149-618: Kondotty is a developing town, municipality, and aerotropolis in the Malappuram district state of Kerala , India which is located near Calicut International Airport , 24 km from Malappuram . It is the headquarters of Kondotty Taluk , which was declared as the seventh taluk in Malappuram district by chief minister Oommen Chandy on 23 December 2013, Real Malabar FC Kondotty is professional football club from Kondotty and FC Kondotty one and only All India Sevens Football club from Kondotty Nediyiruppu region of Kondotty municipality
298-517: A Bhashya (language) where "Dravida and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord". The scripts of Kolezhuthu and Malayanma were also used to write Middle Malayalam . In addition to Vatteluthu and Grantha script , those were used to write Old Malayalam . The literary works written in Middle Malayalam were heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit , while comparing them with
447-558: A Keralite. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Malabar coast . It was first printed and published in Lisbon . A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of Al-Azhar University , Cairo . In 1532 with
596-469: A canonical word order of SOV (subject–object–verb), as do other Dravidian languages . A rare OSV word order occurs in interrogative clauses when the interrogative word is the subject. Both adjectives and possessive adjectives precede the nouns they modify. Malayalam has 6 or 7 grammatical cases . Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood and aspect, but not for person, gender nor number except in archaic or poetic language. The modern Malayalam grammar
745-568: A catchment area of 1,114 km (430 sq mi) and a total runoff of 2189 million cubic feet. Bharathappuzha has a total length of 209 km. It flows as its tributary Thuthapuzha River through Thootha, Elamkulam , Pulamanthole in Malappuram-Palakkad district border, and joins the main river at Pallippuram. Then it again reaches the district from Thiruvegappura reaching at Kuttippuram after flowing through some neighbouring districts. Then it entirely flows through
894-469: A coastal area (lowland) bounded by Arabian Sea on the west, a midland at the centre, and a hilly area (highland), bounded by Western Ghats on the east. Unlike other districts of Kerala, hilly areas are widely seen in the midland area too. The 2,554 m high Mukurthi peak, which is situated in the border of Nilambur Taluk and Ooty Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in South India as well as
1043-749: A distinct language due to geographical separation of Kerala from the Tamil country and the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit from the Nambudiri Brahmins of the Malabar Coast . The Old Malayalam language was employed in several official records and transactions (at the level of the Chera Perumal kings, as well as the upper-caste ( Nambudiri ) village temples). Most of the inscriptions in Old Malayalam were found from
1192-637: A literary language. The Malayalam script began to diverge from the Vatteluttu and the Western Grantha scripts in the 8th and 9th centuries of Common Era . By the end of the 13th century, a written form of the language emerged which was unique from the Vatteluttu script that was used to write Tamil on the eastern coast. Old Malayalam ( Paḻaya Malayāḷam ), an inscriptional language found in Kerala from circa 9th to circa 13th century CE,
1341-592: A lot of its words from various foreign languages: mainly from the Semitic languages including Arabic , and the European languages including Dutch and Portuguese , due to the long heritage of Indian Ocean trade and the Portuguese-Dutch colonization of the Malabar Coast . Variations in intonation patterns, vocabulary, and distribution of grammatical and phonological elements are observable along
1490-420: A matter of dispute among scholars. The mainstream view holds that Malayalam descends from a western coastal dialect of early Middle Tamil and separated from it sometime between the 9th and 13th centuries. A second view argues for the development of the two languages out of "Proto-Dravidian" or "Proto-Tamil-Malayalam" either in the prehistoric period or in the middle of the first millennium A.D. , although this
1639-722: A significant number of speakers in the Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka , and Kanyakumari , Coimbatore and Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. It is also spoken by the Malayali Diaspora worldwide, especially in the Persian Gulf countries , due to the large populations of Malayali expatriates there. They are a significant population in each city in India including Mumbai , Bengaluru , Chennai , Delhi , Hyderabad etc. The origin of Malayalam remains
SECTION 10
#17327796476611788-685: A spirit of brotherhood. മനുഷ്യരെല്ലാവരും തുല്യാവകാശങ്ങളോടും അന്തസ്സോടും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തോടുംകൂടി ജനിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളവരാണ്. അന്യോന്യം ഭ്രാതൃഭാവത്തോടെ പെരുമാറുവാനാണ് മനുഷ്യന് വിവേകബുദ്ധിയും മനസാക്ഷിയും സിദ്ധമായിരിക്കുന്നത്. manuṣyarellāvaruṁ tulyāvakāśaṅṅaḷōṭuṁ antassōṭuṁ svātantryattōṭuṅkūṭi janicciṭṭuḷḷavarāṇŭ. anyōnyaṁ bhrātr̥bhāvattōṭe perumāṟuvānāṇŭ manuṣyanŭ vivēkabuddhiyuṁ manasākṣiyuṁ siddhamāyirikkunnatŭ. /manuʂjaɾellaːʋaɾum t̪uljaːʋakaːʃaŋŋaɭoːʈum an̪t̪assoːʈum sʋaːt̪an̪tɾjat̪t̪oːʈuŋkuːʈi d͡ʒanit͡ʃt͡ʃiʈʈuɭɭaʋaɾaːɳɨ̆ ǁ anjoːnjam bʱraːt̪rɨ̆bʱaːʋat̪t̪oːʈe peɾumaːruʋaːnaːɳɨ̆ manuʂjanɨ̆ ʋiʋeːkabud̪d̪ʱijum manasaːkʂijum sid̪d̪ʱamaːjiɾikkun̪ːat̪ɨ̆ ǁ/ Malayalam has
1937-472: A steamship travels between Ponnani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although the distance is 10 km... The temperature of the district is almost steady throughout the year. It has a tropical climate. It gets significant rainfall in most of the months, with a short dry season. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate
2086-590: A vast forest area of 758.87 km (293.00 sq mi). In this, 325.33 km (125.61 sq mi) is reserved forests and the rest is vested forests. Of these, 80% is deciduous whereas the rest is evergreen . The forest area is mainly concentrated in Nilambur subdistrict, which shares its boundary with the hilly district of Wayanad , Western Ghats , and the hilly areas ( Nilgiris ) of Tamil Nadu . Trees like teak , rosewood , and mahogany are seen in Nilambur forest area. Bamboo hills are widely seen in
2235-597: Is a memorial building dedicated to Moyinkutty Vaidyar (1852–1892), often referred to as Mahakavi (great poet), is historically considered one of the most renowned poets of the Mappila pattu genre of Malayalam language . Kondotty Nercha is a week-long festival held every year at Kondotty Qubba, which contains the tomb of the first Thangal , Muhammad Shah. Thousands of devotees attend the Nercha , which consists of certain religious processions. A very elaborate village fair
2384-409: Is a memorial dedicated to him. He popularised Mappilapattu ( Mappila songs ) by his poems on secular and romantic themes. {{In ancient times, this entire area was a huge forest and a sanctuary for wild animals. Four prominent Muslim families of the place decided to clear the forest to build a mosque in this place. They threw gold coins into the forest in the presence of the locals. The natives cleared
2533-594: Is a very important temple ceremony in December of every year. Malappuram district Malappuram ( Malayalam: [mɐlɐpːurɐm] ), is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala , with a coastline of 70 km (43 mi). The most populous district of Kerala, Malappuram is home to around 13% of the total population of the state. The district was formed on 16 June 1969, spanning an area of about 3,554 km (1,372 sq mi). It
2682-779: Is also a considerable Malayali population in the Persian Gulf regions, especially in Dubai , Kuwait and Doha . For the consonants and vowels, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbol is given, followed by the Malayalam character and the ISO 15919 transliteration. The current Malayalam script bears high similarity with Tigalari script , which was used for writing the Tulu language , spoken in coastal Karnataka ( Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts) and
2831-673: Is also arranged during the festival. The festival is organized by Sunni Muslims and Hindus jointly. Certain small Muslim groups of the area like the Salafis boycott the festival because they don't believe in Dargahs. Mini Ooty is a tourist site in Arimbra Hills about 10 kilometres from Kondotty. It is at a height of 1000 feet above sea level. Mini Ooty attracts a large number of visitors because of its rolling hills and scenic views. The location got its name as it resembles Ooty , one of
