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82-588: Over time, the term kuruc has come to designate Hungarians who advocate strict national independence and the term " labanc " to designate Hungarians who advocate cooperating with outside powers. The term kuruc is used in both a positive sense to mean “patriotic” and in a negative sense to mean “chauvinistic.” The term labanc is almost always used in a negative sense to mean “disloyal” or “traitorous”. This term originally referred to Habsburg troops, mainly Austrian imperial soldiers, garrisoned in Hungary. The kuruc army

164-551: A 1916 article in the New York Times magazine Current History , the origin is as follows: Boche is an abbreviation of caboche , (compare bochon , an abbreviation of cabochon ). This is a recognized French word used familiarly for "head," especially a big, thick head, ("slow-pate"). It is derived from the Latin word caput and the suffix oceus . Boche seems to have been used first in

246-477: A German pet form of Friedrich, was popular in both World War I and World War II . The Americans and Canadians referred to Germans, especially German soldiers, as Heinies , from a diminutive of the common German male proper name Heinrich. For example, in the film 1941 the Slim Pickens character calls a German officer " Mr Hynee Kraut! " Heinie is also a colloquial term for buttocks, in use since

328-683: A German. The theme of Hunnic savagery was then developed in a speech of August Bebel in the Reichstag in which he recounted details of the cruelty of the German expedition which were taken from soldiers' letters home, styled the Hunnenbriefe (letters from the Huns). The Kaiser's speech was widely reported in the European press at that time. The term "Hun" from this speech was later used for

410-454: A TV mini-series, Die Piefke-Saga , about Germans on holiday in Tyrol . Sometimes the alteration "Piefkinese" is used. Some Austrians use the playful term "Piefkinesisch" (Pief-Chinese) to refer to German spoken in a distinctly northern German – that is, not Austrian – accent. The term Marmeladinger originated in the trenches of World War I. It is derived from the German word "Marmelade", which

492-545: A climate of heavy repression of the Empire's perceived enemies. His activities as governor greatly contributed to the rise of the so-called kuruc rebel movement opposing the encroachment of the Habsburgs in Hungary, and later still to the outbreak of the uprising led by Imre Thököly . Ampringen was forced out of Hungary in 1677 and in 1679 he was relieved of his duties at his own request. Emperor Leopold I subsequently restored

574-630: A governing council in March 1673 (which consisted of four German and four Hungarian members and one leader, Johann Gaspar Ampringen , but he was only a puppet and the real power was held by the local military leaders). The court tried again to suppress the Protestants. In 1671, György Szepelcsenyi , the Archbishop of Esztergom, Leopold Kollonics , bishop of Weiner-Neustadt and the President of

656-678: A much wider social base and more complex political aims than the original kuruc movements. See the history of the great kuruc uprisings under their respective leaders, Emeric Thököly and Francis II Rákóczi . In the first half of the 18th century, "kuruc" was generally used to denote Hungarian cavalry soldiers ( hussars ) serving in the Habsburg army, especially in the time of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). Many former kuruc soldiers of Rákóczi's War of Independence joined

738-523: A person through a characteristic item or action). Germans would conversely call Austrians Kamerad Schnürschuh "comrade lace-up shoe" because the Austrian infantry boots used laces while the German boots did not. This term has survived, but it is rarely used. In Shanghainese , a German can be colloquially called a Jiamen (茄門/茄门), which is an adaptation of the English word "German". This word carries

820-459: A reason would be discrimination, but not ethnic discrimination, since "East German" is not an ethnicity. The term Kartoffel (German for potato) is a derogatory slang term for Germans without migratory roots. In the 19th century it was used to describe areas of Germany in a need of eating potatoes like "potatosaxons". Gastarbeiter used the term "potatoeater" for Germans, while "spaghettieater" meant migrant Italians and "kebabeaters" Turks. Today

902-542: A somewhat negative meaning of a stereotypical German being proud, withdrawn, cold and serious. Today, this phrase, when pronounced as "Ga-Men", can mean "disdainful, indifferent, or uninterested in someone or something". Among the Mapuche-Huilliche of Futahuillimapu in southern Chile German settlers are known as leupe lonko meaning blond heads. During the Lapland War between Finland and Germany,

