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84-591: With the backing of the Qiang people who populated much of Liang Province , Han Sui participated in the Liang Province Rebellion against the Han dynasty in the name of killing eunuchs during the rule of Emperor Ling . He joined forces with others in the area, such as Bian Zhang , Beigong Yu (北宫玉) and Liwen Hou (李文侯). Despite suffering a defeat by government forces under Dong Zhuo , Han Sui maintained

168-645: A base some 20 li away from Xiahou Yuan's position, so Xiahou Yuan's subordinates urged their general to attack either Han Sui or the Di tribes in Xingguo (興國; northeast of present-day Qin'an County , Gansu). Xiahou Yuan chose neither of the two options as he knew that Han Sui's troops were well-prepared for battle and that Xingguo's fortifications were strong. Instead, he planned to attack the Qiang tribes in Changli (長離; along

252-525: A chariot", so that Qiang could actually mean "charioteer". According to a legend, the Qiang were partly descended from the Yan Emperor , the mythical "Flame Emperor." The Yan Emperor and his tribe were defeated by the Yellow Emperor . The term "Qiang" first appeared on oracle bone inscriptions 3,000 years ago and was used to describe "a people other than one's people." It appears again in

336-839: A coalition of western warlords led by Han Sui and Ma Chao , in which Cao emerged victorious against the coalition. He and Zhu Ling later led a separate force to pacify the Di tribes in Yumi ( 隃糜 ) and Qian ( 汧 ) counties. Following that, he rendezvoused with Cao Cao's main force in Anding Commandery (安定郡; covering parts of present-day Ningxia and Gansu ), where they forced Yang Qiu , an ally of Han Sui and Ma Chao, to surrender. In 212, Cao Cao returned to Ye (in present-day Handan , Hebei ), leaving behind Xiahou Yuan, Zhu Ling and Lu Zhao ( 路招 ) to garrison in Chang'an . Xiahou Yuan held

420-636: A conspiracy between the Xiongnu and a Qiang noble to attack Shanshan and Dunhuang . The court sent an envoy, Yiqu Anguo (義渠安國) to assess the tribes, but he instead massacred the Xianling Qiang tribes and more than thirty of their leaders, causing the Western Qiang to all rebel. The Han commander, Zhao Chongguo famously pacified the rebellion in 60 BCE, largely attributed to his use of tuntian or "military-agricultural colonies" to win over

504-466: A daughter of Cao Cao's younger brother, the Marquis Ai of Haiyang ( 海陽哀侯 ). Cao Cao favoured Xiahou Heng, who inherited his father's title "Marquis of Bochang Village" ( 博昌亭侯 ). His marquis title was later changed to "Marquis of Anning Village" ( 安寧亭侯 ). Xiahou Yuan's second son, Xiahou Ba , served as a military general in the state of Cao Wei . He defected to Wei's rival state, Shu Han , after

588-632: A few thousand Di and Qiang horsemen to resist the enemy, but later called for a retreat before both sides could engage in battle. Zhang He advanced further and seized the military equipment left behind by Ma Chao's forces. When Xiahou Yuan's army arrived, most of the counties in Liang Province had been pacified. After the victory, Xiahou Yuan prepared for an offensive against Ma Chao's ally Han Sui , who retreated when he heard of Xiahou Yuan's approach. Xiahou Yuan captured Han Sui's food supplies and pursued him to Lueyang County . Han Sui had set up

672-429: A fraction of his own troops to help Zhang He. Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong launched a fierce assault on Xiahou Yuan even though his men had less battle experience than Xiahou Yuan's troops. Xiahou Yuan was killed in action. Xiahou Yuan was granted the posthumous title "Marquis Min" ( 愍侯 ), which literally means "sympathetic marquis". Cao Cao once gave the following piece of advice to Xiahou Yuan after he scored

756-470: A high status for women. Marriage was monogamous and forbidden within the same family for three generations. A large entourage fetched the bride and delivered her to the groom's house where the wedding ceremony was held, which involved dancing and drinking highland barley wine. After three days, the bride returned to her parents' house and lived there for a year until the birth of the first child. The men traveled to their wives' residences and worked their land for

840-532: A long distance. Our troops will be worn out by the time they finish erecting these defensive structures, and won't have energy left to fight the enemy. The enemy may have superiority in numbers but they are easy to deal with." He then launched an attack on Han Sui's forces and scored a major victory over the enemy, capturing their flags and banners. After that, he returned to Lueyang County and laid siege on Xingguo. The Di chieftains in Xingguo fled to join Ma Chao while

