143-602: Caloocan , officially the City of Caloocan ( Filipino : Lungsod ng Kalookan ; IPA: [kalɔˈʔokan] ), is a highly urbanized city in Metro Manila , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 1,661,584 people making it the fourth-most populous city in the Philippines . Caloocan is divided into two geographical locations with a total combined area of 5,333.40 hectares (13,179.1 acres),
286-423: A poblacion , or the center of Marikina. At present, it is 38% residential , 19% commercial and industrial , 17% Roads , 8% Mixed-use , 18% for parks and open spaces, development areas, institutional , cemeteries and others. Located along the eastern border of Metro Manila , it is bordered on the west by Quezon City , to the south by Pasig and Cainta, Rizal , to the north by San Mateo, Rizal and to
429-461: A toponym comes from the Tagalog words lo-ok that translates to " bay ", sulok that means "corner" suggested by its location between the ends of the present-day Malabon and Tondo, Manila , and kalook-lookan (or kaloob-looban ) meaning "innermost area". The city's name is colloquially spelled Kalookan . Historically, it was called Kaloogan , meaning "interior territory," which evolved from
572-401: A town . In 1665 , an intensity 8 earthquake struck the valley and nearby Manila, and it is related to the activity now known as Marikina Valley Fault System . Only a Jesuit church experienced great damage and resulting in 19 deaths in the said earthquake. In 1787, the town was called "Mariquina" after Felix Berenguer de Marquina , who was the governor-general at that time, and the town
715-403: A boycott and his camp waged the disinformation. Meanwhile, a delay of counting of ballots due to lack of Commission on Elections personnel led to some 200 teachers abandoning their posts, taking with them canvassing sheets and less than 16,000 unvalidated ballots. The counting proceeded with some employees of the local government treasury assisted in validation of votes. Despite the turnout yet
858-570: A case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led a "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted
1001-677: A decreased crime rate in Caloocan. However, the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF) noted in 2020 that Malapitan's mayorship was characterized with a passivity towards President Rodrigo Duterte 's war on drugs during its first year (2016–2017), with Malapitan asking the local branch of the Philippine National Police (PNP) to take charge of crime control and work vigorously against illegal drugs, which PRIF claimed to have "resulted in
1144-453: A dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández. Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly re-edited, with the latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila. Spanish served in an official capacity as language of
1287-573: A highly urbanized central business district and a major urban center in the Northern District of Metropolitan Manila. North Caloocan shares its border with Quezon City and Valenzuela, Marilao , Meycauayan and San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan , and Rodriguez in the province of Rizal. It is composed of mostly residential subdivisions and extensive resettlement areas with scattered distribution of industrial estates mostly within road transit points and intersections. Caloocan as
1430-557: A huge spike of deadly police violence" and "excessive levels of vigilantism" during this period. Many of the high-profile incidents in Duterte's national drug war occurred in Caloocan, including the murders of Luis Bonifacio and his son Gabriel in 2016 and the murders of Kian delos Santos, Carl Arnaiz and Reynaldo de Guzman in 2017. Bishop Pablo Virgilio David of the Diocese of Kalookan met with Malapitan, lawyer Sikini Labastilla, and
1573-591: A hundred years. Caloocan is historically significant because it was the center of activities for the Katipunan , the secret militant society that launched the Philippine Revolution during the Spanish occupation of the Philippines. In a house in Caloocan, secret meetings were held by Andrés Bonifacio and his men, and it was in the city's perimeters where the first armed encounter took place between
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#17327660751081716-486: A hybrid system for its barangays, further dividing the cities into 16 zones. Among the cities in Metro Manila, only Manila, Pasay and Caloocan implement the so-called "Zone Systems". A zone is a group of barangays in a district. Although a zone is considered a subdivision in the local government units, the people do not elect a leader for the zone in a popular election similar to the normal barangay or local elections as
1859-477: A local historian named Servando de los Angeles, the first settlers of Marikina are the descendants of Lakan Dula, known as the head of the ruling House of Dula and the pre-hispanic king of the Lakanate of Tondo. It happened when Lakan Dula sent his descendants to far away lands within sea and river routes. The riverbanks of Marikina were then settled by river dwellers or "taga-ilog", these natives were discovered by
2002-506: A month earlier; only newly assigned police chief Jemar Modequillo and his administration deputy were retained. Although Modequillo attempted to instill discipline in the city's police force and reduce the number of deaths in police operations in the months after his assignment, he was characterized by his support for Duterte's drug war and observance of his mandate. In March 2018, a spate of drive-by shootings perpetrated by pairs of motorcyclists, locally known as "riding-in-tandem", occurred in
2145-493: A new curfew for minors (from 10 p.m. to 5 a.m.) and placed the liability on their parents in response to the police murders of delos Santos, Arnaiz and de Guzman. By mid-September, Caloocan's entire police force was relieved from duty by PNP Chief Oscar Albayalde , despite it receiving the award for Metro Manila's Best City Police Station from the National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO)
2288-469: A number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a "Manila Lingua Franca" which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit
2431-416: A number of shopping malls and stand-alone supermarkets and hypermarkets. In the southern part are SM City Grand Central (on the former site of Ever Gotesco Grand Central), Puregold Monumento, Puregold Maypajo, Victory Central Mall, Araneta Square, Uniwide Warehouse Club Monumento, LRT Caloocan Mall, SM Hypermarket Monumento, SM Center Sangandaan, 999 Shopping Mall Caloocan, and Walter Mart Caloocan. On
2574-558: A result of the 1949 expansion of Quezon City , which absorbed much of its territory. It was formerly part of the Province of Rizal in southern Luzon. It comprises what is known as the CAMANAVA area along with the cities of Malabon , Navotas and Valenzuela . South Caloocan is bordered by Manila , Quezon City, Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela. The presence of commercial and industrial activities combined with residential areas make it
