyovers and the Airport Express Line. The Magenta Line is the Delhi Metro's first new line of its third phase. The Botanical Garden-to-Kalkaji Mandir section opened on 25 December 2017, and the remainder of the line opened on 28 May 2018. It has 25 stations, from Janakpuri West to Botanical Garden . The line directly connects to Terminal 1D of Indira Gandhi International Airport . The Hauz Khas station on this line and

14256-607: The Government of Delhi set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with Elattuvalapil Sreedharan its managing director. Mangu Singh replaced Sreedharan as DMRC managing director on 31 December 2011. When the project was originally approved by the Union Cabinet in September 1996, it had three corridors. In 1997, official development assistance loans from Japan were granted to finance and conduct

14432-695: The Green Line (Line 5) is the metro's fifth and its first standard-gauge line; the others were broad gauge. It runs between Inderlok (a Red Line station) and Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh , with a branch line connecting its Ashok Park Main station with Kirti Nagar on the Blue Line. The elevated line, built as part of Phase II, runs primarily along the busy NH 10 route in West Delhi. It has 24 stations, including an interchange, and covers 29.64 km (18.42 mi). The line has India's first standard-gauge maintenance depot, at Mundka. It opened in two stages, with

14608-436: The KMRL director board approved an offer from Canara Bank to provide it with a loan of ₹ 11.7 billion (equivalent to ₹ 20 billion or US$ 240 million in 2023). KMRL also signed an agreement with French financial aid agency Agence Française de Développement (AFD) on 8 February 2014, to provide a ₹ 152 crore (equivalent to ₹ 243 crore, US$ 29 million or €30 million in 2023) loan for

14784-455: The KMRL generates revenue through advertising and leasing out station names. Advertisements are placed at metro stations, pillars along the viaduct, the interior/exterior of trains and the KMRL website. The metro system would also create links between metro stations and nearby commercial establishments if the establishments pay a fee. Kochi Metro has also encouraged bidding for the naming rights of selected stations. The station near Lissie Hospital

14960-578: The Kochi Corporation near Ernakulam Girls' High School, while the Operations Control Centre was built in Muttom. The cost for the station was ₹ 100 million. Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh laid the foundation stone for the project on 13 September 2012. Construction work on the Kochi Metro rail project began on 7 June 2013, with the piling works for the viaducts near Changampuzha Park, after an official launch ceremony held at

15136-546: The Kochi metro was conducted on 27 February 2016 on a 1 km (0.62 mi) section between Muttom Yard depot and Kalamassery at speeds of up to 10 km/h (6.2 mph). The Research Designs and Standards Organization (RDSO) cleared the metro to operate at a maximum speed of 80 km/h (50 mph) on 8 December 2016. On 8 May 2017, Kochi Metro was given the final approval to start service. The 5 km (3.1 mi) line from Palarivattom to Maharaja's College metro station

15312-579: The Magenta Line on Outer Ring Road (Line 8) and the Grey Line connecting Dwarka and Najafgarh (Line 9). Work on Phase III began in 2011, with 2016 the planned deadline. Over 20 tunnel-boring machines were used simultaneously to expedite construction, which was completed in March 2019 (except for a small stretch due to non-availability of land). Short extensions were later added to Phase III, which

15488-604: The Mohan Nagar intersection in Ghaziabad. A car, an auto rickshaw, and a motorbike were also damaged in the incident. The Delhi Metro has been undergoing construction in phases. Phase I consisted of 59 stations and 64.75 km (40.23 mi) of route length, of which 13.0 km (8.1 mi) is underground and 52.0 km (32.3 mi) at grade or elevated. The inauguration of the Dwarka – Barakhamba Road corridor of

15664-761: The Phase II of Kochi Metro was laid by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 1 September 2022. In September 2023, it was announced that the Phase II stretch will be known as the 'Pink Line'. The Kerala government approved funding of ₹ 378 crore (US$ 45 million) for the second phase on 4 December 2023. The commissioning of the Pink Line is expected by 2026 end. The construction of the Kochi Metro Phase II began on 3 July 2024. The third phase of Kochi Metro from Aluva to Angamaly

15840-519: The Pink Line, is expected to be commissioned by 2028. Kochi Metro was lauded for its decision to employ Kudumbashree workers and also members of the transgender community. It is the world's first rapid transit system whose entire management operations are handled by women. The system is also involved in sustainable initiatives with the introduction of non-motorized transport corridors in the city, installation of solar panels for power and vertical garden on every sixth metro pillar. Every Kochi Metro station