2980-542: Is also credited with developing the Malayalam script into the current form through the intermixing and modification of the erstwhile scripts of Vatteluttu , Kolezhuthu , and Grantha script , which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam. He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from the modified script. Hence, Ezhuthachan is also known as The Father of modern Malayalam . The development of modern Malayalam script
3129-499: Is an emerging education hub with many government and non-government schools, colleges and other educational institutions. Situated at Kondotty, Pazhayangadi Mosque is believed to date back to the 18th century. It is also called the Kondotty mosque. This mosque is dedicated to a Muslim saint, Muhammad Shah, popularly called as Kondotty Thangal. The Maha Kavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smaraka ( Malayalam : മഹാ കവി മോയി൯കുട്ടി വൈദ്യ൪ സ്മാരകം )
SECTION 20
#17327796476613278-526: Is at Malappuram . It is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. Local self-government institutions are divided into two categories: Urban Local Bodies and Panchayats (Rural local bodies). The district comprises 12 municipalities established to administer urban areas ( statutory towns ). Each municipality has its own elected council and is responsible for local governance, urban planning, and providing essential services within its respective jurisdiction. A chairperson and vice chairperson, elected by
3427-581: Is at Mukurthi (2594 m), which lies east of the Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary on the border of Kerala with Tamil Nadu. The lowest point is located at Mampad (115 m). The hilly forested area of Nilambur forms a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve . The Perinthalmanna undulating uplands make its boundary with Chaliyar river basin to the north, Mannarkad-Palakkad forested hills to the east, Palakkad Gap to
3576-412: Is based on the book Kerala Panineeyam written by A. R. Raja Raja Varma in late 19th century CE. The declensional paradigms for some common nouns and pronouns are given below. As Malayalam is an agglutinative language, it is difficult to delineate the cases strictly and determine how many there are, although seven or eight is the generally accepted number. Alveolar plosives and nasals (although
3725-674: Is characterised by several undulating hills such as Arimbra hills , Amminikkadan hills , Oorakam Hill , Cheriyam hills , Pandalur hills , and Chekkunnu hills , all of which lie away from the Western Ghats . However, the coconut-fringed sandy coastal plain is an exception for the general hilly nature. The remains of pre-historic symbols including Dolmens , Menhirs , and Rock-cut caves have found from various parts of district. Rock-cut caves have found from Puliyakkode , Thrikkulam , Oorakam , Melmuri , Ponmala , Vallikunnu , and Vengara . The ancient maritime port of Tyndis , which
3874-622: Is classified as Am. The average annual temperature in Malappuram is 27.3 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 2,952 millimetres (116.2 in). Summer usually runs from March until May; the monsoon begins in June and ends in September. Malappuram receives both southwest and northeast monsoons. Winter is from December to February. The district contains a diverse wildlife and a number of small hills, forests, rivers, and streams flowing to
4023-614: Is connected with that of the 18th century Kondotty Thangals , the Sufi exponents. Tipu Sultan of Mysore brought the first Thangal Muhammad Shah , to make the Mappilas allies. The Thangal first resided at Areekode and later settled in Kondotty. When the British arrived, putting an end to the reign of Tipu Sultan, the Thangal realigned with the British. During the 1921 upsurge,
4172-437: Is generally rejected by historical linguists. The Quilon Syrian copper plates of 849/850 CE are considered by some to be the oldest available inscription written in Old Malayalam . However, the existence of Old Malayalam is sometimes disputed by scholars. They regard the Chera Perumal inscriptional language as a diverging dialect or variety of contemporary Tamil . The oldest extant literary work in Malayalam distinct from
4321-512: Is influenced by Tamil. Labels such as "Nampoothiri Dialect", "Mappila Dialect", and "Nasrani Dialect" refer to overall patterns constituted by the sub-dialects spoken by the subcastes or sub-groups of each such caste. The most outstanding features of the major communal dialects of Malayalam are summarized below: Malayalam has incorporated many elements from other languages over the years, the most notable of these being Sanskrit and later, English. According to Sooranad Kunjan Pillai who compiled
4470-460: Is just 8 km long. It is connected to major rivers via Conolly Canal . Several larger and smaller tributaries and streams of the major rivers described above also flows through the district. Four estuaries are there – Padinjarekara Azhimukham at Purathur where the rivers Bharathappuzha and Tirur River merge to join Arabian Sea, Puthuponnani promontary where Conolly Canal flows into
4619-476: Is located at Kalpakanchery village (104 m) in Tirur Taluk. The Malappuram undulating plain, lying parallel to the coast, makes it boundaries with Nadapuram - Mavur undulating plains to the north, Chaliyar river basin, and Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the east, Pattambi undulating plain to the south and Malappuram coast to the west. Nenmini hill (478 m) at Kannamangalam is the highest point and
Kondotty - Misplaced Pages Continue
4768-660: Is phonemic and all of the vowels have minimal pairs for example kaṭṭi "thickness", kāṭṭi "showed", koṭṭi "tapped", kōṭṭi "twisted, stick, marble", er̠i "throw", ēr̠i "lots" Some speakers also have /æː/, /ɔː/, /ə/ from English loanwords e.g. /bæːŋgɨ̆/ "bank" but most speakers replace it with /aː/, /eː/ or /ja/; /oː/ or /aː/ and /e/ or /a/. The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in
4917-681: Is situated in Manjeri. The district boasts three Additional District and Sessions Courts, two Family Courts (one in Malappuram and the other in Tirur), as well as two Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals (one in Manjeri and the other in Tirur). Furthermore, there are two Sub Courts—one in Manjeri and the other in Tirur . The district also accommodates two Munsiff Magistrate Courts, with one in Ponnani and
5066-625: Is situated opposite to Kuttippuram town while Sukapuram lies in Edappal . The Zamorins found themselves intervened in the so-called Koormatsaram between Nambudiris of Panniyurkur and Chovvarakur. In the most recent event, the Thirumanasseri Nambudiri had assaulted and burned the nearby rival village. The rulers of Valluvanadu and Perumpadappu came to help the Chovvaram and raided Panniyur simultaneously. Thirumanasseri Nadu
5215-800: Is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in Kerala after Kochi, Calicut, and Thrissur urban areas and the 25th largest in India with a total population of 1.7 million. 44.2% of the district's population reside in the urban areas according to the 2011 census of India. Being home to 4 universities in the state, including the University of Calicut , Malappuram is a hub of higher education in Kerala. The district comprises 2 revenue divisions , 7 taluks , 12 municipalities , 15 blocks , 94 Grama Panchayats , and 16 Kerala Legislative Assembly constituencies in it. During British Raj , Malappuram became
5364-438: Is the earliest attested form of Malayalam. The beginning of the development of Old Malayalam from a western coastal dialect of Middle Tamil can be dated to circa 8th century CE. It remained a west coast dialect until circa 9th century CE or a little later. The origin of Malayalam calendar dates back to year 825 CE. It is generally agreed that the western coastal dialect of Tamil began to separate, diverge, and grow as
5513-656: Is the first community reserve in Kerala. It has now been declared as an eco-tourism centre. A bird sanctuary at Padinjarekkara estuary in Purathur was proposed in 2010. Tirunavaya is known for its lotus fields. The headquarters of the district administration is at Uphill, Malappuram . The district administration is headed by the District collector . He is assisted by five deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, and elections. Additional District Magistrate in