2717-552: A study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language. Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra , who sat as the chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans , the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing
2860-429: A week and was known as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language). In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language. this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of
3003-401: A whole. The 1st district of Caloocan was once the country's most populous legislative district, with 1.19 million persons as of 2015, prior to the creation of the 3rd district that was excised from it. Most residents speak Filipino ( Tagalog ) and English , with considerable numbers speaking other languages and dialects of the Philippines . Like many other places in the country, Caloocan
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#17327660751083146-475: Is a historic district because it was the original site of the "Cry of Pugad Lawin" (Unang Sigaw sa Balintawak) at a location called "Kang-kong" near Tandang Sora 's house. Novaliches was an expansive sector with some hillsides that served as meeting places and hideouts for Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan . During the American occupation, there was a consolidation of several municipalities. Caloocan annexed
3289-801: Is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Usually, the diacritics are not written, and the syntax and grammar are based on that of Tagalog . the General Assembly proclaims this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among
3432-459: Is also prone to various natural disasters, including the major floodings during the onslaught of Typhoon Unsang in 1988, Typhoon Ondoy in 2009, Tropical Storm Falcon and Typhoon Pedring in 2011, seasonal southwest monsoon in 2012 and 2016 , and Typhoon Ulysses in 2020. Primarily, flooding within Marikina is caused by the increase of water level in major rivers and its tributaries from
3575-600: Is argued that current state of the Filipino language is contrary to the intention of Republic Act (RA) No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages. It is further argued that, while the official view (shared by the government, the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino , and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages, in practical terms, Filipino may be considered
3718-408: Is bordered on the south by Manila , on the east by Quezon City , on the west by Navotas , on the north-northwest by Malabon , and on the north by Valenzuela . North Caloocan, with an area of 39.709 square kilometers (15.332 sq mi), shares its border on the south-southeast by Quezon City , on the southwest by Valenzuela , on the north by Marilao , Meycauayan and San Jose del Monte in
3861-566: Is composed of 64 barangays, which include Barangays 1 to 4, 77 to 85, 132 to 164 in South Caloocan and Barangays 165 to 177 in North Caloocan. The 2nd District is composed of 118 barangays, which include Barangays 5 to 76 and 86 to 131, all in South Caloocan. 3rd District, which was created in 2021, includes 11 barangays in North Caloocan that were formerly part of the 1st District, which include Barangays 178 to 188. The city uses
4004-456: Is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and " Imperial Manila ", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues". This
4147-405: Is home to some of major companies such as Fortune Tobacco , Philip Morris , Armscor and Noritake . Sumulong Highway is the center of business and local trade, and it has mixed establishments such as banking, boutiques, retail shops, electronics, appliances, and other consumer needs. Almost all the major international and local commercial and government banks in the Philippines operate branches in
4290-471: Is located. It continues south and meets Balanti Creek which occupies the west bank, parts of Barangay Santo Niño and Barangay Santa Elena. From the southeastmost, it occupies Marikina Midtown Subdivision in Barangay San Roque. The south portion is sliced by Marikina-Infanta Highway occupies the north side of the highway and LRT-2 Marikina–Pasig station , and extends to the west until it occupies
4433-543: Is not a tonal language and can be considered a pitch-accent language and a syllable-timed language. It has nine basic parts of speech . The Philippines is a multilingual state with 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from a common Malayo-Polynesian language due to the Austronesian migration from Taiwan. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages, and usually through
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4576-401: Is now generally known as Grace Park. Caloocan became a municipality when it was separated from Tondo in 1815. Its original territory extended to the foothills of Marikina , San Mateo and Montalban to the east; Tinajeros , Tanza , and Tala rivers to the north; San Juan del Monte , San Francisco del Monte , Sampalok , Santa Cruz and Tondo in the south; and Dagat-dagatan and Aromahan to
4719-422: Is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. Its barangays are grouped into two districts for city council representation purposes. The first district encompasses the southern section of the city, while the second district encompasses the northern section. Among these barangays, 11 are traversed by Marikina River mostly on the west section of the city. Marikina features a tropical monsoon climate . Its proximity to
4862-477: Is predominantly Roman Catholic . It is home to the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalookan in its southern part, while its northern part is under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches . There is also a significant presence of Iglesia ni Cristo and other Protestant churches in the city. Poverty incidence of Caloocan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority According to
5005-424: Is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media. The other yardstick for distinguishing a language from a dialect is: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa);
5148-414: Is the indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in the Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups . However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of
5291-476: Is the principal drainage system for Marikina. Its depth measures from 12 meters up to 18 meters during the heavy downpour. Rehabilitation of the River started in 1992. The river traverses 11 city barangays which have streets and alleys going to the river, making river parks easily accessible. River parks today are popular sports and recreational centers not only in Metro Manila but throughout the Philippines. Marikina
5434-694: Is the seat of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados , the Patron Saint of Marikina. The majority of the city's population is Roman Catholic . Alternative incarnations of Christianity promoting their version of faith in the Philippines include Iglesia ni Cristo , the Seventh-day Adventist Church , Members Church of God International , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the Philippine Independent Church or popularly known as Aglipayan Church,
