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82-629: The city of Harbin was home to thousands of Jews . The number of Jewish diasporas living in Harbin was over 20,000 in the 1920s, making Harbin the largest gregarious center for Jews in the Far East. On 15 January 1909, the hall opened as Harbin General Synagogue ( 哈尔滨犹太总会堂 ), the main Jewish religious site for the city. The former Jewish middle school was adjacent to the synagogue, whose site

164-807: A 24-hour average in January of only −17.3 °C (0.9 °F), although the city sees little precipitation during the winter and is often sunny. Spring and autumn constitute brief transition periods with variable wind directions. Summers can be hot, with a July mean temperature of 23.7 °C (74.7 °F). Summer is also when most of the year's rainfall occurs, and more than half of the annual precipitation, at 539 millimetres (21.2 in), occurs in July and August alone. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 45 percent in December to 60 percent in September,

246-707: A Russian town, with the majority of population coming from the south of the European Russia. The city was intended as a showcase for Russian imperialism in Asia and the American scholar Simon Karlinsky , who was born in Harbin in 1924 into a Russian-Jewish family, wrote that in Harbin "the buildings, boulevards, and parks were planned—well before the October Revolution —by distinguished Russian architects and also by Swiss and Italian town planners", giving

328-603: A major difference with the Russian émigrés who arrived in Harbin was: "Unlike the Russian émigrés who went to Paris or Prague or even to Shanghai, the new residents of Harbin were not a minority surrounded by a foreign population. They found themselves instead in an almost totally Russian city, populated mainly by people with roots in the south of European Russia." The city had a Russian school system, as well as publishers of Russian-language newspapers and journals. The Russian Harbintsy community numbered around 120,000 at its peak in

410-716: A result, Harbin is China's base for the production of commodity grain and an ideal location for setting up agricultural businesses. Harbin also has industries such as light industry, textile, medicine, food, aircraft, automobile, metallurgy, electronics, building materials, and chemicals that help to form a fairly comprehensive industrial system. Several major corporations are based in the city. Harbin Electric Company Limited , Harbin Aircraft Industry Group and Northeast Light Alloy Processing Factory are some of key enterprises. Power manufacturing

492-443: A scientific article, it is divided accordingly, assuming that all researchers were equally involved in the article. For example, this "fractional count" (Share) received by each author would be 0.1 for an article with 10 authors. If an author is affiliated with more than one institution, that author's Share is then subdivided equally across their affiliated institutions. The process is similar for countries/territories and regions, though

574-703: Is Qiulin Group , which owns Harbin's largest department store . Songbei Economic Development Zone is located in Songbei District of Harbin. The zone has a planned area of 5.53 square kilometers. Electronics assembly & manufacturing, food and beverage processing are the encouraged industries in the zone. Many regional and provincial headquarters of large enterprises such as the China Datang Corporation , China Netcom and China Telecom have joined in this district, preliminary constituting

656-487: Is China's second-biggest pharmaceutical company by market value . Harbin International Trade and Economic Fair has been held annually since 1990. This investment and trade fair cumulatively attracting more than 1.9 million exhibitors and visitors from more than 80 countries and regions to attend, resulting over US$ 100 billion contract volume concluded according to the statistics of 2013. Harbin

738-636: Is a main industry in Harbin; hydro and thermal power equipment manufactured here makes up one-third of the total installed capacity in China. According to Platts , in 2009-10 Harbin Electric was the second largest manufacturer of steam turbines by worldwide market share, tying Dongfang Electric and slightly behind Shanghai Electric. Harbin Pharmaceutical Group, which mainly focus on research, development, manufacture and sale of medical products,

820-778: Is a minor community of Russians . The ethnic composition according to the 2020 census: The Catholic minority is pastorally served by the Apostolic Administration of Harbin , a missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction. It also has the Eastern Catholic former cathedral of the Russian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Harbin . The badly damaged Church of the Iver Icon of the Mother of God was previously used by Russian soldiers of

902-603: Is among major destinations of FDI in Northeast China, with utilized FDI totaling US$ 980 million in 2013. After the 18th regular meeting between Sino-Russian Prime Ministers between Li Keqiang and Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev in October 2013, two sides come to make an agreement that the Harbin International Trade and Economic Fair will be renamed "China-Russia EXPO" and be co-sponsored by