5662-433: Is the third-highest point of elevation in the district. Malappuram district shares its border with the following 12 Taluks of 5 districts. On the basis of topography, geology, soils, climate, and natural vegetation, the district is divided into 5 sub-micro regions: The Malappuram coast lies all along the coastal tract of Malappuram from Vallikkunnu at the north to Perumpadappu at the south. It makes its boundaries with
5811-578: Is the third-largest district of Kerala by area. It is bounded by Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea on either side. The district is divided into seven Taluks : Eranad , Kondotty , Nilambur , Perinthalmanna , Ponnani , Tirur , and Tirurangadi . Malayalam is the most spoken language. The district has witnessed significant emigration, especially to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf during
5960-674: The saṁvr̥tōkāram , which is not officially a vowel, and not as actual vocalic consonants) have been classified as vowels: vocalic r ( ഋ , /rɨ̆/ , r̥), long vocalic r ( ൠ , /rɨː/ , r̥̄), vocalic l ( ഌ , /lɨ̆/ , l̥) and long vocalic l ( ൡ , /lɨː/ , l̥̄). Except for the first, the other three have been omitted from the current script used in Kerala as there are no words in current Malayalam that use them. Some authors say that Malayalam has no diphthongs and /ai̯, au̯/ are clusters of V+glide j/ʋ while others consider all V+glide clusters to be diphthongs /ai̯, aːi̯, au̯, ei̯, oi̯, i̯a/ as in kai, vāypa, auṣadhaṁ, cey, koy and kāryaṁ Vowel length
6109-727: The Ariyittu Vazhcha (Coronation) of a new Zamorin. The Arabs had the monopoly of trade in the early Middle Ages. The original headquarters of the Palakkad Raja s were also at Athavanad . The squadron of Vasco da Gama left Portugal in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean , reaching Calicut in May 1498. At
Kondotty - Misplaced Pages Continue
6258-522: The Gulf Boom of the 1970s and early 1980s, and its economy depends significantly on remittances from a large Malayali expatriate community. Malappuram was the first e-literate as well as the first cyber literate district of India. The district has four major rivers, namely Bharathappuzha , Chaliyar , Kadalundippuzha , and Tirur Puzha , out of which the first three are also among the five longest rivers in Kerala . Malappuram metropolitan area
6407-618: The Kingdom of Cochin , was at Chithrakoodam in Vanneri, Perumpadappu , which is located 10 km south to Puthuponnani , in Ponnani taluk . When Perumpadappu came under the kingdom of the Zamorin of Calicut , the rulers of Perumpadappu fled to Kodungallur , and later they moved to Kochi , where they established the Kingdom of Cochin . By 1250–1300 CE, almost whole of the district came under
6556-478: The Malayali people. It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India. Malayalam was designated a " Classical Language of India " in 2013. Malayalam has official language status in Kerala, Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé ), and is also the primary spoken language of Lakshadweep. Malayalam is spoken by 35 million people in India. Malayalam is also spoken by linguistic minorities in the neighbouring states; with
6705-998: The Middle East , the United States, and Europe. There were 179,860 speakers of Malayalam in the United States, according to the 2000 census, with the highest concentrations in Bergen County, New Jersey , and Rockland County, New York . There are 144,000 of Malayalam speakers in Malaysia . There were 11,687 Malayalam speakers in Australia in 2016. The 2001 Canadian census reported 7,070 people who listed Malayalam as their mother tongue, mainly in Toronto . The 2006 New Zealand census reported 2,139 speakers. 134 Malayalam speaking households were reported in 1956 in Fiji . There
6854-657: The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms were not able to satisfy the needs of British India . It also argued for land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar. However, the decision widened the drift between extremists and moderates within the Congress. The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused
7003-632: The Namboothiri and Nair dialects have a common nature, the Arabi Malayalam is among the most divergent of dialects, differing considerably from literary Malayalam. Jeseri is a dialect of Malayalam spoken mainly in the Union territory of Lakshadweep and Beary is spoken in Tulu Nadu which are nearer to Kerala. Of the total 33,066,392 Malayalam speakers in India in 2001, 33,015,420 spoke
7152-582: The Nilambur valley in colonial records, make its boundary with Kozhikode forested hills and Wayanad forested hills to the north, Tamil Nadu to the east, Mannarkad -Palakkad forested hills to the south, and the Chaliyar river basin to the west. It is a part of the Western Ghats. Several peaks having an elevation of more than 1000m from the sea level are seen here. The highest altitude of this region
7301-482: The Pathinettara Kavikal (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the Zamorin of Calicut , also belong to Middle Malayalam. The literary works of this period were heavily influenced by Manipravalam , which was a combination of contemporary Tamil and Sanskrit . The word Mani-Pravalam literally means Diamond-Coral or Ruby-Coral . The 14th-century Lilatilakam text states Manipravalam to be
7450-562: The Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the Battle of Cochin (1504) . However, the allegiance of the Mappila merchants in Tanur region still stayed under the Zamorin of Calicut . Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan , who is considered as the father of modern Malayalam literature , was born at Tirur ( Vettathunadu ) during Portuguese period. The medieval Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics that flourished between
7599-509: The Vazhayur in the northern part (95 m) is the lowest in the region. A few hills and slopes are seen here. The Chaliyar River Basin makes its boundaries by Nilambur forested hills to its north and east, Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the south, and Malappuram undulating plain to its east. It falls under the middle course of Chaliyar and has ups and downs in the form of isolated hills. The Nilambur forested hills, also referred to as
SECTION 50
#17327796476617748-477: The Voiced retroflex approximant (/ɻ/) which is seen in both Tamil and the standard form of Malayalam, are not seen in the northern dialects of Malayalam, as in Kannada . For example, the words Vazhi (Path), Vili (Call), Vere (Another), and Vaa (Come/Mouth), become Bayi , Bili , Bere , and Baa in the northern dialects of Malayalam. Similarly the Malayalam spoken in the southern districts of Kerala, i.e., Thiruvananthapuram - Kollam - Pathanamthitta area
7897-486: The Yerava dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like Eranadan . As per the 1991 census data, 28.85% of all Malayalam speakers in India spoke a second language and 19.64% of the total knew three or more languages. Just before independence, Malaya attracted many Malayalis. Large numbers of Malayalis have settled in Chennai , Bengaluru , Mangaluru , Hyderabad , Mumbai , Navi Mumbai , Pune , Mysuru and Delhi . Many Malayalis have also emigrated to
8046-401: The colonial period . Due to the geographical isolation of the Malabar Coast from the rest of the Indian peninsula due to the presence of the Western Ghats mountain ranges which lie parallel to the coast, the dialect of Old Tamil spoken in Kerala was different from that spoken in Tamil Nadu . The mainstream view holds that Malayalam began to grow as a distinct literary language from
8195-459: The northern districts of Kerala , those lie adjacent to Tulu Nadu . Old Malayalam was mostly written in Vatteluttu script (with Pallava/Southern Grantha characters). Old Malayalam had several features distinct from the contemporary Tamil, which include the nasalisation of adjoining sounds, substitution of palatal sounds for dental sounds, contraction of vowels, and the rejection of gender verbs. Ramacharitam and Thirunizhalmala are
8344-423: The script and the region . According to Duarte Barbosa , a Portuguese visitor who visited Kerala in the early 16th century CE, the people in the southwestern Malabar coast of India from Kumbla in north to Kanyakumari in south had a unique language, which was called "Maliama" by them. Prior to this period , the people of Kerala usually referred to their language as "Tamil", and both terms overlapped into