5577-818: Is used in education and business. Marikina was one of the seats of the Spanish colonial government in past centuries and has been used as the base of Roman Catholic missions to the Philippines . Religious orders include the Dominicans , the Franciscans , the Jesuits and the Augustinians , which were the first to arrive in Marikina. The Our Lady of the Abandoned Church , completed in 1572,
5720-593: The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages. On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino
5863-477: The City of Marikina ( Filipino : Lungsod ng Marikina ), is a highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 456,159 people. Located along the eastern border of Metro Manila , Marikina is the main gateway of Metro Manila to Rizal and Quezon provinces through Marikina–Infanta Highway . It is bordered on
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6006-502: The Department of Trade and Industry 's Cities & Municipalities Competitive Index, Caloocan has an economic dynamism of 20% as of 2024, ranking 15th among local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines. Caloocan's 10th Avenue area is well known for its clusters of motorcycle dealers and motorcycle spare parts dealers. Among the major and famous streets are P. Zamora Street and A. Mabini Street. Numerous banks have branches in
6149-772: The Ilokano-speaking regions ), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans ), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos ), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans ), Hadji Butu (the languages of Muslim Filipinos ), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs ). The Institute of National Language adopted a resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving
6292-806: The LRT-2 Santolan station and reaches the Marikina River in Barangay Calumpang, near BFCT East Metro Terminal. The east occupies the southernmost of Quezon City hills which lies Barangay Industrial Valley and sliced by C5 Road occupies the west side until it reaches the Ateneo de Manila University campus. The east side of the campus covers the city, lies in Barangay Barangka, extending to the north and sliced by several roads of Loyola Grand Villas and Barangay Tumana, which covers
6435-547: The Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano , Cebuano , Hiligaynon , or any of the other Philippine languages . He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that the national language be developed and enriched by
6578-565: The North Luzon East Expressway and North Access Link Expressway are slated to traverse Caloocan. Filipino language Filipino ( English: / ˌ f ɪ l ɪ ˈ p iː n oʊ / , FIH-lih-PEE-noh ; Wikang Filipino , [ˈwi.kɐŋ fi.liˈpi.no̞] ) is a language under the Austronesian language family . It is the national language ( Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika ) of
6721-529: The Philippine Commission . In 1942, Caloocan was one of the municipalities of Rizal merged alongside Manila and Quezon City to form the City of Greater Manila as an emergency measure by President Manuel L. Quezon . It regained its pre-war status as a municipality of Rizal when the City of Greater Manila was dissolved effective August 1, 1945. In 1961, after Republic Act No. 3278 was approved by
6864-616: The Philippine Congress , a plebiscite was conducted. Caloocan was officially inducted into cityhood on February 16, 1962. Caloocan remained a city of the province of Rizal until November 7, 1975, when it became a part of the National Capital Region or Metro Manila , by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 824. Caloocan once encompassed a much larger, contiguous area. The districts of Balintawak , La Loma and Novaliches were once part of Caloocan. Balintawak
7007-402: The Philippine Revolution . Following the onset of American occupation it was then organized as a municipality of Rizal Province, prior to the formation of Metro Manila in 1975. Formerly a rural settlement, Marikina is now primarily residential and industrial and has become increasingly commercial in recent years. The City of Marikina is considered one of the wealthiest local government units in
7150-428: The Philippines , lingua franca (Karaniwang wika), and one of the two official languages ( Wikang opisyal / Opisyal na wika ) of the country, with English . It is a standardized variety of the native language Tagalog , spoken and written in Metro Manila , the National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by
7293-836: The Sierra Madre mountains of Antipolo where the Meteor Homes Subdivision and Empress Subdivision are located. It continues south and occupies La Milagrosa Village in Barangay Marikina Heights and Rancho Estates 2 and 3 in Barangay Concepcion Dos. The southeast slices by Quiling Malaki Creek (where the Sapang Baho River originated) and occupies the north bank where the Barangay Conception Dos
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#17327660751087436-713: The Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language. Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil . On August 22, 2007, it
7579-642: The World War II , Japanese Imperial forces occupied Marikina. The town was liberated in 1945 by combined United States and Philippine Commonwealth ground troops, who attacked the Japanese Imperial Army by artillery from Quezon City . Almost all of the large buildings, including the church bell tower, were destroyed. In reality, the Japanese had already left the town and retreated to the north. The town saw over 400 civilians casualties by
7722-435: The 1937 selection. The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and the other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took
7865-533: The 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the national language. The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language. In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to disassociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group . The changing of the name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non- Tagalogs , especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted
8008-420: The 2015 Census, the population of the city was 450,741. The population of Marikina is near half a million, making it one of the most densely populated areas in the Philippines. Like other places in Metro Manila, the original settlers of Marikina were Tagalog . There has been a constant migration of other ethnic groups in the Philippines . Tagalog is widely spoken and the main language in Marikina, while English
8151-642: The Augustinians as they explored along the riverbanks during 1570's. Then during 1630's Jesuits arrived and there is when Christianity spread in Marikina, since the Jesuits have had the ecclesiastical control and supervision over the land.The Augustinians first to arrived at the valley in the late 16th century, at the spot known as Chorillo in Barangka . In 1572, Our Lady of the Abandoned Parish