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984-700: Is consistently ranked as one of the best universities in the world for engineering. Human settlement in the Harbin area dates from at least 2200 BC during the late Stone Age . Wanyan Aguda , the founder and first emperor (reigned 1115–1123) of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234), was born in the Jurchen Wanyan tribes who resided near the Ashi River in this region. In AD 1115 Aguda established Jin's capital Shangjing (Upper Capital) Huining Prefecture in today's Acheng District of Harbin. After Aguda's death,

1066-583: Is located at the southwestern edge of the Sanjiang Plain . Under the Köppen climate classification , Harbin features a monsoon -influenced humid continental climate ( Dwa ). Due to the Siberian high and its location above 45 degrees north latitude, the city is known for its cold weather and long winter. Its nickname Ice City is well-earned, as winters in the city are dry and freezing cold, with

1148-475: Is notable for its ice sculpture festival in the winter. Being well known for its historical Russian legacy and architecture, the city is famed for its European influence and serves as an important gateway in Sino-Russian trade today. Harbin serves as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications hub in Northeast China, as well as an important industrial base of the nation. The city

1230-537: Is one of the 56 national High and New Technology Industry Development Zones of China. The zone was first set up as a provincial level development zone in 1988, and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991 respectively. It has 23.9 square-kilometers of built-area totally, and subdivided into two parts: Science and Technology Innovation Town and High-tech Industrial Development Zone. The 2020 census revealed total population in Harbin

1312-443: Is still well preserved and was transferred into a music school. In June 1931, the building was devastated by a great fire and was refurbished. Abraham Kaufman , then leader of Harbin Jewish community, was working in the synagogue from 1919 to 1945. In 2013, over 1 billion Chinese yuan was spent by Harbin municipal government on the refurbishment of the building and transfer to a music hall. The hall reopened in 2014. In May 2013,

1394-418: Is the eighth most populous Chinese city according to the 2020 census . The built-up area of Harbin (which consists of all districts except Shuangcheng and Acheng ) had 5,841,929 inhabitants, while the total metropolitan population was up to 10,009,854, making it one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world . Several differerent etymologies have been offered for the city's name. The city government says

1476-661: Is with its Soviet ties deteriorating and the Vietnam War escalating, China became concerned of a possible nuclear attack. Mao Zedong ordered an evacuation of military and other key state enterprises away from the northeastern frontier, with Harbin being the core zone of this region, bordering the Soviet Union . During this Third Front Development Era of China, several major factories of Harbin were relocated to Southwestern Provinces including Gansu , Sichuan , Hunan and Guizhou , where they would be strategically secure in

1558-699: The Empire of Japan , and a small number of the prisoners of war from the Allies of World War II (although many more Allied POWs were victims of Unit 731 at other sites). Prisoners of war were subjected to vivisection without anesthesia, after being infected with various diseases. Prisoners were injected with inoculations of disease, disguised as vaccinations, to study their effects. Unit 731 and its affiliated units (Unit 1644 and Unit 100 among others) were involved in research, development, and experimental deployment of epidemic-creating biowarfare weapons in assaults against

1640-983: The February Revolution of 1917 Harbin Soviet was organized. It sought to seize control over the Chinese Eastern Railway and to defend Russian citizens in Manchuria . The Bolshevik Martemyan Ryutin was the chairman of the Harbin Soviet. After Russia's Great October Socialist Revolution in November 1917, the new Soviet government in Russia recognized the Harbin Soviet as its representation in Manchuria and placed Russian citizens in Manchuria under its protection. Subsequently,

1722-851: The Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers , Douglas MacArthur , before the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal in exchange for their biological warfare work in the Cold War for the American Forces. Chinese revolutionaries including Zhao Shangzhi , Yang Jingyu , Li Zhaolin , Zhao Yiman continued to struggle against the Japanese in Harbin and its administrative area, commanding the main anti-Japanese guerrilla army- Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army —which

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1804-505: The China Harbin International Economic and Trade Fair each year since 1990. Harbin once housed one of the largest Jewish communities in the Far East before World War II. It reached its peak in the mid-1920s when 25,000 European Jews lived in the city. Among them were the parents of Ehud Olmert , the former Prime Minister of Israel . In 2004, Olmert came to Harbin with an Israeli trade delegation to visit