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984-523: A year. The stereotype of a sauerkraut-eating German appears in Jules Verne 's depiction of the evil, German industrialist Schultze, who is an avid sauerkraut eater in The Begum's Fortune . Schultze's enemy is an Alsatian who hates sauerkraut but pretends to love it to win his enemy's confidence. The rock music genre krautrock has been commonplace in music journalism since the early 1970s and

1066-425: Is a fruit preserve . While Austrian infantry rations included butter and lard as spread , German troops had to make do with cheaper ersatz "Marmelade". They disdainfully called it Heldenbutter "hero's butter" or Hindenburgfett . This earned them ridicule from their Austrian allies who would call them Marmeladebrüder (jam brothers) or Marmeladinger (- inger being an Austrian derivational suffix describing

1148-489: Is a swear word, combining Kuruzen (Kuruc) and Türken (Turks), meaning "curse it." In present-day Hungarian language, kuruc is sometimes used to denote Hungarian national radicals. " Kuruc.info " is also the name of a far-right, nationalist Hungarian webpage. Labanc There are many terms for the Germans . In English the demonym , or noun, is German . During the early Renaissance , "German" implied that

1230-801: Is derived from the French name for the traditional Prussian military helmets worn by German soldiers from the 1840s until World War I . In modern French Sign Language the word for Germany continues to be an index finger pointed to the top of the forehead, simulating the Pickelhaube. Chleuh derives from the name of the Chleuh , a Berber ethnic group in Morocco . It also denotes the absence of words beginning in Schl- in French. The term Ossi , derived from

1312-411: Is derived from this. First came to prominence in the English 1983 television show Auf Wiedersehen, Pet . It was a term used by the English and Irish when referring to Germans without them knowing it was them being talked about. The Austrian ethnic slur for a German is Piefke . Like its Bavarian counterpart Saupreiß (literally: sow -Prussian), the term Piefke historically characterized only

1394-676: Is more widely adopted to describe a sturdy and stupid man. Tudro is mainly used in Northern Italy. Tuder is the Lombard usage of the word. Johann Caspar von Ampringen Johann Caspar von Ampringen (19 January 1619 – 9 September 1684) was the 48th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order , serving from 27 January 1664 until his death. Von Ampringen was born in Hungary to a noble family from Baden-Württemberg ; his father

1476-534: Is of English invention. Nazi , a shortening of Nationalsozialist (National Socialist) (attested since 1903, as a shortening of national-sozial , since in German the nati- in national is approximately pronounced Nazi . A homonymic term Nazi was in use before the rise of the NSDAP in Bavaria as a pet name for Ignaz and (by extension from that) a derogatory word for a backwards peasant, which may have influenced

1558-653: Is used in Bavaria for people who were born or live in any German area north of the Danube river , or at least north of the Bavarian border. A number of other terms exist. Similar to the Polish Szwab , the term Schwab can be pejorative and be used to express Schwabenhass . Various – more or less good-humoured – nicknames are being used between the different German states or areas, such as Gelbfüßler ("Yellowfeet") for

1640-673: The American entry into World War I , which followed the Turnip Winter and had resulted in the food trade stop for Germany through neutral states. The analogy of this term is the starving soldier of World War I, who ran out of supplies for a long war-period and needed to eat wild cabbage. Before the Second World War the term was used in relation to cabbage, because anti-German boycotts and de facto trade limitations hit Germany's food imports. Early American war propaganda used

1722-681: The Teutons (see also Teutonic and the Teutonic Order ). Pronounced [boʃ] , boche is a derisive term used by the Allies during World War I, often collectively ("the Boche" meaning "the Germans"). It is a shortened form of the French slang portmanteau alboche , itself derived from Allemand ("German") and caboche ("head" or "cabbage"). The alternative spellings "Bosch" or "Bosche" are sometimes found. According to