924-508: A long period of time as bride service. Despite the centrality of women in Qiang families, Qiang society was neither matriarchal or egalitarian. Men held all the important political and religious positions, although there is some evidence that female shamans existed at one point. Like most agricultural societies, women were responsible for domestic and agricultural work while men engaged in construction, transport, and plowing. The Qiang culture, ram's horn flower represents true love. Young men use

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1008-547: A messenger to Chang'an to request for reinforcements. Xiahou Yuan and the officers in Chang'an held a meeting on whether to help Jiang Xu and his allies or not. Many of the officers thought that they should wait for orders from Cao Cao before making any move. However, Xiahou Yuan had a different opinion and he said, "Our lord is 4,000 li away in Ye . By the time he receives our report, Jiang Xu and his allies are done for. Therefore, it

1092-559: A raid on Lianchang 's headquarters from the north. Meanwhile Ren Shang attacked from the south and killed Lianchang's wife and children. In 117 CE, Lianchang was assassinated and forces under Ren Shang ended Qiang raids. In 120 CE, the Qiang chieftain Jiwu attacked Jincheng Commandery and was defeated by the general Ma Xian . In 121 CE, the Qiang Shaodang tribe under Manu raided Wuwei Commandery but were defeated by

1176-443: A scheme to turn Ma Chao and Han Sui against each other, Ma Chao grew suspicious of Han Sui and attacked him, cutting off his left arm in the process. Han Sui managed to escape and defect to Cao Cao, who accepted his surrender and allowed him to continue serving as a general in Liang Province alongside Xiahou Yuan . Qiang (historical people) Qiang ( Chinese : 羌 ; pinyin : Qiāng ; Wade–Giles : Ch'iang )

1260-478: A series of victories: "A general should consider his weaknesses, be prepared for situations in which he cannot win, and not rely solely on sheer bravery. Courage is a base instinct he should possess, but he should also use wisdom and strategy when he makes moves. One who knows only bravery is no more than an ordinary man who can fight enemies." Xiahou Yuan's spouse was a younger sister of one of Cao Cao's wives. Xiahou Yuan's eldest son, Xiahou Heng ( 夏侯衡 ), married

1344-493: A unit of lightly armed infantry and cavalry to raid Changli, burning down many Qiang camps and killing many people. As Xiahou Yuan expected, the Qiang tribesmen in Han Sui's army returned to Changli and encountered Xiahou Yuan's army. Xiahou Yuan's men were fearful when they saw Han Sui's larger army, so they proposed setting up camps and defensive structures before fighting the enemy. However, Xiahou Yuan said, "We've travelled over

1428-607: A variety of successive frontier populations. Communities and individuals were not firmly identified with the modern nationality Qiang, by others as well as themselves, until the People’s Republic. Today they are concentrated in Maozhou and Wenchuan and parts of Lixian and Heishui, plus a few in the southernmost part of Songpan. They speak a variety of non-Tibetan dialects in two main forms, Northern and Southern Qiang, but some speak only Chinese. The Qiang did not have surnames until

1512-564: A warlord in Liang province with another warlord, Han Sui . In 211 CE, Ma Chao , the son of Ma Teng, led a coalition in Guanxi (west of Tong Pass ) against the Han chancellor, Cao Cao and was joined by Qiang soldiers. Although the coalition collapsed after the Battle of Tong Pass , some of the Qiang people continued to support Ma Chao in his attempt to retake Liang province in 213 CE before he

1596-467: Is imperative that we send reinforcements to them immediately." He appointed Zhang He to lead 5,000 infantry and cavalry as the vanguard and head towards Mount Qi via a narrow pass at Chencang (陳倉; present-day Chencang District , Baoji , Shaanxi ), while he supervised the supply train and followed behind with another army. When Zhang He's 5,000-strong army reached the Wei River , Ma Chao initially sent

1680-629: Is in present-day Bozhou , Anhui . He was a younger cousin of Xiahou Dun and a descendant of Xiahou Ying , who served under the Han dynasty 's founding emperor, Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) . He once helped Cao Cao shoulder the blame when Cao committed a serious offence. Cao Cao later saved him. When a famine broke out in Yan and Yu provinces, Xiahou Yuan and his family were adversely affected. He decided to sacrifice his youngest son in favour of his deceased younger brother's orphaned daughter. In 190, when Cao Cao