1886-596: The Chinese Ministry of Commerce, Heilongjiang Provincial government, the Russian Ministry of Economic Development and Russia's Ministry of Trade and Industry. In the financial sector, Longjiang Bank and Harbin Bank are some of the largest banks in Northeast China, with headquarters in Harbin. The latter ranks fourth by competitiveness among Chinese city commercial banks in 2011. In commerce, there

1968-620: The Chinese populace (both civilian and military) throughout World War II. Human targets were also used to test grenades positioned at various distances and in different positions. Flame throwers were tested on humans. Humans were tied to stakes and used as targets to test germ-releasing bombs , chemical weapons , and explosive bombs . Twelve Unit 731 members were found guilty in the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials but later repatriated. Others received secret immunity by

2050-782: The Electric Engineering Department. Between 1925 and 1928 the university's Rector was Leonid Ustrugov , the Russian Deputy Minister of Railways under Nicholas II before the Russian Revolution , Minister of Railways under Admiral Kolchak 's government and a key figure in the development of the Chinese Eastern Railway . The Russian community in Harbin made it their mission to preserve the pre-revolutionary culture of Russia. The city had numerous Russian language newspapers, journals, libraries, theaters, and two opera companies. One of

2132-513: The European community (Russians, Germans, Poles, Greeks, etc.) emigrated from 1950 to 1954 to Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, and the US, or were repatriated to their home countries. By 1988 the original Russian community numbered just thirty, all of them elderly. Modern Russians living in Harbin mostly moved there in the 1990s and 2000s, and have no relation to the first wave of emigration. Harbin

2214-536: The Harbin Soviet requested recognition of the local taotai . On December 12, 1917, Bolsheviks seized control over the Harbin Soviet, pressuring Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries to leave the body. Through Golos Truda the Harbin Soviet declared itself as the government of the area. On December 18, 1917, the Harbin Soviet declared the Chinese Eastern Railway administrator Dmitry Horvat dismissed and directed its militia to seize control of

2296-467: The Japanese side soon lodged protest with China over the construction of Ahn's memorial hall. Harbin, with a total land area of 53,068 km (20,490 sq mi), is located in southern Heilongjiang province and is the provincial capital. The prefecture is also located at the southeastern edge of the Songnen Plain , a major part of China's Northeastern Plain . The city center also sits on

2378-736: The Kwantung Army . The main facility of the Unit 731 was built in 1935 at Pingfang District , approximately 24 km (15 mi) south of Harbin urban area at that time. Between 3,000 and 12,000 citizens, including men, women, and children, —from which around 600 every year were provided by the Kempeitai —died during the human experimentation conducted by Unit 731 at the camp based in Pingfang alone, which does not include victims from other medical experimentation sites. Almost 70 percent of

2460-617: The Nature Index expanded to 82 natural-science journals in 2018, then added 64 health-science journals in 2023. Each year, Nature Index ranks the leading institutions (which can be companies, universities, government agencies, research institutes, or NGOs) and countries by the number of scientific articles and papers published in leading journals. This ranking can also be categorized by individual fields of research such as life sciences , chemistry , physics , or earth sciences , with different institutions leading in each. The Nature Index

2542-674: The Outer Amur Military Region, then garrisoned in Harbin. A small percentage of the city's population consists of Muslims. Daowai Mosque is located in Harbin and is the largest mosque in Heilongjiang province. Harbin had a small Jewish community centered on Zhongyang Main Street, which was home to many European Jewish refugees. The Harbin local culture is based on Han culture , combined with Manchu culture and Russian culture. This combination of cultures influences

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2624-664: The Russian Empire. In the 1920s, the city was considered China's fashion capital since new designs from Paris and Moscow reached here first before arriving in Shanghai . From 1932 until 1945, Harbin was the largest city in the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Known for its bitterly cold winters, Harbin is heralded as the Ice City ( 冰 城 ) for its winter tourism and recreations. Harbin

2706-711: The Soviet Great Purge between 1936 and 1938 as "Japanese spies" ). Most departing Russians returned to the Soviet Union, but a substantial number moved south to Shanghai or emigrated to the United States and Australia. By the end of the 1930s, the Russian population of Harbin had dropped to around 30,000. Many of Harbin's Jews (13,000 in 1929) fled after the Japanese occupation as the Japanese associated closely with militant anti-Soviet Russian Fascists , whose ideology of anti-Bolshevism and nationalism