8493-521: The 13th and 14th centuries of the Common Era . The Sandesha Kavya s of 14th century CE written in Manipravalam language include Unnuneeli Sandesam . Kannassa Ramayanam and Kannassa Bharatham by Rama Panikkar of the Niranam poets who lived between 1350 and 1450, are representative of this language. Ulloor has opined that Rama Panikkar holds the same position in Malayalam literature that Edmund Spenser does in English literature . The Champu Kavyas written by Punam Nambudiri, one among
8642-421: The 14th and 16th centuries, was also primarily based in Vettathunadu ( Tirur region ). In 1507, the Portuguese Viceroy Francisco de Almeida raided Ponnani and started building a fortress there in 1585. The district witnessed several battles between Kozhikode naval chiefs, known as the Kunhali Marakkars , and the Portuguese for the monopoly in spice trade. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing
8791-427: The 16th century CE, Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan from the Kingdom of Tanur and Poonthanam Nambudiri from the Kingdom of Valluvanad , followed the new trend initiated by Cherussery in their poems. The Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu and Mahabharatham Kilippattu , written by Ezhuthachan, and Jnanappana , written by Poonthanam, are also included in the earliest form of Modern Malayalam. Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan
8940-498: The 18th century, the de facto Mysore kingdom rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan unified all smaller feudal states in the Northern Kerala and they were made part of the Kingdom of Mysore . For a short span of time in 1766, Manjeri was the headquarters of Sultan Hyder Ali . When the Samutiri Kovilakam at Calicut was besieged by the Mysore Sultan Haidar 'Ali (18th century AD), the Zamorin sent his family members to Thrikkavil Kovilakam at Ponnani. The Battle of Tirurangadi
9089-598: The Arabian Sea at Chaliyam . Several larger and smaller tributaries of Chaliyar are there in the valley of Nilambur Taluk. Karimpuzha , the largest tributary of Chaliyar, and Thuthapuzha , one of the largest tributaries of Bharathappuzha, and Olipuzha, one of the largest tributaries of the Kadalundi River, also flow through district. Kadalundi River passes through Melattur , Keezhattur , Pandikkad , Manjeri , Malappuram , Panakkad , Parappur , Vengara , Tirurangadi , Parappanangadi , Vallikkunnu , and empties itself into Arabian Sea at Kadalundi Nagaram in Vallikkunnu on
SECTION 60
#17327796476619238-418: The Battle at Chaliyam fort of 1571. Chaliyam was the northern border of Vettathunadu . During that battle, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the Mappilas of Ponnani , Tanur , and Parappanangadi . The Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II (born around 1532) in Ponnani during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by
9387-646: The British officials alone. The district was included in the subdistricts of Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani in South Malabar during the British rule. The Malabar Special Police was headquartered at Malappuram . MSP is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. The British had established Haig Barracks on the top of Malappuram city, at the bank of the Kadalundi River , to station their forces. The Malabar district political conference of Indian National Congress held at Manjeri on 28 April 1920 strengthened Indian independence movement and national movement in British Malabar . That conference declared that
9536-445: The District Panchayat, and one Panchayat-nominated member besides a chairman and a Secretary. The chairman post is reserved for a District Panchayat ex-officio and the secretary post for a District Collector ex-officio. The judicial headquarters of the district is at Manjeri . 24 courts function under Manjeri judicial district including Manjeri, Malappuram , Tirur , Perinthalmanna , Parappanangadi , Ponnani , and Nilambur . After
9685-412: The Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages" , opined that literary Malayalam branched from Classical Tamil and over time gained a large amount of Sanskrit vocabulary and lost the personal terminations of verbs. As the language of scholarship and administration, Old-Tamil, which was written in Tamil-Brahmi and the Vatteluttu alphabet later, greatly influenced the early development of Malayalam as
9834-543: The Kozhikode coast to the north, Malappuram undulating plain to the east, the Thrissur coast to the south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. The region is drained by the major rivers like Chaliyar, Kadalundi, Bharathappuzha, Tirurpuzha, etc. canals and backwaters. The region is coconut-fringed. The coastal plain slopes towards the west very gently. The major towns including Ponnani , Edappal , Tirur , Valanchery , Kuttippuram , Tanur , Tirurangadi , and Parappanangadi lies in this region. The maximum height of this region
9983-478: The Malappuram district. The headquarters of these police sub-divisions are located in the following areas: Malappuram , Kondotty , Perinthalmanna , Tirur , Tanur , and Nilambur . Each police sub-division is headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police , and each police station is overseen by a Station House Officer with the rank of Inspector of Police . Malappuram Police District, along with Palakkad, Thrissur city, and Thrissur rural police districts, comes under
10132-418: The Mappila mob attacked the house of the seventh Thangal , Nasiruddin Shah . Nediyiruppu is 2 km from Kondotty. It is from where the Zamorin kingdom was expanded. During the ancient times, Zamorins were known as Nediyiruppu Swaroopams . The district has more or less the same climatic conditions prevalent elsewhere in the state: dry season from December to February, hot season from March to May, and
10281-400: The Nilambur valley. Forests are protected by two divisions- Nilambur north and Nilambur south. The Kerala Forest Research Institute has a subcentre at Nilambur. Important types of fish found in the coastal and inland areas of the district include Prawn , Oil Sardine , Silver belly , Shark , Catfish , Mackerel , Skate , Chemba, Soll fish, Seer fish , and Ribbonfish . Nilambur Teak is
10430-399: The Portuguese. The rise of the Dutch monopoly caused the Portuguese dominance also to decline. The cultural renaissance followed by the unrest of the 16th century produced the poets such as Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan and Poonthanam Nambudiri , who were instrumental in the development of Malayalam literature into the current form, and Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri , who was also a member of
10579-440: The Portuguese. The ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur , who was a vassal to the Zamorin of Calicut , sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at Kozhikode . As a result, the Kingdom of Tanur ( Vettathunadu ) became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of Tanur also sided with Cochin . Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from Vettom . However,
10728-535: The Samoothiri to strike at Tirunavaya . The Zamorin continued his conquest to Valluvanadu and conquered the regions of Kottakkal , Malappuram , Manjeri , and Nilambur . It was thus that Perumpadappu and a larger portion of Valluvanad came under the rule of Zamorin. Thus Zamorin became the Raksha Purusha of Mamankam, and the ruler of Tirunavaya , neighbouring Triprangode , and Ponnani . Under
10877-494: The South West Monsoon from October to November. The South West Monsoon is usually very heavy and during which nearly 75 percent of the annual rains are received. The climate is generally hot and humid, with the temperatures ranging between 30 °C and 20 °C. The average annual rainfall is 290 mm. Calicut International Airport (also known as Karipur International Airport) is located about 3 km from
11026-684: The Tamil tradition is Ramacharitam (late 12th or early 13th century). The earliest script used to write Malayalam was the Vatteluttu script . The current Malayalam script is based on the Vatteluttu script, which was extended with Grantha script letters to adopt Indo-Aryan loanwords. It bears high similarity with the Tigalari script , a historical script that was used to write the Tulu language in South Canara , and Sanskrit in