1764-710: Is said to be the progenitor of both the modern Qiang and the Tibetan people . There are still many ethnological and linguistic links between the Qiang and the Tibetans. The Qiang tribe expanded eastward and joined the Han people in the course of historical development, while the other branch that traveled southwards, crosses over the Hengduan Mountains , and entered the Yungui Plateau ; some went even farther, to Burma , forming numerous ethnic groups of

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1848-525: The Classic of Poetry in reference to Tang of Shang (trad. 1675–1646 BC). They seem to have lived in a diagonal band from northern Shaanxi to northern Henan , somewhat to the south of the later Beidi . They were enemy of the Shang dynasty , who mounted expeditions against them, capturing slaves and victims for human sacrifice . The Qiang prisoners were skilled in making oracle bones. This ancient tribe

1932-488: The Battle of Guandu , Xiahou Yuan was appointed acting Colonel Who Inspects the Army ( 督軍校尉 ). After Cao Cao's victory over Yuan Shao, Xiahou Yuan was put in charge of overseeing the transport of provisions from Yan, Yu and Xu provinces to Cao Cao's armies at the frontline in northern China. Cao Cao's forces were lacking food supplies at that time, but Xiahou Yuan was able to deliver the supplies in time and this helped to boost

2016-704: The Five Barbarians that founded many of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the 4th-century and early 5th-century. They, along with many other tribal people in northwestern China, participated in the rebellions of Tufa Shujineng (270–279) and Qi Wannian (296–299) against the Western Jin dynasty . As Jin authority collapsed in northern China during the upheaval of the Five Barbarians , the Qiang tribes waivered their allegiances between Jin and

2100-554: The Old Chinese name of Qiang as *C.qʰaŋ. Qiangs are generally believed to be Tibeto-Burman speakers, although Christopher Beckwith proposes that the word "Qiang" may have an Indo-European etymology and that the Qiang were of Indo-European origin; Beckwith compares a proposed reconstruction of Qiang to *klaŋ in Old Chinese to the Tocharian word klānk , meaning "to ride, go by wagon", as in "to ride off to hunt from

2184-786: The Tanguts . Another group of Qiang migrated south to the Min River in modern Sichuan Province . They came to be known as the Ran and Mang who were the ancestors of the modern Qiang people . According to the New Book of Tang , the "Bod originates from the Qiang." According to the Da Qing yi tong zhi (1735), the Tibetan Empire was founded by a branch of the Fa Qiang. According to

2268-623: The Tibetan-Burmese language family . Even today, from linguistic similarities, their relative relationship can be seen. They formed the Tibetan ethnicity after the unification of the Tubo kingdom . According to Fei Xiaotong : "Even if the Qiang people might not be regarded as the main source of the Tibetan people, it is undoubtedly that the Qiang people played a certain role in the formation of Tibetan race". Shuowen Jiezi indicated that

2352-606: The Weishu was where Wang Yu was born, Lirun was to Xi'ans's northeast by 100 miles and modern day Chengcheng stands at its site. Wang Yu patronized Buddhism and in 488 had a temple constructed in his birthplace. During the Tang dynasty , the Dangxiang Qiang moved to the region of Xiazhou around modern Jingbian County , Shaanxi Province . They eventually founded the state of Western Xia (1038–1227 CE) and came to be known as

2436-605: The Xiongnu -led Han-Zhao dynasty before they were all subjected to the latter and its successors. The first and only Qiang-led state of the Sixteen Kingdoms was the Later Qin (384–417). In the wake of the Former Qin's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Fei River , the Qiang general, Yao Chang rebelled and declared himself Everlasting King of Qin in 384. After killing his former ruler, Fu Jian , he captured

2520-539: The Yangshao culture . Ancient Qiang remains belonged exclusively to paternal haplogroup O-M175 (O3a). In the mid-2nd century BCE, elements of the Lesser Yuezhi reportedly migrated into southern Gansu , where they subsequently merged with the Qiang population. In 112 BCE, the Han dynasty invaded what is now eastern Tibet with 25,000 cavalry on grounds of Qiang raiding. In 61 BCE, the Han court uncovered

2604-456: The polymath Shen Kuo , the Qiang were noted for producing high quality steel armour. The Qiang people of Qingtang are skilled at forging armour. The colour of the iron is blue-black, so clear and bright that it can mirror a hair. They use musk-deer leather for the thongs to string it together - it is soft, thin, and tough. During the Yuan dynasty , the term Qiang was replaced by Fan (Bod), and

