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89-518: (Redirected from Kulun ) Küriye (Mongolian: Хүрээ , Khüree, camp or monastery , simplified Chinese: 库伦 ; traditional Chinese: 庫倫 ; pinyin: Kùlún , also rendered as Kure, Kuren and other variants) can refer to the following places: an old name for Ulaanbaatar , capital of Mongolia a banner in Tongliao city , formerly Jirim league, of Inner Mongolia; see Hure Banner Küriye/Khüree

178-544: A département and a commune ; it is the only French city with this status. The Council of Paris ( Conseil de Paris ) exercises functions similar to those of a departmental council ( conseil départemental ) and a city council ( conseil municipal ). However, Paris and the départements closest to it are part of the Île-de-France région . In Germany, most of the federal states are subdivided into administrative districts called Kreise (engl. circles ), each of which normally includes several towns or cities. However,

267-533: A Kreisfreie Stadt , although the city is de jure a part of the special-status Hanover Region . Two cities in Germany, namely Berlin and Hamburg , are considered city-states (German: Stadtstaaten ). Additionally, the state of Bremen is officially classified as a city-state although it consists of the two cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven , which are separated by the state of Lower Saxony . Together with thirteen area states (German: Flächenländer ) they form

356-414: A federal structure, the federal capital is often separate from other jurisdictions in the country, and frequently has a unique system of government. Addis Ababa , capital of Ethiopia, has held the designation of chartered city since 1991, when it was separated from the former province of Shewa . It shares this status with one other city, Dire Dawa . Bamako , the capital of Mali, is contained within

445-528: A province , and thus do not share their tax revenues with any province. In practise, most cities outside of Metropolitan Manila are often still grouped with provinces that they were partitioned from for the sake of convenience and simplicity. The national government and its agencies serve these cities through sub-offices for each region , to which the cities are indirectly subject. There are 38 such cities, with 16 being located in Metro Manila (including

534-439: A German quasi-state under (Western) Allied supervision. Since 1990/1991, the reunited Berlin is an ordinary German state among others. In Hungary, 23 of the cities are "cities with county rights". These cities have equal rights with the 19 counties of Hungary. Budapest , the capital city is also a special district, outside of the country's system of counties. Although Budapest does not belong to Pest County which surrounds it, it

623-410: A common municipal government. The remaining 302 of them, however, are a standalone urban gmina ( Polish : gmina miejska ) which contains solely either an independent town or one of the 107 cities (the latter governed by a city mayor or prezydent miasta ). Among the 107 cities, 66 of them constitute counties in their own right, formally called cities with powiat rights . They are suitably marked on

712-473: A densely built-up area consisting of 19 communes including the capital city Brussels , became one of Belgium's three regions after the country was turned into a federation in 1970. (In Belgium there are special circumstances due to the country's language communities.) The Brčko District is independent of both Entities that constitute Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina). All other cities and municipalities are under

801-1018: A mobile monastery-town, Örgöö was often moved to various places along the Selenge , Orkhon and Tuul rivers, as supply and other needs would demand. During the Dzungar wars of the late 17th century, it was even moved to Inner Mongolia . As the city grew, it moved less and less. The movements of the city can be detailed as follows: Shireet Tsagaan Nuur (1639), Khoshoo Tsaidam (1640), Khentii Mountains (1654), Ogoomor (1688), Inner Mongolia (1690), Tsetserlegiin Erdene Tolgoi (1700), Daagandel (1719), Usan Seer (1720), Ikh Tamir (1722), Jargalant (1723), Eeven Gol (1724), Khujirtbulan (1729), Burgaltai (1730), Sognogor (1732), Terelj (1733), Uliastai River (1734), Khui Mandal (1736), Khuntsal (1740), Udleg (1742), Ogoomor (1743), Selbe (1747), Uliastai River (1756), Selbe (1762), Khui Mandal (1772) and Selbe (1778). In 1778,

890-591: A monastic rule, Internal Rule of the Grand Monastery or Yeke Kuriyen-u Doto'adu Durem . For example, in 1797 a decree of the 4th Jebtsundamba forbade "singing, playing with archery, myagman, chess, usury and smoking"). Executions were forbidden where the holy temples of the Bogd Jebtsundama could be seen, so capital punishment took place away from the city. In 1839, the 5th Bogd Jebtsundamba moved his residence to Gandan Hill, an elevated position to