16016-574: The Red Line at Inderlok , the Blue Line at Kirti Nagar and the Pink Line at Punjabi Bagh West . The Violet Line is the sixth metro line opened and the second standard-gauge corridor, after the Green Line. The 47-kilometre-long (29 mi) line connects Raja Nahar Singh in Ballabgarh via Faridabad to Kashmere Gate in New Delhi , with 26 km (16 mi) overhead and the rest underground. The first section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar opened on 3 October 2010, hours before

16192-524: The Red Line, converted from the existing fleet of 39 six-coach trains, in November 2022. The Yellow Line, the metro's second line, was its first underground line. Running 49 kilometres (30 mi) north to south, it connects Samaypur Badli with Millennium City Centre Gurugram in Gurugram . The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated, and the central section (which passes through some of

16368-572: The State Empowered Committee. The total estimated cost of land acquisition is ₹ 11.10 billion., higher than the ₹ 6.72 billion estimated as per the original plan. The Kadavanthra station was built on the land which housed GCDA's Nandanam park near the canal. Part of the land required was obtained from the Greater Cochin Development Authority on 13 February 2014. The remaining land

16544-592: The Western Ghats. Kalamassery station depicts rare species of the mountain range. The theme of CUSAT station is the state's maritime history, and that of Pathadipalam station is the fish of the Western Ghats. Spices of Kerala is the theme of the Edapally station, while the cultural and artistic heritage of Kerala forms the theme of the Changampuzha Park station. Palarivattom station features images of

16720-825: The Yamuna River between the Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations, and has India's second extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan . A branch of the Blue Line, inaugurated on 8 January 2010, runs for 6.25 kilometres (3.88 mi) from the Yamuna Bank station to Anand Vihar in East Delhi. It was extended to Vaishali on 14 July 2011. A 2.76-kilometre (1.71 mi) stretch from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 opened on 30 October 2010. On 9 March 2019,

16896-616: The Yellow Line is the deepest metro station, at a depth of 29 metres (95 ft). The Magenta Line has interchanges with the Yellow Line at Hauz Khas , with the Blue Line at Janakpuri West and Botanical Garden , and with the Violet Line at Kalkaji Mandir . India's first driverless train service began on the Magenta Line in December 2020. The Grey Line (also known as Line 9), the metro's shortest, runs from Dwarka to Dhansa Bus Stand in western Delhi. The 4.295 km (2.669 mi) line has four stations (Dhansa Bus Stand, Najafgarh , Nangli and Dwarka), and has an interchange with

17072-478: The beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. In 1890, the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing

17248-421: The centre of the stretch. Palarivattom Junction, Palarivattom Bypass Junction and Collectorate Junction will also be widened. The 11.2 km (7.0 mi) extension will link Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium to Infopark via Kakkanad , and the estimated cost at the time of proposal was ₹ 2,024 crore (US$ 240 million). Ernakulam District Collector K. Mohammed Y. Safirulla stated in March 2017, that

17424-655: The centre would approve a funding structure similar to that used for the Delhi Metro , but they were turned down. The Union Government supported using public-private partnership (PPP) on the build-operate-transfer model. The LDF state government wanted it to be in public sector, which was not convenient to the Central Government. The victory of the United Democratic Front (UDF) in the 2011 Kerala legislative assembly elections , changed

17600-487: The corporation to place on record the final alignment of the ROB by 2 April 2014. The Bench observed that the civic body had "not moved an inch", after the discussion on the alignment submitted by the Roads and Bridges Development Corporation in 2011. The Pachalam RoB was approved in-principle by the Kochi Corporation on 10 February 2014. The RoB received approval from the State Cabinet on 26 February. The 2-lane, 10-metre wide RoB

17776-493: The debris collapsed the following day and collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six. On 22 July 2009, a worker at the Ashok Park Metro station was killed when a steel beam fell on him. Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998. On 23 April 2018, five people were injured when an iron girder fell off the elevated section of a Metro structure under construction at

17952-414: The display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center. Some systems assign unique alphanumeric codes to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line. For example, on