2788-495: The Soviet Union. During the Cultural Revolution many foreign and Christian things were uprooted. On 23 August 1966, Red Guards stormed into St. Nicholas Cathedral, burned its icons on the streets while chanting xenophobic slogans before destroying the church. As the normal economic and social order was seriously disrupted, Harbin's economy also suffered from serious setbacks. One of the main reasons of this setback

2870-538: The age of 14, while 14.65 percent are over 65. Harbin has a higher percentage of males (50.02 percent) than females (49.98 percent). Harbin currently has a lower birth rate than other parts of China, with 6.95 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to the Chinese average of 12.13 births. Most of Harbin's residents belong to the Han Chinese majority. Ethnic minorities include the Manchu , Hui , and Mongol . There

2952-650: The amount of scientific and technological achievements. Harbin Economic and Technological Development Zone (HETDZ) is one of the 90 national economical development zones of China. It was set up in June 1991, and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in April 1993. In December 2012, Harbin High Technology Development Zone was merged into HETDZ. In 2009, the hi-tech zone

3034-725: The building was listed National Key Protected Building. A series of concerts are held in the hall all over the year. A nostalgic bookstore is on the third floor of the hall. Harbin Harbin is the capital of Heilongjiang , China. It is the largest city of Heilongjiang, as well as being the city with the second-largest urban population (after Shenyang , Liaoning province ) and largest metropolitan population (urban and rural regions together) in Northeast China . Harbin has direct jurisdiction over nine metropolitan districts, two county-level cities and seven counties, and

3116-491: The capital to Yanjing (now Beijing ) in 1153. Liang even went to destroy all palaces in his former capital in 1157. Wanyan Liang's successor Wanyan Yong ( Emperor Shizong ) restored the city and established it as a secondary capital in 1173. Ruins of the Shangjing Huining Prefecture were discovered and excavated about 2 km (1.2 mi) from present-day Acheng's central urban area. The site of

3198-569: The city on 20 August 1945 and Harbin never came under the control of the Nationalist Government , whose troops stopped 60 km (37 mi) short of the city. The city's administration was transferred by the departing Soviet Army to the Chinese People's Liberation Army in April 1946. On 28 April 1946, the communist government of Harbin was established, making the 700,000-citizen-city the first large city governed by

3280-507: The city a very European appearance. Starting in the late 19th century, a mass influx of Han Chinese arrived in Manchuria, and taking advantage of the rich soils, founded farms that soon turned Manchuria into the "breadbasket of China" while others went to work in the mines and factories of Manchuria, which become one of the first regions of China to industrialize. Harbin became one of the main points through which food and industrial products were shipped out of Manchuria. A sign of Harbin's wealth

3362-626: The city following the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway , which the Russian Empire had financed. The Russians selected Harbin as the base of their administration over this railway and the Chinese Eastern Railway Zone . The railways were largely constructed by Russian engineers and indentured workers. The Chinese Eastern Railway extended the Trans-Siberian Railway , substantially reducing

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3444-486: The city receives 2,340 hours of bright sunshine annually; on average precipitation falls 99 days out of the year. The annual mean temperature is 5.2 °C (41.4 °F), and extreme temperatures have ranged from −42.6 °C (−45 °F) or for the official weather station there, −41.1 °C (−42 °F) in January 1931 to 39.2 °C (103 °F) on which was hit most recently on 4 June 2001, though an unofficial record high temperature of 41.0 °C (105.8 °F)

3526-674: The communists. During the short occupation of Harbin by the Soviet Army (August 1945 to April 1946), thousands of Russian emigres who had been identified as members of the Russian Fascist Party and fled communism after the Russian October Revolution, were forcibly deported to the Soviet Union. After 1952 the Soviet Union launched a second wave of immigration back to Russia. By 1964, the Russian population in Harbin had been reduced to 450. The rest of

3608-483: The distance from Chita to Vladivostok and also linking the new port city of Dalny ( Dalian ) and the Russian naval base of Port Arthur ( Lüshun ). The settlement founded by the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway quickly turned into a boomtown , growing into a city within five years. The Russian-speaking settlers in Harbin came from all over the Russian Empire, including Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Georgians, and Tatars , in addition to Russians, eventually making Harbin