979-513: A number of the more important and more populous cities are not part of a Kreis , but are instead themselves each equivalent in status and functions to a Kreis . Such cities are known as Kreisfreie Städte (literally, "district-free cities") – or, in the case of Baden-Württemberg , Stadtkreise ("urban districts"). There are currently 110 kreisfreie Städte (or equivalents). Of these, the 22 largest are: [a]: Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen are also federal states in their own right. [b]: Effectively

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1068-570: A revolutionary character, symbolizing the revolutionary steadfastness of the Mongolian people in their struggle for independence. In the Western world, Ulaanbaatar continued to be generally known as Urga or Khuree until 1924, and afterward as Ulan Bator Russian : Улан-Батор , romanized :  Ulan-Bator . This form was defined two decades before the Mongolian name got its current Cyrillic spelling and transliteration (1941–1950); however,

1157-423: A settlement of the "Mongolian question" along Qing-era lines, but before this settlement could be put into effect, Khüree was occupied by the troops of Chinese warlord Xu Shuzheng , who forced the Mongolian nobles and clergy to renounce autonomy completely. The city changed hands twice in 1921. First, on 4 February, a mixed Russian/Mongolian force led by White Russian warlord Roman von Ungern-Sternberg captured

1246-472: A term originally referring to an enclosure or settlement . Upon independence in 1911 , with both the secular government and the Bogd Khan 's palace present, the city's name was changed to Niĭslel Khüree ( Mongolian : ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ; Нийслэл Хүрээ , lit.   'Capital Khüree'). When the city became the capital of the new Mongolian People's Republic on 29 October 1924, its name

1335-729: Is a primate city in terms of its large population, having nearly 8% of Thailand's total population. In Indonesia, the national capital Jakarta is within the Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta (Jakarta Capital Special Region). Jakarta is considered one of Indonesia's provinces , therefore Jakarta is headed by a governor and not a mayor. However, Jakarta is divided into 5 smaller "administration-cities" ( kota administrasi ) and one "administration-regency" ( kabupaten administrasi ). The administration-cities are Central , North , East , West , and South Jakarta . The Kepulauan Seribu ( Thousand Islands ) administration-regency

1424-597: Is a part of a number of place names in Mongolia that grew out of monasteries: [Daichin] Vangiin Khüree, now Bulgan (city) Mörön Khüree, now Mörön (city) See also [ edit ] Khurul - the Oirat form of küriye Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Küriye . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

1513-634: Is also included in the formal definition of Jakarta. All of these sub-units have their own degree of autonomy. Mayors of the five administration-cities and the regent of Kepulauan Seribu administration-regency are not elected, but directly appointed by the Governor and members of the Provincial Parliament of Jakarta . Furthermore, these sub-units do not have local parliament as opposed to other cities or regencies in Indonesia. New Delhi and

1602-405: Is brought down by its cold winter temperatures even though it is significantly warm from late April to early October. The city lies in the zone of discontinuous permafrost , which means that building is difficult in sheltered locations that preclude thawing in the summer, but easier on more exposed ones where soils fully thaw. Suburban residents live in traditional yurts that do not protrude into

1691-524: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ulaanbaatar During its early years, as Örgöö (anglicized as Urga ), it became Mongolia's preeminent religious centre and seat of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu , the spiritual head of the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia . Following the regulation of Qing-Russian trade by

1780-418: Is much frequented by merchants from China and Russia, and other places. By Zanabazar's death in 1723, Urga was Mongolia's preeminent monastery in terms of religious authority. A council of seven of the highest-ranking lamas ( Khamba Nomon Khan , Ded Khamba and five Tsorj ) made most of the city's religious decisions. It had also become Outer Mongolia's commercial center. From 1733 to 1778, Urga moved around

1869-434: Is still the county headquarters. Cork, Dublin, Galway, Limerick and Waterford are governed by independent city councils. In Norway, Oslo is both a municipality ( kommune ) and a county ( fylke ) within itself. Among Polish municipalities containing a town or a city, 638 are organized as a mixed urban-rural gmina ( Polish : gmina miejsko-wiejska ) consisting of a town and surrounding villages and countryside, governed by

