Tagalog Republic ( Filipino : Republikang Tagalog ; Spanish : República Tagala ) is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and the Philippine–American War . Both were connected to the Katipunan revolutionary movement.
96-650: The term Tagalog commonly refers to both an ethno-linguistic group in the Philippines and their language . Katagalugan often refers to the Tagalog-speaking regions of the island of Luzon in the Philippine archipelago. However, the Katipunan secret society extended the meaning of these terms to all of the natives in the Philippine islands. The society's primer explains its use of Tagalog in
192-577: A republic or democratic state ". The term evolved to become a title to a number of political entities. Three countries – Australia , the Bahamas , and Dominica – have the official title "Commonwealth", as do four U.S. states and two U.S. territories . Since the early 20th century, the term has been used to name some fraternal associations of states, most notably the Commonwealth of Nations , an organisation primarily of former territories of
288-533: A distinction formally maintained throughout the colonial period. Allegiance to a bayan differentiated between its natives called tawo and foreigners, who either also spoke Tagalog or other languages – the latter called samot or samok . Beginning in the Spanish colonial period, documented foreign spellings of the term ranged from Tagalos to Tagalor . The Tagalog people are said to have descended from seafaring Austronesians who migrated southwards to
384-403: A footnote: The revolutionary Carlos Ronquillo wrote in his memoirs: Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts In this respect, Katagalugan may be translated as the "Tagalog nation." Andrés Bonifacio , a founding member of the Katipunan and later its supreme head ( Supremo ), promoted the use of Katagalugan for the Philippine nation. The term "Filipino"
480-481: A prestigious commodity) and particularly close trade relations with Brunei , Malacca , China ( sangley ), Champa , Siam , and Japan , from direct proximity to the South China Sea tradewinds. Such characteristics gave early Spanish impressions of Tagalogs as "more traders than warriors," although raids were practiced. Neighboring Kapampangan barangays also shared these characteristics. Although at
576-516: A result of this, they are much given to musical practice; and although the guitar that they use, called cutyapi , is not very ingenious or rich in tone, it is by no means disagreeable, and to them is most pleasing. They play it with such vivacity and skill that they seem to make human voices issue from its four metallic cords. We also have it on good authority that by merely playing these instruments they can, without opening their lips, communicate with one another, and make themselves perfectly understood –
672-760: A special affiliation with each other. The Tagalog people emigrated from their homeland and arrived in southern Luzon around 1200 to 1000 years ago. Subsequently, the Tagalogs made contact with the Kapampangans , Sambal people and the Sinauna (lit. "those from the beginning"), of which contact with the Kapampangans was most intensive. After this, the original settlers moved northward: Kapampangans moved to modern Tondo, Navotas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Aurora, Pampanga, south Tarlac, and east Bataan, and Sambals to
768-405: A thing unknown of any other nation..." (Chirino 1604a: 241). During the 333 years of Spanish colonization, Tagalogs began to use Western musical instruments. Local adaptations have led to new instruments like the 14-string bandurria and octavina , both of which are part of the rondalla ensemble. There are several types of Tagalog folk songs or awit according to Spanish records, differing on
864-613: A traditional art called singkaban , a craft that involves shaving and curling bamboo through the use of sharp metal tools. This process is called kayas in Tagalog. Kayas requires patience as the process involves shaving off the bamboo by thin layers, creating curls and twirls to produce decorations. This art is mostly associated with the town of Hagonoy, Bulacan , though it is also practiced in southern Tagalog provinces like Rizal and Laguna . It primarily serves as decoration during town festivals, usually applied on arches that decorate
960-447: A ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his confidence. Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert: As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in
1056-423: Is King Charles III , who also reigns as monarch directly in the 15 member states known as Commonwealth realms since his accession in 2022. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a loose alliance or confederation consisting of nine of the 15 former Soviet Republics , the exceptions being Turkmenistan (a CIS associate member), Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Ukraine , and Georgia . Georgia left
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#17327732072971152-418: Is also known for kapeng barako , lomi , bulalo , and goto . Bistek Tagalog is a dish of strips of sirloin beef slowly cooked in soy sauce , calamansi juice, vinegar and onions. Records have also shown that kare-kare is the Tagalog dish that the Spanish first tasted when they landed in pre-colonial Tondo. Aside from panaderias , numerous roadside eateries serve local specialties. Batangas