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1804-412: The jerrycan . The name may simply be an alteration of the word German . Alternatively, Jerry may possibly be derived from the stahlhelm introduced in 1916, which was said by British soldiers to resemble a "jerry" ( chamber pot ). Kraut is a German word recorded in English from 1918 onwards as a derogatory term for a German, particularly a German soldier during World War I. The term came up after

1886-490: The "fugitives" occupied Debrecen . Later that year, the town was sacked again by three different armies. This was not uncommon in troubled Upper Hungary . The fugitives tried to organise themselves as an independent community called " universitas " or " communitas ." They issued decrees, sent envoys to foreign powers, made a seal and held Diets (assemblies). At the time, they were already called kuruc , though they never called themselves such. Between 1674 and 1678, their leader

1968-549: The 18th century various German-speaking peasant groups settled in Hungary in large numbers to inhabit the vast territories being depopulated during the Osman rule, they are known as Danube Swabians (Donauschwaben), though most of their forefathers have Bavarian or Thuringian roots. They settled mainly where the destruction was most severe, especially around Buda (now part of Budapest ), Danube valley and southern part of Hungary. Although they have assimilated in large parts until

2050-583: The 1920s. In German, Heini is a common colloquial term with a slightly pejorative meaning similar to "moron" or "idiot", but has a different origin. Jerry was a nickname given to Germans mostly during the Second World War by soldiers and civilians of the Allied nations, in particular by the British. The nickname was originally created during World War I . The term is the basis for the name of

2132-510: The German word Besserwisser which means Know-it-all , reflecting the stereotype that people from the Western part of Germany are arrogant. In 2010 there was a lawsuit in Germany because a job applicant was denied employment and her application was found to have the notation "Ossi" and a minus sign written on her application documents. A German court decided that denial of employment for such

2214-501: The German word Osten which means east, is used in Germany for people who were born in the area of the former German Democratic Republic . The term Wessi , derived from the German word Westen which means west, is used in Germany for people who were born or live in the old states of Germany (those that formed the Federal Republic or "West Germany" before reunification). Sometimes it is also modified to "Besserwessi", from

2296-408: The Germans by British and other Allied propaganda during the war. The comparison was helped by the spiked Pickelhaube helmet worn by German forces until 1916, which would be reminiscent of images depicting ancient warrior helmets (not necessarily that of actual historical Huns). This usage, emphasising the idea that the Germans were barbarians , was reinforced by the propaganda utilised throughout

2378-627: The Habsburg ambitions of the Counter-Reformation ; impoverished minor nobles (holding on to their privileges while the Habsburg Court attempted to deprive them of their nobility) and soldiers from the végvár s (frontier castles) who were sacked by Habsburg generals. Later, when the Turks lost ground to the imperial armies and Austrian despotism intensified, the Habsburg oppression of Hungarians played an increasingly important role in

2460-535: The Habsburg army after 1711. The Prussians were also called kurucs in Hungarian literature, including by Joseph Gvadányi in 1790. The reason behind this strange usage was that the enemies of the labanc Habsburgs were considered synonymous with the kurucs. At the end of the 18th century, the word went out of usage in common parlance and became an exclusively historical term for the rebels of Rákóczi and Thököly. In present-day South German language, Kruzitürken

2542-589: The Habsburg troops, called more soldiers from Lower Hungary and made peace with the Hajduks . On 26 October 1672, the Habsburg army defeated the "fugitives" at Gyurke (later Hungarian Györke , Slovak Ďurkov ). The rebels retreated across the line of the Tisza . After this initial success, the Habsburg government began systematic religious and political persecution in Royal Hungary . The Palatine of Hungary

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2624-550: The Habsburgs with an army of at least 15,000 men. Michael I Apafi , the Prince of Transylvania, gave military and financial support to the universitas . In the autumn of 1677, 2,000 French, Polish and Tatar soldiers arrived in Upper Hungary. This small army, led by colonel Beaumont, wasn't able to seriously threaten Habsburg supremacy, although Habsburg control over Hungary declined in 1677 as Johann Caspar von Ampringen left

