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65-425: "Tatar" as an enthonym owns a very long and complicated history and in the past was often used as an umbrella term for different Turkic and Mongolic tribes. Nowadays it mostly refers exclusively to Volga Tatars (known simply as "Tatars"; Tatarlar ), who became its "ultimate bearers" after the founding of Tatar ASSR (1920–1990; now Tatarstan ). The ethnogenesis of Volga-Ural Tatars is still debated, but their history

130-588: A Western Mongolian source population. Despite their long-distance migration, Kalmyks still display a predominant East Asian genetic profile. Kalmyks derive around 80% East Asian ancestry and 20% Western Eurasian ancestry. Two autosomal genetic studies on Inner Mongolians found that they are best modeled as a mixture of Ancient Northeast Asian-like (ANA) and 10% to 25% East Asian Yellow River Farmer ancestry sources (increasing among Khorchins to around 62%), with only minor Western Eurasian genetic contributions (5.6–11.6%). Mongolic peoples display genetic continuity to

195-569: A common historical experience that cannot be denied. As long as our culture is respected and not disturbed, we are the best neighbors, friends and colleagues of the Russian people. The majority of Volga Tatars are Kazan Tatars. ( Qazan tatarları / qazanlılar ).They form the bulk of the Tatar population of Tatarstan. Traditionally, they inhabit the left bank of Volga River . They were finally formed during Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552). A. Rorlich sees

260-519: A language, that is not his mother language", which refers to complaints made by parents of Russian students who were dissatisfied that their children had to learn Tatar that in return took time away from studying Russian. Before this, for 25 years everyone in Tatarstan (including Russians) had to learn Tatar from kindergarten to secondary school. In 2021 there were approximately 53% Tatars in Tatarstan and 40% Russians. In 2015 enquiry, most young people in

325-525: A number of orientalists ( Zhukovskaia , Nanzatov, Baldaev and others) consider modern Soyots as a sub-ethnos within the Buryat people : "... here the ethnic composition of the population was formed, which remains relatively stable to this day - Bulagats, Khongodors, Soyots, who (some earlier, others later) became subethnic groups of the Buryats." A large Mongolian component took in the ethnic formation of

390-721: A part of the population, the ethnic religion , namely Tengrism ( Mongolian shamanism ) is preserved. A small number of Christians emerged under the influence of the Russian Church and Western missionaries. Mongolian shamanism, more broadly called the Mongolian folk religion, or occasionally Tengerism , as refers to the animistic and shamanic indigenous religion that has been practiced in Mongolia and its surrounding areas (including Buryatia and Inner Mongolia ), as well as among Daur and other peoples, at least since

455-497: A specific group. A study based on mtDNA noted that ancient populations in Mongolia had a mixed West and East Eurasian origin, while modern Mongolians are characterized by substantially less West Eurasian maternal ancestry. It is suggested that many West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups in modern Mongolians are believed to have arrived around 2,500-5,000 years ago, or the Mongolian Bronze Age. A smaller number arrived in

520-588: A sub-dialect of the middle dialect of Tatar. A 2002 census recorded 9 600 Nagaibaks. Astarkhan Tatars are a regional ethnic group. In 1989, 71 700 Tatars lived in Astrakhan Oblast . They are separated into three subgroups: Jurtov and Kundrov Tatars, and the Karagash . One theory connects the Jurtov and Karagash to Nogai. Another proposes that Jurtov descend from Astarkhan Khanate . A considerable part of

585-698: Is Tatarstan , Russian Federation. Before this they were a part of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , established in 1920. It was the first successful Tatar formation since the Kazan Khanate . In 1926 population census, different subgroups of now Volga Tatars identified themselves by their own names. After this, they were grouped together as "Tatars". During the period of the Russian Empire , they were also generally known as Tatars, and eventually,

650-401: Is a separate language within the same Kipchak family.). Tatar can be divided into two main dialects (some think Siberian Tatar is a third) In 2017 the amount of hours Tatar language taught in Tatarstan schools was reduced to two hours per week and it can only happen with a written approval from the pupil's parent. President Vladimir Putin reasoned that a person should not be forced "to learn