1248-625: Is also often referred as " Nobles' Commonwealth " (1505–1795, i.e., before the union). In the contemporary political doctrine of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, "our state is a Republic (or Commonwealth) under the presidency of the King". The Commonwealth introduced a doctrine of religious tolerance called Warsaw Confederation , had its own parliament Sejm (although elections were restricted to nobility and elected kings , who were bound to certain contracts Pacta conventa from
1344-425: Is called panday bakal (metalsmith) , but those who specialize in goldworks are called panday ginto (goldsmith). Commonwealth A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good . The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the 15th century. Originally a phrase (the common-wealth or the common wealth – echoed in
1440-664: Is classified as a Central Philippine language , and is therefore closely related to the Bikol , Bisayan and Mansakan languages . Zorc theorizes that the Tagalog people originated in the general area of the Eastern Visayas or northeastern Mindanao , probably specifically around southern Leyte . Zorc notes that the Hiligaynon people also reportedly originated in Leyte, and the Tagalog and Hiligaynon languages seem to have
1536-487: Is home to many lomihan , gotohan , and bulalohan . The Tagalog people are also known for their tanaga , an indigenous artistic poetic form of the Tagalog people's idioms , feelings, teachings, and ways of life. The tanaga strictly has four lines only, each having seven syllables only. Other literary forms include the bugtong (riddle), awit (a dodecasyllabic quatrain romance), and korido (an ocotsyllabic quatrain romance). Religious literary forms of
1632-858: Is now the California coast on October 17, 1587, as part of the Galleon Trade between the Spanish East Indies (the colonial name for what would become the Philippines) and New Spain (Spain's Viceroyalty in North America). More Filipino sailors arrived along the California coast when both places were part of the Spanish Empire. By 1763, "Manila men" or "Tagalas" had established a settlement called St. Malo on
1728-600: Is often abbreviated to Cth, refers to the federal government , and "Commonwealth of Australia" is the official name of the country. The Bahamas , a Commonwealth realm , has used the official style Commonwealth of The Bahamas since its independence in 1973. The small Caribbean republic of Dominica has used the official style Commonwealth of Dominica since 1978. Four states of the United States of America officially designate themselves as "commonwealths". All four were part of Great Britain's possessions along
1824-546: Is still an alternative translation of the traditional name Rzeczpospolita of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Wincenty Kadłubek (Vincent Kadlubo, 1160–1223) used for the first time the original Latin term res publica in the context of Poland in his "Chronicles of the Kings and Princes of Poland". The name was used officially for the confederal union formed by Poland and Lithuania (1569–1795). It
1920-818: Is the Laguna copperplate inscription (LCI), bearing several place names speculated to be analogous to several towns and barangays in predominantly Tagalog areas ranging from present-day Bulacan to coastal Mindoro . The text is primarily in Old Malay and shows several cultural and societal insights into the Tagalogs during time period. The earliest recognized Tagalog polity is Tondo, mentioned as Tundun , while several other place names are theorized to be present-day Pila or Paila, Bulacan (Pailah), Pulilan (Puliran), and Binuangan . Sanskrit, Malay, and Tagalog honorifics, names, accounting, and timekeeping were used. Chiefs were referred as either pamagat or tuhan , while dayang
2016-691: The Icelandic Commonwealth in English. In this period Iceland was colonized by a public consisting largely of recent immigrants from Norway who had fled the unification of that country under King Harald Fairhair . The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied
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#17327732072972112-593: The 2016 statehood referendum , at least partially in order to retain the initials "D.C." as the state's abbreviation. The Commonwealth of Nations —formerly the British Commonwealth—is a voluntary association of 56 independent sovereign states, most of which were once part of the British Empire . The Commonwealth's membership includes both republics and monarchies. The Head of the Commonwealth
2208-617: The Atlantic coast of North America prior to the American Revolution . As such, they share a strong influence of English common law in some of their laws and institutions. The four are: Two organized but unincorporated U.S. territories are called commonwealths. The two are: In 2016, the Washington, D.C. city council also selected "Douglass Commonwealth" as the potential name of State of Washington, D.C. , following
2304-488: The British Empire . It is also used in the translation for the organisation made up of formerly Soviet states, the Commonwealth of Independent States . Informally, by analogy to the Commonwealth of Nations, the French-influenced post-colonial Organisation internationale de la Francophonie is sometimes referred to in the English language as the "French Commonwealth", although the organisation itself never uses