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2688-580: The Administrator Zheng Qin in Hanzhong Commandery . In 112 CE, Dianlian died and was succeeded by his son Lianchang . Lianchang was too young to exercise authority and another man of the tribe, Langmo , took charge of strategy. The new regime was significantly less effective under the regent and failed to make any headway against Han forces. In 116 CE, the Han general Deng Zun led 10,000 Southern Xiongnu cavalry in

2772-826: The Army ( 典軍校尉 ) after his success. Xiahou Yuan was known for the swift movements of his units in battle, and he often took his enemies by surprise. There was a saying in Cao Cao's army to describe this: "Xiahou Yuan, the Colonel Who Arranges the Army, travels 500 li in three days and 1,000 li in six days." In 207, Yellow Turban rebels in Jinan (濟南; near present-day Zhangqiu , Shandong ) and Le'an (樂安; in present-day Shandong), led by Xu He ( 徐和 ) and Sima Ju ( 司馬俱 ), attacked cities and killed officials. Xiahou Yuan led military forces from Taishan (泰山; near Mount Tai ), Qi and Pingyuan commanderies to attack

2856-628: The Di tribes in Qian County ( 汧縣 ) had started a rebellion. In 214, Zhao Qu ( 趙衢 ), Yin Feng ( 尹奉 ) and several others, who were forced to submit to Ma Chao after he seized control of Liang Province, secretly plotted to drive Ma Chao out of the province. Jiang Xu started a revolt in Lu (鹵; or Lucheng, in present-day Li County , Gansu) to lure Ma Chao to attack him, while Zhao Qu and the others pretended to urge Ma Chao to lead his troops to Lu to suppress

2940-647: The Former Qin capital, Chang'an , where he elevated himself to Emperor of (Later) Qin in 386. In 394, Yao Chang's successor, Yao Xing , crushed the last vestiges of the Former Qin's military, establishing the Later Qin as a major power in Guanzhong . Under his rule, the state reached its zenith as it conquered Luoyang from the Eastern Jin dynasty and vassalized many of its contemporary states. Yao Xing

3024-471: The Han central government later that year, Han Sui and Ma Teng allied themselves with Liu Yan and led their armies to attack the Han imperial capital, Chang'an . After suffering a major defeat 13 miles west of Chang'an, and running short on supplies, the warlords retreated back to Liang Province. Not long afterwards, however, Han Sui and Ma Teng's relationship soured and the two of them battled each other for control of Liang Province. Their battle escalated to

3108-709: The Han dynasty dictionary Shuowen Jiezi , the Qiang were shepherds, and the Chinese character for Qiang ( 羌 ) was thus formed from the characters for "sheep" (羊) and "man" (人), and pronounced like "sheep". Fengsu Tongyi also mentions that character of Qiang was formed from the words "sheep" and "man". Modern scholars have attempted to reconstruct the ancient pronunciation of Qiang: sinologist Edwin Pulleyblank reconstructs it to *kʰiaŋ in Middle Chinese , while William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart reconstruct

3192-454: The Han imperial court awarded Xiahou Yuan with an additional 300 taxable households in his marquisate, bringing the total number to 800. Subsequently, Xiahou Yuan led an attack on the Di and Qiang tribes of Wudu (武都; in present-day Longnan , Gansu ) at Xiabian ( 下辯 ), capturing over 100,000 hu (斛; a large unit of measurement) of grain. When Cao Cao led his forces to attack the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery , Xiahou Yuan led all

3276-525: The Hulu River, Gansu). He pointed out that many of Han Sui's soldiers were Qiang tribesmen from Changli, so they would return to save their home if they heard that Changli was under attack. If Han Sui's troops decided to hold their current position, they would be isolated; if they came to defend Changli, Xiahou Yuan's forces would be able to engage them in battle. Xiahou Yuan then ordered his subordinates to guard their supplies and heavy equipment while he led

3360-528: The Inspector ( 刺史 ) of Liang Province , in the provincial capital Ji (兾; or Jicheng, in present-day Gangu County , Gansu). Xiahou Yuan wanted to lead reinforcements to help Wei Kang but arrived too late as Ji had already fallen to Ma Chao while Xiahou Yuan and his army were still more than 200 li away from Ji. Ma Chao led an army out to face Xiahou Yuan. Xiahou Yuan would be unsuccessful against Ma Chao and he decided to withdraw his troops when he heard that

3444-803: The Qiang Xianlian attacked Liang Province . As a result, the Protectorate of the Western Regions was abandoned. The Han court sent Deng Zhi and Ren Shang against the invading army, and although the Qiang forces suffered significant casualties, they were defeated at Hanyang Commandery . Having achieved victory against the Han army, Dianlian proclaimed himself emperor at Beidi Commandery . Qiang forces now threatened Han territory as far south as Hanzhong Commandery and as far east as Ji Province . In 109 CE, Dianlian conquered Longxi Commandery . In 110 CE, Dianlian defeated and killed

