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63-520: (Redirected from Kondel ) Kandal or Kondel may refer to: Places [ edit ] Kandal Province , a province of Cambodia Kandal (National Assembly constituency) , parliamentary constituency based in Kandal Kandal, Hormozgan , a village in Iran Kandal, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad , a village in Iran Kandal, Kurdistan ,

126-516: A thalassocracy leaving traces in written sources, they invested the ports at the start of important trade routes linking India , China and Indonesian islands. Historians are now no longer disputing in associating the Sa Huynh culture (1000 BC–200 AD) with the ancestors of the Cham people and other Chamic-speaking groups. Patterns and chronology of migration remain debated and it is assumed that

189-643: A campaign which was launched in the Southwest as early as 1972. In the 1960s various movements emerged calling for the creation of a separate Cham state in Vietnam. The Front for the Liberation of Champa (FLC) and the Front de Libération des Hauts plateaux dominated. The latter group sought greater alliance with other hill tribe minorities. Initially known as " Front des Petits Peuples " from 1946 to 1960,

252-587: A large minority presence in Ho Chi Minh City . This group represents the core of the Muslim communities in both Cambodia and Vietnam . Including the diaspora , their total is about 400,000. An additional 4,000 Chams live in Bangkok , Thailand , whose ancestors migrated there during Rama I 's reign. Recent immigrants to Thailand are mainly students and workers, who preferably seek work and education in

315-620: A law banning marriage between Cham women and Vietnamese men, regardless of class. ( Tạ 1988 , p. 137) The Vietnamese also issued instructions in the capital to kill all Chams within the vicinity. More attacks by the Vietnamese continued and in 1693 the Champa Kingdom's territory was integrated as part of Vietnamese territory. The trade in Vietnamese ceramics was damaged due to the plummet in trade by Cham merchants after

378-462: A part of the vast tide of exchange, treading the same path as Hinduism and Buddhism centuries before. Cham people picked up these ideas by the 11th century. This can be seen in the architecture of Cham temples, which shares similarities with the one of the Angkor temples. Ad-Dimashqi writes in 1325, "the country of Champa... is inhabited by Muslims and idolaters. The Muslim religion came there during

441-956: A princess of Champa who married to Kertawijaya (Brawijaya V), the King of Majapahit Empire. Local legend says that he built the Great Mosque of Demak ( Masjid Agung Demak ) in 1479 CE, but other legends attribute that work to Sunan Kalijaga . Sunan Ampel died in Demak in 1481 CE, but is buried in Ampel Mosque at Surabaya , East Java . Recent scholarship, however, has shown that widespread conversion to Islam came much later. Poorly studied artifacts such as Islamic graves (which simply could have been ships' ballast) have been reexamined to show that they were, in fact, Tunisian and not Cham. Poorly conducted linguistic research attempting to link vocabulary to Arabic has been debunked as well. Rather, there

504-655: A village in Iran Kandal, Sistan and Baluchestan , a village in Iran Kondel, Sistan and Baluchestan , a village in Iran Kandal, West Azerbaijan , a village in Iran Kandal, Iraq , a village in Iraq Kandal, Norway , a village in Gloppen, Sogn og Fjordane, Norway Other [ edit ] Bhatia (caste) , a caste of kings originating in Sindh Province and Rajasthan Topics referred to by

567-504: Is R-M17. Changmai et. al (2022) re-affirms the presence of South Asian Y-haplogroups in Cham, mainly R-M17 (13.6%) and R-M124 (3.4%). The Cham culture is diverse and rich because of the combination of indigenous cultural elements (plains culture, maritime culture, and mountain culture) and foreign cultural features (Indian cultures and religions such as Buddhism; early Han Chinese influences; Islam) (Phan Xuan Bien et al. 1991:376). The blend of indigenous and foreign elements in Cham culture

630-719: Is a result of ecological, social, and historical conditions. The influences of various Indian cultures produced similarities among many groups in Southeast Asia such as the Cham, who traded or communicated with polities on the Indian subcontinent. However, the indigenous elements also allow for cultural distinctions. As an example, Brahmanism became the Ahier religion, while other aspects of influence were changed, to adapt to local Ahier characteristics and environment. The blending of various cultures has produced its own unique form through

