125-529: Krishna district is a district in the coastal Andhra Region in Indian state of Andhra Pradesh , with Machilipatnam as its administrative headquarters. It is surrounded on the East by Bay of Bengal , West by Guntur , Bapatla and North by Eluru and NTR districts and South again by Bay of Bengal . Krishna District with its district headquarters at Machilipatnam is the coastal district of Andhra Pradesh . It
250-759: A medieval Hindu dynasty in the Indian subcontinent, originally from the region of Trikalinga . At its peak, it ruled over an empire stretching from the Ganges in the north near Hoogly to the Kaveri in the south, comprising large parts of Andhra Pradesh and western regions of West Bengal. It succeeded the Eastern Gangas . 20°31′25″N 85°47′17″E / 20.52361°N 85.78806°E / 20.52361; 85.78806 The Gajapati kings patronized Vaishnavite Hinduism and were ardent devotees of
375-526: A sovereign kingdom and acquired neighbouring estates with the support of British. Later it fell out with the British and, as a result, was attacked and defeated in the battle of Padmanabham in 1794. It was annexed as a tributary estate like other principalities and remained so until it acceded to the Indian Union in 1949. Following the annexation of Carnatic sultanate in 1801, the last major piece of
500-438: A 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes. Women traditionally wear a sari , a garment that consists of a drape varying from 5 to 9 yards (4.6 to 8.2 m) in length and 2 to 4 feet (0.61 to 1.22 m) in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to Indian philosophy,
625-447: A combination of groundnuts , fried vegetables, and chillies, is a must in a meal. Pickles made using mangoes, gooseberries, lemons, etc. are enjoyed in combination with Pappu . Buttermilk and yoghurt mixed with rice eaten towards the end of the meal soothe the body, especially after eating spicy food items earlier. A tamarind-rich dish popularly known as Pulihora is made with a thick sauce of tamarind, chillies, salt and asafoetida. It
750-490: A focus on sex, suspense and violence, which were serialised in magazines. Viswanatha Satyanarayana was conferred the first Jnanpith Award for Telugu literature in 1970. Telugu film song as literature took shape in the 1930s. Some of the famous lyric writers include Samudrala Senior , Arudra , Athreya , Daasarathi , and C. Narayana Reddy . Traditional temple architecture is influenced by Dravidian and Vijayanagara styles. In Dravidian architecture for which Tirumala temple
875-876: A group of people named Andhras left North India off the banks of the Yamuna and settled in South India. The Satavahanas , the earliest kings who ruled this region were mentioned by the names Andhra , Andhrara-jateeya , and Andhrabhrtya in the Puranic literature . "Andhra" is both a tribal and territorial name. Excavated stone tools from Hanumanthunipadu in Prakasam district were dated to be 2.47 lakh (247,000) years old ( Middle Paleolithic ). This finding means that these tools were developed by archaic hominins (pre-humans) as such tools were thought to be used by modern man migrating out of Africa about 2.10 lakh years ago. In
1000-560: A population of 4,517,398 with a density of 518 persons per km. The total population constitute, 2,267,375 males and 2,250,023 females –a ratio of 992 females per 1000 males. The total urban population is 1,843,660 (40.81%). There are 3,009,718 literates with a literacy rate of 73.74%. Krishna district is surrounded on the east by Bay of Bengal , west by Guntur and Bapatla districts and north by Eluru and NTR districts and south by Bay of Bengal . The Krishna district occupies an area of 3,775 square kilometres (1,458 sq mi). It has
1125-518: A prominent feature. They are topped by the kalasam , a bulbous stone finial . Vimanam are similar structures built over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams. In the Vijayanagar style for which Lepakshi Veerabhadra temple is an example, the main temple is laid out in three parts, these are: The assembly hall known as the mukha mantapa ; arda mantapa or antarala (ante chamber); and
1250-459: A revenue of ₹7,345 crore from 2.574 million transactions for registration services. Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur, and Tirupati are the top contributors to the revenue. The government's total expenditure was ₹1,91,594 crore, which includes debt repayment of ₹13,920 crore. The fiscal deficit was 2.1% of the GSDP. Outstanding debt was ₹3.89 lakh crore, an increase of almost ₹40,000 crore compared to
1375-531: A rise of 43.66% with a case count of 25,503 cases in Andhra Pradesh as per the National crime records bureau (NCRB) data. The state stood fifth in the country with 2,341 cybercrime cases. Andhra Pradesh High Court at Amaravati is headed by Chief justice with 37 judges. District judiciary is organised in a three-tier system with district courts at the top, civil (senior) and assistant sessions courts in
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#17327767016311500-425: A share of 35% in total sea food exports of India in 2022–23. The state has three agricultural export zones: the undivided Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables, the undivided Krishna district for mangoes, and the undivided Guntur district for chillies . Banaganapalle mangoes produced in the state were accorded GI status in 2017. Rythu Seva Kendras (RSK) or farmer facilitation centres are initiated by
1625-531: A share of 35% in total seafood exports of India. Sriharikota Range at the barrier island of Sriharikota in Tirupati district, is the primary satellite launching station of India. Amaravati School of Art , a major ancient Indian art style that influenced South Indian, Sri Lankan , and Southeast Asian art arose from this state. Kuchipudi , one of India's classical dances originated in the state. Several renowned Carnatic music composers trace their origins to
1750-551: A single fish of the Godavari Pulasa variety is most desired in Konaseema. Ariselu , Burelu , Laddu , and Pootharekulu are some of the sweets made for special festivals and occasions. Pootharekulu , a preparation of sugar and rice flour and Taandri , a mango-flavoured sun-dried fruit jelly are popular sweets originating from Athreyapuram in Konaseema. Kakinada Khaaja layered flour deep fried and dipped in sugar
1875-677: A stipulated number of soldiers at the time of war and had to fight for the Gajapati in the battle field. Some of the military titles include: The Odia poet Sarala Das who lived during the reign of Kapilendra Deva , has given descriptions about the military divisions in his Odia Mahabharata. The divisions mentioned are: The infantry units of the Gajapati military are as follows: Musical instruments used to motivate soldiers during march and warfare. The names of musical instruments include Damalu, Damame, Tamaka, Bizighosa, Daundi, Ghumura, Bheri, Turi, Ranasingha etc. The names of weapons used by