3690-422: The early 1920s, according to Chinese scholars' recent studies, over 20,000 Jews lived in Harbin. After 1919, Dr. Abraham Kaufman played a leading role in Harbin's large Russian Jewish community. The Republic of China discontinued diplomatic relations with the Russian Republic in 1920, leaving many Russians stateless. When the Chinese Eastern Railway and government in Beijing announced in 1924 that they agreed

3772-474: The early 1920s. Many of Harbin's Russians were wealthy, which sometimes confused foreign visitors who expected them to be poor, with for instance the American writer Harry A. Franck in his 1923 book Wanderings in North China writing the Russian "ladies as well gowned as at the Paris races [who] strolled with men faultlessly garbed by European standards", leading him to wonder how they had achieved this "deceptive appearance". The Harbin Institute of Technology

3854-457: The economic hub of northeastern China and an international metropolis. The rapid growth of the city challenged the public healthcare system. The worst-ever recorded outbreak of pneumonic plague spread to Harbin through the Trans-Manchurian railway from the border trade port of Manzhouli . The plague lasted from late autumn of 1910 to spring 1911 and killed 1,500 Harbin residents (mostly ethnic Chinese), or about five percent of its population at

3936-534: The economy concentration zone of the local headquarters. Regional Scientific research centers including Harbin Science and Technology Innovation Center and Harbin International Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center are also located in this development zone. Profit from these major research institutes, Harbin ranked ninth among 50 major Chinese cities in scientific and technological innovation ability in scientific and technological competitiveness ranking in 2006, as well as ranking sixth among Chinese cities in

4018-403: The establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo , the so-called " pacification of Manchukuo " began, as volunteer armies continued to fight the Japanese. Harbin became a major operations base for the infamous medical experimenters of Unit 731 , who killed people of all ages and ethnicities. All these units were known collectively as the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of

4100-465: The event of a possible war. Some major universities of China were also moved out of Harbin, including Harbin Military Academy of Engineering (predecessor of Changsha's National University of Defense Technology ) and Harbin Institute of Technology (Moved to Chongqing in 1969 and relocated to Harbin in 1973). National economy and social service have obtained significant achievements since the Chinese economic reform first introduced in 1979. Harbin holds

4182-430: The fact that some institutions have overseas labs makes the process more complicated, with such labs being counted towards their appropriate host countries. The top 25 institutions with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals according to the Nature Index 2024, which is valid for the calendar year 2023: The countries with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals according to

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4264-467: The famous Russian poets in Harbin was Valery Pereleshin , who started publishing his intensely homoerotic poetry in 1937 and was also one of the few Russian writers in Harbin who learned Mandarin. The subject of Pereleshin's poetry caused problems with the Russian Fascist Party , and led Pereleshin to leave Harbin for Shanghai, and ultimately to the United States. Not all of the Russian newspapers were of high quality, with Karlinsky calling Nash put' ,

4346-409: The grave of his grandfather in Huang Shan Jewish Cemetery, which had over 500 Jewish graves identified. On 5 October 1984, Harbin was designated a sub-provincial city by the Organization Department of the CCP Central Committee . The eight counties of Harbin originally formed part of Songhuajiang Prefecture whose seat was practically located inside the urban area of Harbin since 1972. The prefecture

4428-403: The local architecture style, food, music, and customs. The city of Harbin was appointed a UNESCO City of Music on 22 June 2010 as part of the Creative Cities Network . Nature Index The Nature Index is a database that tracks institutions and countries/territories and their scientific output since its introduction in November, 2014. Originally released with 64 natural-science journals,

4510-467: The name means " swan " in the Jurchen language , and other sources says that it means a Manchu word meaning "a place for drying fishing nets ". The settlement grew from a small rural fishing village on the Songhua River to become one of the largest cities in Northeast China. Founded in 1898 with the coming of the Russian -built Chinese Eastern Railway , the city first prospered as a settlement inhabited by an overwhelming majority of immigrants from