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1958-669: The City of Manila , the national capital); eight in the rest of Luzon and its surrounding islands; seven in the Visayas island group; and seven in Mindanao and its surrounding islands. Vietnam has five municipalities that are not part of any of the Vietnam's provinces . This includes Hanoi , the capital of Vietnam; and Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), the most populous city of Vietnam. In China, both Beijing and Tianjin are independent of

2047-729: The Community of Democracies , and has also lent its name to the Ulaanbaatar Dialogue on Northeast Asian Security. Chinggis Khaan International Airport in Ulaanbataar was opened to the public on 4 July 2021. Since the 2010s Ulaanbaatar has seen a construction boom filling the city with high-rise offices and apartment blocks. Since 2013, a number of landmark buildings and structures have been demolished in Ulaanbaatar, despite considerable public outcry. This includes

2136-476: The Gobi Desert to Kalgan , and southeast over the mountains to Peking. Urga was also a collection point for goods coming from further west. These were either sent to China or shipped north to Russia via Kyakhta, because of legal restrictions and the lack of good trade routes to the west. By 1908, there was a Russian quarter with a few hundred merchants and a Russian club and informal Russian mayor. East of

2225-770: The Keraites , a Nestorian Christian monarch whom Marco Polo identified as the legendary Prester John , is said to have had his palace here (the Black Forest of the Tuul River) and forbade hunting in the holy mountain Bogd Uul. The palace is said to be where Genghis Khan stayed with Yesui Khatun before attacking the Tangut in 1226. During the Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635)

2314-561: The Khutugtu 's subjects". In 1761, a second amban was appointed for the same purpose, a Manchu one. A quarter-century later, in 1786, a decree issued in Peking gave right to the Urga ambans to decide the administrative affairs of Tusheet Khan and Setsen Khan territories. With this, Urga became the highest civil authority in the country. Based on Urga's Mongol governor Sanzaidorj's petition,

2403-638: The Qianlong Emperor officially recognized an annual ceremony on Bogd Khan Mountain in 1778 and provided the annual imperial donations. The city was the seat of the Jebtsundamba Khutugtus, two Qing ambans, and a Chinese trade town grew "four trees" 4.24 km (2.63 mi) east of the city center at the confluence of the Uliastai and Tuul rivers. By 1778, Urga may have had as many as ten thousand monks, who were regulated by

2492-457: The Siberian anticyclone , Ulaanbaatar is the coldest national capital in the world, with a monsoon -influenced, cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk , USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 3b ). Aside from precipitation and from a thermal standpoint, the city is on the boundary between humid continental ( Dwb ) and subarctic ( Dwc ). This is due to its 10 °C (50 °F) mean temperature for

2581-570: The Treaty of Kyakhta in 1727 , a caravan route between Beijing and Kyakhta opened up, along which the city was eventually settled. With the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the city was a focal point for independence efforts, leading to the proclamation of the Bogd Khanate in 1911 led by the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, or Bogd Khan , and again during the communist revolution of 1921 . With

2670-678: The administrative division system of the Republic of China, some cities are directly administered by the Executive Yuan , some are administered by provinces (the province of Taiwan is nominal), and some are subordinate to counties . The centrally-administered ( Taipei City , Kaohsiung City , New Taipei City , Taichung City , Tainan City , and Taoyuan City ) and province-administered ones are like independent cities under this definition. In addition to its nine provinces, South Korea has seven province-level "metropolitan cities." By far

2759-725: The list of counties in Poland . Bucharest , the capital of Romania, is outside the country's system of counties . In the Russian Federation, Moscow and Saint Petersburg are both subjects of the federation and cities themselves. Russia also considers the Crimean city of Sevastopol to be a federal city of Russia , but this is not recognized by the majority of states who see the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea as unlawful. In Spain, there exist two so-called autonomous cities , Ceuta and Melilla , which are located on

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2848-474: The 1910s estimated the population of Urga at 60,000, based on Nikolay Przhevalsky 's study in the 1870s. The city's population swelled during the Naadam festival and major religious festivals to more than 100,000. In 1919, the number of monks had reached 20,000, up from 13,000 in 1810. In 1910, the amban Sando went to quell a major fight between Gandan lamas and Chinese traders started by an incident at

2937-594: The 2010s, a construction boom has been ongoing, leading to many high-rise apartment and office blocks in the inner core as well as new settlement areas. Sükhbaatar Square , in the government district, is the center of Ulaanbaatar and contains in the middle a statue of revolutionary hero Damdin Sükhbaatar on horseback; and in the north side a statue of Chinggis Khan . To the north is the Government Palace , while Peace Avenue ( Enkh Taivny Urgon Chuloo ),