2000-456: A sub-collector. The list of 26 mandals in Krishna district, divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below. There are one municipal corporation and four municipalities in the district. Source : Assembly segments of Parliamentary constituencies Agriculture is the main stay of economy. Paddy is the main food crop cutivated. Based on 2019–20 data, the gross cropped area of the district
2125-518: A total coastline of 88 km (55 mi). The forest occupies only 9 percent of the total undivided district area. However, it contains Reserved Forest areas in Nandigama , Vijayawada , Tiruvuru , Nuzvid , Gannavaram , Machilipatnam and Divi Seema Talukas. A type of light wood known as ‘Ponuku’ (Gyrocapus Jacquini) is found in the Kondapalli hills. The wood is used for the manufacture of
2250-570: A varied collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery, inscriptions, and religious artefacts. The Amaravathi archaeological museum has a display of art traditions of Amaravathi and images of Buddha. Bapu museum in Vijayawada has historical galleries, stone cut writings, coins, swords, body armour, shields, arms, and ornamentation. Telugu Samskruthika Niketanam in Visakhapatnam displays historical artefacts of
2375-488: A village in Ghantasala mandal of the district. Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Gotamiputra Satakarni and Yajnasri Satakarni (last Satavahana king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the region for more than four centuries. Pallava Kingdom (AD 340 – AD 500), spread over from Krishna river to Tungabhadra , including Amaravati in
2500-470: Is a state on the east coast of southern India . It is the seventh-largest state and the tenth-most populous in the country. Telugu , one of India's classical languages , is the primary official language and the most widely spoken language in state and as well as in South India . Amaravati is the state capital, while the largest city is Visakhapatnam . The state shares borders with Odisha to
2625-455: Is an example, the temples consisted of porches or mantapas preceding the door leading to the sanctum, gate-pyramids or gopurams in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple, and pillared halls used for many purposes. Besides these, the temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or pushkarni . The gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms
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#17327767016312750-479: Is another popular sweetmeat. Bandar laddu , Tirupati Laddu are some of the food products with GI status. Nannayya , Tikkana , and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu during 11–14 centuries. Nannayya wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar, called Andhra Shabda Chintamani in Sanskrit. Pothana translated Bhagavatam into Telugu. Vemana
2875-469: Is celebrated at Bara Shaheed Dargah in Nellore with participation across religious lines. Christians celebrate their religious festivals Good Friday, Easter and Christmas with processions and prayers. There are a total of 175 assembly constituencies in the state legislative assembly. The legislative council is the upper house with 58 members. In the Indian parliament , the state has 25 seats in
3000-510: Is celebrated for four days in the second week of January. The first day of the Telugu new year Ugadi which occurs during March/April is also a special festival with the preparation and sharing of pickles ( pachhadi ) made from raw mangoes, neem flowers, pepper powder, jaggery and tamarind. Tasting this pickle which is a mix of different tastes teaches the importance of taking positive/negative life experiences in one's stride. Celebrations end with
3125-457: Is common in Andhra food. Curry leaves are used copiously in most preparations of curries and chutneys. Various types of Pappu are made using lentils in combination with tomatoes , spinach , gongura, ridge gourd , etc. Apart from curries, pulusu , a stew made using tamarind juice in combination with vegetables, seafood, chicken, mutton, etc., is popular. Pachchadi , a paste usually made with
3250-528: Is considered the greatest play in the Telugu language. The Telugu film industry (known as " Tollywood ") is primarily based in Hyderabad, though several films are shot in Vizag. About 300 films are produced annually, C. Pullaiah is cited as the father of the Telugu cinema. Film producer D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness record for the most films produced by a person. Music composers and playback singers of
3375-538: Is from October to February. Low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal along with the northeast monsoon during October to December, bringing rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state. The range of winter temperatures is generally 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F) except in the northeast where it could fall below 15 °C (59 °F). Lambasingi in Visakhapatnam district
3500-536: Is further divided into 26 districts. These districts are made up of 76 revenue divisions , 679 mandals and 13,324 village panchayats as part of the administrative organisation. There are 123 urban local bodies , comprising 17 municipal corporations , 79 municipalities , and 27 nagar panchayats, in the state. The urban population is 14.9 million (1.49 crores) as per the 2011 census. There are two cities with more than one million inhabitants, namely Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada . For 2021–22, total receipts of
3625-592: Is located in Machilipatnam. The culture of Krishna district is mostly traditional in rural places and moderately modern in Gudivada and Machilipatnam . It is also famous as the birthplace for Indian classical dance named Kuchipudi . The dialect of Telugu spoken in Krishna is widely considered to be the standard form of Telugu. Kabbadi is the most popular sport, followed by cricket , volleyball , badminton , basketball and tennis . NTR Stadium
3750-499: Is nicknamed the "Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh" as its temperature ranges from 0 to 10 °C (32 to 50 °F). The normal rainfall for the state is 966 mm (38.0 in). Based on the 2011 Census of India , the population of Andhra Pradesh is 49,577,103, with a density of 304/km (790/sq mi). The rural population accounts for 70.53%, while the urban population accounts for 29.47%. The state has 17.08% scheduled caste (SC) and 5.53% scheduled tribe (ST) population. Children in
3875-611: Is rich in biodiversity and Gandikota gorge . Gandikota gorge is a canyon formed between the Erramala range of hills, through which the Penna (Pennar) river flows. Borra Caves , created millions of years ago by water activity and the country's second-longest cave system, the Belum Caves are in the state. The state has several beaches in its coastal districts, such as Rushikonda , Mypadu , Suryalanka . The total forest cover of