2400-837: The Imus Assembly in Cavite led to command of the revolution shifting at the Tejeros Convention , where a new insurgent government was formed with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. Bonifacio refused to recognize the new government after his election as Director of the Interior was questioned by Daniel Tirona . This led to the Acta de Tejeros , the Naic Military Agreement and Bonifacio's trial and execution . After Emilio Aguinaldo and his men were captured by
2496-591: The Pasig delta, ruled by his heirs as a satellite. Subsequently, Bruneian influence spread elsewhere around Manila Bay, present-day Batangas, and coastal Mindoro through closer trade and political relations, with a growing Tagalog-Kapampangan diaspora based in Brunei and beyond in Malacca in various professions as traders, sailors, shipbuilders, mercenaries, governors, and slaves. The Pasig delta bayan of Tondo-Maynila
2592-540: The Philippine Insurgent Records , wrote: The Katipunan came out from the cover of secret designs, threw off the cloak of any other purpose, and stood openly for the independence of the Philippines. Bonifacio turned his lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains, and the supreme council of the Katipunan into the insurgent government of the Philippines. Several Filipino historians concur. According to Gregorio Zaide : The Katipunan
2688-426: The Philippines from the island of Taiwan . Specific origin narratives of the Tagalog people contend among several theories: Linguist R. David Zorc reconstructed the origins and prehistory of the Tagalog people based on linguistic evidence. According to Zorc, the prehistory of the Tagalogs began slightly more than one thousand years ago, when the Tagalog language first emerged as a separate speech variety. Tagalog
2784-638: The Second Philippine Republic , a client state of Japan, during World War II. Tagalog people The Tagalog people are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Philippines , particularly the Metro Manila and Calabarzon regions and Marinduque province of southern Luzon , and comprise the majority in the provinces of Bulacan , Bataan , Nueva Ecija , Aurora , and Zambales in Central Luzon and
2880-413: The datu and the katolonan , also wore accessories made of prized materials. Slaves on the other hand wore simple clothing, seldom loincloths. During later centuries, Tagalog nobles would wear the barong tagalog for men and the baro't saya for women. When the Philippines became independent, the barong tagalog were popularised as the national costume of the country, as the wearers were the majority in
2976-534: The delta or wawà ( mouth of a river). Culturally, it is rare for native Tagalog people to identify themselves as Tagalog as part of their collective identity as an ethnolinguistic group due to cultural differences, specialization, and geographical location. The native masses commonly identify their native cultural group by provinces, such as Batangueño , Caviteño , Bulakeño and Marinduqueño , or by towns, such as Lukbanin , Tayabasin , and Infantahin . Likewise, most cultural aspects of
Tagalog Republic - Misplaced Pages Continue
3072-499: The presidency with Francisco Carreón as vice president . Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897. In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. After study and deliberation,
3168-466: The taga-bukit ("highland dweller") or taga-bundok ("mountain dweller", also archaically tingues , meaning "mountain", cf. Tinguian ); as well as the dwellers of the banks of Laguna de Bay , the taga-doongan (people of the pier/shore where boats dock"). Despite the naming distinctions, all of these groups speak the same language. Further exceptions include the present-day Batangas Tagalogs, who referred to themselves as people of Kumintang –
3264-485: The "Republic of Liberia" when it declared independence (and adopted a new constitution) in 1847. "Commonwealth" was first proposed as a term for a federation of the six Australian crown colonies at the 1891 constitutional convention in Sydney . Its adoption was initially controversial, as it was associated by some with the republicanism of Oliver Cromwell ( see above ), but it was retained in all subsequent drafts of
3360-472: The 1600s, the Tagalogs had mainly converted to Roman Catholic Christianity from the old religions of anito worship and Islam . He noted that some mothers had become such devout Catholics that they would not give their children native secular names until baptism . Upon conversion, the mononyms of the pre-colonial era had become the Tagalog people's surnames and they added a Christian name as their first name. Colin further noted that Tagalogs quickly adopted
3456-466: The 18th century), Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1835), and Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850) in addition to early studies of the language. The first substantial dictionary of Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Further compilation of his substantial work