715-599: Is both people, who are against Russia, and those that believe they are an integral part of it. Among Tatar separatists is the ethnic nationalist, founder of independence party İttifaq , Fauziya Bayramova . In 2018 Rafis Kashapov, a Tatar activist founded in Kyiv a separatist movement called " Free Idel-Ural ". Famous pro-Russian examples include the Grand Mufti of Russia, supporter of Eurasianism , Talgat Tadzhuddin . He and another Tatar Mufti Kamil Samigullin have supported

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780-582: Is primarily based on meat and dairy, with some regional variations. The most important public festivals are the Naadam . A Naadam involves horse racing , wrestling , and archery competitions. For families, the most important festival is Tsagaan Sar (Lunar New Year), which is roughly equivalent to the Chinese New Year and usually falls into January or February. Mongolia has a very old musical tradition. Key traditional elements are throat-singing ,

845-515: Is the Mongols . Mongolic-speaking people, although distributed in a wide geographical area, show a high genetic affinity to each other, and display continuity with ancient Northeast Asians. In addition, Mongolized Soyots live in Buryatia. Their population is 3600 people. Soyots are one of the indigenous minority peoples of Russia . They are descendants of Turkified Samoyeds. At the same time,

910-652: Is usually connected to the Kipchak Tatar-Turks of Golden Horde (1242–1502), and also to its predecessor, Volga Bulgaria (900s–1200s), whose adoption of Islam is celebrated yearly in Tatarstan. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, ancestors of modern Tatars formed the Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552), which lost its independence to Russia after the Siege of Kazan in 1552. The cultural center for Tatars

975-519: The Devil’s Gate Cave specimen (7,000 BCE) and the Amur13K specimen (13,000 BCE). The Neolithic Northeast Asian ancestry, is shared with other "putative Altaic-speaking peoples" specifically Turkic , and Tungusic-speaking peoples , together with shared "IBD fragments" in haplotype variation, supporting a Northeast Asian origin of these three groups. Turkic and Western Mongolic populations display

1040-747: The Hazaras . The high frequency of haplogroup C2-M217 is consistent with the purported Mongolian origin of many of the Hazaras. Modern Hazaras speak Hazaragi , one of the dialects of the Dari / Persian language . The Mughals , descendants of the Barlas and other Mongol tribes , currently speak Indo-Aryan languages of their respective regions, including Urdu and Punjabi . Although they acknowledge their Mongolic roots, their ethnic identity has shifted to their local South Asian ethnic group. Languages of

1105-765: The Kazan Khanate as a separate ethno-political entity (Ostyak, or Kostyak land). One significant ethnic component of the Perm Tatars was the Nogai-Kipchak population of the Perm region. Also, Kazan Tatars and partly Mishars who moved from the Middle Volga region to the Perm Territory in 16th - early 17th centuries had an influence. Perm Tatars are divided into 4 subgroups: Mullinskaya, Kungurskaya, Tanypovskaya and Krasnoufimskaya. In early 1900s their number

1170-578: The Kipchaks of Golden Horde, or Bulgars , that survived the Mongol conquest of 1236–1237. Some say that these two theories should not be in opposition to each other. Their history is connected to other tribes as well. G. R. Yenikeev thinks that modern Tatars are the direct descendants of the Tatars of Genghis Khan. He criticizes the phenomenon of identifying with Bulgars and states, that this happened due to

1235-713: The Kypchak , Qypchaq , Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages ) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe , spanning from Ukraine to China . Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh , Kyrgyz , and Tatar . The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to

1300-611: The Mongol nomadic way of life and shows similarities to other East Asian and Central Asian cultures. The various Mongolic ethnic groups share a highly similar culture and traditions, but have specific differences in clothing styles and cuisine. Although Mongolian traditional clothing ( deel ) has changed little since the days of the empire, there have been some changes in styles which distinguish modern Mongolian dress from historic costume. Each tribe or clan has its own deel design distinguished by cut, color, and trimming. Mongolian cuisine

1365-562: The Morin Khuur (horse head fiddle) and other string instruments, and several types of songs. Mongolian melodies are typically characterized by pentatonic harmonies and long end notes. The ethnogenesis of Mongolic peoples is largely linked with the expansion of Ancient Northeast Asians . They subsequently came into contact with other groups, notably Sinitic peoples to their South and Western Steppe Herders to their far West. The Mongolians pastoralist lifestyle, may in part be derived from