2706-636: The Habsburgs. In August 1678, Thököly's army occupied almost all of Lower and Upper Hungary. Habsburg rule in Royal Hungary quickly collapsed. The fugitives joined the Thököly Uprising and officially elected him as their leader in Szoboszló in January 1680. The kuruc troops merged with Thököly's own army, although changing fortunes and Thököly's subsequent alliance with the Ottomans would split

2788-508: The Hun soldiery, plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts." During this time American President Franklin D. Roosevelt also referred to the German people in this way, saying that an Allied invasion into Southern France would surely "be successful and of great assistance to Eisenhower in driving the Huns from France." British soldiers employed a variety of epithets for the Germans. Fritz ,

2870-550: The Hungarian Chamber, Ferenc Szegedy, Bishop of Eger, and István Bársony visited the free and important towns one by one with military escorts and took back former (more than 100 years earlier) Catholic churches and schools from Protestants. Citizens of Pozsony , including both men and women, guarded their church for weeks Szelepcsényi was not able to fight against them until, in 1672, Kollonics took matters into his own hands. He brought 1,200 soldiers from Vienna, arresting

2952-467: The Hungarian motherland." The army mustered by the northern Hungarian noble Emeric Thököly was also called kuruc. Their uprising forced the Habsburg emperor Leopold I to restore the constitution in 1681 after it was suspended in 1673. The leader of the last of the kuruc rebellions, Francis II Rákóczi , did not use the term, instead using the French word insurgents or malcontents to highlighting their purposes. Contemporary sources also preferred

3034-602: The Hungarians siding with the Habsburgs. There are multiple theories about where it came from, such as being a strange concatenation of the German term "Lauf Hans!" (Run Hans!) or the French term Le Blanc (the white one), it might also be a reference to the Hungarian word lobonc which referred to the large, common wig, which used to be common in the Vienna court at the time. Now Labanc is exclusively used for Austrians, but becomes rare in usage as there are no tensions between

3116-648: The Imperial governor of Royal Hungary . Ampringen was appointed governor during the harsh crackdown that followed the Wesselényi conspiracy . Instead of administering the region through the Palatine of Hungary , a governorship was established, which was directly subordinate to the Emperor. The board was headed by the plenipotentiary governor, with four Hungarian and four Austrian councilors participating. The task of

3198-890: The Lutheran and Reformed pastors with the pasha of Buda and the plan of an open rebellion, the main evidence of which was the indictment of István Vitnyédy's letters to Miklós Bethlen and Ambrus Keczer. In the end, whoever signed a reversal (a document to resign work as a Protestant priest and leave Hungary) were pardoned. 200 signed, but 40 resisted. Those who refused were sold as galley slaves to Naples (to be saved by Admiral Ruttler's fleet in 1676). Officials were often corrupt and greedy. For example, von Sinzendorf , who handled military finances, confiscated many noble people's properties. During one negotiation, he confiscated 11 castles, 70 noble curia and 367 villages (mostly embezzled for himself). Leopold I dismissed 11,000 Hungarian fortress soldiers because he did not trust them, tried to concentrate

3280-538: The Polish and French troops, advanced well into Upper Hungary but immediately retreated into Transylvania at the sight of the first Habsburg regiments. The failure wrecked Teleki's image as a competent leader. On the other hand, a small kuruc cavalry troop (about 8,000 people) briefly occupied the most important mining towns and castles of Lower Hungary. In 1678, one of the most influential young noblemen of Upper Hungary and Transylvania, Emeric Thököly , declared war against

3362-847: The Prince Apafi didn't have permission from the Ottomans to let them in, so they started to gather by the Tisza river. Although many of them escaped to Poland, those left were ready to start a new uprising and then became the kurucs. The first kuruc uprising occurred in 1672. The kuruc army gathered in the Partium where many refugees of different origins took shelter from religious and political persecution in Royal Hungary . They called themselves bújdosók (fugitives). Their weapons were mostly pistols, light sabres and fokos (battle-axes). Their war tactics were typical of light cavalry . The main subgroups were Protestants , who were disgruntled by