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4000-919: Is tempered with mustard, curry leaves, peanuts and mixed with rice. It is offered even to the gods and then served as a prasadam (divine offering) in the temples to the devotees. Popular vegetarian curries include Dondakaya koora (ivy gourd cooked with coconut and green chilli) and Guttivankaya koora (stuffed brinjal curry). Thalakaya koora (lamb head gravy), Royyala koora (prawns cooked in tamarind), and Natukodi koora (freehold chicken curry with chillies) are popular non-vegetarian dishes across Guntur and surrounding regions. Yeta mamsam kobbari biryani (mutton cooked with coconut), Seema kodi (Rayalaseema-style chicken), Chennuru dum biryani , and Gongura mamsam (mutton cooked in sorrel gravy) are popular non-vegetarian dishes in Rayalaseema. Among fish preparations, Pulasa pulusu , thick aromatic and tangy gravy made from
4125-624: Is the main sports venue in Gudivada . It is used for several sports, like athletics , volleyball , cricket practice, kho kho , kabaddi , badminton , tennis and basketball . It is also the stadium for Krishna District Cricket Association. There are several places of tourist interest in the district. Some of them are given below. CPO (2022). District Hand Book of Statistics – 2020 Krishna district (PDF) . Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh ( / ˌ ɑː n d r ə p r ə ˈ d eɪ ʃ / ; ISO : Āndhra Pradēś ; Telugu: [aːndʱrɐ prɐdeːʃ] abbr. AP )
4250-679: Is the state tree, jasmine is the state flower, rose ringed parakeet is the state bird, and blackbuck is the state mammal. The state, with its varied geological formations, contains a variety of industrial minerals and building stones. Major minerals found in significant quantities in the state include beach sand , bauxite , limestone , granite , and diamonds . Minor minerals include barytes , calcite , and mica . The largest reserves of uranium are in Tummalapalli village of YSR district. The state also has reserves of oil and natural gas . The climate varies considerably, depending on
4375-576: The Lok Sabha and 11 seats in the Rajya Sabha . In accordance with the Constitution of India , the governor is a state's de jure head and appoints the chief minister who has the de facto executive authority. Reddy, Kamma and Kapu communities cornered a share of 66% of seats in the 2019 election results. In the 2024 assembly elections , Reddy, Kamma and Kapu communities among
4500-489: The garbhagriha or the sanctum sanctorum. Sri Venkateswara institute of traditional sculpture and architecture, run by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams offers diploma courses. Civic architecture which mainly featured courtyard structure to support joint family system and simple round houses is giving way to modern apartments. Kondapalli Toys , the soft limestone idol carvings of Durgi and Etikoppaka lacquered wooden toys are few handicrafts with GI status. Kuchipudi ,
4625-477: The 2019 elections , Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy , leader of the YSR Congress Party , became the chief minister by winning 151 out of 175 seats. He introduced the 'village and ward volunteers' system, and reorganised the state with 26 districts. Introduction of English as the medium of instruction was done in almost all the state schools. The move to three capitals with Amaravati getting reduced to being
4750-530: The Bahmani sultans ), and Chattrapati . The region known as Kalinga (present-day Odisha) was ruled by the Eastern Gangas .The early Eastern Gangas ruled from Kalinga-nagara (currently Mukhalingam near Srikakulam , Andhra Pradesh). They shifted their capital to Cuttack in the 13th century. The Hindu philosopher Ramanujacharya had a great influence on the Raja Choda Ganga Deva, who renovated
4875-542: The Emperor Kapilendra Deva having an elephantry numbering two hundred thousand. Such a large number of war elephants is highly unusual even when compared with any contemporary military of the existing kingdoms during the times of Kapilendra Deva himself, in India. Nizzamuddin writes that the Gajapati encamped on the banks of the river Godavari with an infantry of seven hundred thousand. Fernão Nunes ,
5000-481: The God Vishnu . They also commissioned many temples dedicated to the God Vishnu . In Odia , "Gaja" means elephant and "Pati" means master or husband . As such, Gajapati etymologically means a king with an army of elephants or master of elephants . Gajapati was one of the four titles adopted by kings who ruled in pre-colonial era India, the others being Narapati (e.g. Vijayanagara emperors ), Aswapati (e.g.
5125-535: The Godavari and Krishna river deltas and were famous for their military strength which was second only to Mauryans in all of India . Archaeological evidence from places such as Bhattiprolu , Amaravathi , and Dharanikota suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan empire . After the death of Emperor Ashoka , Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE and was replaced by several smaller kingdoms in
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5250-491: The Hyderabad State with Hyderabad as the capital on 1 November 1956. Hyderabad grew rapidly partly through investments flowing in from agrarian change and 'green revolution' in coastal Andhra. In the unified state, Indian National Congress (INC) enjoyed a monopoly in ruling the state till 1983. After that Telugu Desam Party (TDP) led by N. T. Rama Rao (NTR) came to power and became another major party to rule
5375-621: The Roman Empire . After that, the major rulers included the Vishnukundinas , Eastern Chalukyas , Kakatiyas , Vijayanagara Empire , Qutb Shahis , and the British Raj . After Indian independence, Andhra State was bifurcated from Madras state in 1953. It was merged with Telangana, comprising Telugu-speaking areas of the former Hyderabad state, to form Andhra Pradesh in 1956. It reverted to its earlier form on 2 June 2014, when
5500-868: The tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage committee . Following the defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over most of present-day general Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Later, this region came under the rule of the Mughal Empire. Chin Qilich Khan who was initially appointed as viceroy of Deccan by the Mughal in 1713, established himself as a semi-independent ruler as Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1765, British Lord Robert Clive obtained from
5625-404: The 2011 census, 93.30% of the population spoke Telugu and 5.97% Urdu as their first language. The parliamentary constituency is Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency It comprises the following legislative assembly segments: The district is divided into 3 revenue divisions: Gudivada , Machilipatnam and Vuyyuru , which are further subdivided into a total of 26 mandals , each headed by
5750-466: The 3rd century CE. It had trade relations with the Roman Empire. The Satavahanas made Dhanyakataka-Amaravathi their capital. According to historian Stanley Wolpert , it might have been the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE. Nagarjuna , the philosopher of Mahayana , lived in this region. Mahayana spread to China, Japan, and Korea. It became the largest Buddhist denomination in