11175-430: The Zamorin, the regions included in the district emerged as major centres of foreign maritime trade in medieval Kerala. The Zamorin earned a greater part of his revenue by taxing the spice trade through his ports. Major ports in the kingdom of Zamorin included Parappanangadi , Tanur , and Ponnani . Parappanangadi ( Barburankad ), Tirurangadi ( Tiruwarankad ), Tanur , and Ponnani ( Funan ) were also important among
11324-637: The Zamorin. However the Mankada Kovilakam at Mankada near Angadipuram was the seat of ruling family of the Valluvanad Rajas . Azhvanchery Mana , which was the headquarters of Azhvanchery Thamprakkal , who was the supreme head of the Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala, is located at Athavanad near Kuttippuram , in Tirur Taluk . Azhvanchery Thamprakkal and the lord of Kalpakanchery in Kingdom of Tanur were usually present at
11473-507: The adjacent Malabar region . The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book Kerala Panineeyam written by A. R. Raja Raja Varma in late 19th century CE. The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam Varthamanappusthakam , written by Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar in 1785. Robert Caldwell describes the extent of Malayalam in the 19th century as extending from the vicinity of Kumbla in
11622-509: The authoritative Malayalam lexicon, the other principal languages whose vocabulary was incorporated over the ages were Arabic , Dutch , Hindustani , Pali , Persian , Portuguese , Prakrit , and Syriac . Malayalam is a language spoken by the native people of southwestern India and the islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea . According to the Indian census of 2011, there were 32,413,213 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 93.2% of
11771-533: The authorship of the medieval work Keralolpathi , which describes the Parashurama legend and the departure of the final Cheraman Perumal king to Mecca , to Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan. Kunchan Nambiar introduced a new literary form called Thullal , and Unnayi Variyar introduced reforms in Attakkatha literature . The printing, prose literature, and Malayalam journalism , developed after
11920-558: The coastal region. Perinthalmanna , Eranad , and Kondotty lie in midland whereas the Nilambur subdistrict lies on the high range. Besides the Civil Station at Malappuram to coordinate the district-level administration, there are Mini-Civil Stations at Manjeri , Nilambur , Perinthalmanna , Tirurangadi , Tanur , Tirur , Kuttippuram , and Ponnani to coordinate the Taluk -level administrative activities. Revenue villages are
12069-466: The councilors, heads each municipality. These municipalities are divided into 479 wards, from each of which a councilor is elected for a term of five years. Malayalam language Malayalam ( / ˌ m æ l ə ˈ j ɑː l ə m / ; മലയാളം , Malayāḷam , IPA: [mɐlɐjaːɭɐm] ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé district ) by
12218-562: The declaration of autonomy, the East India Company reclaimed the territory and annexed it to the British Raj . The Wagon tragedy took place following the Malabar rebellion, where 64 prisoners died on 20 November 1921. The erstwhile Madras presidency became Madras State following the independence of India in 1947 . Malappuram revenue division was one of the five revenue divisions in the erstwhile Malabar District with
12367-411: The district. Bharathappuzha empties itself into the Arabian Sea at Ponnani . Tirunavaya , Kuttippuram , Triprangode , Irimbiliyam , Thavanur , and Ponnani are some important towns on the bank of Bharathappuzha. Tirur River is 48 km long. It joins with Bharathappuzha at Padinjarekara near Ponnani. Besides these large rivers, the district has a small river called Purapparamba River, which
12516-533: The district: Perinthalmanna and Tirur . The subdistricts of Ponnani , Tirur , Tirurangadi , and Kondotty are included in the Tirur revenue division whereas the remaining Nilambur , Eranad and Perinthalmanna combine to form the Perinthalmanna revenue division. The revenue divisional office is headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer / Sub Collector (RDO), who is also the sub-divisional magistrate of
12665-507: The early Middle Tamil period, thus making independent descent impossible. For example, Old Tamil lacks the first and second person plural pronouns with the ending kaḷ . It is in the Early Middle Tamil stage that kaḷ first appears: Indeed, most features of Malayalam morphology are derivable from a form of speech corresponding to early Middle Tamil. Robert Caldwell , in his 1856 book " A Comparative Grammar of
12814-701: The establishment of Malappuram District on June 16, 1969, a District Court commenced operations in Kozhikode on May 25, 1970. Subsequently, on February 1, 1974, the court was relocated to the Manjeri Court Complex. Within the Manjeri Judicial District, there are currently 24 functioning courts distributed across various locations in the district, including Manjeri, Malappuram, Tirur, Perinthalmanna , Parappanagadi, Ponnani, Tirur, and Nilambur. The judicial headquarters of Malappuram
12963-558: The famous hill stations in India. There are many stone crushers and plantations atop the hill. There is an old Harijan Colony on the western side of the hill. Poyilikkave Karinkali Temple is a very ancient temple in Nediyiruppu, constructed during the Zamorins period. The headquarter of Zamorins was at Nediyiruppu Swaroopam and connected to that this temple was very important. Worshipping Goddess Karinkali devi and Thalapoli festival
13112-560: The first forest produce to get its own GI tag. Tirur Vettila , a type of Betel found in Tirur , has also obtained GI tag. About 50 Acre of Mangroves forest is found in Vallikkunnu , located in coastal area of the district. Mangroves are widely seen in the other coastal regions too. Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary lies in Vallikkunnu Grama Panchayat of the district. Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve
13261-550: The first naval defense of the Indian coast. Tanur town was one of the earliest Portuguese colonies in the Indian subcontinent. The towns of Ponnani and Parappanangadi were burnt by the Portuguese in the years 1525 and 1573–74 respectively. Some of the kings of Kingdom of Cochin in the 16th century CE, when Cochin became a major power on the Malabar coast, were usually selected from the royal family of Kingdom of Tanur . Portuguese were expelled from Kingdom of Tanur with
13410-542: The forest to get these gold coins. The place where the forest was cleared came to be known as “Konduvetti”. Later it became “Kondotti”. Kondotti vow is a symbol of Hindu Muslim friendship. It is celebrated as a national festival by the entire people of Kondoti. With the establishment of the Kozhikode Airport at Kondotti in Malappuram district, the skies of Malabar took off and this undeveloped region sped into development at lightning speed.}} The history of Kondotty
13559-484: The forest. Karimpuzha wildlife sanctuary in the district is the largest wildlife sanctuary in the state. The New Amarambalam Reserved Forest , which is a part of the Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary , has a variety of fauna. A variety of animals including elephants, deer, tigers, blue monkeys, bears, boars, rabbits, birds, and reptiles are found in forests. Forest products like honey, medicinal herbs, and spices are also collected from here. Nedumkayam Rainforest also exists in
13708-575: The headquarters of European and British troops and later of the Malabar Special Police (M.S.P), formerly known as Malappuram Special Force formed in 1885, which is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. The oldest Teak plantation in the world at Conolly's plot is situated at Chaliyar valley in Nilambur . The oldest Railway line in the state was laid from Tirur to Chaliyam in 1861, passing through Tanur , Parappanangadi , and Vallikkunnu . The second railway line in
13857-525: The help of the ruler of Tanur , a chapel was built at Chaliyam , together with a house for the commander, barracks for the soldiers, and store-houses for trade. Diego de Pereira, who had negotiated the treaty with the Zamorin, was left in command of this new fortress, with a garrison of 250 men; and Manuel de Sousa had orders to secure its safety by sea, with a squadron of twenty-two vessels. The Zamorin soon repented of having allowed this fort to be built in his dominions, and used ineffectual endeavours to induce