693-568: Is considered as a focal point of the Wali Sanga, because several of them were actually his descendants and/or his students. His father is Maulana Malik Ibrahim also known as Ibrahim as-Samarkandy ("Ibrahim Asmarakandi" to Javanese ears), and his mother is Dewi Candrawulan, a princess of Champa who's also the sister of Queen Dwarawati. Sunan Ampel was born in Champa in 1401 CE. He came to Java in 1443 CE, in order to visit his aunt Queen Dwarawati,

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756-402: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kandal Province Kandal province completely surrounds the capital Phnom Penh. The province is also a part of the greater Phnom Penh Metropolitan Area with more than a million people living in and around the province. While traveling out of Phnom Penh, the boundary between the two provinces

819-466: Is difficult to categorize. According to Cham human rights activists, the Vietnamese regime, the fears of historical influence has evolved into suppression of Islam among Muslims Chams. For example, there is an unofficial ban on distributing the Quran and other Islamic scripture. Even with Vietnam's growing relations with Muslim states like Indonesia , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Turkey and Egypt ,

882-550: Is nearly unrecognizable. The province consists of the typical plain wet area, covering rice fields and other agricultural plantations. The average altitude of the province is no more than 10 meters above sea level. The province also features two of the biggest rivers in the country, the Bassac and Mekong Rivers . The province has a warm and humid tropical climate. The monsoon season normally begins in May and runs through October, while

945-550: Is no sound evidence for widespread conversion to Islam until the 16th century. Between the rise of the Khmer Empire around 800 and the Vietnamese 's territorial expansion southwards from Jiaozhi and, later, Đại Việt , Champa began to shrink. At a disadvantage against Dai Viet's army of 300,000 troops, the Cham army of 100,000 were overwhelmed. In the Cham–Vietnamese War (1471) , Champa suffered serious defeats at

1008-640: Is said that the king of Brawijaya V has a wife named Dewi Anarawati (or Dewi Dwarawati), a Muslim daughter of the King of Champa (Chams). Chams had trade and close cultural ties with the maritime kingdom of Srivijaya in the Malay Archipelago . Another significant figure from Champa in the history of Islam in Indonesia is Raden Rakhmat (Prince Rahmat) who's also known as Sunan Ampel , one of Wali Sanga (Nine Saints), who spread Islam in Java . He

1071-776: Is spoken by the Utsul , a Cham subgroup on China's Hainan Island ), the two Chamic languages from the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family . The Cham people were one among several ethnic groups that were primarily targeted by the Khmer Rouge 's ethnic cleansing campaign during the Cambodian Genocide (1975–1979). For a long time, researchers believed that the Chams had arrived by sea in

1134-833: Is subdivided into 10 districts and 3 cities. The districts are further subdivided into 146 communes ( khum ) and 1087 villages. 2 districts Khsach Kandal and Lvea Aem in east Mekong river Religion in Kandal (2019 census) The state religion is Theravada Buddhism . More than 98.3% of the people in Kandal are Buddhists. Chams have been practicing Islam for hundreds of years. A small percentage follow Christianity. Chams The Chams ( Cham : ꨌꩌ , چام, cam ), or Champa people ( Cham : ꨂꨣꩃ ꨌꩌꨛꨩ , اوراڠ چامفا, Urang Campa ; Vietnamese : Người Chăm or Người Chàm ; Khmer : ជនជាតិចាម , Chônchéatĕ Cham ), are an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia and are

1197-786: Is written in Eastern Cham script in Central Vietnam while the language is predominantly written in Jawi Arabic script around the Mekong Delta . Western Cham script, used in Cambodia, is different enough from Eastern Cham's to be under review by the Unicode Consortium for inclusion as its own block — as of 2022, the character set is still being revised. The Kan Imam San sect, accounting for about 10% of

1260-531: The Cambodian genocide in Democratic Kampuchea . The Khmer Rouge targeted ethnic minorities like Chinese , Thai, Lao, Vietnamese and the Cham people, though the Cham suffered the largest death toll in proportion to their population. Around 80,000 to 100,000 Cham out of a total Cham population of 250,000 people in 1975, died in the genocide. The Cham in Vietnam are officially recognized by