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1430-549: The Qasim Khanate . The number of Kasimov Tatars in 2002 was suspected to be less than 1000. In late 1800s and early 1900s, some Kasimov Tatars are known to have relocated to the regions of Kazan , Simbirsk , Nizhny Novgorod , Orenburg , and also Central-Asia . According to S. Ishkhakov, the Kasimov Tatars were an "ethnically transitional group between Kazan Tatars and Mishar Tatars." Kasimov Tatars took part in

1495-598: The Russian invasion of Ukraine . Head of Tatarstan, Rustam Minnikhanov stated in June 2023 that "Tatarstan fully supports the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, President of the country Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin; the most correct thing now is to stand together against those who pose a threat to Russia and its multinational people". Importance of the independence for Tatarstan comes up usually when discussing

1560-512: The Tatar language . They comprise approximately one third of the Volga Tatar population. After migration waves from late 1500s to 1700s, they settled especially on the right bank of Volga and Urals. Increased contacts with Kazan Tatars made these two groups even closer, and thus, "Tatar nation" was born; eventually replacing previously used regional names. Due to this, the sub-group consciousness

1625-637: The Turkic and Tungusic peoples , whose languages together would include in the hypothetical Altaic language family . The Mongolic peoples are predominantly followers of Tibetan Buddhism . In 1576 the Gelug Tibetan school which was founded by the half-Mongol Je Tsongkhapa became the state religion of Mongolia. Some groups such as Dongxiangs and Bonan people adopted Sunni Islam , as did Moghols in Afghanistan and Mughals in India. Among

1690-522: The "pro-western rulers of the Romanov government ", with the help of Bulgarist- Mullahs and European historians, that created a negative and distorted image of the Tatars, which ended up causing them to reject the term and lose national consciousness. Finnish historian Antero Leitzinger states: "They [Bulgarists] emphasize the contribution of the Bulgars mainly due to the feeling of inferiority created by

1755-540: The Astrakhan Tatars are descendants of the Volga Tatars who moved to the area in the 18th and 19th centuries. As early as 1702, local Tatar vomen married Kazan Tatars. At the end of the 18th century, Volga and Ural Tatars began to move to the countryside, where they founded new villages or settled in the same villages with local Tatars. By the beginning of the 20th century, the settlers who mainly mixed with

1820-696: The Bulgar National Congress, Gusman Khalilov appealed to the European Court of Human Rights on the issue of renaming the Tatars into Bulgars, but in 2010 he lost in court. Şihabetdin Märcani during late 1800s encouraged the Kazan Tatars to identify as Tatar, despite its possible negative connotations. Mishar Tatars , or Mishars ( mişär tatarları, mişärlär ) are an ethnographic group of Volga Tatars speaking Mishar dialect of

1885-634: The Conquest of Kazan and in wars against Sweden in troops of Ivan the Terrible . In some sources, Mishars are called Kasimov Tatars. (They were also largely formed in Qasim Khanate.) Kasimov Tatars (Self name: Kaçim / Käçim tatarları / xalkı ) speak the central (Kazan) dialect of Tatar language. In their dialect there is Mishar and Nogai influence. The first female Tatar mathematician, graduate of Sorbonne University and recipient of Hero of

1950-963: The Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan revealed a mean frequency of 59.0% Haplogroup C-M217 (49.5% Ulaanbaatar, 57.1% Undurkhaan, 59.0% Choibalsan, 61.0% Dalandzadgad, 68.4% Ulaangom), 13.9% Haplogroup O-M175 (4.2% Ulaangom, 11.0% Dalandzadgad, 13.1% Undurkhaan, 15.4% Choibalsan, 25.8% Ulaanbaatar), 11.3% Haplogroup N-M231 (8.2% Ulaanbaatar, 8.4% Ulaangom, 10.3% Choibalsan, 14.0% Dalandzadgad, 15.5% Undurkhaan), 6.2% Haplogroup R (3.1% Ulaanbaatar, 3.4% Choibalsan, 3.6% Undurkhaan, 7.0% Dalandzadgad, 13.7% Ulaangom), 3.5% Haplogroup D-M174 (1.1% Ulaangom, 3.4% Choibalsan, 4.0% Dalandzadgad, 4.1% Ulaanbaatar, 4.8% Undurkhaan), and 2.8% Haplogroup Q1b (2.0% Dalandzadgad, 2.4% Undurkhaan, 3.1% Ulaanbaatar, 3.2% Ulaangom, 3.4% Choibalsan). The authors noted that "at least 4 major male ancestors with Y-hg-C3 have affected