8294-686: The Caloocan–Malabon boundary. In North Caloocan, all surface waters consist of natural streams, the longest being the Meycauayan-Marilao River dividing Caloocan and Bulacan. Others include the Bagong Silang River, Tala, Camarin, Pasong Malapad, and Bagumbong Creeks crossing multiple subdivisions, for 52.7 kilometers (32.7 mi) long within the city's territorial boundaries. Currently, Caloocan has 193 barangays divided into 3 legislative districts . The 1st District
8437-534: The Commission on Settlement of Land Problems (COSLAP) resulted to the nullification of its decision. On the other hand, its dispute with Quezon City revolves around the latter's Barangay Baesa. Moreover, the city governments of Caloocan and Malabon signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) in 2014 to develop 80 hectares (200 acres) of disputed land located within Caloocan's Libis Baesa area and Malabon's Barangay Potrero. The MOU preempted any court decisions on
8580-700: The Directories of the Philippines Corporation, prefer the spelling "Kalookan." Originally, Caloocan was the area where the old town of Tondo and Tambobong met, located along the shores of Dagat-Dagatan, a crescent-shaped inland lagoon to the west. The settlement along the shore was called "Aromahan", or "Espina" to the Spaniards, and was separated from Manila Bay by a narrow ridge from Tondo towards an opening in Kinabutasan leading to
8723-713: The Dutch. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala , was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomás Pinpin in Pila , Laguna . A latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote
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#17327660751088866-408: The Filipino language. Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that: as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. And also states in the article: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain
9009-422: The Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar , author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura . In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year. This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year. Now coinciding with
9152-417: The Katipunan and the Spaniards. The revolution erupted after the " Cry of Balintawak " led by Andres Bonifacio against their oppressors on August 30, 1896. In 1899, the people of Caloocan showed resistance to coming to terms with the Americans, who were bent on extending their supremacy over the country. The men of Caloocan fought the new invaders on February 23, 1899, however victory eluded the local troops on
9295-465: The Malay language, the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, these were able to adopt terms that ultimately originate from other languages such as Japanese , Hokkien , Sanskrit , Tamil , and Arabic . The Malay language was generally used by the ruling classes and the merchants from the states and various cultures in the Philippine archipelago for international communication as part of maritime Southeast Asia. In fact, Filipinos first interacted with
9438-656: The Novaliches Series, covering 96% of the total land area of the city. The Novaliches Series is composed of reddish brown soil, friable in consistency and granular in structure. Spherical concretions are present in the subsoil and underneath is tuffaceous material of varying degrees of disintegration and weathering. This tuffaceous material is exposed by extensive erosion in some places. Caloocan has surface waters that either have natural courses (creeks and rivers) or were constructed to serve as drainages to remove excess water from soil surfaces. South Caloocan has about 5.0-kilometer-long (3.1 mi) open drainage canals that serve mainly
9581-422: The Novaliches is now called North Caloocan. This split Caloocan into two parts: a more urbanized southern section and a suburban-rural northern section, which is part of Novaliches. In 1957, the sitio of Bagbaguin was separated from the barrio of Caybiga (Kaybiga) and converted into a distinct barrio known as Barrio Bagbaguin. Issues concerning budget and handling village governments led to attempts to restructure
9724-417: The Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased. The United States initiated policies that led to the gradual removal of Spanish from official use in the Philippines. This was not done through an outright ban, but rather through a strategic shift in language policy that promoted English as the primary language for education, governance, and law. At present, Spanish
9867-480: The Philippines", has re-emerged as a town of shoemakers after World War II. Honed by years of shoe manufacturing experience, the natives had developed a work ethic that prepared them for the arrival of heavy industries. With the industrial plants came waves of workers who chose to stay, rapidly increasing the population. In November 1959, Osmundo de Guzman was elected mayor of Marikina. In 1968, Kapitan Moy's house (now known as Sentrong Pangkultura ng Marikina)
10010-403: The Philippines. Marikina is known as the "Shoe Capital of the Philippines" owing to its famous shoe industry . It is the biggest manufacturer of shoes in the Philippines, producing almost 70% of shoes made in the country. Located in the city are the Philippine International Footwear Center and the Shoe Museum , housing the infamous shoe collection of former First Lady Imelda Marcos , wife of
10153-406: The Sierra Madre mountains, followed by overflowing from its riverbanks to low-lying areas throughout the city. Another major threat is fault lines in Marikina caused by earthquakes . West Valley Fault Line , previously known as Marikina Fault Line, lies at the west Marikina. City Center zone ( Poblacion ) Newtown zone (Ibayo) Riverside zone (Tabing-Ilog) Foothills zone (Bundok) Marikina
10296-520: The Spaniards using the Malay language. In addition to this, 16th-century chroniclers of the time noted that the kings and lords in the islands usually spoke around five languages. Spanish intrusion into the Philippine islands started in 1565 with the fall of Cebu. The eventual capital established by Spain for its settlement in the Philippines was Manila , situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after
10439-561: The adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation. On December 31 of the same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving
10582-476: The birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration". In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos . It
10725-652: The capture of Manila from the Muslim Kingdom of Luzon ruled by Raja Matanda with the heir apparent Raja Sulayman and the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Lakan Dula . After its fall to the Spaniards, Manila was made the capital of the Spanish settlement in Asia due to the city's commercial wealth and influence, its strategic location, and Spanish fears of raids from the Portuguese and
10868-458: The city comprises numerous commercial, industrial and residential areas, heritage sites and mixed use zones, while the north and northeast portion are primarily residential and industrial zones, and various establishments such as small and medium enterprises . Loyola Grand Villas and Trevi Executive Village, located at the northwest portion of the city, are gated communities with upper-middle class and wealthy residents. Barangay Santa Elena represents