3552-692: The American authorities upon being promised amnesty and being convinced of the need for a Philippine Assembly as a peaceful "gate to liberty". Instead they were arrested days later at a welcoming reception party in Cavite, imprisoned at the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila, and the following year executed for banditry . Some of its survivors escaped to Japan to be joined with Artemio Ricarte , an exiled Katipunan veteran, who later returned to support
3648-701: The CIS in August 2008 following the 2008 invasion of the Russian military into South Ossetia and Abkhazia . Its creation signalled the dissolution of the Soviet Union , its purpose being to "allow a civilised divorce" between the Soviet Republics . The CIS has developed as a forum by which the member-states can co-operate in economics , defence , and foreign policy . Labour MP Tony Benn sponsored
3744-497: The National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of
3840-649: The Philippine archipelago. The roughly three-tiered Tagalog social structure of maginoo (royalty), timawa / maharlika (freemen usually of lower nobility), and alipin (bondsmen, slaves, debt peons) have almost identical cognates in Visayan, Sulu, and Mindanawon societies. Most barangays were networked almost exclusively by sea traffic, while smaller scale inland trade was typified as lowlander-highlander affairs. Barangays, like other Philippine settlements elsewhere, practiced seasonal sea raiding for vengeance, slaves, and valuables alongside headhunting , except for
3936-407: The Philippine islands. Miguel de Unamuno described Filipino propagandist José Rizal (1861–1896) as the "Tagalog Hamlet " and said of him "a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair." In 1902, Macario Sakay formed his own Republika ng Katagalugan in the mountains of Morong (today, the province of Rizal ), and held
Tagalog Republic - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-408: The Philippines. Quezon, who is also sometimes referred to as Castile, was from Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ (national language) or literally, Wikang Pambansa na batay/base sa Tagalog . In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino". The 1973 constitution designated
4128-599: The Philippines: Bulacan is known for chicharon (fried pork rinds ), steamed rice and tuber cakes like puto , panghimagas (desserts), like suman , sapin-sapin , ube halaya , kutsinta , cassava cake , and pastillas de leche . Rizal is also known for its suman and cashew products. Laguna is known for buko pie and panutsa . Batangas is home to Taal Lake , home to 75 species of freshwater fish. Among these, maliputo and tawilis are unique local delicacies. Batangas
4224-607: The Song, directly importing manufactured wares, iron, and jewelry and retailing to "other islands," evident of earlier possible Tagalog predominance of reselling Chinese goods throughout the rest of the Philippine islands before its explicit role by Maynila in the 16th century. The growth of Malacca as the largest Southeast Asian entrepôt in the Maritime Silk Road led to a gradual spread of its cultural influence eastward throughout insular Southeast Asia . Malay became
4320-400: The Spanish practice of adding " Don " for prestige, when in the pre-colonial era, they would have used Lacan (Lakan) or Gat for men, while Dayang would have been added for women. In Tagalog society, it was considered distasteful and embarrassing to explicitly mention one another among themselves by their own names alone; adding something was seen as an act of courtesy. This manifested in
4416-554: The Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level" and local councils, in charge of affairs "on the district or barrio level". In the last days of August 1896, Katipunan members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt (the event was later called the " Cry of Balintawak " or "Cry of Pugad Lawin ";
4512-634: The Tagalog diaspora to Palawan and Mindanao seeking various economic opportunities, mainly agriculture. Among the Tagalog settlements in Mindanao is New Bataan , Davao de Oro , which was named after Tagalog migrants' place of origin , though varying numbers of Tagalog settlers and their descendants reside in nearly every province in Mindanao, and formed ethnic associations such as Samahang Batangueño in Gingoog , Misamis Oriental . Tagalog settlements are generally lowland, commonly oriented towards banks near
4608-455: The Tagalog people are oriented towards the decentralized characteristics of provinces and towns. Tagalog naming customs have changed over the centuries. The 17th-century Spanish missionary Francisco Colin wrote in his work Labor Evangelica about the naming customs of Tagalogs from the pre-colonial times up to the early decades of the Spanish colonial era. Colin mentioned that Tagalog infants were given names as soon as they were born, and that it
4704-817: The Tagalog people include: Not much is known of precolonial Tagalog music, though Spanish-Tagalog dictionaries such as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in the early colonial period provided translations for Tagalog words for some musical instruments, such as agung/agong (gong), bangsi (flute), and kudyapi/cutyapi/coryapi (boat lute), the last one was further described by the Spanish chronicler Fr. Pedro Chirino in his Relación de las Islas Filipinas , which had long faded into obscurity among modern Tagalogs. In his entry, he mentioned: In polite and affectionate intercourse, [the Tagalos] are very extravagant, addressing letters to each other in terms of elaborate and delicate expressions of affection, and neat turns of thought. As