14006-693: The jurisdiction of Thrissur Range Police . The District Police Office, District Special Branch, District Crime Records Bureau, District 'C' Branch, Narcotic Cell, District Police Control Room, Cyber Cell, Women Cell, and Telecommunication Unit are at Malappuram . The coastal police station is at Ponnani whereas the District Armed Reserve Camp is situated at Padinhattummuri. The traffic Units of Malappuram police are centered at Malappuram, Manjeri, Kondotty , Perinthalmanna, and Tirur. The headquarters of Malabar Special Police (formed in 1884), an armed police battalion under Kerala Police ,
14155-449: The jurisdiction of Eranad (Manjeri) and Valluvanad (Perinthalmanna) Taluks. The other four revenue divisions in the Malabar district were Thalassery , Kozhikode , Palakkad , and Fort Cochin . On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed on linguistic basis. The district of Malappuram was formed with four subdistricts (Eranad, Perinthalmanna, Tirur, and Ponnani), four towns, fourteen developmental blocks, and 95 Gram panchayats at
14304-528: The latter-half of the 18th century CE. Modern literary movements in Malayalam literature began in the late 19th century with the rise of the famous Modern Triumvirate consisting of Kumaran Asan , Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer and Vallathol Narayana Menon . In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith winning poets and writers like G. Sankara Kurup , S. K. Pottekkatt , Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai , M. T. Vasudevan Nair , O. N. V. Kurup , and Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri , had made valuable contributions to
14453-567: The leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class. Malabar Rebellion was the last and important among the revolts. The Battle of Pookkottur adorns an important role in the rebellion. After the army, police, and British authorities fled, declaration of independence took place over 200 villages in Eranad , Valluvanad , Ponnani , and Kozhikode taluks by 28 August 1921. However less than six months after
14602-536: The local Nair and Mappila forces on the other side, ultimately led to the decline of Arab monopoly of foreign trade in the coastal towns. Unmindful of Portuguese opposition, the Zamorin entered into a treaty with the Dutch East India Company on 11 November 1604. This was followed by another treaty in 1608, which confirmed the earlier treaty and the Dutch assured assistance to Zamorin in expelling
14751-498: The medieval Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics . By the middle of the 17th century, the Dutch had monopoly of foreign trade in the ports of Kerala, except for small English factories at Ponnani and Kozhikode . Though the arrival of William Keeling in 1650 was a beginning for the monopoly of the British East India Company in the region, they weren't able to establish supremacy until 1792. During
14900-468: The modern Malayalam literature . The Middle Malayalam was succeeded by Modern Malayalam ( Aadhunika Malayalam ) by 15th century CE. The poem Krishnagatha written by Cherusseri Namboothiri , who was the court poet of the king Udaya Varman Kolathiri (1446–1475) of Kolathunadu , is written in modern Malayalam. The language used in Krishnagatha is the modern spoken form of Malayalam. During
15049-399: The modern Malayalam literature. The life and works of Edasseri Govindan Nair have assumed greater socio-literary significance after his death and Edasseri is now recognised as an important poet of Malayalam. Later, writers like O. V. Vijayan , Kamaladas , M. Mukundan , Arundhati Roy , and Vaikom Muhammed Basheer , have gained international recognition. Malayalam has also borrowed
15198-402: The months of February/April, thousands of migratory birds arrive here. Located close to Ponnani is Biyyam Kayal, a placid, green-fringed waterway with a water sports facility. The Conolly Canal meets with Arabian Sea at Puthuponnani . The coastal town of Tanur was the capital of the Kingdom of Vettathunad in the early medieval period, and is known for Keraladeshpuram Temple . Parappanangadi
15347-713: The name of Goda Ravi of Chera dynasty . The Triprangode inscription states about the agreement of Thavanur . Several inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to the 10th century CE, have found from Sukapuram near Edappal , which was one of the 64 old Nambudiri villages of Kerala. Descriptions about the rulers of Eranad and Valluvanad regions can be seen in the Jewish copper plates of Bhaskara Ravi Varman (around 1000 CE) and Viraraghava copper plates of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy (around 1225 CE). The Zamorin of Calicut originally belonged to Nediyiruppu at Kondotty in Eranad before he shifted his seat to
15496-408: The name of its language. The language Malayalam was alternatively called Alealum , Malayalani , Malayali , Malabari , Malean , Maliyad , Mallealle , and Kerala Bhasha until the early 19th century CE. The earliest extant literary works in the regional language of present-day Kerala probably date back to as early as the 12th century . At that time, the language
15645-488: The neighbouring Kozhikode . Eranad was ruled by a Samanthan Nair clan known as Eradis , similar to the Vellodis of neighbouring Valluvanad and Nedungadis of Nedunganad . The rulers of Eranad were known by the title Eralppad / Eradi . It was the ruler of Eranad ( Eradi of Nediyiruppu ) who established the kingdom of Calicut and developed Kozhikode as a major port city in the Malabar Coast . Just after that,
15794-571: The north where it supersedes with Tulu to Kanyakumari in the south, where it begins to be superseded by Tamil , beside the inhabited islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea . In a 7th century poem written by the Tamil poet Sambandar the people of Kerala are referred to as malaiyāḷar (mountain people). The word Malayalam is also said to originate from the words mala , meaning ' mountain ', and alam , meaning ' region ' or '-ship' (as in "township"); Malayalam thus translates directly as 'the mountain region'. The term Malabar
15943-473: The northeast, Nilgiri hills to the east, Palakkad district to the southeast, Thrissur district to the southwest, and Arabian Sea to the west, Malappuram has a total geographical area of 3,554 km , which ranks third in the state in terms of area. The district possesses 9.15% of the total area of the state. The district is located at 75°E – 77°E longitude and 10°N – 12°N latitude on the geographical map. Similar to other parts of Kerala, Malappuram also has
16092-673: The northernmost Kasargod district of Kerala. Tigalari script was also used for writing Sanskrit in Malabar region . Malayalam has also borrowed the Sanskrit diphthongs of /ai̯/ (represented in Malayalam as ഐ , ai) and /au̯/ (represented in Malayalam as ഔ , au) although these mostly occur only in Sanskrit loanwords. Traditionally (as in Sanskrit), four vocalic consonants (usually pronounced in Malayalam as consonants followed by
16241-670: The northwestern border of the district. It is formed by the confluence of the Olippuzha River and the Veliyar River. The Kadalundi River originates from the Western Ghats at the western border of the Silent Valley and flows through the district. Olippuzha and Veliyar merge to form Kadalundi River in Keezhattur . Kadalundi River passes through Eranad and Valluvanad regions. It has a length of 130 km, with
16390-608: The offer. In his military campaigns into Valluvanadu, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the Muslim Middle Eastern sailors of Beypore , Chaliyam , Tanur , and Kodungallur , and the Koya of Kozhikode. As a reward by the Zamorin, the port at Ponnani became an important trade and cultural centre of middle eastern sailors. It seems that the Muslim judge of Kozhikode offered all help in "money and material" to
16539-525: The old administrative records of the Madras Presidency , it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844. Out of the 3,554 km area of district, 1,034 km (399 sq mi) (29%) constitutes forest area. It may be denser or less dense. The northeastern part of district has