5875-410: The Andhra Pradesh government were ₹ 2.05 lakh crore (US$ 25 billion), inclusive of ₹ 53,284 crore (US$ 6.4 billion) of loans. States' tax revenue was ₹ 70,979 crore (US$ 8.5 billion). The top three sources of tax revenue are statedcrores goods and services tax (GST) (₹23,809 crore), sales tax/value added tax (VAT) (₹20,808 crores), and state excise (₹14,703 crores). The government earned
6000-404: The Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna rivers with their capital at Vengi (modern Pedavegi ) around 300 CE. Telugu Cholas ruled present-day Kadapa region from the six to the thirteenth centuries intermittently. Kallamalla sasanam (law), engraved in 575 CE during the rule of Dhanamjaya, is the earliest completely Telugu inscription. The Vishnukundinas was the first dynasty in
6125-523: The Andhra region. One of the earliest examples of the Brahmi script, from Bhattiprolu was used on an urn containing the relics of Buddha. This is considered as the rosetta stone for decipherment of Tamil Brahmi. Kadamba script, derived from Bhattiprolu Brahmi later led to the evolution of Telugu and Kannada scripts. The Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan Plateau from the 1st century BCE to
6250-851: The Andhras occurs in Aitareya Brahmana ( c. 800 BCE ) of the Rigveda . Around 300 BCE, the Andhras living in the Godavari and Krishna river deltas were renowned for their formidable military strength—second only to the Maurya Empire in the subcontinent. The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan Plateau and even distant areas of western and central India. They established trade relations with
6375-568: The Bay of Bengal, with variable width. These are, for the most part, delta regions formed by the Krishna , Godavari , and Penna rivers. The state has five different soil types with the majority soil types being red lateritic and black soil types. Most of the coastal plains are put to intensive agricultural use. The Kadapa basin, formed by two arching branches of the Eastern ghats, is a mineral-rich area. The valleys include Araku Valley , which
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#17327767016316500-644: The British raj, that irrigated lacs of acres across coastal districts. Buckingham Canal built during 1806–1878, running parallel to the Coramandal coast from Kakinada to Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu served as a major water transportation route for goods till the 1960s. Telegraph service initiated in 1850 served for over 160 years till it was stopped on 15 July 2013 citing poor patronage due to advances in mobile communications and short message service. Charles Philip Brown did pioneering work in transforming Telugu to
6625-535: The British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors, directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam. The Krishna District was formed from the district of Rajahmundry in 1859, when it also included Guntur and West Godavari districts of united Andhra Pradesh. Guntur district
6750-665: The Cumbum tank, Mopad tank, and Koregal anicut, Vallabhapur anicut across the Tungabhadra River. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Lepakshi group of monuments built during this period have mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings, Dravidian art, and inscriptions. These are put on
6875-645: The East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at Venginagar near Eluru and Pithapuram , both in Vengidesa. Bruhitpalayanas , the contemporaries of Pallavas ruled the district with Koduru as their capital. Vishnukundinas (AD 6th century) rulers created cave temples at Mogalrajapuram (now in Vijayawada ) and Undavalli . Eastern chalukyas (AD 615 – AD 1070),
7000-484: The GSDP is at 36.19%, while industry is at 23.36%, and services are at 40.45%. The state posted a record growth of 7.02% at constant prices (2011–12) against the country's growth of 7%. GDP per capita is estimated at ₹ 219,518 (US$ 2,600). The sectoral growth rates at constant 2011–12 prices were for agriculture at 4.54%; industry at 5.66 and services at 10.05%. Poverty rate is reduced to 4.2% in 2023 from 11.77% in 2015–16 as per Niti Ayog report. The methodology, based on
7125-424: The Gajapati army are also mentioned like Dhanu, Trona, Sara, Asi, Parigha, Pattisa, Kunta, Jathi, Buruja, Saveli etc. Information with regards to breaking of gateways and walls of forts with the help of horses, elephants and iron instruments are also found in the same text. Other contemporary sources also reveal details on characteristics of the Gajapati military. Muslim texts like Buhan-m-Mansir give accounts of
7250-528: The Gajapati soldiers at their capital Cuttack. During the reign of the Emperor Purushottama Deva , the overlordship of Bhimanagari was established in 1471 CE by Narahari Singh who was a scion of the family of the ruling Suryavamshi Gajapati kings. Later in 1578, under the reign of Padmanabha Birabara Harichandan, the kingdom was renamed as Talcher in the honor of their family goddess Taleshwari. The kingdom acceded to India and merged into
7375-518: The Godavari and Krishna rivers support rich mangrove forests with fishing cats and otters as keystone species . Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary is an example of mangrove forests and salt-tolerant forest ecosystems near the sea. The area of these forests is 582 km (225 sq mi), accounting for about 9% of the local forest area of the state. Other sanctuaries include Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve , Kolleru Bird Sanctuary , and Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary . Neem (Azadirachta indica)
7500-461: The Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Tungabhadra , flow through the state and provide irrigation. The population engaged in agriculture and related activities as per 2020–21 fiscal data is 62.17%. Rice is the state's major food crop and staple food. Besides rice, farmers grow jowar , bajra , maize , many varieties of pulses , sugarcane , cotton , tobacco , fruits, and vegetables. The state contributed to 30% of fish production of India and it had
7625-500: The Mughal emperor Shah Alam II a grant of four circars to the British East India Company, that was formalised in 1978 treaty with Nizam Ali, the 5th Nizam of Hyderabad state with addition of another circar. Later, four territories were ceded to the British by Nizam Ali in 1800, which eventually became the Rayalaseema region. Meanwhile, in the present day North Andhra, Raja Viziaram Raz (Vijayaram Raj) established
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#17327767016317750-607: The Portuguese-Jewish traveler who spent three years at Vijayanagara , the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire estimates size of the army of Emperor Prataparudra to the extent of 13,000 elephants, 20,000 horses, while fighting against the Vijayanagara Empire and also notes that the Odia soldiers were excellent fighters. Rayavachakamu also gives interesting accounts about the feats and exercises practised by
7875-588: The Telangana state, despite opposition by the state legislature. The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the president of India , with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh. TDP formed the first government of the residual state with Chandrababu Naidu as chief minister. In 2017, the government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from its new greenfield capital, Amaravati , for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme. In