4800-515: The Tagalog-based "Pilipino", along with English, as an official language and mandated the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. Present-day Calabarzon , present-day Metro Manila and Marinduque are
4896-469: The Tagalogs already migrated and settled there before Spanish rule. Tagalogs were minority of the residents in west Bulacan, Navotas, & Tondo before Spanish arrival. When the polities of Tondo and Maynila fell due to the Spanish, the Tagalog-majority areas grew through Tagalog migrations in portions of Central Luzon and north Mimaropa as a Tagalog migration policy was implemented by Spain. When
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#17327732072974992-524: The US forces in 1901, General Macario Sakay , a veteran Katipunan member, re-established in 1902 the Tagalog Republic ( Tagalog : Republika ng Katagalugan , or Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan , kapuluan referring to the entire Philippine archipelago, as in "Philippine Islands" or "Islas Filipinas") as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan government in contrast to Aguinaldo's Republic. Sakay
5088-590: The ancient Tagalog people used to cover the following: present-day Calabarzon region except the Polillo Islands, northern Quezon, Alabat island, the Bondoc Peninsula, and easternmost Quezon; Marinduque ; Metro Manila, except Tondo and Navotas ; Bulacan except for its eastern part; southwest Nueva Ecija , as much of Nueva Ecija used to be a vast rainforest where numerous nomadic ethnic groups stayed and left; and west Bataan and south Zambales, as
5184-687: The assimilation of Kapampangans to the Tagalog settlers. This was continued by the Americans when they defeated Spain in a war, extending the Tagalog diaspora to the islands of Mindoro , Palawan and Mindanao , with most notable Tagalog settlement in the latter being New Bataan , Davao del Oro , which was named after Tagalog migrants' place of origin . Subsequent postwar eras also saw Tagalog migrations to those islands in vast numbers due to various economic opportunities, especially agriculture (Tagalogs already settled Mindoro during Spanish territorial rule). Tagalog migrations to Mindoro and Palawan are
5280-405: The beginning of the reign). "A commonwealth of good counsaile" was the title of the 1607 English translation of the work of Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki "De optimo senatore" that presented to English readers many of the ideas present in the political system of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Between 1914 and 1925, Catalonia was an autonomous region of Spain. Its government during that time
5376-471: The case. De Tavera and other authors instead propose an origin from tagá-álog , which means "people from the lowlands", from the archaic meaning of the noun álog , meaning "low lands which fill with water when it rains". This would make the most sense considering that the name was used to distinguish the people of the lowlands of the Manila region, which was formerly primarily swamps and marshlands , from
5472-466: The constitution. The term was finally incorporated into law in the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 , which established the federation. Australia operates under a federal system, in which power is divided between the federal (national) government and the state governments (the successors of the six colonies). So, in an Australian context, the term "Commonwealth" (capitalised), which
5568-591: The country . It replaced the Insular Government , a United States territorial government, and was established by the Tydings–McDuffie Act . The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for the country's full achievement of independence, which was achieved in 1946. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a founding member of the United Nations . Republic
5664-518: The exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan held elections, with the following results: The above was divulged to the Spanish by the Katipunan member Pío Valenzuela while in captivity. Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote: Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving around
5760-601: The fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be attributed to Bonifacio. One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving Katipunan documents: Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") - sometimes shortened into Haring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation"). Bayan may be rendered as "nation" or "people". The term haring bayan (sometimes haringbayan )
5856-1006: The general theme of the words as well as meter. Many of these traditional songs were not well documented and were largely passed down orally, and persisted in rural Tagalog regions well into the 20th century. The Tagalog people were also crafters. The katolanan of each barangay is the bearer of arts and culture, and usually trains crafters if none are living in the barangay. If the barangay has many skilled crafters, they teach their crafts to gifted students. Notable crafts made by ancient Tagalogs are boats, fans, agricultural materials, livestock instruments, spears, arrows, shields, accessories, jewelries, clothing, houses, paddles, fish gears, mortar and pestles, food utensils, musical instruments, bamboo and metal wears for inscribing messages, clay wears, toys, and many others. Tagalog woodworking practices include Paete carving, Baliuag furniture, Taal furniture, precolonial boat building , joinery , and Pakil woodshaving and whittling . Tagalog provinces practice