3026-760: The Bamako Capital District. Maputo , the capital of Mozambique, is its own district with provincial status surrounded by the Province of Maputo . Niger's capital, Niamey , comprises a capital district of Niger. It is surrounded by the Tillabéri Department . Nigeria's capital Abuja is located in the Federal Capital Territory . The Territory was established in 1976, and the capital was formally moved from Lagos (the historic capital) in 1991. In Taiwan under

3115-714: The Da Yi Yu shop in the Baruun Damnuurchin market district. He was unable to bring the lamas under control, and was forced to flee back to his quarters. In 1911, with the Qing dynasty in China headed for total collapse, Mongolian leaders in Ikh Khüree for Naadam met in secret on Mount Bogd Khan Uul and resolved to end 220 years of Manchu control of their country. On 29 December 1911, the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu

3204-621: The Natural History Museum, and stated that the government planned to renovate them instead. Ulaanbaatar is located at about 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) above mean sea level , slightly east of the center of Mongolia, on the Tuul River , a sub- tributary of the Selenge , in a valley at the foot of the mountain Bogd Khan Uul . Bogd Khan Uul is a broad, heavily forested mountain rising 2,250 metres (7,380 ft) to

3293-581: The North African coast surrounded by Morocco and have been under Spanish jurisdiction since the 15th century. Spain is a highly decentralized state organized in autonomous communities . These two cities hold their special status because they are not large enough to be considered regions on their own. Nonetheless, they function as autonomous communities with a high degree of self-administration and law-making powers. Historically, until 1967, Stockholm did not belong to any county of Sweden. Instead, there

3382-521: The Special Act on the Installation of Sejong City. Currently, the population of Sejong Special Self-governing City is lower than that of the aforementioned metropolitan cities, but the population is increasing with the construction of a mixed-use administrative city. In 2006, the ruling party floated a proposal to eliminate all current province and independent-city borders. This plan would divide

3471-922: The White Gate at Nisekh in September 2013, the Victims of Political Persecution Memorial Museum in October 2019, the Natural History Museum in December 2019, Buildings #3 and #6 of the National University of Mongolia , and the main building of the University of Finance and Economics in 2023. The 2019 Mongolian government budget originally included items for the demolition of a number of historic neoclassical buildings in

3560-403: The bones of which are found abundantly around Ulaanbaatar. A number of Xiongnu -era royal tombs have been discovered around Ulaanbaatar, including the tombs of Belkh Gorge near Dambadarjaalin monastery and tombs of Songinokhairkhan. Located on the banks of the Tuul River , Ulaanbaatar has been well within the sphere of Turco-Mongol nomadic empires throughout history. Wang Khan , Toghrul of

3649-481: The capital, Karachi was located in the Federal Capital Territory , which later reverted to the Sindh Province. In United Arab Emirates, the seven emirates are themselves city-states, or were historically, in particular Abu Dhabi , Dubai and Sharjah . The city of Vienna is a federal state within the Republic of Austria. A similar concept is the statutory city . The Brussels capital region ,

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3738-528: The central government. Examples are Seoul , Busan , Daegu , Incheon , Gwangju , Daejeon and Ulsan in South Korea and Pyongyang and Rason in North Korea. In South Korea, the main criterion for granting secession from the province is a population reaching one million. In Thailand, the capital Bangkok operates independently of any province and is considered a special administrative area. It

3827-734: The city moved from Khui Mandal and settled for good at its current location, near the confluence of the Selbe and Tuul rivers, and beneath Bogd Khan Uul , at that time also on the caravan route from Beijing to Kyakhta . One of the earliest Western mentions of Urga is the account of the Scottish traveller John Bell in 1721: What they call the Urga is the court, or the place where the prince (Tusheet Khan) and high priest (Bogd Jebtsundamba Khutugtu) reside, who are always encamped at no great distance from one another. They have several thousand tents about them, which are removed from time to time. The Urga

3916-515: The city was 659 millimetres or 25.94 inches at the Khureltogoot Astronomical Observatory on Mount Bogd Khan Uul. Ulaanbaatar has an average annual temperature of 0.2 °C or 32.4 °F, making it the coldest capital in the world (almost as cold as Nuuk , Greenland , but Greenland is not independent). Nuuk has a tundra climate with consistent cold temperatures throughout the year. Ulaanbaatar's annual average