8000-540: The absence of fossil evidence, it became a riddle to understand what happened to them. The discovery of petroglyphs, pictographs, and dolmens in Chakrala Bodu, near Boyalapalli village in the Yerragondapalem mandal area of Prakasam district indicates the presence of Neolithic-age human settlements in the region. Megasthenes reported in his Indica ( c. 310 BCE ) that Andhras were living in
8125-423: The age group of 0–6 years number 5,222,384, constituting 10.6% of the total population. The state has a sex ratio of 997 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. The literacy rate in the state stands at 67.35%. Erstwhile West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.32%, and erstwhile Vizianagaram district has the lowest with 58.89%. Human Development Index (HDI) of
8250-477: The capacity of the four-berth deep water port will be increased to 116 million tonnes (116 MMTPA) as the cargo traffic increases gradually. Krishna district is served by Vijayawada International airport located in Gannavaram at a distance of 67.9 km from Machilipatnam. Dr.Gururaju Government Homoeo Medical college and Regional Research Institute for Homoeopathy are located in Gudivada . Krishna University
8375-422: The centre's draft bill. The Commission on Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural Development of Andhra Pradesh, chaired by Prof. R. Radhakrishna, estimated the number of tenant farmers at 24.25 lakh in 2014. This consists of 6.29 lakh landless tenants and the rest owning some land. Out of 60.73 lakh hectares under cultivation, 27.15 lakh hectares or 44% was cultivated by tenants. Departmental estimates for 2021 put
8500-460: The cultural dance recognised as the official dance form of the state of Andhra Pradesh, originated in the village of Kuchipudi in Krishna district. Several renowned composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya , Kshetrayya , Tyagaraja , and Bhadrachala Ramadas hailed from the state. Sannai and Dolu are common musical instruments of marriages, household, and temple functions in the state. Harikathaa Kalakshepam (or Harikatha ) involves
8625-469: The district consist of extremely hot summers and moderately hot winters and may be classified as tropical. The period starting from April to June is the hottest. The annual rainfall in the region is about 1047.68 mm and 66% of it is contributed to by the Southwest monsoon. Black Cotton (57.6 percent), Sand clay loams (22.3 percent), Red loams (19.4 percent), and sandy soils account for balance 0.7% in
8750-404: The district. After reorganization the district had a population of 17,35,079, of which 482,513 (27.81%) live in urban areas. Krishna district has a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 73.75%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 346,989 (20.00%) and 37,716 (2.17%) of the population respectively. Languages of Krishna district based on the 2011 Census Based on
8875-410: The district. Nearest major railway station is Vijayawada Junction railway station at a distance of 80Km from Machilipatnam by train. The Machilipatnam Port is currently under construction. The Port will have an initial cargo capacity of 35 million tonnes (35 MMTPA), through four berths-three general cargo berths and one coal terminal. The Port is scheduled to be completed in two years. In the future,
9000-723: The early 14th century with Orugallu as their capital. They are followed by Musunuri Nayaks who rebelled against Delhi sultanate and won. Musunuri Nayaks constructed various forts in South India including Hampi and ruled many states of India independently. Reddy dynasty a subordinate of Musunuri Kapaya Naidu established himself in the hill fort of Kondaveedu. The Kondaveedu Reddis were great patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in-law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court. Gajapathis of Odisha : Kapileswarapuram named in honour of Kapileswara Gajapathi now in Pamidimukkala mandal exists to this day. He
9125-442: The early 14th century. Reddy kings constructed Kondaveedu Fort and Kondapalli Fort . Gajpathis ruled parts of this region, before the entire region became part of the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Krishnadevaraya . Pemmasani Nayaks controlled parts of Andhra Pradesh and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the empire in the 16th century. Several tanks and anicuts were built. Some of these include
9250-458: The eastern islands of the lake, which protected the Odia forces. The enemy general encamped at Chiguru Kota located on the shores and tried to excavate a channel in the modern-day Upputeru, so that the water of the lake would empty into the sea and allow an attack on the Gajapati fort. The Gajapatis at the height of their power in the 15th century, ruled over an empire extending from the Ganges in
9375-471: The effort to expand their economic opportunities in the state. When the union cabinet decided to consider the formation of Telangana state in 2009 heeding to the demand of relaunched Telangana movement , Samaikyandhra Movement opposing it took shape and the state went through a turmoil. Finally, the Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act bill was passed by the parliament of India for the formation of
9500-534: The empire. One of the causes of the reduction in militarism among the population has been attested to the Bhakti movement initiated by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, who arrived in the empire during the reign of Emperor Prataparudra and stayed for 18 long years at Puri . Emperor Prataparudra was highly influenced by the works of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and gave up the military tradition of the Kalinga emperors. He retired to
9625-492: The entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at Undavalli , rock cut shrines, and Shiva temples. Cholas ruled this region with their capital located at Rajamahendri . It was during Rajaraja Narendra's reign that Nannayya Bhattu translated the Mahabharata into Telugu . Kakatiyas ruled this region up to
9750-504: The fifth and sixth centuries to hold sway over South India. Undavalli Caves is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture of that time. The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, whose dynasty lasted for around five hundred years from the 7th century until 1130 CE, eventually merged with the Chola dynasty . They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola dynasty until 1189 CE. At
9875-402: The forward classes got more allocation than OBC in the unreserved category by major political parties or alliances. TDP-led National Democratic Alliance with Jana Sena Party and Bharatiya Janata Party emerged victorious defeating the incumbent YSRCP led by Jagan. It won 164 seats, while YSRCP got 11, a big drop from 151 it held. N. Chandrababu Naidu became the chief minister of the state for