18128-611: The entire metropolitan area is called Metra (short for Met ropolitan Ra il), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the "L" . Boston's subway system is known locally as "The T". In Atlanta , the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority goes by the acronym "MARTA." In the San Francisco Bay Area , residents refer to Bay Area Rapid Transit by its acronym "BART". The New York City Subway

18304-458: The estimated ridership in the DPR is achieved. Kochi Metro achieved its first-ever operating profit after six years of operation in the 2022-23 fiscal year, with a 145 per cent increase in revenue. KMRL has an elevated route spanning 25 km (16 mi) from Aluva to Tripunithura Terminal with 26 stations. All platforms are 70 metres (230 ft) long. There are 17 sharp curves along the route;

18480-539: The extension of the metro to Tripunithura on 27 January 2014. Speaking to the media after the meeting, Union Urban Development Secretary and KMRL chairman Sudhir Krishna announced that the 2 km (1.2 mi) extension would cost an additional ₹ 3.23 billion (US$ 39 million). The State Cabinet approved the Tripunithura extension on 5 March 2014, based on the preliminary RITES report. The extension added two more stations, near Vadakkekotta and SN Junction , to

18656-483: The financially-troubled Rapid Metro Gurgaon. The Delhi Metro's annual ridership was 203.23 crore (2.03 billion) in 2023. The system will have interchanges with the Delhi-Meerut RRTS , India's fastest urban regional transit system. The concept of mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a 1969 traffic and travel characteristics study in the city. Over the next several years, committees in

18832-564: The first phase began in June 2013. The 13.4 km (8.3 mi) section of the line from Aluva to Palarivattom consisting 11 stations was opened to passengers on 17 June 2017 by Narendra Modi , the Prime Minister of India . The first phase spanning 28.125 km (17.476 mi) from Aluva to Thrippunithura with 25 stations was completed in March 2024 at an estimated cost of ₹ 51.81 billion (US$ 620 million). The second phase from JLN Stadium to Infopark - Kakkanad , known as

19008-440: The first phase of the system. Construction of the Delhi Metro began on 1 October 1998. To avoid problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro , which witnessed substantial delays and ran 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was created as a special-purpose vehicle vested with autonomy and power to execute the large project which involved many technical complexities in

19184-516: The floor rather than resting on ballast , such as normal railway tracks. An alternate technology, using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel roll ways , was pioneered on certain lines of the Paris Métro and Mexico City Metro , and the first completely new system to use it was in Montreal , Canada. On most of these networks, additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and

19360-849: The flowers of the Western Ghats. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium station will depict the heritage of sports in the state. The monsoon season forms the theme of the Kaloor station. Endangered species and animals of Western Ghats are depicted in MG Road station, and the history and trade routes of Kochi are the theme of the Maharaja's College station. Rapid transit Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on railway tracks . Some systems use guided rubber tires , magnetic levitation ( maglev ), or monorail . The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside

19536-698: The flyover at Edapally were also carried out. The work was being undertaken by DMRC initially but was later undertaken by KMRL, due to a shortage of qualified personnel with the DMRC. Other projects include construction of a new RoB connecting Mullassery Canal Road and Salim Rajan Road, and the widening of the Town Hall-Madhava Pharmacy Junction stretch, and Jos Junction-South Railway Station road. The DMRC will execute all preparatory works. The State Government had set apart ₹ 1.58 billion for preliminary works. On 3 March 2012, KMRL handed over ₹ 150 million to DMRC for undertaking

19712-519: The government of India was received for three priority corridors in March 2019. Construction of the corridors 65.1 km (40.5 mi) began on 30 December 2019, with an expected completion date of 2025. The metro's total length will exceed 450 kilometres (280 mi) at the end of Phase IV, not including other independently operated systems in the National Capital Region such as the 29.7-kilometre-long (18.5 mi) Aqua Line of

19888-449: The guidelines of the Ministry of Urban Development so that the station could also provide bus and water transport. Long-distance buses operate out of Vyttila hub and the hub authorities are planning to build a new boat jetty there as the part of their second phase of development. Thus, the Kochi metro project became the first metro in the country which connects rail, road and water transport facilities. The total amount of land required for

20064-468: The implementation, operation and maintenance of the metro project. The Public Investment Board (PIB) cleared the project on 22 March 2012 subject to final approval by the Union Cabinet. The Union Government's share of the cost would be 20.26%, or ₹ 1,002.23 crore (US$ 120 million). On 28 March 2012, at a KMRL board meeting, the decision was taken to entrust the Kochi Metro rail project work to