4592-403: The new emperor Wanyang Sheng ordered the construction of a new city on a uniform plan. The planning and construction emulated major Chinese cities, in particular Bianjing ( Kaifeng ), although the Jin capital was smaller than its Northern Song prototype. Huining Prefecture served as the first superior capital of the Jin Empire until Wanyan Liang (the fourth emperor of the Jin Dynasty) moved

4674-439: The newspaper Rubezh was considered to be a promising writer whose career was cut short when he gave up literature for activism in the Russian Fascist Party and cocaine addiction. Moya-tvoya (mine – yours), a pidgin language that was a combination of Russian and Mandarin Chinese that had developed in the 19th century when Chinese went to work in Siberia, was considered essential by the Chinese businesspeople of Harbin. In

4756-400: The newspaper of the Russian Fascist Party "the lowest example of gutter journalism that Harbin had ever seen". Nikolai Baikov , a Russian writer in Harbin was known for his novels of exile life in that city together with his accounts of his travels across Manchuria and the folklore of its Manchu and Chinese population. Boris Yulsky , a young Russian writer who published his short stories in

4838-434: The old Jin capital ruins is a national historic reserve, and includes the Jin Dynasty History Museum . The museum, open to the public, was renovated in late 2005. Mounted statues of Aguda and of his chief commander Wanyan Zonghan (also Nianhan) stand in the grounds of the museum. Many of the artifacts found there are on display in nearby Harbin. After the Mongol conquest of the Jin Empire (1211–1234), Huining Prefecture

4920-467: The previous year. The proportion of the three industries to the aggregate of GDP was 11.1:36.1:52.8 in 2012. The total value for imports and exports by the end of 2012 was US$ 5,330 million. In 2012, the working population reached 3.147 million. In 2015, Harbin had a GDP of RMB 575.12 billion. The chernozem soil in Harbin is one of the most nutrient rich in all of China, making it valuable for cultivating food and textile-related crops. As

5002-439: The railroad would employ only Russian or Chinese nationals, the émigrés were forced to announce their ethnic and political allegiance. Most accepted Soviet citizenship. The Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang , the "Young Marshal" seized the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1929. The Soviet military force quickly put an end to the crisis and forced the Nationalist Chinese to accept the restoration of joint Soviet-Chinese administration of

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5084-1102: The railroad. At the time Harbin was not an established city. The city was almost built from scratch by the builders and early settlers. Houses were constructed, furniture and personal items were brought in from Russia. After the Manchurian plague epidemic, Harbin's population continued to increase sharply, especially inside the Chinese Eastern Railway Zone. In 1913 the Chinese Eastern Railway census showed its ethnic composition as: Russians  – 34,313, Chinese (that is, including Hans , Manchus etc.) – 23,537, Jews – 5,032, Poles  – 2556, Japanese – 696, Germans  – 564, Tatars  – 234, Latvians  – 218, Georgians  – 183, Estonians  – 172, Lithuanians  – 142, Armenians  – 124; there were also Karaims , Ukrainians , Bashkirs , and some Western Europeans. In total, 68,549 citizens of 53 nationalities, speaking 45 languages. Research shows that only 11.5 percent of all residents were born in Harbin. By 1917, Harbin's population exceeded 100,000, with over 40,000 of them being ethnic Russians. Immediately after

5166-428: The railway installations. The Bolshevik militia was soon confronted by Chinese troops and Horvat loyalists, who disarmed and deported some 1,560 Bolshevik fighters. Ryutin went underground. In 1920 more than 100,000 defeated Russian White Guards and refugees retreated to Harbin, which became a major center of White Russian émigrés and the largest Russian enclave outside the Soviet Union . Karlinsky noted that

5248-420: The railway. Japan invaded Manchuria outright after the Mukden Incident in September 1931. After the Japanese captured Qiqihar in the Jiangqiao Campaign , the Japanese 4th Mixed Brigade moved toward Harbin, closing in from the west and south. Bombing and strafing by Japanese aircraft forced the Chinese army to retreat from Harbin. Within a few hours, the Japanese occupation of Harbin was complete. With

5330-480: The southeast, Daqing to the west, and Suihua to the northwest. On its southwestern boundary is Jilin province. The main terrain of the city is generally flat and low lying, with an average elevation of around 150 metres (490 ft). The territory that comprises the 10 county-level divisions in the eastern part of the municipality consists of mountains and uplands. The easternmost part of Harbin prefecture also has extensive wetlands , mainly in Yilan County , which