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3444-726: The Prussian music corps in the parade in Austria following the Prussian victory of the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. The second theory suggests an origin in the Second Schleswig War in 1864, where Prussians and Austrians were allies. A Prussian soldier with the name Piefke and a stereotypically Prussian gruff and snappy manner made such a negative impression on his Austrian comrades that the term came to refer to all Prussians. Since Prussia no longer exists,

3526-747: The Verwirkungstheorie. Hungarian Estates forfeited their rights because of this conspiracy. The emperor then had the right to govern without asking the Diet (parliament of the Estates). Königsegg said the Hungarian Kingdom was "armis subjecti." They enforced local inhabitants to maintain the army supplies (portio [food], quarters [accommodation] and forspont [delivery]) collected by the local military officers (repartitio). They neglected traditional government officials such as nádor and created

3608-624: The abolished palatine office in 1681 and appointed Paul Esterházy as Palatine. For his next post, on 4 November 1682, the Emperor appointed him as the Governor of Silesia . Since, according to the Great State Privilege of the Bohemian King Vladislaus II of 1498, this office should always be held by a Silesian prince, Freudenthal was raised to the status of duchy for Ampringen's lifetime and he himself

3690-646: The ambiguous standard terms. Many pejorative terms for Germans in various countries originated during the two World Wars. Hun (or The Hun ) is a term that originally refers to the nomadic Huns of the Migration Period . Beginning in World War I it became an often used pejorative seen on war posters by Western Allied powers and the basis for a criminal characterisation of the Germans as barbarians with no respect for civilisation and humanitarian values having unjust reactions. The wartime association of

3772-549: The army of "fugitives" were Pál Szepesi and Mátyás Szuhay , members of the minor nobility who previously took part in other anti-Habsburg movements. According to the recollections of Pál Szepesi , the "fugitives" began looting in the northern countries: "In the guise of persecuting the Papists they pillaged whole counties. We began killing the plunderers but to no avail—they didn't respect any officers." The Hofkriegsrat of Vienna immediately took measures: they strengthened

3854-471: The beginning of the 20th century, they maintained strong cultural identity up to date. These people, and through them German people in general are called svábok (plural), having a hint of pejorative nature. The term labanc came into use during Rákóczi's War of Independence . It was specifically used for the soldiers fighting for the Austrian/German soldiers of the Habsburg rulers, as well as for

3936-485: The case of success, all Royal Hungary should join the Ottoman Empire. On 5 April 1678, Prince Apafi issued an ambiguous declaration to the people of Hungary. He announced that he, along with the Polish and French kings, took up the arms against "the heavy yoke of oppression" and recommended "the submission to the mighty Turkish Emperor with a reasonable mind and sharp eye." The kuruc army of Teleki, together with

4018-467: The enemy, he will be defeated! No quarter will be given! No prisoners will be taken! Those who fall into your hands are forfeit to you! Just as a thousand years ago, the Huns under their King Etzel made a name for themselves which shows them as mighty in tradition and myth, so shall you establish the name of Germans in China for 1000 years, in such a way that a Chinese will never again dare to look askance at

4100-444: The governorship was, among other things, to oversee religious issues (in practice this meant supporting re-Catholicization), to smooth out conflicts between the civilian population and the military, to stabilize the internal affairs situation, and to modernize the public administration. Ampringen's administration was characterized by a heavy-handed approach, as several public executions of disloyal Hungarian nobles happened at this time in

4182-427: The inhabitants of Baden . The term sváb derives from the German word "Schwaben", describing people from Swabia (ger: Schwaben). The first German-speaking people, Saxon merchants and miners, later becoming Carpathian Germans , first arrived to the Carpathian basin (then mostly under rule of the Kingdom of Hungary ) in the 12th century, their numbers and territory of settlement were limited, mainly in towns. In

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4264-422: The language in such a manner that 'Kraut' and 'Krauthead' gave the Germans less dignity. In the 18th century, poor Swiss German immigrants to the US were described as Krauts because they consumed sauerkraut . Sauerkraut was also a common food served on German ships to fight scurvy , while the British used lime and got called limey . In Switzerland it was a food preserved for hard winters that could go on for half