20240-496: The inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , and connects Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (the venue for the games' opening and closing ceremonies). Completed in 41 months, it includes a 100-metre-long (330 ft) bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167.5-metre-long (550 ft) cable-stayed bridge across a road flyover; it connects several hospitals, tourist attractions, and an industrial estate. Service

20416-439: The interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the interchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify

20592-610: The land evaluation process for the project had been completed. The State Cabinet approved Phase II of the Kochi Metro on 17 May 2017. Unlike Phase I, the KMRL will implement Phase II independently without the involvement of the DMRC. Phase II comprises a 11.2 km (7.0 mi) line from Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium to Infopark via Kakkanad. There will be 11 stations on the line – Palarivattom Junction, Palarivattom Signal, Chembumukku , Vazhakkala, Kunnumpuram, Kakkanad Junction, Kochi Special Economic Zone, Chittethukara, Rajagiri, InfoPark I and InfoPark II. The foundation stone of

20768-433: The line beyond 30 June of that year. DMRC took over the line on 1 July 2013 with a 100-person operations and maintenance team. In January 2015, DMRC reported that the line's ridership had increased about 30 percent after a fare reduction of up to 40 percent the previous July. DMRC announced a further fare reduction on 14 September 2015, with a maximum fare of ₹60 and minimum of ₹10 instead of ₹100 and ₹20. DMRC said that this

20944-617: The line was further extended between Jahangirpuri and Samaypur Badli in Outer Delhi. Interchanges are available with the Red Line and Kashmere Gate ISBT at Kashmere Gate , with the Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk , with the Violet Line at Kashmere Gate and Central Secretariat , with the Airport Express at New Delhi , with the Pink Line at Azadpur and Dilli Haat - INA , with the Magenta Line at Hauz Khas , with Rapid Metro Gurgaon at Sikanderpur , and with Indian Railways at Chandni Chowk and New Delhi . The Yellow Line

21120-484: The line. The construction of the final Thrippunithura station of Phase I was completed in December 2023 and was inaugurated on 6 March 2024, making the first phase of the Kochi Metro fully operational. In November 2016, KMRL began the land acquisition process for an extension of the metro up to Infopark . KMRL will widen the Kakkanad-Airport corridor to a 22-metre-wide stretch, and construct metro pillars in

21296-602: The lines of the Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway , while the Carmelit , in Haifa, is an underground funicular . For elevated lines, another alternative is the monorail , which can be built either as straddle-beam monorails or as a suspended monorail . While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as Chongqing Rail Transit 's monorail lines which are widely used in

21472-557: The main rapid transit system. For instance, the Wenhu Line of the Taipei Metro serves many relatively sparse neighbourhoods and feeds into and complements the high capacity metro lines. Some systems have been built from scratch, others are reclaimed from former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section. Ground-level alignments with

21648-466: The mainline, opened on 21 June 2010; the Chhatarpur station on this stretch opened on 26 August of that year. Due to delays in acquiring land to construct the station, it was built with prefabricated structures in nine months and is the only Delhi Metro station made completely of steel. The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on 3 September 2010. On 10 November 2015,

21824-586: The maximum compensation for land acquisition at ₹ 5.2 million percent for the land to be acquired for preparatory works. The district administration can take ownership of land only after paying at least 80% of the price. Land acquisition for a foot overbridge near the KSRTC main depot will cost ₹ 2.8 million percent and land for the approach road of the Ponnurunni railway overbridge will be acquired at ₹ 1850,000 percent. The prices have been approved by

22000-562: The metro's viaduct is positioned outside the median. Apart from the above, 102.50 cents of land is required for preparatory works, and 94 hectares in Muttom and 20 hectares of land in Kakkanad is to be acquired for developing the land for commercial use . The original plan was to acquire about 31.9217 hectares of land in Ernakulam, Elamkulam, Poonithura, Thrikkakara North, Edappally South and Aluva West. Out of this approximately, 17 hectares

22176-481: The metro. The works included the widening of 3 arterial roads and the construction of a new rail over bridge (RoB) near KSRTC station and a foot over bridge. The A.L. Jacob RoB near the KSRTC stand, commissioned on 12 May 2013, was the first of the five works to be completed. Apart from the five originally proposed projects, some additional projects such as the construction of the Ernakulam North RoB, and