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3528-411: The Qiang built numerous stone guard towers with small windows and doors, giving them the moniker of "Stone Tower Culture". These constructs, described as Himalayan Towers , can be found today in eastern Tibet and Sichuan Province . Qiang society followed matrilineal descent and it was men who integrated into the women's lineage at their deaths. Others consider Qiang society to be patrilineal but with

3612-545: The Qiang. In 42 BCE, the Qiang in the Longxi region rebel and initially defeated the Han forces sent to fight them. However, in 41 BCE, the Han general Feng Fengshi returned with 60,000 men and crushed the Qiang rebellion. In 49 CE, the Qiang tribes retook the Qinghai region from the Han. In 57 CE, the Qiang led by Dianyu raided Jincheng Commandery . In 59 CE, a Han army defeated Dianyu. In 107 CE, Dianlian of

3696-461: The Qiang. A song from one of these groups, the "White Wolf" people, was transcribed in Chinese characters together with Chinese translation, and the language has since been identified as a Tibeto-Burman language . Genetic analyses of ancient Qiang (Di-Qiang) remains found high genetic affinity with modern Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples , particularly modern Qiang people and Han Chinese , as well as with ancient 'Yellow River farmers' associated with

3780-734: The Qiangs were shepherds from the west and they were part of the Xirong . They had a close relation to the Zhou dynasty , and were mentioned in the Book of Documents and Records of the Grand Historian as one of the allies of King Wu of Zhou who defeated the Shang. It has been suggested that the clan of Jiang Yuan , mother of Houji , a figure of Chinese legends and mythology and an ancestor of

3864-530: The Xiang clan (像/象). Both states were tributaries to the neighbouring Northern and Southern dynasties and lasted until the mid-6th century. In 446 an ethnic Qiang rebellion was crushed by the Northern Wei. Wang Yu ( 王遇 ) was an ethnic Qiang eunuch and he may have been castrated during the rebellion since the Northern Wei would castrated the rebel tribe's young elite. Fengyi prefecture's Lirun town according to

3948-628: The Zhou dynasty, was possibly related or identical to the Qiang. Some of the ancient groups were called the "Horse-Qiang" or "Many-Horse-Qiang" (Ma Qiang or Duo Ma Qiang), suggesting they may have been horse breeders. During the Han dynasty , a group of nomads to the southwest of Dunhuang were known as the Chuo Qiang ( Chinese : 婼羌 ). They were described in the Book of Han as a people who moved with their livestock in search of water and pasture, made military weapons themselves using iron from

4032-631: The appointment of acting General Who Protects the Army ( 護軍將軍 ) at the time. He defeated a group of bandits led by Liu Xiong ( 劉雄 ) in Nanshan ( 南山 ) and forced them to surrender. He also besieged Liang Xing (梁興; an ally of Han Sui and Ma Chao) in Hu County ( 鄠縣 ) and defeated and killed Liang Xing. In recognition of his contributions, the Han imperial court enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Bochang Village ( 博昌亭侯 ). In 213, Ma Chao besieged Wei Kang ,

4116-456: The army's morale. In 206, Chang Xi ( 昌狶 ) started a rebellion, so Cao Cao sent Yu Jin to lead an army to suppress the revolt. Yu Jin was unsuccessful, so Cao Cao ordered Xiahou Yuan to join Yu Jin in a second expedition against Chang Xi. They defeated the rebels this time and captured over 10 enemy garrisons while Chang Xi surrendered to Yu Jin. Xiahou Yuan was appointed Colonel Who Arranges

4200-400: The chaos in Later Qin to launch his second northern expedition . In 417, Jin forces captured Yao Hong in Chang'an, ending the Later Qin. During the period of Northern and Southern dynasties , Fan Ye (398–445) wrote a history of the Western Qiang describing traits such as "disheveled hair", folding their coat from the left side, and marriage customs where a widow would either marry her son or

4284-498: The county within months, and captured and executed Song Jian and all his followers. He also sent Zhang He to force the other Qiang tribes in the region to surrender. By 215, most of western China had been pacified and submitted to Cao Cao's control. Cao Cao wrote an order to praise Xiahou Yuan: "Song Jian had been causing trouble for over 30 years. Xiahou Yuan eliminated him in one movement and made an unprecedented achievement. Confucius once said, 'I cannot do as well as you.'" In 216,