2015-455: The Golden Horde, yet according to another theory, the Tatars emerged from the Bulgar culture that survived the Mongol conquest of 1236–1237. Ever since the mid 1970s, however, a viewpoint has risen, that these two theories should not be in contrary to each other, but rather, in symbiosis, stating that they cannot simply claim only Bulgars as their ancestors. (See: Bulgarism ). The President of

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2080-585: The Jurtov Tatars already made up more than a third of the local Tatar population. Tatar literature has an ancient history. Before the introduction of printing, ancient Tatar books written in Arabic script were copied by hand. Manuscripts of the Koran, other spiritual literature, educational books were widely distributed. One of the earliest works of national Tatar literature known is considered to be written at

2145-624: The Mishars have been influenced by Russians, probably more so than the Kazan Tatars, the dialect in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast has been said to resemble the ancient Kipchak dialect. According to A. Leitzinger , Mishar dialect has more Kipchak, and Kazan dialect more Bolgar influence. A. Orlov states: "Nizhny Novogord Tatars (Mishars) are one of the original Tatar groups, who maintain the continuity of Kipchak-Turkic language, culture and tradition". Orlov also thinks that Mishars are mostly

2210-642: The Mongolic peoples belong to the Mongolic language family . The Mongolic languages are a language family spoken in Eastern Europe ( Kalmykia ), Central Asia , North Asia and East Asia . The best-known member of this language family, Mongolian , is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia and the Mongol residents of Inner Mongolia and Buryatia , with an estimated 5.7+ million speakers. The Mongolic ethnicities possibly related to

2275-568: The Russian and Tatar feudal lords were afraid of friendship between peoples and constantly incited chauvinistic and nationalist fervor". The first mufti of Russia, Tatar-born Mukhamedzhan Khusainov (1756–1824) had a big impact on bringing Russian rule to the Kazakh steppes and also to Caucasus, especially among Kabardians . Philologist-journalist Azat Akhunov: "Despite conflicts and national differences, Tatars are very close to Russians in mentality, even more so than Ukrainians and Belarusians. We have

2340-587: The Russians, which is often attached to the Orda population". During the 14th century, Sunni Islam was adopted by many of the Tatars. They became subjects of Russia after the Siege of Kazan in 1552. The 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan was a period of mass starvation and drought that took place in the Tatar ASSR as a result of war communism policy, in which 500 thousand to 2 million peasants died. The event

2405-547: The Russification of Tatars, but it has also been noted, that it wouldn't necessarily solve the problem at least entirely. "Increasingly, minority peoples themselves decide to teach their children Russian to ensure economic integration". (K. Zubacheva, 2019). Researcher in Bremen University, Daria Dergacheva thinks independence could happen in time, but also, that it would be very difficult and might not achieve

2470-553: The Soviet Union , S. K. Shakulova (1887–1964) is said to have been a Kasimov Tatar. Nukrat Tatars ( Noqrat tatarları ) live mainly in Udmurtia ( Yukamensky , Glazovsky , Balezinsky , Yarsky districts) and Kirov Oblast . They are divided into subgroups Nukrat and Chepetsky. They speak Tatar with characteristic of the southern Udmurt . Their name comes from the village of Noqrat, which was first mentioned in 1542 along with

2535-418: The Tatars are not a people outside us, but within us". In Kazan (Tatarstan) there is a statue of Gumilev. Tatar author Galimdzhan Ibragimov : "We Tatars are a nation that joined Russia before others. Despite the dark politics of the autocracy and the differences between the two communities, this created many common features of life among them". Tatar mufti Ravil Gainutdin has stated, that in his opinion "Russia