22352-464: The ministry every year. The government led by E.K. Nayanar ideated the project in 1999. The cabinet meeting held on 21 July 1999, of the then Left Democratic Front (Kerala) government, assigned Rail India Technological and Economic Services (RITES) for the feasibility study for a metro rapid transport system in Kochi . The techno-economic feasibility study for a Metro Rapid Transit System in Kochi

22528-591: The most congested parts of Delhi) is underground. The underground section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on 20 December 2004; the Kashmere Gate ;– Central Secretariat section opened on 3 July 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya – Jahangirpuri on 4 February 2009. The line has India's second-deepest metro station at Chawri Bazar , 25 metres (82 ft) below ground level. An additional stretch from Qutab Minar to Millennium City Centre Gurugram , initially operating separately from

22704-649: The near future where goods ordered online can be collected in the metro stations. Google and Kochi Metro Rail Limited have announced a partnership to enhance digital ticketing options for metro users through Google Wallet. In October 2017, Kochi Metro was named the Best Urban Mobility Project in India by the Urban Development Ministry , as part of the Urban Mobility India (UMI) international conference hosted by

22880-475: The network after the completion of Phase III was estimated at 53.47 lakh passengers. Actual DMRC ridership was 27.79 lakh in 2019–20, 51.97 percent of the projected ridership. Actual ridership of the Phase III corridors was 4.38 lakh, compared with a projected ridership of 20.89 lakh in 2019–20 (a deficit of 79.02 percent). The communication-based train control (CBTC) on Phase III trains enables them to run at

23056-418: The network map "readable" by illiterate people, this system has since become an "icon" of the system. Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations , with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce

23232-492: The network. To further reduce congestion and improve connectivity, Phase III included eight extensions to existing lines, two ring lines (the Pink and Magenta Lines) and the Grey Line. It has 28 underground stations, three new lines and seven route extensions, totaling 162.08 kilometres (100.71 mi), at a cost of ₹ 410.079 billion (US$ 4.9 billion). The three new Phase III lines are the Pink Line on Inner Ring Road (Line 7),

23408-402: The next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest. Mexico City Metro uses a unique pictogram for each station. Originally intended to help make

23584-902: The occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments . Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system. High platforms , usually over 1 meter / 3 feet, are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger. Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes , such as pickpocketing and baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes , as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms. Security measures include video surveillance , security guards , and conductors . In some countries

23760-603: The only two North American systems that are primarily called "subways". In most of Southeast Asia and in Taiwan , rapid transit systems are primarily known by the acronym MRT . The meaning varies from one country to another. In Indonesia , the acronym stands for Moda Raya Terpadu or Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode in English. In the Philippines , it stands for Metro Rail Transit . Two underground lines use

23936-587: The outset. Budapest , Chicago , Glasgow , Boston and New York City all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro , which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems. In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities

24112-492: The preparatory works. The DMRC had been given ₹ 230 million earlier. KMRL and the Kerala Public Works Department (PWD) signed an agreement on 22 July 2013, to build a ₹ 108 crore (equivalent to ₹ 155 crore or US$ 19 million in 2023) flyover at Edapally to reduce the congestion at the junction of the erstwhile NH 47 and NH 17 (now NH 544 and NH 66) at Edappally. The DMRC

24288-533: The project alignment from Aluva to Pettah to understand the project better. Mme. Aude Flogny, Regional Director, South Asia & Mr. Gautier Kohler, Project Coordinator India were there in the team. Based on the inputs received from the pre-appraisal mission team of AFD, a formal detailed- appraisal mission team visited Kochi from 25 to 27 April 2013. The team included Senior Transport Expert of AFD, Mr. Xavier Hoang; AFD regional director for South Asia, Aude Flogny and Project Coordinator, Gautier Kohler. The team inspected

24464-469: The project is 40.409 hectares . The total land required for all stations is 9.3941 hectares, including area required for parking lots. Aluva, Pettah, Kalamassery, Edappally and Kaloor stations will have larger parking areas requiring about 2.7869 hectares of land. The coach depot at Muttom requires 23.605 hectares of land, higher than the originally estimated 17 hectares. Approximately, 4.6 hectares of land will be required for widening curves and stretches where