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4368-414: The course of the conflict, however, Cao Cao managed to turn Ma Chao and Han Sui against each other. Han Sui realised that there was no hope for victory with the forces divided against each other in suspicion, and retreated once again to Liang Province. Cao Cao captured and killed Han Sui's children and grandchildren. When Xiahou Yuan began his subjugation of Liang Province, Han Sui fought against this, but

4452-425: The deceased husband's brother. According to Fan, the Qiang lived in tribes and had no unified ruler. Two minor Qiang polities existed during this period: the Dangchang Kingdom in present-day Tanchang County , Gansu and Dengzhi , located west of present-day Jiuzhaigou County , Sichuan . The Dangchang Qiang were led by the Liang clan (梁) while the Dengzhi Qiang, also known as the Baishui Qiang (白水羌), were led by

4536-409: The door god, the fireplace god, and the house god. The fireplace god was sacrificed to with food near an iron potholder before each meal. An altar in the corner of the main floor facing the door was considered sacred. It showed the financial status of the household with how ornate it was. Xiahou Yuan Xiahou Yuan ( pronunciation ) (died c. February 219 ), courtesy name Miaocai ,

4620-423: The enemy and both sides were locked in a stalemate for nearly a year. One night in February or March 219, Liu Bei set fire to the barbed fences around Xiahou Yuan's camp, so Xiahou Yuan sent Zhang He to defend the eastern part of the camp while he personally led a lightly armed force to guard the south. Zhang He attacked Liu Bei when the latter taunted him, but he failed to overcome the enemy. Xiahou Yuan then sent

4704-432: The flower to express their love for their beloved. The Qiang revered the tiger and featured it prominently on their totem poles. White stones (flint stones) were also considered to be sacred and sometimes put on altars or rooftops. Qiang folk religion resembles animism and shamanism . It places spiritual belief in the natural features of the landscape and the ability of shamans to contact spirits. The Qiang believed in

4788-528: The general Ma Xian the following year. In 140 CE, the Qiang rebelled. In 142 CE, the Qiang rebellion was put down. In 167 CE, Duan Jiong conducted an anti-Qiang campaign and massacred Qiang populations as well as settled them outside the frontier. In 184 CE, Beigong Boyu, a member of the Auxiliary of Loyal Barbarians of Huangzhong, started the Liang Province rebellion . The rebels captured Jincheng and reached Youfufeng Commandery in 185, and from there carried out raids against Chang'an . A Han army

4872-450: The last few hundred years when they adopted Han Chinese surnames. The Qiang were first described as nomadic shepherds living in the region of contemporary Gansu and Qinghai provinces. Unlike other nomads, the Qiang did not shave their heads and wore their hair loose over their face. At some point prior to the modern era they settled and adopted an agricultural way of life. Due to constant conflict between Qiang tribes and other peoples,

4956-546: The military officers and nobles in Liang Province to meet Cao Cao at Xiu Village ( 休亭 ). The Qiang and tribal chieftains were fearful of Xiahou Yuan whenever they attended meetings with Cao Cao. Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao after his defeat at the Battle of Yangping . Xiahou Yuan was appointed acting Protector-General ( 都護將軍 ) and was ordered to pacify Ba Commandery ( 巴郡 ) with the aid of Zhang He and Xu Huang . Cao Cao later returned to Ye (in present-day Handan , Hebei ) and left Xiahou Yuan and others behind to defend

5040-413: The most significant one was his death at the Battle of Mount Dingjun in 219. See Battle of Mount Dingjun#In fiction for details. Xiahou Yuan is featured as a playable character in Koei 's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. In the games, he is Xiahou Dun's brother and is portrayed as being a bit hapless, but powerful and loyal nonetheless. He also appears in all instalments of

5124-425: The mountains, and possessed bows, lances, short knives, swords and armour. In the Weilüe , other Qiang tribes named were the "Brown Onion", "White Horse", and "Yellow Ox" Qiang. The various tribes of the Qiangs formed a confederation against the Han but were defeated. Later in the Han dynasty, groups of people in the western part of Sichuan were mentioned in the Book of the Later Han as separate branches of

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5208-432: The newly conquered Hanzhong Commandery. Xiahou Yuan was appointed General Who Attacks the West ( 征西將軍 ). In 217, Cao Cao's rival Liu Bei , who had taken over Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing ) in 215, launched a campaign to wrestle control of Hanzhong from Cao Cao. When Liu Bei's forces reached Yangping Pass (陽平關; in present-day Ningqiang County , Shaanxi), Xiahou Yuan led his men to resist