1323-581: The Cambodian–Dutch War to expel the Dutch. The Vietnamese Nguyen Lords toppled Ibrahim from power to restore Buddhist rule. In the 18th century and the 19th century, Cambodian-based Chams settled in Bangkok . Further expansion by the Vietnamese in 1692 resulted in the total annexation of the Champa kingdom Panduranga and dissolution by the 19th century Vietnamese Emperor, Minh Mạng . In response,

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1386-639: The Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), and he co-established the Eastern Zone Islamic Movement with his son, Mat Ly. Together, they became the mouthpiece of the Khmer Rouge and they encouraged the Cham people to participate in the revolution. Sos Man's Islamic Movement was also tolerated by the Khmer Rouge's leadership between 1970 and 1975. The Chams were gradually forced to abandon their faith and their distinct practices,

1449-736: The Malacca Sultanate was officially Muslim since 1414. The King of Champa then became an ally of the Johor Sultanate ; in 1594, Champa sent its military forces to fight alongside Johor against the Portuguese occupation of Malacca . Between 1607 and 1676, one of the Champa kings converted to Islam and it became a dominant feature of Cham society. The Chams also adopted the Jawi alphabet . Historical records in Indonesia showed

1512-523: The Malaysian government out of sympathy for fellow Muslims; most of them have now assimilated with Malay cultures. The integrated community who self identifies as Melayu Champa (" Champa Malay") has dabbled into trades of agarwood , clothing (especially in Kelantan) and fishery (in coastal Pahang ) from their arrival in the late 1970s to the 80s. The Cham community suffered a major blow during

1575-613: The 12th century, the Cham fought a series of wars with the Khmer Empire to the west. In 1177, the Cham and their allies launched an attack from the lake Tonlé Sap and managed to sack the Khmer capital of Angkor . In 1181, however, they were defeated by the Khmer King Jayavarman VII . Islam first arrived in Champa around the ninth century; however, it did not become significant among the Cham people until after

1638-412: The 17th century CE, Champa became an Islamic sultanate. Today, the Cham people are largely Muslim , with a minority following Hinduism , both formed the indigenous Muslim and Hindu population in both Cambodia and Vietnam. Despite their adherence to Islam, the Cham people still retain their ancestral practice of matriarchy in family and inheritance. The Cham people speak Cham and Tsat (the latter

1701-447: The 4th century AD. The Dong Yen Chau inscription , written in old Cham, is the oldest known attestation of an Austronesian language. Cham is very rich with many loan words and terminology influenced by many other languages it came into contact with. Most Cham speak the language though many also speak the dominant language of the nation they reside in like Vietnamese, Khmer, Malay and others. Some Cham can also speak and write Arabic. Cham

1764-475: The Cham most likely originated from admixture between islander Southeast Asian immigrants and mainland Southeast Asians, especially Mon-Khmers. About 18.6% of their Y haplogroups are also South Asian in origin, mostly R-M17, R-M124, and H-M69. This significantly differs from the Kinh Vietnamese, who mostly have haplogroup O-M7, which originated from China. But they possess one South Asian haplogroup, which

1827-468: The Cham of central Vietnam. The festival venerates ancient Cham royalty gods. Among Cham Muslims, Ramadan, El Fitri, and the Hajj are important celebrations. However, the Cham (regardless of faith) all have a very rich tradition of dance, arts, music, costumes, poetry, and more. The Cham language is part of the Austronesian language family . Although sparse, Cham literary tradition is ancient, dating back to

1890-730: The Cham people, the only Austronesian ethnic group originated from South Asia, arrived later in peninsular Southeast Asia via Borneo. Mainland Southeast Asia had been populated on land routes by members of the Austroasiatic language family , such as the Mon people and the Khmer people around 5,000 years ago. The Cham were accomplished Austronesian seafarers that from centuries populated and soon dominated maritime Southeast Asia . Earliest known records of Cham presence in Indochina date back to

1953-632: The Chams, the International Office of Champa (IOC), whose headquarter locates in San Jose, California , only demands civil and land rights for the Cham people in Vietnam and Cambodia. Criticism and concerns against Vietnamese, Indian, Malaysian governments and tourist corporations for misappropriating Cham heritage and ignoring living indigenous culture was made by the IOC and international scientists in recent years. He et. al (2012) states that