24640-465: The project site and held discussions relating to the funding for Kochi Metro Rail project. Kochi Metro Rail Limited is hoping to get a final commitment from the French financial agency AFD – Agence Française de Développement by the end of December 2013. AFD has stated that they could provide a loan of up to 130 million Euros which is around Rs. 10 billion. On 4 April 2013, KMRL's Director Board signed

24816-672: The project underway, doubling its population and increasing the number of vehicles five-fold between 1981 and 1998. Traffic congestion and pollution soared as an increasing number of commuters used private vehicles, and the existing bus system was unable to bear the load. A 1992 attempt to privatise the bus transport system compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly-maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes; this resulted in long waiting times, unreliable service, overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving which led to road accidents. The Government of India under Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda and

24992-528: The project will come to about ₹ 2.373 billion (US$ 28 million) which will be borne by the Kerala Government along with any escalations. The total estimated cost of land acquisition is ₹ 11.1 billion (US$ 130 million), higher than the ₹ 6.72 billion (US$ 81 million) estimated as per the original plan. The total external borrowing requirement for the metro rail project is nearly ₹ 21.7 billion (US$ 260 million). On 4 November 2013,

25168-424: The project. The AFD loan is for a period of 25 years at the rate of 2% interest. The period is composed of a 20-year repayment period and a five-year grace period. The total debt component from Canara Bank and AFD amounted to INR 21.70 billion. The centre and state governments contributed ₹ 7.53 billion (US$ 90 million) each as equity share for the project. The line is expected to break even in 2023. KMRL signed

25344-908: The rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies. Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear. Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as trolleybuses , regular buses , trams , or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops. Each rapid transit system consists of one or more lines , or circuits. Each line

25520-542: The rubber tires. However, they have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro and limiting it on the Sapporo Municipal Subway, but not rubber-tired systems in other cities. Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies in their metros. One of

25696-595: The scenario in the state and it was decided that the Kochi Metro would follow the Chennai Metro and Delhi Metro models, and would be implemented on a joint venture basis, with investments by the Central and State Government. A Cabinet decision was taken to form a special purpose vehicle (SPV) called Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL) as per orders from Planning Commission and the Union Government for

25872-531: The sharpest curve has a radius of 120 metres (390 ft). Egis India was responsible for the design of the stations such as floors and doors, and the Indian Institute of Architecture (Kochi Chapter) developed the designs of the roof and the interior of the stations. The IIA presented the designs of 14 stations to the KMRL on 14–15 March 2014. The interiors and exteriors of the Kochi Metro stations are decorated with references to local culture. However,

26048-417: The suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro , the Milan Metro , the Oslo Metro , the Istanbul Metro and the New York City Subway . Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in

26224-646: The term subway . In Thailand , it stands for Metropolitan Rapid Transit , previously using the Mass Rapid Transit name. Outside of Southeast Asia, Kaohsiung and Taoyuan, Taiwan , have their own MRT systems which stands for Mass Rapid Transit , as with Singapore and Malaysia . In general rapid transit is a synonym for "metro" type transit, though sometimes rapid transit is defined to include "metro", commuter trains and grade separated light rail . Also high-capacity bus-based transit systems can have features similar to "metro" systems. The opening of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked

26400-414: The term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into London Underground . The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset. The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe , the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from

26576-407: The traditional nālukettu architectural style was not structurally feasible. According to a KMRL official, "It [stations] will be designed in such a way that it reflects the Kerala style of architecture with each of the 22 stations reflecting a regional theme. ... the stations will reflect an independent adaptation of the state's culture to give it a distinct look". KMRL officials stated, "Our effort

26752-511: The trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities . Some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives , and now forms part of

26928-488: The use of communications-based train control : the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 passengers per hour per direction . However, much higher capacities are attained in East Asia with ranges of 75,000 to 85,000 people per hour achieved by MTR Corporation 's urban lines in Hong Kong. Rapid transit topologies are determined by

27104-543: The west with the satellite city of Noida in the east for a distance of 56.61 kilometres (35.18 mi). The line's first section, between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road , opened on 31 December 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka – Dwarka Sector 9 on 1 April 2006, Barakhamba Road – Indraprastha on 11 November 2006, Indraprastha – Yamuna Bank on 10 May 2009, Yamuna Bank – Noida City Centre on 12 November 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 – Dwarka Sector 21 on 30 October 2010. The line crosses