10000-498: The fourth time. According to an opinion by Ayesha Minhaz in The Hindu daily, several factors including the prevailing anti-incumbency against the previous government and the alliance's promise of "Welfare with wealth generation" contributed to the success of TDP-led alliance. Andhra Pradesh police are structured in district, subdivision, circle, and police station hierarchy. In the year 2022, crimes against women and children saw
10125-400: The geographical region. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than in the rest of the state, with temperatures exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). The minimum temperature during summer is about 20 °C (68 °F) in the far southwest. July to September is the season for tropical rains from the southwest monsoon . The winter season
10250-530: The global multidimensional poverty index uses 10 indicators, covering three areas health, education, and standard of living and additionally maternal health and bank accounts. Unemployment rate of people with graduation in Andhra Pradesh is estimated at 24% as per periodic labour force survey of July 2022 to June 2023, the third highest in the country. The number for the whole of India is at 13.4%. The agricultural economy comprises agriculture, livestock, poultry farming, and fisheries. Four important rivers in India,
10375-455: The government in 2020 to serve as a hassle-free, one-stop solution for the requirements of farmers from seed-to-sale. Banking services through banking correspondent are also integrated. As of 2023, 10,778 RSKs are functioning. AP land titling act 2023 was brought in to change from presumptive land ownership system based on possession, registration or inheritance documents to conclusive land ownership system, with government standing as surety for
10500-572: The interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State , Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. The Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras state on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city. On the basis of the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956 , the States reorganisation act created Andhra Pradesh by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of
10625-548: The legislative capital, Vizag as the executive capital and Kurnool as the judicial capital was stuck down by the High Court. His government appealed to the Supreme Court. Andhra Pradesh is the seventh-largest state with an area of 162,970 km (62,920 sq mi). Politically, the state shares borders with Orissa to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the north, Karnataka to the southwest, Tamil Nadu to
10750-575: The life of an ascetic leaving the future of the empire uncertain. Govinda Vidyadhara took the opportunity to assassinate the sons of the emperor and usurped the throne for himself. The records of the Suryavamsi Gajapatis gives a picture of their military administration which they had inherited from the Eastern Gangas rulers. The Gangas had a vast and well-organised military which was improved upon by Kapilendra Deva . The empire
10875-477: The middle and civil (junior) and judicial first-class magistrate courts at the lower level. Apart from these, there are special courts such as family, CBI, ACB, Land reforms appellate tribunals, and industrial tribunals. Andhra Pradesh comprises two regions, namely Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema from a historical perspective. The northern part of Coastal Andhra is sometimes mentioned separately as North Andhra , to raise voice against underdevelopment. The state
11000-495: The modern Telugu poets. Palagummi Padmaraju's short story Galivaana won second prize in World Short Story competition in 1952. Rachakonda Viswanadha Sastry initiated a new trend by focussing on the downtrodden in his novel Raju-Mahishi. Women writers such as Malati Chandur and Ranganayakamma dominated novels in the 1950s and 1960s. However, in the late 1970s, Yandamuri Veerendranath started writing popular novels with
11125-404: The narration of a story, intermingled with various songs relating to the story. Burra katha is an oral storytelling technique in which the topic is either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social issue. Drama is an Indian theatre art form that is still popular. Gurajada Apparao wrote the play Kanyasulkam in spoken dialect for the first time. It was first presented in 1892. It
11250-640: The navel is considered as the source of life and creativity. Women wear colourful silk saris on special occasions such as marriages. Young girls Traditional wear of young girls is a half-saree with blouse. The shift to wearing western clothing of pant and shirt has become common for boys and men, while women also wear salwar kameez in addition to saris. Dharmavaram textiles , Machilipatnam , and Srikalahasti Kalamkari handicrafts are few examples in clothes category with GI status. Andhra meals are combinations of spicy, tangy, and sweet flavours. The use of chillies, tamarind, and gongura (leaves of roselle)
11375-472: The new state of Telangana was formed through bifurcation. The Eastern Ghats separate coastal plains and peneplains . Krishna , Godavari , and Penna are the major rivers. The state has about one-third of India's limestone reserves, large deposits of baryte and granite . The population engaged in agriculture and related activities is 62.17%. Rice is the state's major food crop and staple food. The state contributes to 30% of fish production in India and has
11500-620: The north near Hoogly to the Kaveri in the south under the Emperor Kapilendra Deva . But by the early 16th century, the Gajapatis lost great portions of their southern dominion to the Vijayanagara Empire and the Turko-Persian Golconda Sultanate . This period was marked by the influence of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and by the expansion of Jagannath temple across the length and breadth of
11625-500: The northeast, Chhattisgarh to the north, Telangana to the northwest, Karnataka to the southwest, Tamil Nadu to the south and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It has the second-longest coastline in India at about 974 km (605 mi). Archaeological evidence suggests that Andhra Pradesh has had continuous human presence for over 247,000 years, ranging from early archaic hominins to Neolithic settlements. The earliest mention of
11750-641: The number of tenant farmers at about 16 lakh. To identify and serve the needs of tenants, the Crop Cultivator Rights Act (CCRA) of 2019 was brought out. Only 26% of tenants obtained the CCRA or loan eligibility cards as per 2022 data. Gajapati Kingdom The Gajapati dynasty , also called the Suryavamsa dynasty ( transl. Solar dynasty ) or the Routray dynasty , was
11875-413: The ownership. Lands in 6000 villages were surveyed with drones and land title certificates were issued to owners, with georeferencing of their land parcels. The benefits of the act include a reduction in land disputes and easier acquisition of lands for public requirements. The newly formed TDP led NDA alliance government decided to repeal the act citing the scope for misuse of authority and deviation from