11011-703: The city police chief, all three of whom were members of the Caloocan City Anti-Drug Abuse Council (CADAC), sometime in 2017 to discuss how to better facilitate rehabilitation and drug prevention in the city during the drug war, which lead to the establishment of the Caloocan Anti-Drug Abuse Office (CADAO) in early September through an ordinance written by councilor Rose Mercado . Caloocan also passed Ordinance No. 702, sponsored by councilors Mercado, Onet Henson and Alou Nubla, in early September that implemented
11154-583: The city such as BDO , EastWest Bank , MetroBank , PSBank , Maybank , Chinabank , Bank of the Philippine Islands , UnionBank , Philippine National Bank , Philippine Business Bank , Bank of Makati , Security Bank , Land Bank of the Philippines , Sterling Bank of Asia , Bank of Commerce , Philtrust Bank , Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation , Malayan Bank, Bank One Savings & Trust Corporation, WealthBank, Rural Bank of Caloocan, and Our Lady of Grace Credit Cooperative. The city also has
11297-420: The city's barangays since late 1980s. A bill authored by city's 1st district representative Virgilio Robles, which aimed to reduce the barangays from 188 to 60—thirty in each legislative district —was approved as Republic Act (RA) No. 6714 on February 28, 1989. A plebiscite was held on March 10; with a turnout of only 10% of 384,981 registered voters, majority of the participated voters reportedly opposed
11440-481: The city's newest (15th and 16th), in 2007. On September 26, 2009, Marikina was severely affected by Tropical Storm Ketsana ( Ondoy ), which submerged majority of Metro Manila, with Marikina River reaching a record high, more than 21 meters, and half of its barangays flooded, particularly in Tumana (also the hardest-hit by the 2012 rains); resulted to 70 deaths and more than ₱ 27 million worth of damage. Almost
11583-512: The city. By next month, councilors Mercado, Nubla and PJ Malonzo proposed an ordinance that would ban motorcycle-riding male tandems, but upon the protest of motorcycle clubs, however, mayor Malapitan stated that changes will first be made to the proposed ordinance before he signs it into law. Caloocan is divided into two non-contiguous areas with a total combined area of 53.334 square kilometers (20.592 sq mi). South Caloocan, with an area of 13.625 square kilometers (5.261 sq mi),
11726-499: The claim that it was based on police files. The movie depicted three of seven highly-publicized rape-murder cases occurred from 1993 until late January 1994; majority were claimed solved by the municipal police. Then district representative Romeo Candazo authored the cityhood filed in the Congress which, on November 6, 1996, was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos as Republic Act (RA) No. 8223 . A plebiscite
11869-469: The creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta. The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention . While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of the delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping
12012-561: The development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages. On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating the Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making
12155-454: The dispute that began in 2001, when Malabon, upon its conversion to a highly urbanized city, took control over lands formerly under Caloocan's jurisdiction. As of 2020, the city has a population of 1,661,584 people, which makes it the fourth largest city in the Philippines in terms of population. Under the same census year, Caloocan South (Barangays 1 to 164) was recorded as having a population of 585,091, and Caloocan North (Barangays 165 to 188)
12298-625: The division of Bagong Silang into six distinct barangays: 176-A, 176-B, 176-C, 176-D, 176-E, and 176-F. Barangay 76 , meanwhile, is the least populous barangay in Metro Manila with a population of 2. It used to be an informal settlement and its entire 2.8-hectare (6.9-acre) area is now predominated by retail buildings. Caloocan has two unresolved boundary disputes. Its dispute with San Jose del Monte , Bulacan , docketed as G.R. No. 142601 dated October 23, 2006, particularly encompasses portions of Pangarap Village and apparently Bankers Village 2 that are once part of Tala Estate. The lack of jurisdiction of
12441-465: The east by Antipolo , the capital of Rizal province. It is approximately 21 kilometers (13 mi) away from Manila and lies within 14°38′24″N 121°5′50″E / 14.64000°N 121.09722°E / 14.64000; 121.09722 . From the north, Marikina occupies the south bank of the Nangka River, parts of Barangay Nangka and Barangay Fortune. The east slices at the foot of
12584-532: The east part of the village until it reaches Marikina River and its tributary Nangka River in the northernmost point. Marikina River runs to the western part of the city and is surrounded by many lush trees in the Marikina River Park on the riverbanks. The south portion of the river is surrounded by structures and concrete walkways. The river covers an area of around 220 hectares (540 acres) and measures about 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) in length and
12727-486: The end of World War II. Local Filipino troops under the pre-war 4th and 42nd Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army entered Marikina and assisted U.S. forces in attacking Japanese troops during the liberation. The general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was rebuilt and stationed in Marikina after the war. In 1956, Marikina was given the title of "Shoe Capital of
12870-538: The equator means that the temperature range is very small, rarely going lower than 18 °C (64 °F) or higher than 38 °C (100 °F). However, humidity levels are usually very high, which makes it feel much warmer. It has a distinct, relatively short dry season from January through May, and a relatively lengthy wet season, from June through December. The native people in Marikina refer to themselves as " Marikeño " (or Marikenyo , in Filipino ). According to
13013-509: The first Alcalde Capitan of Mariquina in 1822. During the Philippine Revolution in 1896, Andrés Bonifacio arrived in Mariquina before he and his Katipuneros proceeded to the caves of Montalban . Mariquina became the capital of the Province of Manila in 1898, when the Philippine Revolution broke out, a period when Philippine Independence was declared by Emilio Aguinaldo , the first Philippine president . Don Vicente Gomez became
13156-556: The first Alcalde Presidente of Mariquina in 1900. On June 11, 1901, shortly after the United States took possession of the Philippines, its name officially became "Marikina". The province of Rizal was created by virtue of Act No. 137 by the First Philippine Commission which was acting as the unicameral legislative body in the island of Luzon . Marikina, along with many other towns around Manila ,