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2016-738: The Hindu and Bani population. The Western Cham population is concentrated between the in Cambodia and in Southern Vietnam , mainly in Kampong Cham province and An Giang province . In Kampot province , communities of Chvea of Malay origin also identify themselves as Cham. Chams also made significant presence in other southern Vietnamese provinces like Đồng Nai , Tây Ninh , Kiên Giang , and even as far as in Ninh Thuận, as well as having

2079-585: The Malaysian states of Kelantan and Terengganu . Kelantan served as a center of Islamic teachings for Chams in Cambodia for three to four centuries and many Cambodian Chams had relatives living there, subsequently many Chams chose to settle in Kelantan. By 1985, around 50,000 or more Chams were living in Malaysia. As of 2013, many have been integrated into Malaysian society. While historically complicated,

2142-692: The Nha Trang, Phan Rang, Phan Rí, and Phan Thiết provinces of central Vietnam were absorbed into the Vietnamese polity. Cham provinces were seized by the Nguyen Lords. After Vietnam invaded and conquered Champa , Cambodia granted refuge to Cham Muslims escaping from Vietnamese conquest. In 1832, the Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mang annexed the last Champa Kingdom. This resulted in the Cham Muslim leader Katip Sumat , who

2205-712: The Orang Dampuan. Harmonious commerce between Sulu and the Orang Dampuan was later restored. The Yakans were descendants of the Taguima-based Orang Dampuan who came to Sulu from Champa. Sulu received civilization in its Indic form from the Orang Dampuan. A number of Cham also fled across the sea to the Malay Peninsula and as early as the 15th century, a Cham colony was established in Malacca . The Chams encountered Sunni Islam there as

2268-714: The Portuguese. When the Ming dynasty in China fell, several thousand Chinese refugees fled south and extensively settled on Cham lands and in Cambodia. Most of these Chinese were young males, and they took Cham women as wives. Their children identified more with Chinese culture. This migration occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries. Chams participated in defeating the Spanish invasion of Cambodia . Cambodian king Cau Bana Cand Ramadhipati , also known as 'Sultan Ibrahim', launched

2331-535: The Vietnamese government as one of 54 ethnic groups. There has also been wide-reaching recognition of the historical Champa Kingdom . An attempt at Salafist expansion among the Cham in Vietnam has been halted by Vietnamese government controls; however, the loss of the Salafis among Chams has been to the benefit of Tablighi Jamaat . There is evidence that some Acehnese people of Aceh , Sumatra , Indonesia are descendants of Cham refugees who fled after defeat by

2394-541: The Vietnamese invasion. Vietnam's export of ceramics was also damaged by its internal civil war, the Portuguese and Spanish entry into the region and the Portuguese conquest of Malacca which caused an upset in the trading system, while the carracks ships in the Malacca to Macao trade run by the Portuguese docked at Brunei due to good relations between the Portuguese and Brunei after the Chinese permitted Macao to be leased to

2457-404: The Vietnamese polity in the 15th century. Eastern Chams (also known as Panduranga Chams or Phan Rang Chams ) and their related ethnic groups, Raglai and Churu , are a major minority in Panduranga region in Bình Thuận and Ninh Thuận provinces of Vietnam. The Haroi Cham mainly populate in Đồng Xuân district of Phu Yen and Vân Canh district of Bình Định province. They are the core of

2520-448: The border with Kampong Cham , one can find the Cham Muslims community there. They are a community with a mediocre economy. Most of them are now more fluent in Khmer language , the national and majority language of Cambodia. The ethnic majority in this province is Khmer people . The Cham people historically before the Democratic Kampuchea period probably comprised 8–12% of the population of Kandal province, but now they have mixed with

2583-404: The colonial and following Sihanouk governments, the Cham communities here sought communism. The Cham began to rise in prominence in Cambodian politics when they joined the communists as early as the 1950s, with a Cham elder, Sos Man joining the Indochina Communist Party and rising through the ranks to become a major in the Party's forces. He then returned home to the Eastern Zone in 1970 and joined