5292-605: The others surrendered. Xiahou Yuan also attacked some Chuge encampments at Gaoping (高平; in present-day Guyuan , Ningxia), drove the Chuge away, and captured their supplies and livestock. The Han imperial court authorised him to oversee the affairs in the region. During the Liang Province Rebellion in the 180s, a rebel chief Song Jian ( 宋建 ) declared himself "King of the River Source Who Pacifies Han" ( 河首平漢王 ) in Fuhan County (枹罕縣; around present-day Linxia , Gansu). After Xiahou Yuan pacified Liang Province, Cao Cao ordered him to attack Song Jian. Xiahou Yuan besieged Fuhan, conquered

5376-458: The people of the western plateaus were called "Western Bod". The two terms were used interchangeably until the Qing dynasty when Qiang came to refer to those living upstream of the Min River . A problematic case is the “Qiang,” which as Wang Mingke has established, is an old Chinese term along the western borderlands for people in the middle, neither Chinese nor Tibetan, neither exclusively agricultural nor purely pastoral, and likely referring to

5460-405: The point where both were killing each other's wives and children. Cao Cao, having achieved victory at the Battle of Guandu in 200CE, sent Zhong Yao to broker a peace between the two sides and to place Liang Province under Cao Cao's authority. After the terms were agreed to, Han Sui and Ma Teng would give assistance to Cao Cao in the remainder of his battles against Yuan Shao . After this, Ma Teng

5544-492: The rebels. He defeated them, killed Xu He, and pacified the various counties in the region. He also collected the enemy's food supplies and distributed them among his own troops. In 209, after Cao Cao returned from his defeat at the Battle of Red Cliffs against the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei , he ordered Xiahou Yuan to lead an assault on Lei Xu , who had started a revolt in Lujiang Commandery (廬江郡; in present-day Hefei , Anhui ). After defeating Lei Xu, Xiahou Yuan

5628-411: The regent Sima Yi seized power from his co-regent Cao Shuang and became the de facto ruler of Wei. Xiahou Yuan had five other sons who were younger than Xiahou Ba: Xiahou Cheng ( 夏侯稱 ), Xiahou Wei , Xiahou Rong ( 夏侯榮 ), Xiahou Hui and Xiahou He . Xiahou Yuan's 5th son, Xiahou Rong (夏侯榮), was with his father during the Battle of Mount Dingjun . When he had heard of his father's death, he

5712-471: The revolt. Ma Chao fell for the ruse. Soon after he left Ji, Zhao Qu and the others turned against him and killed his wife and child(ren). At the same time, Ma Chao also failed to recapture Lu from Jiang Xu, so he became stranded. Ma Chao retreated to Hanzhong Commandery , where he borrowed troops from the warlord Zhang Lu and returned to attack Jiang Xu and his allies at Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu). Jiang Xu sent

5796-416: The second half of Yao Xing's reign. Infighting between the princes over the succession to the throne and mounting defeats on the battlefield, particularly to the Xiongnu rebel state, Helian Xia , gradually weakened the state. When Yao Hong ascended the throne in 416, rebellions sprang up throughout the empire while it came under attack from its neighbours. The Eastern Jin commander, Liu Yu took advantage of

5880-418: The state of Shu Han. Xiahou Yuan is featured as a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. He made several appearances in the novel, notably one during an archery contest between Cao Cao's officers at the newly made Bronze Bird Tower where he was shown as the most talented archer. But

5964-471: The support of the Qiang people and maintained his territory in Liang Province. Han Sui is thought to have preferred to remain somewhat behind the scenes, placing someone else in the position of leadership while holding real power himself. When Bian Zhang and the other leaders passed from the scene, he placed Wang Guo (王國) in power with the help of his ally Ma Teng , whom he pledged a pact of brotherhood with. The arrangement did not last long, however, and Wang Guo

6048-500: Was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He is known for his exploits in western China (in parts of present-day Gansu , Ningxia and Shaanxi provinces) in the 210s, during which he defeated Cao Cao's rivals Ma Chao and Han Sui in Liang Province and the surrounding areas, and forced several Di and Qiang tribal peoples into submission. He

6132-417: Was a name given to various groups of people at different periods in ancient China. The Qiang people are generally thought to have been of Tibeto-Burman origin, though there are other theories. The Tangut people of the Tang , Song and Yuan dynasties may be of Qiang descent. The modern Qiang people as well as Tibetans may also have been descended in part from the ancient Qiangs. According to