2600-797: The Teptyar Regiment was formed. During the Patriotic War of 1812 , the 1st Teptyar Regiment under the command of Major Temirov took part in the fighting as part of a separate Cossack troops of Matvei Platov . To this day, there is controversy on whether they should be classified as either Tatars or Bashkirs. In early 1900s, their number was estimated to be 382 000. The Nagaibaks live in Chelyabinsk Oblast of Russia. They are Orthodox Christian and multiple researchers think they originated from Christianized Nogais of Nogai Khanate . Other theories exist however. They speak Nagaibak ,

2665-933: The Western Steppe Herders, but without much geneflow between these two groups, suggesting cultural transmission. Mongols and other Mongolic-speaking groups, show high genetic affinity to each other, followed by genetic proximity to Central and East/Southeast Asian peoples . The analysis of 175 Mongolic samples, representing 6 ethnic groups, incorporating results of the 1000 Genomes Project panel, revealed genetic homogeneity between different Mongolic groups, and that Northeast, East, and Southeast Asian populations are closer to each other than to other Eurasian populations. Mongolic peoples maternal lineages are primarily shared with East Asians (54%) and Southeast Asians (28%), while around 14% are shared with Europeans and other West Eurasian populations. The remaining 4% are distributed throughout Eurasia and not associated with

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2730-416: The age of recorded history . In the earliest known stages, it was intricately tied to all other aspects of social life and to the tribal organization of Mongolian society. Along the way, it has become influenced by and mingled with Buddhism. Tengrism was transformed into a monotheistic religion only at the imperial level within aristocratic circles. The Culture of Mongolia has been heavily influenced by

2795-535: The ancestors of Don Cossacks . Traditionally, Mishars have populated the western side of the Volga River. Nowadays the majority presumably lives in Moscow . Finnish Tatars are originally Mishars also. In 1897 census, the number of Mishars was 622 600. Their estimated number varies greatly. Kasimov Tatars ( Qasıym tatarları ) have their capital in the town of Kasimov , Ryazan Oblast . They were formed during

2860-528: The beginning of the 13th century by the famous poet Qol Ğäli , the poetic work Qíssa-i Yosıf ( قصه یوسف, Tale of Yusuf ). The first printed edition in the Tatar language was the Manifesto of Peter I on the occasion of the Persian campaign , published in 1722. As their literary language, Tatars used a local variant of Türki until early 1900s. Its norms began to move towards the spoken vernacular from

2925-620: The cities of the Vyatka land . Their formation was influenced by Udmurts and the Besermyan . They practice Islam. In 1920s the number of Nukrat Tatars was around 15,000 people. Perm Tatars ( Perm' tatarları), also known as the Ostyaks in Russian sources during 15th and early 17th century, live mainly in the Perm Krai and Sverdlovsk Oblast . The Ostyaks were in the sphere of influence of

2990-532: The decolonization desired. She also states, that the ethnic nationalism required for it could fuel inter-ethnic conflicts, since Tatars are only 53% of the population in Tatarstan. Challenges include also the fact that Tatarstan is deeply embedded in Russia’s economy, trade, and infrastructure. The national poet Ğabdulla Tuqay wrote in response to the Tatar emigration to Turkey that was happening in late 1800s and early 1900s: "Here we were born, here we grew up, and here

3055-766: The early Iron Age. Research by Rogers, et al. provides evidence that some West Eurasian maternal lineages had made it to Mongolia east of the Altai mountains prior to the Bronze Age. During the medieval period, a continuous increase in East Asian mitochondrial lineages was detected, which these authors attribute to Genghis Khan's Pax Mongolica . An analysis of the paternal genetic diversity of Mongolians ( n =95 from Ulaangom , n =100 from Dalandzadgad , n =97 from Ulaanbaatar , n =84 from Undurkhaan , n =117 from Choibalsan ) performed by Toshimichi Yamamoto et alii at