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#17327732072975952-409: The historical and regional native homelands of the Tagalogs, while Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Mindoro and Palawan comprise the majority of the Tagalog population—the two latter became the part of the now-defunct region of Southern Tagalog (which consisted of Aurora, Calabarzon and Mimaropa) as the reasons of heavy Tagalog migration resulting the widespread of the Tagalog language as
6048-436: The infant's name and acted as the surname. Historical examples of these practices are two of the perpetrators involved in the failed Tondo Conspiracy in 1587: Felipe Amarlangagui ( Ama ni Langkawi ), one of the chiefs of Tondo, and Don Luis Amanicalao ( Ama ni Kalaw ), his son. Later, in a document dated December 5, 1625, a man named Amadaha was said to be the father of a principalía named Doña Maria Gada. Colin noted that it
6144-563: The island of Mindoro . The most popular etymology for the endonym "Tagalog" is the term tagá-ilog , which means "people from [along] the river" (the prefix tagá- meaning "coming from" or "native of"). However, the Filipino historian Trinidad Pardo de Tavera in Etimología de los Nombres de Razas de Filipinas (1901) concludes that this origin is linguistically unlikely, because the i- in ilog should have been retained if it were
6240-787: The later 20th century a socialist political party known as the Common Wealth Party was active. Previously a similarly named party, the Commonwealth Land Party , was in existence. The period of Icelandic history from the establishment of the Althing in 930 to the pledge of fealty to the Norwegian king in 1262 is usually called the Icelandic Nation ( Icelandic : Þjóðveldið ) in Icelandic and
6336-483: The main lingua franca—since the Spanish colonial era when a migration policy was implemented to Tagalogs. This shares the same reason with Aurora, added by the event when formerly known as El Príncipe District was transferred from Nueva Ecija to Tayabas in U.S. colonial time until Tayabas renamed to Quezon Province in 1946, then Aurora was created as a sub-province of the latter in 1951 and became totally independent province in 1979. American colonial and postwar eras extended
6432-601: The modern province of Zambales, in turn, displacing the Aetas . Kapampangans settled Aurora alongside Aetas and Bugkalots. Tagalog and other Philippine histories in general are highly speculative before the 10th century, primarily due to lack of written sources. Most information on precolonial Tagalog culture is documented by observational writings by early Spanish explorers in the mid-16th century, alongside few precedents from indirect Portuguese accounts and archaeological finds. The maritime-oriented barangays of pre-Hispanic Tagalogs were shared with other coastal peoples throughout
6528-402: The modern synonym "public wealth"), it comes from the old meaning of " wealth ", which is "well-being", and was deemed analogous to the Latin res publica . The term literally meant "common well-being". In the 17th century, the definition of "commonwealth" expanded from its original sense of " public welfare " or " commonweal " to mean "a state in which the supreme power is vested in the people;
6624-414: The new capital, Manila. Metalworking is one of the most prominent trades of precolonial Tagalog, noted for the abundance of terms recorded in Vocabulario de la lengua tagala that is related to metalworking, signifying a sophisticated practice of this art which has died down during the colonial period. Goldworking in particular is of considerable significance among the Tagalogs. Gold (in Spanish, oro )
6720-400: The original Kapampangan settlers welcomed them; Bulacan and Nueva Ecija were natively Kapampangan when Spaniards arrived; majority of Kapampangans sold their lands to the newly arrived Tagalog settlers and others intermarried with and assimilated to the Tagalog, which made Bulacan and Nueva Ecija dominantly Tagalog, many of the Tagalog settlers arrived in Nueva Ecija directly from Bulacan; also,
6816-429: The outskirts of New Orleans, Louisiana . The Tagalog people played an active role during the 1896 Philippine Revolution and many of its leaders were either from Manila or surrounding provinces. The first Filipino president was Tagalog creole Emilio Aguinaldo . The Katipunan once intended to name the Philippines as Katagalugan, or the Tagalog Republic , and extended the meaning of these terms to all natives in
6912-466: The people living in higher elevations. Other authors, like the American anthropologist H. Otley Beyer , propose that tagá-álog meant "people of the ford /river crossing", from the modern meaning of the verb alog , which means "to wade". But this has been rejected by de Tavera as unlikely. Before the colonial period , the term "Tagalog" was originally used to differentiate lowland dwellers from mountain dwellers between Nagcarlan and Lamon Bay ,