12000-708: The popular Hindu religious pilgrim destinations include Tirumala Venkateswara temple at Tirupati, Mallikarjuna temple at Srisailam, Kanaka Durga Temple at Vijayawada, and Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple at Simhachalam. Buddhist sites at Amaravati and Nagarjuna Konda are also popular. For the state of Andhra Pradesh, there are 59 entries in the SC category, 34 entries in the ST category, and 104 entries in other backward classes (OBC) category. Arya Vaishya, Brahmin, Kamma, Kapu, Kshatriya, Reddy, Velama communities constitute forward castes. Andhra Pradesh has 32 museums featuring
12125-539: The population. Tamil , Kannada , and Odia are spoken in the border areas. Lambadi and several other languages are spoken by the scheduled tribes of the state. 19% of the population aged 12+ years can read and understand English, as per the Indian readership survey for Q4 2019. Religion in Andhra Pradesh According to the 2011 census, the major religious groups in the state are Hindus (90.89%), Muslims (7.30%), and Christians (1.38%). Some of
12250-554: The pre-independence era. The Archaeological Survey of India identified 135 centrally protected monuments in the state of Andhra Pradesh. These include the reconstructed monuments at Anupu and Nagarjunakonda . The state has 17 geographical indication (GI) registrations in the categories of agriculture, handicrafts , foodstuffs , and textiles as per the Geographical indications of goods (Registration and protection) act, 1999 . The men's traditional wear consists of Panche ,
12375-482: The present day Andhra Pradesh came under British East India Company rule as part of Madras Presidency . After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the region became part of British crown till India became independent in 1947. Anicut at Dowleswaram built in 1850 by Arthur Cotton and several others at Vijayawada, Nellore, Sangam, Sunkesula, and Polampalli are examples of irrigation facilities built during
12500-513: The previous year. This accounts for 32.4 per cent of the GSDP, which is more than the usual limit of 25% as per the Fiscal Responsibility Budget Management Actthe and Budget Management ActActstated crores. The outstanding guarantee estimate was ₹1,38,875 crore, of which power sector accounts for ₹38,473 crore equal to 12% of GDP. Out of the audited total expenditure of ₹1,77,674 crore of the state in
12625-423: The print era and introduced Vemana poems to English readers. Kandukuri Veeresalingam is considered the father of the Telugu renaissance movement, as he encouraged the education of women and lower caste people. He fought against Brahmin marriage customs such as child marriage, the bride price system, and the prohibition of widow remarriage. To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect
12750-444: The recitation of the coming year's astrological predictions called Panchanga sravanam . Vijaya Dasami known commonly as Dussera and Deepavali , the festival of lights are other major Hindu festivals. Shivaratri is celebrated at Kotappakonda , with people from nearby villages preparing 80–100 ft height frames called prabhalu and taking it in a procession to the shine. Eid is celebrated with special prayers. Rottela Panduga
12875-586: The request of King Rajaraja Narendra , Nannaya , considered the first Telugu poet, took up the translation of the Mahabharata into Telugu in 1025 CE. Kakatiyas ruled this region and Telangana for nearly two hundred years between the 12th and 14th centuries. They were defeated by the Delhi Sultanate . Bahamani sultanate took over when Delhi sultanate became weak. Around the same time, Musunuris and Reddi Kingdom ruled parts of this region in
13000-664: The south and extreme north of the coast. Some of these consist of the Horsley Hills , the Seshachala Hills, the Nallamala Hills , and the Papi Hills. Arma Konda , located in Visakhapatnam district, is the highest peak in the state. Peneplains, part of Rayalaseema, slope towards the east. The Eastern Coastal Plains comprise the area of coastal districts up to the Eastern ghats as their border along
13125-510: The south, Telangana to northwest and the Bay of Bengal to the east. Yanam district , an enclave of Puducherry , is in the state bordering Kakinada district . It has a coastline of around 974 kilometres (605 mi), which makes it the second-longest coastline in the nation. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line separating coastal plains and peneplains in the state's geography. These are discontinuous, and individual sections have local names. The ghats become more pronounced towards
13250-412: The state for the year 2022 is 0.642. As of 1 January 2023 , there are 39,984,868 voters including 3,924 third-gender voters. Kurnool district has the maximum number of voters at 1,942,233, while Alluri Sitharama Raju district has the minimum at 729,085. Telugu is the first official language, and Urdu is the second official language of the state. Telugu is the mother tongue of nearly 90% of
13375-470: The state include Ghantasala , S. P. Balasubrahmanyam , P. Susheela , S. Janaki , and P. B. Sreenivas . "Naatu Naatu" from the film RRR became the first song from an Asian film to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2023. Efforts are on to make Vizag as the hub of film industry by offering incentives. Sankranti is the major harvest festival celebrated across the state. It
13500-842: The state is 29,784.3 square kilometres (11,499.8 sq mi), amounting to 18.28% of the total area. The Eastern ghats region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the ghats give way to the peneplains, where shrub vegetation is more common. The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous types, with a mixture of teak , and genera of Terminalia , Dalbergia , Pterocarpus , etc. The state possesses some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei , Pterocarpus santalinus , Terminalia pallida , Syzygium alternifolium , Shorea tumburgia etc. The state has 3 national parks and 13 wildlife sanctuaries as of 2019 . The diversity of fauna includes tigers , leopards , cheetals , sambars , sea turtles , and several birds and reptiles. The estuaries of
13625-423: The state. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam commissioned in 1967, Srisailam hydro electric project commissioned in 1982 are few examples of irrigation and electricity projects. The increased presence of women, Dalits, and tribals in the social and political spheres of the state, driven by social movements, led to a rise in violence against these groups. Securing access to resources like land remains an unachieved objective in
13750-478: The state. The state is home to a variety of pilgrimage centres and natural attractions such as Tirumala Venkateswara temple near Tirupati , and Araku valley . Tirupati Laddu , Banganapalle mangoes , Kondapalli Toys , Dharmavaram sarees , and Pootharekulu are few products produced in the state with geographical indication registration. According to the Sanskrit text Aitareya Brahmana (800–500 BCE ),