27280-414: The yard around 7 pm on Friday with the help of two huge cranes and special trailers brought from Mumbai . The girder reached the site at midnight and was installed with the help of cranes having capacities of 350 tonnes and 400 tonnes. The first trial run was flagged off by Chief Minister Oommen Chandy , on 23 January 2016. The three-car train set successfully completed the trial run. The first test run of

27456-411: Was Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, which launched its first underground mobile phone network using AMPS in 1989. Many metro systems, such as the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and the Berlin U-Bahn, provide mobile data connections in their tunnels for various network operators. The technology used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since

27632-542: Was appointed to implement the project. Education minister C Raveendranath inaugurated the 433-meter long flyover on 11 September 2016. It is supported by Twenty-four piers with 90 piles. The estimated cost of building the structure was ₹ 108 crore (equivalent to ₹ 155 crore or US$ 19 million in 2023), however, the total expenditure was ₹ 178 crore (equivalent to ₹ 256 crore or US$ 31 million in 2023), which included costs for land acquisition and construction. Kadakampally Surendran who

27808-438: Was approved by the government of India for construction on 7 March 2019. The Golden Line was lengthened in October 2020, making the project 65.1 km (40.5 mi) long. It is planned to be completed by 2025. The Red Line, the first metro line opened, connects Rithala in the west to Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda) in the east for a distance of 34.55 kilometres (21.47 mi). Partly elevated and partly at grade, it crosses

27984-451: Was awarded the contract to construct the viaduct and 6 stations on the Kalamassery-Stadium stretch in April 2013 at an estimated cost of ₹ 4 billion (US$ 48 million). Cherian Varkey Constructions-RDS(CVCC-RDS JV) were awarded the work for the demolition of the existing ROB and rebuilding of the north over bridge into a 4 lane road with metro viaducts. About 450,000 to 500,000 square metres (4,843,760 to 5,381,955 sq ft) of sand

28160-444: Was built by E. Sreedharan , 'Metro Man' Technocrat who earlier created Delhi Metro and Konkan Railway . The DMRC felt that it was necessary to undertake preparatory works to avoid disruptions to commuters during the construction of the Kochi Metro. The agency suggested five preparatory works to the State government, which approved all five projects in March 2010. The preparatory works were intended to be completed before constructing

28336-429: Was completed in 1999, which was begun in the same year, by Rail India Technological and Economic Services (RITES). The techno-feasibility study report was submitted to the state government in 1999. On 22 December 2004, the United Democratic Front Government led by Oommen Chandy assigned the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) the task of preparing the detailed project report (DPR) for the Kochi Metro rail project. It

28512-414: Was completed on 5 April 2019 except for a short section of the Pink Line between the Mayur Vihar Pocket 1 and Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake stations and the Grey Line extension from Najafgarh to Dhansa Bus Stand; they opened on 6 August and 18 September 2021, respectively. Phase IV, with a length of 103 km (64 mi) and six lines, was finalized by the Government of Delhi in December 2018. Approval from

28688-469: Was completed on 5 April 2019, except for a small section of the Pink Line between the Mayur Vihar Pocket 1 and Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake stations (which opened on 6 August 2021) and the Grey Line extension from Najafgarh to Dhansa Bus Stand (which opened on 18 September 2021). Phase IV, with six lines totaling 103.93 km (64.58 mi), was finalized in July 2015. Of this, 61.679 km (38.326 mi) across three lines (priority corridors) with 45 stations

28864-456: Was constructed in Delhi , encompassing the initial sections of the Red, Yellow, and Blue Lines. The stations were opened to the public between 25 December 2002 and 11 November 2006. A total of 123.3-kilometre-long (76.6 mi) network of 86 stations and 10 routes and extensions was built. Seven routes were extensions of the Phase I network, three were new colour-coded lines, and three routes connect to other cities (the Yellow Line to Gurgaon and

29040-738: Was developed further. Other Central European countries also have metro lines, for example in the cities of Budapest (Hungary), Prague (Czech Republic) and Warsaw (Poland). In Eastern Europe , metro systems are in operation in Minsk (Belarus), Kyiv (Ukraine), Riga (Latvia), Vilnius (Lithuania) and Moscow (Russia). In Southeastern European countries, there are metro systems in Athens and Thessaloniki (Greece), Belgrade (Serbia), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Istanbul (Turkey). In Northern Europe , rapid transit systems exist in Copenhagen (Denmark), Oslo (Norway), Stockholm (Sweden) and Helsinki (Finland). Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around North America . The term metro