4346-441: The military into some main fortress and started to explode the nobility's enstrengthed castles. The government levied a new kind of tax (Accisa) which raised taxation rates 10 times higher. This caused taxpayers to suffer. The members of the Wesselényi conspiracy , mostly nobles who lost their estates and the ex-soldiers who were dismissed without severance pay, fled east. The oppressed Hungarians sought refuge in Transylvania, but

4428-427: The most influential men in the Habsburg government, agreed with Montecuccoli's plan. In the Privy Council he declared, "All Hungarians are traitors." In 1678, the fugitives accepted Mihály Teleki , the Chancellor of Transylvania, as their leader. Prince Apafi proclaimed war against the Habsburgs. Previously, he had begged the Ottoman Sultan (his overlord) to leave. The Sultan had demanded an unacceptable condition: in

4510-418: The motivation of the kuruc. Initially, in August 1672, the kuruc army invaded Upper Hungary , where they conquered the castles of Diósgyőr , Ónod , Szendrő and Tokaj . After they defeated the Habsburg army of Paris von Spankau near Kassa , the towns of Upper Hungary surrendered and many disaffected people joined them from the Slovak and Ruthenian population of the northern counties. The two leaders of

4592-551: The movement. In 1681, Emperor Leopold I re-established the Palatine of Hungary, and thus some grievances were removed and a less repressive policy was adopted, but this did not deter the Hungarians from revolting again. That time onwards, the history of the kurucs is synonymous with that of the two great anti-Habsburg uprisings in the Kingdom of Hungary between 1680 and 1711, i.e. the Thököly Uprising (1680–85) and Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703–1711). Although they are generally called kuruc wars , these anti-Habsburg uprisings had

4674-410: The nobler citizens for a few weeks and forcing them to hand over their church and school. After that, they built conceptual lawsuits against Protestant pastors. Between 1673 and 1674, they twice made "judicum delegatum" against Protestant priests. The jury members were high priests and secular lords including the judge and other legislatures. The subject of the coup was political crimes — the connection of

4756-455: The people of Prussia , and not people of other Germanic states. There are two hypotheses on how the term developed; both of them suggest an origin in the 1860s. One theory suggests that the term came from the name of the popular Prussian composer Johann Gottfried Piefke , who composed some of the most iconic German military marches, for example Preußens Gloria and the Königgrätzer Marsch – particularly since Piefke and his brother conducted

4838-479: The person spoke German as a native language. Until the German unification , people living in what is now Germany were named for the region in which they lived: examples are Bavarians and Brandenburgers . Some terms are humorous or pejorative slang , and used mainly by people from other countries, although they can be used in a self-deprecating way by German people themselves. Other terms are serious or tongue-in-cheek attempts to coin words as alternatives to

4920-438: The previous war. For example in 1941, Winston Churchill said in a broadcast speech: "There are less than 70,000,000 malignant Huns, some of whom are curable and others killable, most of whom are already engaged in holding down Austrians, Czechs, Poles and the many other ancient races they now bully and pillage." Later that year Churchill referred to the invasion of the Soviet Union as "the dull, drilled, docile brutish masses of

5002-486: The region. Royal Hungary became one theatre of the European war between Emperor Leopold I and Louis XIV. The president of the Viennese Hofkriegsrat , Raimondo Montecuccoli , drew a plan of "pacification" under the title " L'Ungheria nell'anno 1677 ." According to the plan, Royal Hungary would be occupied by three Austrian armies, the remnants of the Hungarian constitution abolished and a grand-scale program of German colonisation implemented. Chancellor Paul Hocher , one of

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5084-478: The so called "stiffness of their mentality". The term crucco derived from the Croatian and Slovenian kruh ("bread"). Italian soldiers invented this word during World War I when they captured some hungry Austrian-Croatian and Austrian-Slovenian soldiers who asked for "kruh". Later, during World War II, and still today, applied to all German-speaking people. Tudro designates Germans as a people lacking flexibility and fantasy, but also emotional intelligence . It