4005-604: The city was named Ulaanbaatar Khot ( lit.   ' Red-Hero City ' ). During the socialist period , especially following the Second World War , most of the old ger districts were replaced by Soviet-style blocks of flats , often financed by the Soviet Union. Urban planning began in the 1950s, and much of the city core today is a result of construction between 1960 and 1985. The Trans-Mongolian Railway , connecting Ulaanbaatar with Moscow and Beijing,

4094-507: The city was named Ulan Bator Khoto ("City of the Red Hero") [14]. After the vote, he gave a speech: Genghis Khan was a national hero, but he was a conqueror. Present-day People's Mongolia has no imperialistic goals; it wants to liberate itself and develop independently, along revolutionary lines. Therefore, the name Ulaanbaatar-Khoto will be a revolutionary name, and it will be understandable to everyone. The prefix Ulan ("red") gives this name

4183-626: The city, freeing the Bogd Khan from Chinese imprisonment and killing a part of the Chinese garrison. Baron Ungern's capture of Urga was followed by the clearing out of Mongolia's small gangs of demoralized Chinese soldiers and, at the same time, looting and murder of foreigners, including a vicious pogrom that killed off the Jewish community . On 22 February 1921, the Bogd Khan was once again elevated to Great Khan of Mongolia in Urga. However, at

4272-413: The city. Much of these new arrivals settle in ger districts without plumbing, sanitation, central heating, and basic services. This rise in population, including the formation of new settlement areas, has not been accompanied with appropriate investment in infrastructure and services, hampering development and causing a myriad of problems. Ulaanbaatar was the scene of riots in 2008 after supporters of

4361-479: The control of Soviet Russia. On 29 October 1924, the town was renamed Ulaanbaatar . On the session of the 1st Great People's Khuraldaan of Mongolia in 1924, a majority of delegates had expressed their wish to change the capital city's name to Baatar Khot ( lit.   ' Hero City ' ). However, under pressure from Turar Ryskulov , a Kazakh Soviet activist of the Communist International ,

4450-592: The country's total population. As the country's primate city , it serves as its cultural, industrial and financial heart and the center of its transport network . The city at its establishment in 1639 was referred to as Örgöö ( Mongolian : ᠥᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡ ; Өргөө , lit.   'Palace'). This name was eventually adapted as Urga in the West. By 1651, it began to be referred to as Nomiĭn Khüree ( Mongolian : ᠨᠣᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ; Номын хүрээ , lit.   'Khüree of Wisdom'), and by 1706 it

4539-532: The entire republic into fifty or sixty city- or county-level administrations, similar to the system in Japan. The plan was intended to help reduce regional discrimination and animosity by eliminating provincial identity. Many major cities in the Philippines are independent cities, classified as either "highly urbanized" or "independent component" cities. These cities are administratively and legally not subject to

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4628-531: The heart of Ulaanbaatar, including the Natural History Museum , Opera and Ballet House , Drama Theatre and National Library . The decision was met by a public outcry and criticism from the Union of Mongolian Architects, which demanded that the buildings be preserved and restored. In January 2020, culture minister Yondonperenlein Baatarbileg denied that the government intended to demolish buildings other than

4717-460: The imperial capital Karakorum) in what is now Burd sum , Övörkhangai , around 230 kilometres (143 miles) south-west from the present site of Ulaanbaatar, and was intended by the Mongol nobles to be the seat of Zanabazar , the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu . Zanabazar returned to Mongolia from Tibet in 1651, and founded seven aimags (monastic departments) in Urga, later establishing four more. As

4806-602: The imperial level . After the Napoleonic era, in 1815, four were still city-states: Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck in Northern Germany, and Frankfurt where the Federal Convention was located. Frankfurt was incorporated by Prussia in 1866, and Lübeck became a part of Prussia during the national socialist regime in 1937 (Greater Hamburg Law). After 1945, Berlin was a divided city, and the Western part became

4895-658: The jurisdiction of the Entity (in Republika Srpska) or under the jurisdiction of cantons (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina). The Dayton Peace Agreement afforded the special designation as a district, while also creating the Office of the High Representative that currently oversees the district of Brčko. The capital city of Sofia has the status of oblast (region). The capital city of Zagreb has