13875-550: The temple at Puri . Narasingha Deva I built the Sun Temple at Konark and Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam at Visakhapatnam . The Gangas were succeeded by the Gajapati monarchs. Two copper plates of the early Pallava dynasty have been found in the Kolleru Lake, traced to Gajapati Langula Narasimha Deva, an Oriya ruler (Odia Raja). According to legend, the Gajapati fort was located at Kolleti Kota on one of
14000-446: The trend of increasing levels of revenue expenditure coupled with a low level of capital spend will adversely impact infrastructure development, development, aggregate demand, employment generation, and revenue generation in the long run. Gross state domestic product (GSDP/GDP) at current prices for the year 2022–23 is estimated at ₹ 1,317,728 crore (US$ 160 billion) (advanced estimates). The share of agriculture's contribution to
14125-422: The well known Kondpalli toys. The most noticeable trees are pterocarpus, Terminalia, Anogeissus and Logustroeinai and Casuarina. Panthers, dholes, jungle cats, foxes, bears and other carnivorous mammalian fauna are found here. Deer, spotted deer sambar, blackbuck and other herbivorous animals are found in the inland forests. The district has a large number of Murrah buffaloes and cows. The climatic conditions of
14250-521: The world. Amaravati School of Art is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had a great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. The Andhra Ikshvakus , with their capital at Vijayapuri , succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna River valley in the latter half of the 2nd century CE. The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled
14375-568: The year 1611 the English founded their settlement at Masulipatnam which remained their headquarters until they finally moved to Madras in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements at Masulipatnam . Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748, his heirs strove for the succession with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761,
14500-468: The year 2021–22, social services accounted for 42.65% and capital expenditure 9.21%. When compared to 2020–21, the capital expenditure decreased by 14 per cent. Of the total expenditure, major components of the social services breakdown are as follows. The social welfare category accounted for 16%, education, sport, arts and culture had a share of 15% and health and family welfare had a share of 6.3%. Comptroller and Auditor general in its 2023 report warned that
14625-491: Was 3.76 Lakh Hectares of which gross irrigated area was 2.42 lakh Hectares. Other products produced include sugarcane , mango , tomato, milk, meat and fisheries . NH 65 from Pune to Machilipatnam , NH 165 from Pamarru to Palakollu , NH 216 from Ongole to Kathipudi pass through the district. There exists 97 km (60 mi) of rail network in the district. Gudivada Junction railway station and Machilipatnam railway station are prominent railway stations in
14750-407: Was an Indian philosopher who wrote Telugu poems using simple language and native idioms on a variety of subjects including yoga , wisdom, and morality. Potuluri Veerabrahmendhra swami , a clairvoyant and social reformer of 17th century, wrote Kalagnanam , a book of predictions. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam is termed Adhunika Telugu Sahityam (modern Telugu literature). He
14875-460: Was built on the lines of a military state, with the protection of the state and its expansion being the responsibilities of the state and population. Militarism had penetrated into different ranks of the society and the Emperor had a large standing army which included a large number of soldiers and local-militants in the standing army. Besides the feudal tributary states of the Gajapatis also provided
15000-403: Was created from Krishna district in 1904. Similarly West Godavari district was created from Krishna district in 1925. Krishna District had 10 Talukas in 1971. In 1978 they were increased to 21 Talukas. In 1985, Mandal system was created and 50 mandals were formed in the district. In 2022 Krishna district was divided into Krishna and NTR districts. As of 2011 census of India , the district had
15125-805: Was divided into Krishna and NTR Districts. It was named after the Krishna River (also known as Krishnaveni in literature) the third longest river in India. The river flows through the district before it empties itself into Bay of Bengal , near Hamsaladevi village. The history of this region dates back to the 2nd century BCE. The area was ruled by the Satavahanas (230 BC – AD 227); Pallavas (AD 340 – AD 500), Chalukyas (AD 615 – 1070 AD) and later by Cholas , Kakatiyas , Musunuri Nayaks , Reddy dynasty and Gajapati kings of Odisha . Satavahana period (230 BC – AD 227): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at Srikakulam , at present
15250-539: Was formerly called as Machilipatnam District. Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished Guntur District in 1859. Again in 1925, Krishna District was further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts. There are no changes in its jurisdiction except some minor changes (in Divi Taluk and Munagala Paragana). Further Again in 2022 Krishna District
15375-575: Was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in Vijayawada ) and constructed a reservoir at Kondapalli . Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara empire conquered this region in the early 16th century. Then this region became part of the Kingdom of Golconda in 1550 which was founded by Sultan Quli Qutub Shah as part of the Qutb Shahis in 1512. Abu-l-Hussain Shah known as Tanisha
15500-831: Was the author of the first Telugu social novel Rajasekhara Charitram , published in 1880. The use of colloquial idiom rather than grandhik (classical) in literature, championed by Gurajada Apparao and Gidugu Ramamurthy Panthulu led to increased literacy. Various forms of literature such as poetry, novel, short story were vibrant as indicated by the responses to national and international developments in various spheres of human life. The modern Telugu poetry, which began around 1900 developed into three forms – Bhava kavitvam (lyrical poetry), Abhyudaya kavitvam (progressive poetry), and new experimental poetry, including Viplava kavitvam (revolutionary poetry). Gurajada Apparao, Rayaprolu Subbarao , Gurram Jashuva , Viswanatha Satyanarayana , Devulapalli Krishnasastri , and Sri Sri were some of
15625-573: Was the last ruler of Qutab Shahi dynasty. Aurangazeb ruled this region as part of the province of Golconda . Asaf Jah who was appointed as subedar or viceroy of the Deccan in AD 1713 with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk. The province of Golconda comprised five Nawabs’ charges viz. Arcot, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Rajahmundry and Chicacole (Srikakulam). This region was part of the Nawab of Rajahmundry . The British : In
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