13299-710: The following factors: On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946 (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year, the Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language ) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced
13442-557: The former old tracks of the line). The company also constructed three stations in Marikina, connecting between Montalban (known today as Rodriguez , in Rizal Province) and Rosario (known today as Tramo, in Pasig ). Marikina Bridge, a vital economic link to Manila, was formally opened in 1934. Marikina Airfield was completed and used as a civilian airfield during the train line construction. The runway were subsequently converted into
13585-524: The government during the Spanish period. Spanish played a significant role in unifying the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands with a multitude of ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Before Spanish rule, the archipelago was not a unified nation, but rather a collection of independent kingdoms, sultanates, and tribes, each with its own language and customs. During the American colonial period , English became an additional official language of
13728-469: The idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution , in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of a common national language, termed Filipino , to replace Pilipino. Neither
13871-563: The late Filipino president, Ferdinand Marcos . The city is under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antipolo . It contains the Our Lady of the Abandoned Church , the oldest in the Marikina Valley, built in 1572. In view of the non-existence of records or documents on how the name Marikina came into being, the following legends were gathered from elder residents of the different barrios in Marikina. According to
14014-468: The latter national. This is similar to the comparison between Castilian and Spanish , or Mandarin and Chinese . Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same, sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at
14157-417: The leadership of Bayani Fernando . Marikina River was transformed into a waterway, with the Marikina River Park along the riverbanks. In 1994, less than a month prior to the public release of the movie "Massacre Files" ( "Marikina Files" as earlier reported) by Regal Films , it was criticized by the local government, citing that it may damage the image of the locality, with mayor Fernando questioning
14300-408: The lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working. On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows: Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino
14443-551: The lowest point is in the southern part of Dagat-Dagatan at about 0.993 meters (3 ft 3.1 in) above mean sea level. North Caloocan is characterized by gently to steeply undulating to rolling topography with slopes ranging from 3–18%, mostly seen in the northern and central portion, gradually transforming into a southward trend of flat lands down to the southwestern tip of the boundary. Being accessible to major roads, many industrial and residential subdivisions have been developed on this near-level land. The geologic formation of
14586-636: The majority ratified the cityhood, the following day, the COMELEC eventually declared the municipality as a highly urbanized city , citing that the unvalidated ballots does not affect those counted already. Marikina became the ninth city in Metro Manila . In 2006, under RA No. 9364 signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , Marikina was divided into two congressional districts , being served by two representatives since 2007. Fortune and Tumana, two sitios in barangays Parang and Concepcion Uno respectively, were converted into independent barangays ,
14729-463: The municipal board, requiring the city departments to use the name "Kalookan." However, execution of the resolution was interrupted due to martial law imposed nationwide in September 1972. In 1988, Councilor Aurora Asistio-Henson proposed Resolution No. 006, aiming to promote Filipino nationalism by enforcing the spelling "Kalookan" in all city departments and establishments. Despite this, the change
14872-613: The neighboring town of Novaliches on October 12, 1903, as stated in the Act No. 942 of the Philippine Commission , bringing its total area to about 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres). When Commonwealth Act No. 502 created Quezon City in 1939, Caloocan ceded 1,500 hectares of land from the barrios or sitios of Bagubantay (Bago Bantay), Balintauac (Balintawák), Balingasa , Kaingin, Kangkong (present-day Apolonio Samson), La Loma, Malamig, Matalahib (present-day Santo Domingo), Masambong, Galas, San Isidro, San José, Santol and Tatalon . Instead of opposing
15015-837: The northern part, particularly in Bagumbong, Kaybiga, Llano, and Tala, while plastic and steel industries are concentrated in the southern part. Tala hosts the Victoria Wave Special Economic Zone, a 25-hectare (62-acre) registered zone under the Philippine Economic Zone Authority . NLEX Corporation , the concession holder of the North Luzon Expressway , is headquartered in Caloocan. The expressway's main section, NLEX Harbor Link , and NLEX Connector traverse through South Caloocan. Planned expressways such as
15158-401: The official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it. Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based". The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin,
15301-413: The old Tagalog word "loog" (synonymous with "loob," meaning "inside"). The "g" sound could have shifted to the "k" sound in Tagalog phonetics (e.g. baksak → bagsak), leading to the present name of the city. There is a mixed preference over the preferred spelling of the city's name. Variation, and the apparent confusion over the spelling, came about during the early 1970s, when a resolution was adopted by
15444-509: The original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to: take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language. That constitution included several provisions related to
15587-407: The other languages of the Philippines . Filipino, like other Austronesian languages, commonly uses verb-subject-object order, but can also use subject-verb-object order. Filipino follows the trigger system of morphosyntactic alignment that is also common among Austronesian languages. It has head-initial directionality. It is an agglutinative language but can also display inflection . It
15730-585: The other hand, in the northern part are Zabarte Town Center, Holiday Island Mall, Metroplaza Mall, Primark Town Center Deparo, Primark Town Center Brixton, and SM City Caloocan . Savemore Market has three branches which are located in Kiko Camarin (Barangay 178), Zabarte inside Zabarte Town Center, Kaybiga and Primark Deparo. Puregold Price Club has seven branches in the north and five in the south. Factories and industrial areas have also been built in various parts of Caloocan. Manufacturers are concentrated in