4984-435: The largest among these in terms of population is the capital, Seoul , called a teukbyeol-si (특별시; literally, special city), which is home to more than 20% of the entire population of the country. The remaining six independent cities are called gwangyeok-si (광역시; literally, large city) whose names are: Busan , Daegu , Daejeon , Incheon , Gwangju , and Ulsan . Historically, these independent cities have been carved from

5073-444: The legal status of imperial immediacy , according to which they were not subinfeudated to any vassal ruler and were instead subject to the authority of the Emperor alone. Examples included Hamburg , Bremen , and Lübeck , along with others that gained and/or lost the privileges of immediacy over the course of the Empire's history. A number of countries have made their national capitals into separate entities. In countries with

5162-402: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Küriye&oldid=1256733584 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Mongolian-language text Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text Short description

5251-513: The main thoroughfare through town, runs along the south side of the square. Independent city An independent city or independent town is a city or town that does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity (such as a province). In the Holy Roman Empire , and to a degree in its successor states the German Confederation and the German Empire , so-called " free imperial cities " (nominative singular freie Reichsstadt , nominative plural freie Reichsstädte ) held

5340-415: The main town was the Russian consulate, built in 1863, with an Orthodox church, a post office and 20 Cossack guards. It was fortified in 1900 and briefly occupied by troops during the Boxer Rebellion . There was a telegraph line north to Kyakhta and southeast to Kalgan and weekly postal service along these routes. Beyond the Russian consulate was the Chinese trading post called Maimaicheng , and nearby

5429-421: The main, natural route from the capital region of Karakorum to the birthplace and tomb of the Khans in the Khentii mountain region ( Ikh Khorig ) passed through the area of Ulaanbaatar. The Tuul River naturally leads to the north-side of Bogd Khan Mountain, which stands out as a large island of forest positioned conspicuously at the south-western edge of the Khentii mountains. As the main gate and stopover point on

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5518-425: The month of May. The city features brief, warm summers and long, bitterly cold and dry winters. The coldest January temperatures, usually at the time just before sunrise, are between −36 and −40 °C (−32.8 and −40.0 °F) with no wind, because of temperature inversion . Most of the annual precipitation of 267 millimetres (10.51 in) falls from May to September. The highest recorded annual precipitation in

5607-437: The name of the city was spelled Ulaanbaatar koto during the decade in which Mongolia used the Latin alphabet . Human habitation at the site of Ulaanbaatar dates from the Lower Paleolithic , with a number of sites on the Bogd Khan , Buyant-Ukhaa and Songinokhairkhan mountains, revealing tools which date from 300,000 years ago to 40,000–12,000 years ago. These Upper Paleolithic people hunted mammoth and woolly rhinoceros ,

5696-413: The names of their state organs: their governments are called Senate, the prime ministers 'mayor' (Governing Mayor in Berlin and First Mayor in Hamburg) or President of the Senate (in Bremen) and also the expressions for their state parliaments differ from the other states. In the 18th century, many German cities were free imperial cities (German: Reichsstädte ), without a principality between them and

5785-453: The newer independent cities is that, in some cases, the government administrative buildings ( docheong ) of the provinces they were once a part of are still located within city boundaries, meaning that these provinces have capitals that are not within their borders. On 1 July 2012, Yeongi-gun, Chungcheongnam-do absorbed parts of Cheonan, Gongju and Cheongju, and became independent from Chungcheongnam-do as Sejong Special Self-governing City under

5874-436: The old city of Delhi together form the National Capital Territory of Delhi . The capital of Iraq, Baghdad , is contained within a special capital district. In Japan, Tokyo, as well as being a city, forms a prefecture, falling into a special category of "metropolitan prefecture" having some of the attributes of a city and some of a prefecture. Within Tokyo, there are smaller units, "wards", "cities", "towns", etc., but some of

5963-419: The opposition parties disputed the ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 's claim of victory after the parliamentary elections . A four-day state of emergency was declared, the capital was placed under a curfew, and alcohol sales banned with no further riots taking place. This was the first deadly riot in modern Ulaanbaatar's history. In April 2013, Ulaanbaatar hosted the 7th Ministerial Conference of