5166-492: The term "malcontents" to denote the rebels. Kuruc was used in Slovakian popular poetry until the 19th century. The opposite term (widespread after 1678) was labanc (from the Hungarian word "lobonc", literally "long hair," referring to the wigs worn by the Austrian soldiers), denoting Austrians and their loyalist supporters. Source: After the Magnate conspiracy and rebellion of Francis I Rákóczi , Leopold I introduced an absolutistic government system in Royal Hungary (which

5248-453: The term is often also used ironically by members of the described group for themselves. Alman and Biodeutscher ("biological German") are similar terms coming out of the migrant community. Biodeutsch has also been adopted by some in the New Right in Germany to refer to a supposed 'genetic origin' of 'true' Germans. The term Saupreiß , derived from the German words Sau (= 'sow') which means female pig and Preuße which means Prussian,

5330-430: The term now refers to the cliché of a pompous northern Protestant German in general and a Berliner in particular. However, the citizens of the free Hanseatic cities and the former northern duchies of Oldenburg, Brunswick and Mecklenburg are also quite offended by the terms Piefke and also by Saupreiß (a slur for any German who is not native Bavarian). In 1990, Austrian playwright Felix Mitterer wrote and co-directed

5412-905: The term with Germans is believed to have been inspired by an earlier address to Imperial German troops by Kaiser Wilhelm II . What is dubbed the " Hun speech " ( Hunnenrede ) was delivered on 27 July 1900, when he bade farewell to the German expeditionary corps sailing from the port of Bremerhaven to take part in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion . The relevant part of the speech was: Kommt ihr vor den Feind, so wird derselbe geschlagen! Pardon wird nicht gegeben! Gefangene werden nicht gemacht! Wer euch in die Hände fällt, sei euch verfallen! Wie vor tausend Jahren die Hunnen unter ihrem König Etzel sich einen Namen gemacht, der sie noch jetzt in Überlieferung und Märchen gewaltig erscheinen läßt, so möge der Name Deutsche in China auf 1000 Jahre durch euch in einer Weise bestätigt werden, daß es niemals wieder ein Chinese wagt, einen Deutschen scheel anzusehen! When you meet

5494-489: The terms saku , sakemanni , hunni and lapinpolttaja (burner of Lapland , see: Lapland War ) became widely used among the Finnish soldiers, saku and sakemanni being modified from saksalainen (German). Boches is an apheresis of the word alboche , which in turn is a blend of allemand (French for German) and caboche (slang for head ). It was used mainly during the First and Second World Wars , and directed especially at German soldiers. Casque à pointe

5576-452: The two countries. Still however, the expression describes mentality or behaviour that is counter to general Hungarian interest and describes persons not content with "true" Hungarian values. For the Jews who came from the German speaking world, there was a word in use for many years : " Yekke ", in Yiddish and Hebrew . One of the explanations of the name in Hebrew is "Yehudi Kshe Havana" יהודי קשה הבנה "A Jew who hardly understands" for

5658-483: The underworld of Paris about 1860, with the meaning of a disagreeable, troublesome fellow. In the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 it was not applied to the Germans, but soon afterward it was applied by the Parisian printers to their German assistants because of the reputed slowness of comprehension of these foreign printers. The epithet then used was tête de boche , which had the meaning of tête carrée d'Allemand (German blockhead or imbécile ). The next step

5740-452: The use of that abbreviation by the Nazis′ opponents and its avoidance by the Nazis themselves. "Ted", and "Teds", from Tedeschi , the Italian word for Germans, became the term used by Allied soldiers during the Italian campaign of World War II . In a more poetical sense Germans can be referred to as Teutons . The usage of the word in this term has been observed in English since 1833. The word originated via an ancient Germanic tribe,

5822-498: The war. The French songwriter Théodore Botrel described the Kaiser as "an Attila, without remorse", launching "cannibal hordes". By coincidence, Gott mit uns ("God is with us"), a motto first used in the Kingdom of Prussia and later the German Empire , may have contributed to the popularisation of 'Huns' as British Army slang for Germans by misreading 'uns' for 'Huns'. The usage of the term "Hun" to describe Germans resurfaced during World War II , although less frequently than in