3120-444: The gene pool of Mongolian males at the different periods," producing star-like clusters of Y-STR haplotypes. Most numerous on average are the members of C3*: 11.6% Ulaangom, 14.4% Ulaanbaatar, 28.6% Undurkhaan, 29.9% Choibalsan, 48.0% Dalandzadgad. Second most numerous on average are the members of Haplogroup C3c : 2.0% Dalandzadgad, 16.7% Undurkhaan, 17.1% Choibalsan, 23.7% Ulaanbaatar, 53.7% Ulaangom. Third most numerous on average are

3185-590: The history as follows: Khazar invasions forced the Bulgars , Turkic people, to migrate from the Azov steppes to the Middle Volga and lower Kama region during the first half of the eighth century. In the period of 10th–13th centuries, other Turkic peoples, including Kipchaks , migrated from Southern Siberia to Europe. They played a significant role in the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 13th century. Tatar ethnogenesis took place after migrated Turkic peoples, mixed with

3250-495: The local Bulgar population and other inhabitants of the Volga River area, kept Kipchak dialect and became Muslims. Several new Tatar states had emerged by the 1500s after the Golden Horde fell. These states were Khanate of Kazan , Astrakhan Khanate , Khanate of Sibir , and Crimean Khanate . Controversy surrounds the origin of the Tatar people, whether they are descended from Bulgars or the Golden Horde. According to one theory, Kazan Tatar heritage can be traced back to Kipchaks of

3315-442: The members of Haplogroup C3d i.e. C-M407: 3.2% Ulaangom, 8.0% Dalandzadgad, 8.5% Choibalsan, 10.7% Undurkhaan, 11.3% Ulaanbaatar. A study based on ancient DNA and Y-DNA found that ancient populations in the region of modern-day Mongolia had a mixed West and East Eurasian origin during the Xiongnu period. Male-mediated Western Steppe Herders ancestry increased by the establishment of Türkic and Uyghur rule in Mongolia, which

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3380-503: The mid 1800s. The basis for a new literary language was created by migration and urbanization. The vocabulary and phonetics of it is based mostly on the Kazan Dialect and the morphology on Mishar Dialect. Mongolic peoples The Mongolic peoples are a collection of East Asian-originated ethnic groups in East , North , South Asia and Eastern Europe , who speak Mongolic languages . Their ancestors are referred to as Proto-Mongols . The largest contemporary Mongolic ethnic group

3445-465: The mid-eighteenth century. Kryahsen Tatars live in much of the Volga-Ural area. Today, they tend to be assimilated among the Russians and other Tatar groups. Some of the Kryashens speak the Kazan dialect, others Mishar dialect. In 2010 census, 34,882 identified as Kryashens. Teptyars ( tiptär ), Nagaibaks ( nağaybäklär ) and Astrakhan Tatars ( Ästerxan tatarları ) can also be included as Volga Tatars according to some. Teptyars live in Perm Krai ,

3510-404: The moment of our death will come. Fate itself has bound us to this Russian land". Tuqay called Russians their "brother people". G. R. Yenikeev states, that "Medieval Tatars played a significant role also in the formation of Russians". He cites the Eurasianist historian Lev Gumilev : "Tatars are in our blood, our history, our language, our worldview. Whatever the real differences with the Russians,

3575-428: The name was extended to most of the other Turkic peoples of Russia as well (Azerbaijanis – Transcaucasian Tatars ). The history of the ethnonym traces back to the times of Golden Horde , when its feudal nobility used it to denote its citizens. Russian feudals and the Tsar government started using it also. These different tribes usually identified themselves by their group name, or, generally as Muslims. Bolgar-name also

3640-605: The relatively highest amounts of West Eurasian admixture, inline with historical contacts between Ancient Northeast Asians and West Eurasian populations of the Eurasian Steppes, and evidence from linguistic borrowings. In comparison, Eastern, Central and Southern Mongolic peoples as well as Tungusic peoples had considerable less West Eurasian ancestry but higher Yellow River farmers ancestry. Sinitic peoples largely lacked any West Eurasian-derived ancestry and displayed primarily affinity with historical Yellow River farmers. Kipchak languages The Kipchak languages (also known as

3705-413: The southeast part of Tatarstan , and northwestern Bashkortostan . Most of them speak the Kazan dialect of Tatar language, and some speak Bashkir . According to one theory, originally Teptyars formed a special peasant group, which, in addition to the Tatars, included Bashkirs, Chuvash , Maris , Udmurts and Mordvins . In 1790, the Teptyars were transferred to the ranks of the military service class, and