15873-865: The peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG NA ITÓ NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁO bílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ, sa layúning ang báwat táo at báwat galamáy ng lipúnan, na láging nása ísip ang Pahayág na itó, ay magsíkap sa pamamagítan ng pagtutúrò at edukasyón na maitagúyod ang paggálang sa mgá karapatán at kalayáang itó at sa pamamagítan ng mgá hakbáng na pagsúlong na pambansâ at pandaigdíg, ay makamtán ang pangkalahatán at mabísang pagkilála at pagtalíma sa mgá itó, magíng ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá Kasáping Estádo at ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá teritóryo na nása ilálim ng kaniláng nasasakúpan. Marikina Marikina ( / m ər ɪ ˈ k ɪ n ə / ), officially
16016-756: The pretext of Antonio Luna 's rift with Emilio Aguinaldo 's loyalists. The city then saw heavy fighting in the Philippine–American War , at the Battle of Caloocan and the Second Battle of Caloocan . In 1901, under the American regime , Caloocan, previously a part of the province of Manila , became one of the municipalities of the newly established province of Rizal . Due to the consolidation of several municipalities in 1903, Novaliches , then an independent municipality, became part of Caloocan pursuant to Act No. 942, as amended by Act Nos. 984 and 1008 of
16159-506: The proposal. On the other hand, residents of Bagong Silang (Barangay 176), then the country's most populous barangay and was used to be a relocation site for informal settlers, appealed the partition of the barangay since 2013. On April 3, 2024, President Bongbong Marcos signed RA No. 11993 which would divide the village into six. This was ratified by the majority of voters in a plebiscite held on August 31. Throughout Oscar Malapitan 's mayorship from 2013 to 2022, he regularly boasted of
16302-499: The province of Bulacan , and on the northeast by Rodriguez in the province of Rizal . South Caloocan, where most commercial and industrial establishments are found, lies on generally flat and highly accessible land, with slopes ranging from 0–3%. The topography gradually changes from gently to moderately sloping to rolling along the North Luzon Expressway , with slopes ranging from 3–18%. The highest point at 35.00 meters (114.83 ft) above sea level can be found in this area, while
16445-714: The reclamation area comprising Kaunlaran Village (Dagat-Dagatan Development Project) and nearly 11.3-kilometer-long (7.0 mi) natural surface water coursing through the different natural river systems. These include the Tinajeros-Tullahan River along the Caloocan–Valenzuela boundary; Maligaya Creek within La Loma Cemetery and crossing Rizal Avenue Extension ; Casili Creek which terminates in Estero de Maypajo, and Cantarilla/Panaca Creek along
16588-530: The road known today as E. Santos Street, and the airfield stands today as Paliparan Subdivision. In 1936, the Montalban Line was abandoned. In 1939, the barrios of Balara, Barranca (Barangka), Jesus de la Peña, Krus na Ligas , Tañong, and the site of the new UP Campus were separated from Marikina to form part of the newly established Quezon City . In 1941, the barrios of lower Barranca and Jesus de la Peña were returned to Marikina. In 1942, during
16731-398: The same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language. In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista
16874-665: The same scenario occurred in the city upon being hit by Tropical Storm Meari ( Falcon ) in June and Typhoon Nesat ( Pedring ) in November 2011; the monsoon rains ( habagat ) of August 2012 ; Tropical Depression Josie in July and Tropical Storm Karding in August of 2018. On November 12, 2020, the river water level rose to another record high at 22 meters during Typhoon Vamco ( Ulysses ), which killed 25 people. Marikina lies on
17017-480: The sea. By the late 1700s, the fishermen of Aromahan have expanded towards a hill east of Dagat-Dagatan. This naturally stony hill was called "Kaloogan", meaning "interior territory." With Aromahan relegated to the periphery, this hilltop area was also settled by oppressed people from Tondo, becoming the new center of the community by 1802. To the east was a vast stretch of cogon-covered land. Eventually called "Kalaanan", meaning flat grassland in old Tagalog, this area
17160-489: The second-largest catholic denomination in Marikina, among other small Baptist churches and Christian groups. The headquarters of the Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ (4th Watch) are located in the city. Other small religions in Marikina are Hinduism , Buddhism , Islam , and Sikhism . Commercial and industrial The financial resources of Marikina are scattered all over the city, but
17303-418: The so-called Marikina Valley , which extends to the south toward Pasig and Cainta, Rizal . Sierra Madre mountains lie to the east and Quezon City hills to the west. Marikina River runs through the mid-west portion of the city, with its tributary including Nangka River. Nangka River runs through the north slicing between Marikina and San Mateo , while the small waterway called Sapang Baho Creek slicing
17446-399: The southeast between Marikina and Cainta and Antipolo . The total land area of Marikina is approximately 21.5 km (2,150 ha; 5,300 acres). This represents about 3.42% of the total land area of Metro Manila . At present, the city is composed of 16 barangays. Barangays Fortune, Concepcion Uno, and Marikina Heights are among the largest in terms of land area. The south portion of
17589-626: The southern part is primarily concentrated which includes business establishments and commercial facilities, while the northern part is factories and warehouses. Riverbanks Center is the city's commercial center situated southwest of the city where shopping malls and recreation areas are located. Real estate, residential condominiums, and commercial establishments along A. Bonifacio Avenue, Marcos Highway, and Sumulong Highway are developing. Restaurants, cafés, diners, and entertainment bars are mostly concentrated along Gil Fernando Avenue, J. P. Rizal Street, Bayanbayanan Avenue, and Lilac Street Fortune Avenue
17732-441: The system is merely for statistical purposes. Furthermore, all barangays have corresponding numbers but only a few—mostly in Caloocan's northern part—have corresponding names. However, the names of barrios and districts do not necessarily coincide with the perimeters of barangays. The barangays in southern Caloocan are generally smaller compared to their northern counterparts. Prior to its split in 2024, Barangay 176 or Bagong Silang
17875-617: The transfer, Caloocan residents willingly gave the land in the belief it will benefit the country's new capital city . However, in 1949, Congress passed Republic Act No. 392, which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary. The barrios of Baesa, Sangandaan, Talipapâ, San Bartolomé, Pasong Tamó, Novaliches Proper (poblacion), Banlat (present-day Tandang Sora), Kabuyao, Pugad Lawin, Bagbag, Pasong Putik, which once belonged to Novaliches and had an area of about 8,100 hectares (20,000 acres), were excised from Caloocan. The remaining portion of