7008-416: The periphery of the larger Maritime Silk Road like much of Borneo , Sulawesi and eastern Indonesia , notable influences from Hinduism and Buddhism were brought to southwest Luzon and other parts of the Philippine archipelago by largely intermediate Bornean, Malay , Cham , and Javanese traders by this time period, likely much earlier. The earliest document in Tagalog and general Philippine history
7104-659: The practice of adding Amani or Ynani before the first child's name. For those people of influence but without children, their relatives and acquaintances would throw a banquet where a new name would be given to the person; this new name was called pamagat . The name given was based on the person's old name, but it reflected excellence and was metaphorical. Tagalog cuisine is not defined ethnically or in centralized culinary institutions, but instead by town, province, or even region with specialized dishes developed largely at homes or various kinds of restaurants. Nonetheless, there are fundamental characteristics largely shared with most of
7200-648: The president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodical La Ilustración Española y Americana published in February 1897 ( "Andrés Bonifacio - Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala" ). Another name for Bonifacio's government was Repúblika ng Katagalugan (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month. Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows: An 1897 power struggle at
7296-562: The province of Bataan was established on January 11, 1757 out of territories belonging to Pampanga and the corregimiento of Mariveles , Tagalogs migrated to east Bataan, where Kapampangans assimilated to the Tagalogs. Kapampangans were displaced to the towns near Pampanga by that time, along with the Aetas. This happened again when British occupation of Manila happened in 1762, when many Tagalog refugees from Manila and north areas of Cavite escaped to Bulacan and to neighboring Nueva Ecija, where
7392-537: The reason for making the two areas part of Southern Tagalog . The first documented Asian-origin people to arrive in North America after the beginning of European colonization were a group of Filipinos known as "Luzonians" or Luzon Indians who were part of the crew and landing party of the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de la Buena Esperanza . The ship set sail from Macau and landed in Morro Bay in what
7488-461: The regional lingua franca of trade and many polities enculturated Islamic Malay customs and governance to varying degrees, including Tagalogs and other coastal Philippine peoples. According to Bruneian folklore, at around 1500 Sultan Bolkiah launched a successful northward expedition to break Tondo's monopoly as a regional entrepot of the Chinese trade and established Maynila (Selurong?) across
7584-482: The relatively larger suprabarangay bayan of the Pasig River delta that served as a hub for slave trading. Such specialization also applied to other large towns like Cebu , Butuan , Jolo , and Cotabato . Tagalog barangays, especially around Manila Bay , were typically larger than most Philippine polities due to a largely flat geography of their environment hosting extensive irrigated rice agriculture (then
7680-571: The rest of the Philippine archipelago alike all conducted business in Maynila, and to a lesser extent along the Batangas and Mindoro coasts. However, in a broader scope of Southeast Asian trade the bayan served a niche regional market comparable to smaller trade towns in Borneo, Sulawesi, and Maluku. On May 19, 1571, Miguel López de Legazpi gave the title "city" to the colony of Manila. The title
7776-460: The rule of Oliver Cromwell and his son and successor Richard . From 1653 to 1659, although still legally known as a Commonwealth, the republic, united with the former Kingdom of Scotland , operated under different institutions (at times as a de facto monarchy) and is known by historians as the Protectorate . In a British context, it is sometimes referred to as the "Old Commonwealth". In
7872-686: The sparsely populated valley of the Zambales region was later settled by migrants, largely from the Tagalog and Ilocos regions , leading to the assimilation of Sambals to the Tagalog and Ilocano settlers and to the modern decline in the Sambal identity and language. The same situation happened in modern north Quezon and modern Aurora, where it was repopulated by settlers from Tagalog and Ilocos regions, with other settlers from Cordillera and Isabela , and married with some Aeta and Bugkalots , this led to
7968-400: The streets and alleyways during the festivities. Notable Tagalog weaving customs include: The majority of Tagalogs before colonization wore garments woven by the locals, much of which showed sophisticated designs and techniques. The Boxer Codex displays the intricacies and high standards of Tagalog clothing, especially among the gold-draped high society. High society members, which include
8064-637: The term. Translations of Ancient Roman writers' works to English have on occasion translated " Res publica ", and variants thereof, to "the commonwealth", a term referring to the Roman state as a whole. The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit ( de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy) that replaced the Kingdom of England (after the English Civil War ) from 1649 to 1653 and 1659 to 1660, under