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2646-412: The eleventh century. Cham who migrated to Sulu were Orang Dampuan. Champa and Sulu engaged in commerce with each other which resulted in merchant Chams settling in Sulu where they were known as Orang Dampuan from the 10th-13th centuries. The Orang Dampuan were slaughtered by envious native Sulu Buranuns due to the wealth of the Orang Dampuan. The Buranun were then subjected to retaliatory slaughter by

2709-448: The first millennium BC from Sumatra , Borneo and the Malay Peninsula , eventually settling in central modern Vietnam . The original Cham are therefore the likely heirs of Austronesian navigators from Taiwan and Borneo, whose main activities are commerce, transport and perhaps also piracy. Austronesian Chamic peoples might have migrated into present-day Central Vietnam around 3 kya to 2.5 kya (1,000 to 500 BC). With having formed

2772-456: The group later took the designation " Front de Libération des Hauts plateaux " and joined, with the FLC, the " Front unifié pour la Libération des Races opprimées " ( FULRO ) at some point in the 1960s. Since the late 1970s, there has been no serious Cham secessionist movement or political activity in Vietnam or Cambodia. During the Vietnam War , a sizable number of Chams migrated to Peninsular Malaysia , where they were granted sanctuary by

2835-400: The hands of the Vietnamese, in which 120,000 people were either captured or killed, and the kingdom was reduced to a small enclave near Nha Trang with many Chams fleeing to Cambodia . Champa was no longer a threat to Vietnam, and some were even enslaved by their victors. The Cham were matrilineal and inheritance passed through the mother. Because of this, in 1499 the Vietnamese enacted

2898-426: The influence of Queen Dwarawati, a Muslim princess from the kingdom of Champa, toward her husband, Kertawijaya, the Seventh King of Majapahit Empire , so that the royal family of the Majapahit Empire eventually converted to Islam, which finally led to the conversion to Islam of the entire region. Chams Princess tomb can be found in Trowulan , the site of the capital of the Majapahit Empire. In Babad Tanah Jawi , it

2961-408: The last Cham Muslim king, Pô Chien, gathered his people in the hinterland and fled south to Cambodia , while those along the coast migrated to Trengganu ( Malaysia ). A small group fled northward to the Chinese island of Hainan where they are known today as the Utsuls . The king and his people who took refuge in Cambodia were scattered in communities across the Mekong Basin . Those who remained in

3024-401: The majority Khmer people and embraced Theravada Buddhism , currently the population is around 4%. Other ethnic minorities are Vietnamese Cambodians who mostly live in Kandal, Phnom Penh , and Kampong Cham, as well as Chinese Cambodians who also live around Kandal and other several provinces. The latter two ethnic groups make up about 2% of the population of Kandal province. The province

3087-450: The modern Chams of Cambodia and Vietnam have had friendly relationships with the Khmer and Vietnamese majority. Despite ethnic and religious differences, the majority people of Cambodia and Vietnam have accepted the Cham as closer to them than other minorities. Some Muslim Cham report a friendly attitude of both Cambodians and Vietnamese toward the Chams and little harassment against them from locals. However, between government and people, it

3150-694: The old Panduranga territory in 1885. At the division of Vietnam in 1954, majority of Cham population remained in South Vietnam. A handful dozens of Chams who were members of the Viet Minh went North during the population exchange between North and South known as Operation Passage to Freedom – along with around ten thousand indigenous highland peoples – mainly Chamic and Bahnaric – from South Vietnam. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam during its early years (1954–1960) were actually more favorable toward ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples, compared to Republic of Vietnam , attacking Ngo Dinh Diem 's Kinh chauvinist attitudes. Leaders of Communist Party of Vietnam at

3213-404: The original inhabitants of central Vietnam and coastal Cambodia before the arrival of the Cambodians and Vietnamese, during the expansion of the Khmer Empire (802–1431 CE) and the Vietnamese conquest of Champa (11th–19th century CE). From the 2nd century CE, the Cham founded Champa , a collection of independent Hindu-Buddhist principalities in what is now central and southern Vietnam . By

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3276-470: The passage of a girl from infancy to puberty (the marriageable age), and usually takes place when the girl is aged fifteen and has completed her development. If it has not taken place, the girl cannot marry since she is "tabung". After the ceremony is done the girl can marry. Circumcision to the Cham was less significant than karoeh. It is not practiced, only symbolic and performed with a toy wooden knife. Important festivals include Kate, celebrated mainly by