29216-429: Was done to reduce crowding on the Blue Line, diverting some Dwarka-bound passengers to the Airport Express Line (which is underutilised and faster than the Blue Line. The line's speed was increased from 100 km/h to 110 km/h on 24 June 2023, enabling a 16-minute ride from New Delhi to IGI Airport . Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at New Delhi , with the Blue Line at Dwarka Sector 21 , with

29392-455: Was earlier named after the hospital, after they won the naming rights for the station. It was then renamed to Town Hall Metro Station on 1 February 2020. Similarly, OPPO bagged the naming rights for Edapally and MG Road stations. Hence, the stations are named Edapally OPPO and MG Road OPPO respectively. The Indian Institute of Management, Bengaluru (IIMB) estimated that Kochi Metro could break even within 8 years of operation, assuming that

29568-401: Was expected to be completed by the end of 2020, but construction was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was completed on 18 September 2021 with the opening of the Grey Line extension from Najafgarh to Dhansa Bus Stand . An extension of the Airport Line to Yashobhoomi Dwarka Sector - 25 metro station was later added, and it was completed on 17 September 2023. Driverless operations on

29744-411: Was expected to start by 2006 and complete by 2010. But the project was delayed because the Central Government expressed serious doubts about the economic viability of the project. In 2008 LDF Government under the Chief Minister V. S. Achuthanandan approved the Kochi Metro rail project in a cabinet meeting held on 2 January 2008 and sent to Central Government for ratification. The Kerala government hoped

29920-478: Was for the Muttom coach maintenance depot. The remaining land was required for the construction of metro stations. Approximately, 15 hectares out of the required 31.92 was government-owned land. However, the land required for parking at stations, road widening and straightening curves along the alignment was not assessed in the original plan. The addition of parking lots increased the amount of land required by 8.4874 hectares. The district-level purchase committee fixed

30096-495: Was inaugurated on 3 October 2017. In July 2017, a consortium of Cherian Varkey Construction Company (CVCC) and Vijay Nirman Constructions (VNC) were given the contract to execute the construction works from Maharaja's College to Pettah . The 5.65 km (3.51 mi) line from Maharaja's College Stadium to Thaikoodam was inaugurated on 3 September 2019 by Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan and Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs , Hardeep Singh Puri . KMRL approved

30272-476: Was low and suburbs tended to spread out . Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne , has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity. Melbourne had tunnels and stations developed in the 1970s and opened in 1980. The first line of the Sydney Metro was opened in 2019. Since the 1960s, many new systems have been introduced in Europe , Asia and Latin America . In

30448-432: Was opened on 31 October, and the Lajpat Nagar -to- Mayur Vihar Pocket I section opened on 31 December of that year. The final section, between Mayur Vihar Pocket I and Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake, was opened on 6 August 2021 after delays due to land-acquisition and rehabilitation issues. The Pink Line has 38 stations from Majlis Park to Shiv Vihar , both in North Delhi. With a length of 58.43 kilometres (36.31 mi), it

30624-534: Was opened on 8 June 2015. A 14 km (8.7 mi) extension south to Escorts Mujesar in Faridabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6 September 2015. All nine stations on the Badarpur–Escorts Mujesar (Faridabad) section of the metro's Phase III received the highest rating (platinum) for adherence to green-building norms from the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). The awards were given to DMRC Managing Director Mangu Singh by IGBC chair P. C. Jain on 10 September 2015. The line's Faridabad corridor

30800-416: Was owned by the KSEB and was acquired separately. When the Railways demanded ₹ 3 billion for a 35-year lease of 4,360 square metres (46,931 sq ft) of land intended as the location of Ernakulam South metro station and other facilities, KMRL officials rejected the offer, as ₹ 3 billion worked out to about 8% of the metro project's total cost. The station was instead built on land owned by

30976-416: Was required for construction of the metro. KMRL has set up a vertical garden on every sixth pillar along the metro rail system. The first U-shaped concrete girder of the Kochi Metro Rail was successfully installed on Saturday, 12 July 2014 early morning. The girder was installed at Pulinchode near Aluva . The ‘U- shaped’ girder was cast at the Metro Casting Yard at Kalamassery . It was transported from

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