6052-419: The palace of the Manchu viceroy. With the growth of Western trade at the Chinese ports, the tea trade to Russia declined, some Chinese merchants left, and wool became the main export. Manufactured goods still came from Russia, but most were now brought from Kalgan by caravan. The annual trade was estimated at 25 million rubles, nine-tenths in Chinese hands and one-tenth in Russian. The Moscow trade expedition of

6141-423: The proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924, the city was officially renamed Ulaanbaatar and declared the country's capital. Modern urban planning began in the 1950s, with most of the old ger districts replaced by Soviet-style flats . In 1990, Ulaanbaatar was the site of large demonstrations that led to Mongolia's transition to democracy and a market economy . Since 1990, an influx of migrants from

6230-422: The province that surrounds them. Consequently, they typically share a strong regional and cultural identity with the adjoining province(s). For instance, Gwangju, located at the center of Jeolla region, is heavily associated with the region. Seoul and Incheon are said to make up the National Capital Area along with the densely populated Gyeonggi that almost completely encompasses them. One interesting relic of

6319-407: The responsibilities normally assigned to cities and towns in other Japanese prefectures are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government instead. The capital of Pakistan, Islamabad , is a planned city within the Islamabad Capital Territory , which was created in 1960 out of the Punjab Province. The Territory elects representatives to both houses of the legislature. Before Islamabad was made

6408-434: The rest of the country has led to an explosive growth in its population, a major portion of whom live in ger districts, which has led to harmful air pollution in winter. Governed as an independent municipality , Ulaanbaatar is surrounded by Töv Province , whose capital Zuunmod lies 43 kilometres (27 mi) south of the city. With a population of just over 1.6 million as of December 2022 , it contains almost half of

6497-472: The riverine forest of the Tuul River is composed of broad-leaved, deciduous poplars , elms and willows . Ulaanbaatar lies at roughly the same latitude as Vienna , Munich , Orléans and Seattle . It lies at roughly the same longitude as Chongqing , Hanoi and Jakarta . Owing to its high elevation, its relatively high latitude, its location hundreds of kilometres from any coast, and the effects of

6586-670: The route to and from the holy Khentii mountains, the Bogd Khan Mountain saw large amounts of traffic going past it and was protected from early times. Even after the Northern Yuan period it served as the location of the annual and triannual Assembly of Nobles ( Khan Uuliin Chuulgan ). Founded in 1639 as a yurt monastery as Örgöö ( lit.   ' palace- yurt ' ), the settlement was first located at Lake Shireet Tsagaan nuur (75 kilometres (47 miles) directly east of

6675-741: The same time that Baron Ungern was taking control of Urga, a Soviet-supported Communist Mongolian force led by Damdin Sükhbaatar was forming in Russia, and in March they crossed the border. Ungern and his men rode out in May to meet Red Russian and Red Mongolian troops, but suffered a disastrous defeat in June. In July 1921, the Communist Soviet-Mongolian army became the second conquering force in six months to enter Urga, and Mongolia came under

6764-414: The sixteen federal states of Germany . Hamburg and Bremen are " Free and Hanseatic Cities". Generally, the city-states have no other rights or duties than the other states. Through the financial redistribution system of Equalization Payments in Germany (German: Länderfinanzausgleich ), they do receive more money because of their demographic characteristics. The city-states are most distinctive due to

6853-711: The soil. Extreme temperatures in the city range from −43.9 °C (−47.0 °F) in January 1957 to 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in July 1988. The city's inner core consists of a central district built in 1940s- and 1950s-style Soviet architecture, surrounded by and mingled with residential concrete towerblocks and large ger districts . Starting after the fall of communism, many of the towerblocks' ground floors were modified and upgraded to small shops, and many new buildings have been erected—some illegally, as some private companies erect buildings without legal licenses/permits. Since

6942-414: The south of Ulaanbaatar. It forms the boundary between the steppe zone to the south and the forest-steppe zone to the north. Traditionally, Ulaanbaatar is said to be surrounded by four peaks, clockwise from west: Songino Khairkhan, Chingeltei, Bayanzurkh, and finally Bogd Khan Uul. The forests of the mountains surrounding Ulaanbaatar are composed of evergreen pines, deciduous larches and birches , while

7031-602: The status equal to županija (county), whereas all other cities and municipalities are under a county jurisdiction. Historically, Croatian cities became independent by being named a " royal free city ". Under the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the city of Rijeka (Fiume) was a separate city from the Counties of Hungary , and the Modros-Fiume County that surrounded it. The city of Paris is both