16688-541: The other in Perinthalmanna. Lastly, there are nine Judicial First Class Magistrate Courts functioning in Malappuram District. The Malappuram District Police, a division of Kerala Police , is entrusted with law enforcement and investigations within the district. The District Police Office is situated in Malappuram, and headed by a District Police Chief with the rank of Superintendent of Police (SP). There are six police sub-divisions and 36 police stations in
16837-643: The parameters of region, religion, community, occupation, social stratum, style and register. According to the Dravidian Encyclopedia, the regional dialects of Malayalam can be divided into fifteen dialect areas. They are as follows: According to Ethnologue, the dialects are: Malabar, Nagari-Malayalam, North Kerala, Central Kerala, South Kerala, Kayavar, Namboodiri , Nair , Mappila , Beary , Jeseri , Yerava , Pulaya, Nasrani , and Kasargod . The community dialects are: Namboodiri , Nair , Arabi Malayalam , Pulaya, and Nasrani . Whereas both
16986-663: The port at Tyndis , was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period . According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis . However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike ' s starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari ; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast . The value of Rome's annual trade with
17135-410: The possible literary works of Old Malayalam found so far. Old Malayalam gradually developed into Middle Malayalam ( Madhyakaala Malayalam ) by the 13th century CE. Malayalam literature also completely diverged from Tamil literature during this period. Works including Unniyachi Charitham , Unnichiruthevi Charitham , and Unniyadi Charitham , are written in Middle Malayalam , and date back to
17284-500: The prehistoric period from a common ancestor, "Proto-Tamil-Malayalam", and that the notion of Malayalam being a "daughter" of Tamil is misplaced. This is based on the fact that Malayalam and several Dravidian languages on the Western Coast have common archaic features which are not found even in the oldest historical forms of literary Tamil. Despite this, Malayalam shares many common innovations with Tamil that emerged during
17433-648: The rank of Deputy Collector (General) provides support to District Collector in all the administrative activities. Malappuram revenue district has two divisions- Tirur and Perinthalmanna. The district is further divided into 138 villages which together form 7 subdistricts (taluks). For sake of rural administration, 94 Gram Panchayats are combined in 15 Block Panchayats, which together form the Malappuram District Panchayat. Besides this in order to perform urban administration better, 12 municipalities are there. There are two revenue divisions in
17582-728: The region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces . Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates. The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers. The river Bharathappuzha (River Ponnani) had importance since Sangam period (1st–4th century CE), due to the presence of Palakkad Gap which connected the Malabar coast with Coromandel coast through inland. The Kurumathur inscription found near Areekode dates back to 871 CE. Three inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to 932 CE, those were found from Triprangode (near Tirunavaya ), Kottakkal , and Chaliyar , mention
17731-464: The revenue division. The revenue divisional offices are at Tirur and Perinthalmanna respectively. A taluk (sub-district) is an administrative division within a district. There are 7 taluks in Malappuram district, and each taluk is headed by a Tahsildar, who is responsible for land revenue administration and executive magisterial functions. Nilambur is the largest subdistrict ( Taluk ) in Kerala. Ponnani , Tirur , and Tirurangadi subdistricts lie in
17880-526: The rule of Zamorin. The Mamankam festival , which had a special political importance in the medieval Kerala, was held at Tirunavaya , which lies on the northern bank of the river Bharathappuzha , in the district. The rivalry that existed between the Nambudiris in the Nambudiri villages of Panniyoor and Chowwara (Sukapuram) was also of great political importance in medieval Kerala. Panniyoor
18029-403: The ruler of Parappanangadi , Caramanlii (King of Beypore ?) (Some records say that the ruler of Tanur was also with them ) to break with the Portuguese, even going to war against them. In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at Chaliyam Fort . The continuous wars led by the Portuguese on one side and the Zamorin who had the support of the Arab merchants, and
18178-545: The rulers of Parappanad ( Parappanangadi ) and the Vettathunadu ( Tanur ) became vassals of Zamorin. The Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of Travancore royal family . Besides, a larger portion of Valluvanad Kovilakams (Nilambur, Manjeri, Malappuram, Kottakkal, and Ponnani) also became vassals of the Zamorin. The original headquarters of the Perumbadappu Swaroopam , who later became
18327-525: The sea, Purappuzha Azhimukham at Tanur , and Kadalundi Nagaram Azhimukham at Vallikkunnu in the northwestern border of the district. The backwaters like Biyyam, Veliyankode, Manur, and Kodinhi, lie in the coastal Taluks. Ponnani Canal was constructed for the transportation of goods from Ponnani to Tirur railway station during British Raj . Here is a description about the Ponnani Canal by Basel Mission employees at Kodakkal . ...nowadays
18476-597: The single largest linguistic group accounting for 35.5% in the Virajpet Taluk. Around one-third of the Malayalis in Kodagu district speak the Yerava dialect according to the 2011 census, which is native to Kodagu and Wayanad . In all, Malayalis made up 3.22% of the total Indian population in 2011. Of the total 34,713,130 Malayalam speakers in India in 2011, 33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke
18625-743: The south, and Malappuram undulating plain to the west. A number of small isolated hills are seen here. Kodikuthimala is one among them. The Kadalundi River drains this region. The maximum height of the region is 610 m at Makkaraparamba . Malappuram ranks fifth in the length of coastline among the districts of Kerala having a coastline of 70 km (11.87% of the total coastline of the state). The coastal belt of Malappuram lies in three municipal towns, namely Tanur , Ponnani , and Parappanangadi , and eight Gram panchayats namely Vallikkunnu , Tanalur , Niramaruthur , Vettom , Mangalam , Purathur , Veliyankode , and Perumbadappu . Ponnani, Tanur, Parappanangadi, and Padinjarekkara Beach , all of which lie in
18774-544: The standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the Yerava dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like Eranadan . The dialects of Malayalam spoken in the districts like Kasaragod , Kannur , Wayanad , Kozhikode , and Malappuram in the former Malabar District have few influences from Kannada . For example, the words those start with the sound "V" in Malayalam become "B" in these districts as in Kannada . Also
18923-597: The state started its function from Tirur to Chaliyam on 12 March 1861, with the oldest railway station at Tirur . The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts (uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala) between 1792 and 1921. It is estimated that there were about 830 riots, large and small, during this period. During 1841–1921 there were more than 86 revolts against
19072-416: The state was also laid in the same year from Tirur to Kuttippuram via Tirunavaya . The Nilambur–Shoranur line , also laid in the colonial era, is one among the shortest and picturesque Short Gauge Railway Lines in India. The term, Malappuram , which means "over the hill" in Malayalam , derives from geography of Malappuram , the administrative headquarters of the district. The midland area of district
19221-409: The subdivision of the taluks, and the lowest institution of revenue administration of the district. Each taluk consists several villages in its jurisdiction. There are 138 revenue villages in the Malappuram district. The revenue villages are further divided into desoms for land revenue matters. The District Planning Committee of Malappuram consists of two members from municipalities, 10 members from