3770-399: The state preferred to learn Russian or English and thought that Tatar was not useful in work life. After Russians, Volga Tatars are the second biggest ethnic group in Russia. The long and multifaceted history between these two ethnic groups can be traced back to the times of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde . Tatars have been a part of Russia since the 1500s. Later, among Tatars, there

3835-492: Was 52 700 thousand people. Like the Tatar majority, they practice Islam. A policy of Christianization of the Muslim Tatars was enacted by the Russian authorities, beginning in 1552, resulting in the emergence of Kryashens ( keräşen/keräşennär ), also known as "Christianized Tatars". Many Volga Tatars were forcibly Christianized by Ivan the Terrible during the 16th century, and continued to face forced baptisms and conversions under subsequent Russian rulers and Orthodox clergy up to

3900-999: Was accompanied by an increase in the West Eurasian haplogroups R and J. There was a male-mediated rise in East Asian ancestry in the late medieval Mongolian period, paralleling the increase of haplogroup C2b. Genetic studies on Mongolic populations found them to be "well-fitted by a three-way admixture" of Ancient Northeast Asian -like (ANA) ancestry, with variable amounts of Yellow River Farmer-like, and Western Steppe Herders ancestries. Mongols of Inner Mongolia were found to display genetic continuity with "Late Medieval Mongol" samples, and can be modeled as 46% Ancient Northeast Asian, 44% Yellow River Farmer, and 10% West Eurasian ( Andronovo -like). Mongol Empire period samples carried between 55–64% Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry, 21–27% Yellow River Farmer-like sources, and 15–18% Western Steppe Herder ( Sarmatian or Alan -like) sources. One autosomal study on Oirat-speaking Kalmyks living in Kalmykia , Eastern Europe , found them to be derived from

3965-568: Was also weakened. G. Tagirdzhanov thought that the ancestors of both Kazan Tatars and Mishars were originally from Volga Bulgaria . He proposed, that Mishars descended from the Esegel tribe. The ethnogenesis of the Mishars is contested, but they are often thought of being the descendants of Kipchaks of the Golden Horde, one way or another. Their ethnic formation finally happened in Qasim Khanate during 1400–1500s. In addition to Kipchaks, Mishars' ancestors are often linked to Meshchera , Burtas , Bolgars and Eastern Hungarian tribes . Even though

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4030-402: Was created by Turks as much as it was by Slavs". The foundation for such ideas were laid out by Crimean Tatar Jadidist thinker Ismail Gasprinsky , who believed in unity of the two peoples and thought Russia was "a continuation of the Golden Horde". In his 2016 book, "Moscow and the Tatar World" (Москва и татарский мир), the Tatar historian from Kazan, Bulat Rakhimzyanov makes a claim that "there

4095-441: Was no large-scale confrontation between Moscow and the Tatars in the Middle Ages". Tatar and Russian peasants joined their forces multiple times in the past. For example, the 1606–1609 "mountaineer rebellion", in which the Chuvash and Mordvins also took part. The most famous of these, however, is the Pugachev rebellion , in which a large number of Tatars participated. According to Alfred Khalikov, "the tsarist government and both

4160-591: Was part of the greater Russian famine of 1921–22 that affected other parts of the USSR , in which up 5 million people died in total. Tatar authorities have attempted since the 1990s, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , to reverse the Russification of Tatarstan that took place during the Soviet period. Tatar is a Turkic language which belongs to the sub-branch of Kipchak languages called Kipchak–Bulgar. According to 2002 census, there were 5,3 million Tatar speakers in Russia, and in 2010, 4,3 million. ( Tatar should not be confused with Crimean Tatar , which

4225-474: Was referenced. It is suggested, that they avoided using the term also, because it connected them negatively to the Mongol-Tatars of the past. Nowadays, many of the ethnic differences between Tatar groups of Volga have disappeared. Some, especially unique dialectical features remain, and they are still separated into their own Tatar-groups within Volga Tatars. The majority of Volga Tatars ( Kazan Tatars and Mishars ) are usually thought to be descendants of either

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