18018-600: The two portions of Caloocan varies in type and characteristics. and are specifically classified as quaternary alluvium , tuff and tuffaceous sediment, pyroclastic flow deposit, and conglomerates . The formation on the eastern half of Metropolitan Manila extending to the coastline of Manila Bay and including a greater part of South Caloocan is the quaternary alluvium , which consists of unconsolidated stream-deposited sediments that include sand, silt, clay and gravel. Eastward of South Caloocan, large areas consisting of tuff and tuffaceous sediment can be traced, spreading towards
18161-518: The use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. and: The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the Institute of National Language as Institute of Philippine Languages . Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created
18304-582: The west by Quezon City , to the south by Pasig and Cainta , to the north by San Mateo , and to the east by Antipolo , the capital of Rizal province. It was founded by the Jesuits on the fertile Marikina Valley in 1630 and the area was called Jesus dela Peña (Jesus of the Rocks) and later on called Mariquina . Marikina was the provincial capital of the Province of Manila under the First Philippine Republic from 1898 to 1899 during
18447-478: The west. The local government building was set up on the relatively well-settled portion just above Libis Espina. The old Aromahan chapel was finally abandoned and a new church was built facing the municipal hall. To escape the Spanish authorities, many from the area abandoned the town proper and sought refuge in the grasslands of Balintawak and Pugad-Lawin, in which the people fought the landlords of Hacienda de Maysilo for terrestrial rights, which went on for almost
18590-527: The whole eastern side of Metro Manila. Pyroclastic flow deposit or igneous rocks formed by the lithification of ash flow are likewise present in some northern fringes of South Caloocan and in most parts of North Caloocan. On the northeast borders of North Caloocan, conglomerate rocks were traced, crossing Tala Estate and extending to the province of Bulacan and the La Mesa Watershed . Soil found in both areas of Caloocan predominantly falls under
18733-774: Was caused by the swelling of the Marikina River . In late October 1988, the municipality was among the hardest-hit by Typhoon Ruby ( Unsang ); heavy rains caused the river rising to 19 meters, and with high water level of Laguna Lake as well, these led to massive, then-record flooding that stranded several residents and seriously damaged the Marikina Valley, among others, particularly in Provident Subdivision in Santo Niño where water reportedly reached 2.4 meters (8 ft) high. By 1992, Marikina had become an industrialized urban municipality under
18876-537: Was declared a pueblo under the Spanish colonial government . Marikina was once the Hacienda Sauza-Berenguer de Marquina (1809–1870), the land and home was formerly owned by Don Santiago Sauza y Delos Rios (1777–1880) and his wife Dona Ysabel Berenguer de Marquina y Sumulong (1790–1900). Moreover, Doña Ysabel Berenguer de Marquina y Sumulong (November 19, 1790, Cagsawa, Daraga, Albay, Philippines – January 30, 1900, Banwa, Batan, Aklan, Philippines)
19019-611: Was declared a national shrine by the town council and the National Historical Commission . In 1969, Rodriguez Sports Complex, known today as Marikina Sports Center was completed. On November 7, 1975, by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 824 , four cities and twelve towns of Rizal , including Marikina, along with the town of Valenzuela in Bulacan , were made part of Metropolitan Manila Area. Since as early as 1937, Marikina had suffered flooding, which
19162-472: Was designated an optional and voluntary language under the 1987 Constitution, along with Arabic. While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided that: The National Assembly shall take steps toward
19305-458: Was established. Next came the Jesuits in 1630, in a place now called Jesús de la Peña (Jesus of the Rocks). Here, the Jesuits established a mission and built a chapel still known today as Jesús de la Pena Chapel . Fray Pedro de Arce, apostolic ruler of the Archbishop of Manila at that time, approved transfer of ecclesiastical control and supervision to the Jesuits , and settled the place as
19448-455: Was held on December 7 in 577 polling precincts. Low voter turnout was observed as the plebiscite was marred by reports of disenfranchised voters, as well as disinformation campaign which prevented residents to vote, with five individuals apprehended; barangays of Concepcion, Daang Bakal area, and parts of Barangay Malanday and then- sitio Tumana, Candazo's bailiwicks, held boycotts. Candazo later denied allegations that he campaigned for
19591-503: Was incorporated into the new province. In 1906, the Manila Railroad Company completed a 31 km (19 mi) steam train line called "Montalban Line", also known as Marikina Line and Rosario-Montalban branch, a branch of Philippine National Railway in which the train company is currently existing (today, it converted into a road which is known today as Daang Bakal, including Shoe Avenue and other streets following
19734-438: Was met with opposition from residents, business owners, and officials. Former representative and mayor Virgilio Robles deemed the move illegal, asserting that the city's name is spelled as "Caloocan" according to the city charter. Although confusion persists, the general inclination in the city is towards "Caloocan," as evidenced by the official logo and favored by many barangays, schools, and newspapers. However, some entities, like
19877-411: Was recorded with a population of 998,887. If the two districts were treated as separate cities, they still would have been among the largest in the country as of the 2015 census year, ranking fourth and 17th respectively in terms of population. The population density of Caloocan (30,000 inhabitants per square kilometer or 78,000 inhabitants per square mile) surpasses that of the National Capital Region as
20020-409: Was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English , in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it
20163-416: Was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezon , Aurora , Nueva Ecija , Batangas , Rizal , and Metro Manila , all of which mentioned are natively Tagalog-speaking. Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month). Previously, this lasted only
20306-405: Was the most populous barangay in the country with a population of 261,729 people or 15.75% of the total population of Caloocan. This was due to the continuous influx of informal settler families through relocation programs since the 1970s. As a result, there have been calls by residents to subdivide Bagong Silang into seven distinct barangays. Finally, a plebiscite held on August 31, 2024, resulted in
20449-461: Was the only daughter of Doña Demetria Sumulong y Lindo and of Señor Felix Berenguer de Marquina y FitzGerald, the former Governor-General of the Philippines. By the 19th century, Hacienda Mariquina was eventually owned and administered by the Tuason family and had become the largest in the Philippines. The hacienda was declared a mayorazgo by the Spanish colonial government. Don Juan Gregorio became
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