8160-456: Was Bonifacio's neologism which sought to express and adapt in native terms the Western concept of "republic", from Latin res publica , meaning public thing or commonwealth . Since haring bayan means both "sovereign nation" and "sovereign people", where sovereign power is held by the nation/people, his concept was essentially democratic and republican in nature. Thus Bonifacio is named as
8256-415: Was a practice among Tagalogs to add -in to female names to differentiate them from men. He provided an example in his work: "Si Ilog, the name of a male; Si Iloguin, the name of a female." Colin also wrote that Tagalog people used diminutives for children, and had appellations for various relationships. They also had these appellations for ancestors and descendants. By the time Colin wrote his work in
8352-482: Was based in the mountains of Morong (today, the province of Rizal ), and held the presidency with Francisco Carreón as vice president . In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to self-determination at a time when support for independence was considered a crime by the American colonial government . The republic ended in 1906 when Sakay and his leading followers surrendered on July 14 to
8448-751: Was certified on June 19, 1572. Under Spain, Manila became the colonial entrepot in the Far East . The Philippines was a Spanish colony administered under the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the governor-general of the Philippines who ruled from Manila was sub-ordinate to the viceroy in Mexico City . Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen, including Vocabulario de la lengua tagala by Pedro de San Buenaventura ( Pila, Laguna , 1613), Pablo Clain 's Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (beginning of
8544-420: Was given the title mancomunidad ( Catalan : mancomunitat ), which is translated into English as "commonwealth". The Commonwealth of Catalonia had limited powers and was formed as a federation of the four Catalan provinces. A number of Catalan-language institutions were created during its existence. Between 1838 and 1847, Liberia was officially known as the "Commonwealth of Liberia". It changed its name to
8640-638: Was likely female royalty. All of the aforementioned polities seemed to have close relations elsewhere with the polities of Dewata and Mdang, theorized to be the present-day area of Butuan in Mindanao and the Mataram Kingdom in Java. Additionally, several records from Song China and Brunei mention a particular polity called Ma-i , the earliest in 971. Several places within Tagalog-speaking areas contend for its location: Bulalacao (formerly Mait ), Bay , and Malolos . Ma-i had close trade relations with
8736-516: Was mentioned in 228 entries in Vocabulario de la lengua tagala . In the 16th-century Tagalog region, the region of Paracale (modern-day Camarines Norte ) was noted for its abundance in gold. Paracale is connected to the archipelago's largest port, Manila, through the Tayabas province and Pila, Laguna . The Tagalog term for gold, still in use today, is ginto . The craftsman who works on metal
8832-466: Was more than a secret revolutionary society; it was, withal, a Government. It was the intention of Bonifacio to have the Katipunan govern the whole Philippines after the overthrow of Spanish rule. Likewise, Renato Constantino and others wrote that the Katipunan served as a shadow government. Influenced by Freemasonry , the Katipunan had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership". For each province it involved,
8928-437: Was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly re-edited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila. The indigenous poet Francisco Baltazar (1788–1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the early 19th-century epic Florante at Laura . Prior to Spanish arrival and Catholic seeding,
9024-534: Was the largest entrepot within the Philippine archipelago primarily from retailing Chinese and Japanese manufactured goods and wares throughout Luzon, the Visayan islands (where Bisaya would mistakenly call Tagalog and Bornean traders alike as Sina ), Palawan , Sulu , and Maguindanao . Tagalog (alongside Kapampangan) traders also worked elsewhere as far as Timor and Canton . Bruneian , Malay , Chinese , Japanese , Siamese , Khmer , Cham , and traders from
9120-559: Was the mother's business to give them names. Generally, the name was taken from the child's circumstances at the time of birth. In his work, Colin gave an example of how names were given: "For example, Maliuag, which means 'difficult', because of the difficulty of the birth; Malacas, which signifies 'strong', for it is thought that the infant will be strong." A surname was only given upon the birth of one's first child. Fathers added Amani ( Ama ni in modern Tagalog), while mothers added Ynani ( Ina ni in modern Tagalog); these names preceded
9216-517: Was then reserved for Spaniards born in the islands. By eschewing " Filipino " and "Filipinas" which had colonial roots, Bonifacio and his cohorts "sought to form a national identity." In 1896, the Philippine Revolution broke out after the discovery of the Katipunan by the authorities. Prior to the outbreak of hostilities, the Katipunan had become an open revolutionary government. The American historian John R. M. Taylor , custodian of
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