19370-557: The third-highest in Kerala after Anamudi (2,696 m) and Meesapulimala (2,651 m), is the highest point of elevation in Malappuram district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the Idukki district . The 2,383 high Anginda peak , which is located closer to Malappuram- Palakkad - Nilgiris district border is the second-highest peak. Vavul Mala , a 2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, Wayanad , and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode districts,
19519-416: The time of the arrival of Vasco da Gama and his Portuguese fleet at Calicut, the Zamorin of Calicut was residing at Ponnani. The Zamorin had provided the Portuguese all facilities for trade. However, the Portuguese provocations on the Arab properties led to a conflict between the Zamorin and the Portuguese. Furthermore, Ponnani , which was the second headquarters of the Zamorin, was an important target of
19668-491: The time. Later, Tirur Taluk was bifurcated to form Tirurangadi Taluk, and Eranad Taluk was trifurcated to form two more Taluks namely Nilambur and Kondotty. The University of Calicut , which is also the second-oldest existing university in Kerala, and the Calicut International Airport , which is also the second-oldest existing airport in the state, started functioning at Tenhipalam and Karipur , in
19817-648: The total number of Malayalam speakers in India, and 97.03% of the total population of the state. There were a further 701,673 (1.14% of the total number) in Karnataka , 957,705 (2.70%) in Tamil Nadu , and 406,358 (1.2%) in Maharashtra . The number of Malayalam speakers in Lakshadweep is 51,100, which is only 0.15% of the total number, but is as much as about 84% of the population of Lakshadweep. Malayalam
19966-488: The town. Almost all international flights operating from the airport are to Middle East destinations targeting the large NRI population of north Kerala working in the Middle East. Feroke and Parappanangadi are the nearest railway stations. Kondotty is well connected to nearby places through roads. National Highway 213 which connects Malappuram with Kozhikode and Palakkad passes through Kondotty. Kondotty
20115-680: The trade settlements under the rule of the Zamorin, according to the 16th-century historical work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen . Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani served as a second home for Zamorin. Ponnani acted as the naval headquarters of his kingdom. Malappuram was the headquarters of Para Nambi , who was a local chieftain of the Zamorin. Other Kovilakams of Zamorin included the Kizhakke Kovilakam at Kottakkal , Manjeri Kovilakam at Manjeri , and Nilambur Kovilakam at Nilambur . Parappanad Kovilakam at Parappanangadi and Tanur Kovilakam at Tanur were vassal royal houses of
20264-554: The west, backwaters and paddy , areca nut , cashew nut , pepper , ginger , pulses , coconut , banana , tapioca , tea , and rubber plantations. Conolly's plot, the world's oldest teak plantation, is located at Nilambur . Nilambur is also known for Teak Museum . Bamboo trees are widely seen near to the Nilambur Teak Plantations. A bioresource natural park is associated with the Teak Museum. In
20413-467: The western coastal dialect of Middle Tamil and the linguistic separation completed sometime between the 9th and 13th centuries. The renowned poets of Classical Tamil such as Paranar (1st century CE), Ilango Adigal (2nd–3rd century CE), and Kulasekhara Alvar (9th century CE) were Keralites . The Sangam works can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam. Some scholars however believe that both Tamil and Malayalam developed during
20562-493: The western part of the district, are the major fishing centres. The sea coast of the district is filled with marine wealth. Apart from being a favourite destination of the Arab traders earlier, Ponnani was also a captivating destination for many Muslim spiritual leaders, who were instrumental in the propagation of Islam here. The port city is also known as The Little Mecca of Malabar as well as The City of Gold coins . During
20711-433: The years 1968 and 1988, respectively. In the 1970s, the oil reserves in the Persian Gulf countries were opened to commercial extraction and thousands of unskilled workers migrated to the gulf. They sent money home, supporting the rural economy, and by the late 20th century, the region attained First World health standards and near-universal literacy. Bounded by Kozhikode district to the northwest, Wayanad district to
20860-598: Was a series of engagements that took place between the British army and Tipu Sultan between 7 and 12 December 1790 at Tirurangadi , during the Third Anglo-Mysore War . In 1792, Tipu Sultan was defeated by English East India Company through Third Anglo-Mysore War, and the Treaty of Seringapatam was agreed. As per this treaty, most of the Malabar Region , including the present-day Malappuram district,
21009-439: Was also heavily influenced by the Tigalari script , which was used to write Sanskrit , due to the influence of Tuluva Brahmins in Kerala. The language used in the Arabi Malayalam works of the 16th–17th century CE is a mixture of Modern Malayalam and Arabic . They follow the syntax of modern Malayalam, though written in a modified form of Arabic script , which is known as Arabi Malayalam script . P. Shangunny Menon ascribes
21158-418: Was differentiated by the name Kerala Bhasha . The earliest mention of Malayalam as a language is found outside of Kerala in the 15th century Telugu work Śrībhīmēśvarapurāṇamu by Śrīnātha. The distinctive "Malayalam" named identity of this language appears to have come into existence in Kerala only around the 16th century , when it was known as "Malayayma" or "Malayanma"; the words were also used to refer to
21307-590: Was integrated into the English East India Company. The Koyi Thampurans of Travancore belongs to Parappanad Royal Family. It was from this family that the consorts of the Rani's Travancore family were usually selected. The oldest teak plantation of the world at Conolly's plot is just 2 km (1.2 mi) from Nilambur town. It was named in memory of Henry Valentine Conolly , the then district collector of Malabar. The first railway line in
21456-417: Was overran by its neighbours on south and east. The Thirumanasseri Nambudiri appealed to the Zamorin for help, and promised to cede the port of Ponnani , where the river Bharathappuzha merges with Arabian Sea , to Zamorin as the price for his protection. Thirumanassery Nambudiri, the Koya of Kozhikode, and ruler of Vettathunadu supported the Zamorin. Zamorin, looking for such an opportunity, gladly accepted
21605-554: Was the most spoken language in erstwhile Gudalur taluk (now Gudalur and Panthalur taluks) of Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu which accounts for 48.8% population and it was the second most spoken language in Mangalore and Puttur taluks of South Canara accounting for 21.2% and 15.4% respectively according to 1951 census report. 25.57% of the total population in the Kodagu district of Karnataka are Malayalis , and they form
21754-594: Was the original headquarters of the powerful dynasty of the Zamorins of Calicut ( Eradi dynasty), who were actually the rulers of Eranad . The royal family of Zamorins is also known as Nediyiruppu Swaroopam . Kondotty is famous for the Kondotty Nercha ( Malayalam for 'offering') in the Pazhayangadi Mosque. Kondotty is the birthplace of the Mappila poet , Moyinkutty Vaidyar , where there
21903-494: Was the seat of the ruling families of Parappanad kingdom in the early medieval period. Major rivers flowing through the district are Chaliyar , Kadalundi River , Bharathappuzha , and Tirur River . Chaliyar has a total length of about 168 km. and a drainage area of 2,818 km (1,088 sq mi). It passes through Nilambur , Mampad , Edavanna , Areekode , and Vazhakkad in district and then flows through Kozhikode-Malappuram district border and empties itself into
22052-545: Was then a centre of trade with Ancient Rome , is roughly identified with Ponnani , Tanur , and Kadalundi - Vallikkunnu - Chaliyam - Beypore region. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire . Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos ( Chera dynasty ). The region, which lies north of
22201-457: Was used as an alternative term for Malayalam in foreign trade circles to denote the southwestern coast of the Indian peninsula, which also means The land of hills . The term originally referred to the western hilly land of the Chera dynasty (later Zamorins and the Kingdom of Cochin ), Kingdom of Ezhimala (later Kolathunadu ), and Ay kingdom (later Travancore ), and only later became
#660339