6216-527: Was also an ardent Buddhist and heavily promoted the religion within his state. He welcomed the Kuchean monk, Kumārajīva to Chang'an, where he helped translate many Buddhist texts into Chinese. It was also under Qin when the Chinese monk, Faxian , began his pilgrimage to India from Chang'an and the Maijishan Grottoes were first constructed. However, the Later Qin entered a declined during

6300-530: Was appointed acting Protector-General Who Attacks the West ( 征西護軍 ) and ordered to lead troops together with Xu Huang to attack rebels in Taiyuan Commandery (太原郡; in present-day Shanxi ). They conquered over 20 enemy camps, killed the rebel chief Shang Yao ( 商曜 ), and massacred the population in the rebel base. In 211, Xiahou Yuan participated in the Battle of Tong Pass on Cao Cao's side against

6384-587: Was believed to have been over 70 years old at the time of his death. In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Han Sui is depicted as Ma Teng's sworn brother and subordinate, when historically he was actually a warlord of equal footing as Ma Teng. Han Sui's preference to remain out of the scenes may have been a reason for this depiction. In the novel, during Ma Chao's battles against Cao Cao's forces, Han Sui has eight elite officers serving under him. After Cao Cao successfully used

6468-573: Was driven out. In the Three Kingdoms period (220–280), northwestern China became a contested region between the Cao Wei and Shu Han dynasties, and depending on their circumstances, the local Qiang people sided with one of the two states. Among Shu's strategies during the northern expeditions of Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei was to win the support of the Qiang and other tribes and aid them in their revolts against Wei. The Qiang were one of

6552-408: Was forcibly summoned to Ye and Han Sui placed Ma Teng's son Ma Chao in charge of Liang Province. When Cao Cao began gathering armies with the intent of invading Hanzhong Commandery , then under the rule of Zhang Lu , Han Sui and Ma Chao suspected that it was they, and not Zhang Lu who would be attacked. The two of them gathered warlords from the western regions and went to war against Cao Cao. In

6636-514: Was in such a rage he had to be restrained by his attendants. He then managed to break free and charge to the enemy with a sword in hand; he was also killed in action. He was only 13 years old (by East Asian reckoning). Xiahou Yuan also had a niece, Lady Xiahou , who was around 13 years old in 200 CE. She was out gathering firewood when she was taken by Zhang Fei . She became Zhang Fei's wife and bore him two daughters, who both later married Liu Shan and became Empress Jing'ai and Empress Zhang of

6720-401: Was killed in action at the Battle of Mount Dingjun while defending Hanzhong Commandery from attacks by a rival warlord Liu Bei . Xiahou Yuan's death was highly dramatised in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , in which he was slain by Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong during a surprise raid. Xiahou Yuan was from Qiao County ( 譙縣 ), Pei State ( 沛國 ), which

6804-483: Was raising an army to join the campaign against Dong Zhuo , Xiahou Yuan joined Cao and served as a Major of Separate Command ( 別部司馬 ) and Cavalry Commandant ( 騎都尉 ) under Cao. He was subsequently appointed as the Administrator ( 太守 ) of Chenliu (陳留; around present-day Kaifeng , Henan ) and Yingchuan (潁川; in present-day central Henan) commanderies. In 200, when Cao Cao clashed with his rival Yuan Shao at

6888-539: Was removed from power after being defeated by the Han general Huangfu Song . It was at this point that Ma Teng and Han Sui declared themselves co-rulers of Liang Province, now mostly autonomous due to turmoil in the Han dynasty. Early in 192, the two of them submitted to the Han central government, then under Dong Zhuo 's control, but Dong Zhuo was assassinated by Lü Bu and Wang Yun in April. After Li Jue , Guo Si and other former followers of Dong Zhuo seized control of

6972-413: Was sent out against them led by Huangfu Song and Zhang Wen but they failed to achieve any major victory. In 185, the Han general Dong Zhuo won a battle against Beigong Boyu and the rebels withdrew. Beigong Boyu and Li Wenhou are not mentioned after this, but the rebellion continued anyway when the new Inspector was killed by his own troops. During the rebellion, a half-Qiang, Ma Teng , rose to power as

7056-437: Was ultimately defeated and forced to retreat. He discussed the idea of retreating to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing ), but his subordinate Cheng Gongying encouraged him to continue his fight against Cao Cao instead. At this point, he was either murdered by some of his own followers or died of illness. In either case, his head was brought to Cao Cao by Han Sui's subordinates as they all surrendered. He

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