7120-436: The surrounding province of Hebei , of which they were formerly a part. Similarly, Shanghai is now independent from Jiangsu and Chongqing from Sichuan . Hong Kong and Macao have the status of special administrative regions , separated from their original province Guangdong . In both South Korea and North Korea, special cities are independent from their surrounding provinces and city-states under direct governance from

7209-735: The vicinity of its present location. In 1754, the Erdene Shanzodba Yam ^ of Urga was given authority to supervise the administrative affairs of the Bogd's subjects. It also served as the city's chief judicial court. In 1758, the Qianlong Emperor appointed the Khalkha Vice General Sanzaidorj as the first Mongol amban of Urga, with full authority to "oversee the Khuree and administer well all

7298-588: The way for the new constitution of 1992 and the dissolution of the Mongolian People's Republic . Since Mongolia's transition to a market economy in 1990, the city has experienced rapid growth. From a population of 535,000 in 1990, it had grown to 1 million inhabitants by 2007, and 1.5 million by 2021, or about half the entire country's population. Much of this rapid population rise is attributed to migration from rural areas, as herder families abandon their traditional lifestyles in search of opportunities in

7387-658: The west of the Baruun Damnuurchin markets. Part of the city was moved to nearby Tolgoit. In 1855, the part of the camp that moved to Tolgoit was brought back to its 1778 location, and the 7th Bogd Jebtsundamba returned to the Zuun Khuree. The Gandan Monastery flourished as a center of philosophical studies. Following the Treaty of Kyakhta in 1727, Urga (Ulaanbaatar) was a major point of the Kyakhta trade between Russia and China – mostly Siberian furs for Chinese cloth and later tea. The route ran south to Urga, southeast across

7476-605: Was a Governor of Stockholm that had the normal responsibilities of the County Administrative Boards and their managers, the governors. There was no County Council (which is elected by the people and is responsible for example for health care); instead, the City of Stockholm handled such tasks. One of the cantons of Switzerland , Basel-Stadt , is considered to be a city-state, although it contains two smaller municipalities Bettingen and Riehen alongside

7565-593: Was a major site of demonstrations that led to Mongolia's transition to democracy and market economy in 1990 . Starting on 10 December 1989, protesters outside the Youth Culture Center called for Mongolia to implement perestroika and glasnost in their full sense. After months of large-scale demonstrations and hunger strikes, the governing Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party resigned on 9 March 1990. The provisional government announced Mongolia's first free elections , which were held in July 1990, paving

7654-583: Was changed to Ulaanbaatar ( lit.   ' Red Hero ' ). At the meeting of the 1st Great People's Khural in 1924, the majority of delegates voted in favor of renaming the capital of Mongolia to Bator-khoto ("City of the Hero," or "City of the Hero," implicitly referring to the figure of Genghis Khan). Nevertheless, at the insistence of the Comintern representative, Soviet-Kazakhstan political figure T. R. Ryskulov , who previously had no connection to Mongolia,

7743-417: Was completed in 1956, and cinemas, theaters, museums and other modern facilities were erected. Most of the temples and monasteries of pre-socialist Khüree were destroyed following the anti-religious purges of the late 1930s. The Gandan monastery was reopened in 1944 when the U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace asked to see a monastery during his visit to Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar and chiefly Sükhbaatar Square

7832-493: Was declared ruler of an independent Mongolia and assumed the title Bogd Khan. Khüree as the seat of the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu was the logical choice for the capital of the new state. However, following the tripartite Kyakhta agreement of 1915 , Mongolia's status was effectively reduced to mere autonomy. In 1919, Mongolian nobles, over the opposition of the Bogd Khan, agreed with the Chinese resident Chen Yi on

7921-510: Was referred to as Ikh Khüree ( Mongolian : ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ; Их хүрээ , lit.   'Great Khüree'). The Chinese equivalent, Dà Kùlún ( Chinese : 大庫倫 , Mongolian : Да Хүрээ ), was rendered into Western languages as Kulun or Kuren . Other names include Bogdiin Khuree ( Mongolian : ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ; Богдын хүрээ , lit.   'The Bogd 's Khüree'), or simply Khüree ( Mongolian : ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ; Хүрээ , romanized :  Küriye ), itself

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