5904-460: The word was derived from the Latin word "cruciatus" (crusader), ultimately from " crux " ( cross ), and that Dózsa's followers were called "crusaders" because the peasant rebellion started as an official crusade against the Ottomans . Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha , a 17th-century Ottoman chronicler, supposed that the word Kuruc ("Kurs" as it was transliterated into Ottoman Turkish in his chronicle)

5986-547: Was Count Paul Wesselényi , the cousin of the late Palatine Ferenc Wesselényi . The "fugitives" established diplomatic connections with Poland in 1674 and with France in 1675. In May 1677, France, Poland, the Principality of Transylvania and the universitas of the "Fugitives" signed a treaty in Warsaw by which King Louis XIV of France guaranteed 100,000 thalers aid and assistance. The "fugitives" were obliged to attack

6068-616: Was Johann Christoph von Ampringen, his mother Susanne von Landsberg. In 1646, he joined the Teutonic Order , then gradually advanced through the ranks. From 1660, he was entrusted with the protection of the Croatian border, part of a series of defensive positions called the Military Frontier , from incursions by the Ottoman Empire on behalf of the order. After the death of Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria in 1664, he

6150-470: Was a Greek word meaning "polished" or "cilâlı" in Turkish. Today's etymologists do not accept Bel's or Mehmed's theory and consider that the word was derived from the Turkish word kurudsch (rebel or insurgent). In 1671, the name was used by Meni, the beglerbeg pasha of Eger in what is now Hungary , to denote the predominantly-noble refugees from Royal Hungary . The name quickly became popular and

6232-405: Was composed mostly of impoverished lower Hungarian nobility and serfs, including Hungarian Protestant peasants and Slavs . They managed to conquer large parts of Hungary in several uprisings from Transylvania before they were defeated by Habsburg imperial troops. The word kuruc was first used in 1514 for the armed peasants led by György Dózsa . 18th-century scholar Matthias Bel supposed that

6314-554: Was not occupied by the Ottomans and was not part of the Transylvanian Principality ). The creators of this system were Wenzel Eusebius Lobkowitz (President of the Imperial Privy Council 1669-1674), Johann von Hocher , Ignaz Abele , Leopold Königsegg-Rothenfels , Johann Kinsky (Johann Oktavian, Graf Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau 1604-1679) and Raimondo Montecuccoli . They also invented

6396-527: Was promoted to the rank of Bohemian prince and on 10 November 1682, to the rank of Imperial prince. As Grand Master, he arranged for the renovation of the spacious palace complex in Freudenthal, among other things. Ampringen died in 1684 as the last of his family in Breslau (present-day Wrocław ) and was buried in the church in Freudenthal (now Bruntál ). He was succeeded in the office of Grand Master by

6478-618: Was suspended and in its place Emperor Leopold I appointed a Directorium to administer Hungary in 1673, led by Johann Caspar von Ampringen , the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order , which engaged in severe repression against dissidents. The most infamous case was the trial of 300 Protestant pastors who were sentenced to death in 1674, and who were later sold as galley slaves in Naples , causing public outcry across Europe. In 1675,

6560-531: Was to apply boche to Germans in general. "Squarehead", a generic derogatory term for people from Germany and Scandinavia; Commonly used for Germans during the First and Second World War, but found in a collection of slang from 1906 relating particularly to German military style. The term Boxhead , commonly used after World War II within the British Armed Forces in the former West Germany

6642-642: Was unanimously elected Grand Master of the Order of Knights. That same year, he led a contingent of the Teutonic Knights in the successful Battle of Saint Gotthard against the Ottoman armies, an important victory for the Christian coalition forces which halted Turkish expansion into the fractured realms of Hungary. In recognition for his efforts, on 27 February 1673, Emperor Leopold I appointed him as

6724-539: Was used from 1671 to 1711 in texts written in Hungarian , Slovak and Turkish to denote the rebels of Royal Hungary and northern Transylvania , fighting against the Habsburgs and their policies. The rebels of the first kuruc uprising called themselves bújdosók (fugitives), or in long form, "different fugitive orders—barons, nobles, cavalry and infantry soldiers—who fight for the material and spiritual liberty of

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