3339-435: The prolific production of sculptures and architecture only seen at the Champa temple tower sites. The Cham shielded and always observed their girls attentively, placing great importance on their virginity. A Cham saying said "As well leave a man alone with a girl, as an elephant in a field of sugarcane." The Cham Muslims view the karoeh (also spelled karoh) ceremony for girls as very significant. This symbolic ceremony marks

3402-538: The regime discourages growth of Islam because the Vietnamese government distrusts the Cham Muslims. "Relations between the Hanoi government and ethnic minorities are sensitive. In 2001 and 2004 massive human rights protests by hill tribes resulted in deaths and mass imprisonments. For some time after that, the Central Highlands were sealed off to foreigners." According to international scholars, it's observed that both modern Cham separatism and Cham nationhood are non-existent. The only active representative organization for

3465-628: The rest of the year is the dry season. The warmest period of the year occurs between March and May, while the coolest period is from November through March. Kandal province serves as an economic belt of the capital Phnom Penh. Farming and fishing are the two main industries of the province. Major products include palm oil , peanuts, rice, and pepper. In addition to farming and fishing, the province also supports thriving cottage industries that specialize in wood carving, silk, and handicrafts. Many garment factories are located in Kandal province, which hires more than 500,000 workers. Along National Road #6 to

3528-447: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kandal . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandal&oldid=883424873 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3591-409: The second century CE. Population centers were located on the river outlets along the coast. As they controlled the import/export trade of continental Southeast Asia, they enjoyed a prosperous maritime economy. Cham folklore includes a creation myth in which the founder of the Cham people was a certain Lady Po Nagar . According to Cham mythology, Lady Po Nagar was born out of sea foam and clouds in

3654-494: The sick and the poor" and "a temple was erected in her honor". Like countless other political entities of Southeast Asia, the Champa principalities underwent the process of Indianization since the early common era as a result of centuries of socio-economic interaction adopted and introduced cultural and institutional elements of India. From the 8th century onward, Muslims from such regions as Gujarat began to increasingly appear in trade and shipping of India. Islamic ideas became

3717-440: The sky. However, in Vietnamese mythology, which adopted the goddess after taking over the Champa kingdom, her name is Thiên Y A Na and she instead came from a humble peasant home somewhere in the Dai An Mountains, Khánh Hòa Province , spirits assisted her as she traveled to China on a floating log of sandalwood where she married a man of royalty and had two children. She eventually returned to Champa "did many good deeds in helping

3780-534: The southern Islamic Pattani , Narathiwat , Yala and Songkhla provinces. After the fall of Saigon in Vietnam and Phnom Penh in Cambodia in 1975, 9,704 Cham refugees made their way to Malaysia and were allowed to stay, unlike 250,000 other refugees that fled to Malaysia. Most of the Cham refugees came from Cambodia and were Muslims, known as Melayu Kemboja and Melayu Champa in Malay. Many of these Cham refugees chose to settle in Malaysia, as they preferred to live in an Islamic country and had family ties in

3843-399: The time of Caliph Uthman ... and Ali , many Muslims who were expelled by the Umayyads and by Hajjaj , fled there". The Daoyi Zhilüe records that at Cham ports, Cham women were often married to Chinese merchants, who frequently came back to them after trading voyages. A Chinese merchant from Quanzhou , Wang Yuanmao, traded extensively with Champa and married a Cham princess. In

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3906-457: The time promised equal rights and autonomy, and by 1955 the North's national broadcast station Voice of Việt Nam began broadcasting propaganda radio in Rhadé , Bahnar , and Jarai , to recruit support from the South's indigenous groups. These cultivation efforts later contributed to the foundation of the FULRO in 1964, although FULRO's objective was to fight against both North and South Vietnam. In Cambodia, due to discriminatory treatments of

3969-479: Was educated in Kelantan , declaring a Jihad against the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus against their will to punish them and assimilate them to Vietnamese culture. The second revolt led by Ja Thak Wa , a Bani cleric, resulting in the establishment of a Cham resistance which lasted from 1834 to 1835 until it was bloody crushed by Minh Mang's forces in July 1835. Only 40,000 Cham remained in

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