5412-400: The southern bank of the middle Songhua River . Harbin received its nickname The pearl on the swan's neck , since the shape of Heilongjiang resembles a swan. Its administrative area is rather large with latitude spanning 44° 04′−46° 40′ N, and longitude 125° 42′−130° 10' E. Neighbouring prefecture-level cities are Yichun to the north, Jiamusi and Qitaihe to the northeast, Mudanjiang to

5494-455: The time. This turned out to be the beginning of the large so-called Manchurian plague pandemic , which ultimately claimed 60,000 victims. In the winter of 1910, Dr. Wu Lien-teh (later the founder of Harbin Medical University ) was given instructions from the Foreign Office, Peking, to travel to Harbin to investigate the plague. Dr. Wu asked for imperial sanction to cremate plague victims, as cremation of these infected victims turned out to be

5576-442: The turning point of the epidemic. The suppression of this plague pandemic changed medical progress in China. Bronze statues of Dr. Wu Lien-teh were built in Harbin Medical University to remember his contributions in promoting public health, preventive medicine, and medical education. The first generation of Harbin Russians were mostly the builders and employees of the Chinese Eastern Railway. They moved to Harbin in order to work on

5658-409: The verge of annexation by Japan after the signing of the Eulsa Treaty . South Korean President Park Geun-Hye raised an idea of erecting a monument for Ahn while meeting with Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping during a visit to China in June 2013. After that China began to build a memorial hall honoring Ahn at Harbin Railway Station. As the hall was unveiled on 19 January 2014,

5740-412: The victims who died in the Pingfang camp were Chinese , including both civilian and military. Close to 30 percent of the victims were Russian. The Russian Fascist Party had the task of capturing "unreliable" Russians living in Harbin to hand over to Unit 731 to serve as the unwilling subjects of the gruesome experiments. Some others were Southeast Asians and Pacific Islanders from the colonies of

5822-400: Was 10,009,854, representing a 5.62 percent decrease over the previous decade. The built-up area, made up of all urban districts but Acheng and Shuangcheng not urbanized yet, had a population of 5,282,083 people. 70.61 percent lived in urban areas, while 29.39 lived in rural areas. The demographic profile for the Harbin metropolitan area in general is relatively old: 10.46 percent are under

5904-558: Was abandoned. In the 17th century, the Manchus used building materials from Huining Prefecture to construct their new stronghold in Alchuka . The region of Harbin remained largely rural until the 19th century, with over ten villages and about 30,000 people in the city's present-day urban districts by the end of the 19th century. A small village in 1898 grew into the modern city of Harbin. Polish engineer Adam Szydłowski drew plans for

5986-468: Was conceived by Nature Portfolio . In total, more than 17,000 institutions are listed in the Nature Index. The Nature Index attempts to objectively measure the scientific output of institutions and countries, taking into account differences in quality. Therefore, only articles published in 145 selected high-quality journals are counted. These journals were selected by independent committees. If authors from several institutions and/or countries are involved in

6068-693: Was established in 1920 as the Harbin Sino-Russian School for Industry to educate railway engineers via a Russian method of instruction. Students could select from two majors at the time: Railway Construction or Electric Mechanic Engineering. On 2 April 1922, the school was renamed the Sino-Russian Industrial University. The original two majors eventually developed into two major departments: the Railway Construction Department and

6150-784: Was laced with virulent anti-Semitism. The Kwantung Army-sponsored and financed the Russian Fascist Party, which after 1932 started to play an over-sized role in the Harbin's Russian community as its thugs began to harass and sometimes kill those opposed to it. Most Jews left for Shanghai , Tianjin , and the British Mandate of Palestine . In the late 1930s, some German Jews fleeing the Nazis moved to Harbin. Japanese officials later facilitated Jewish emigration to several cities in western Japan, notably Kobe , which came to have Japan's largest synagogue. The Soviet Army took

6232-703: Was officially merged into Harbin city on 11 August 1996, increasing Harbin's total population to 9.47 million. Harbin hosted the third Asian Winter Games in 1996. In 2009, Harbin held the XXIV Winter Universiade . A memorial hall honoring Korean nationalist and independence activist Ahn Jung-geun was unveiled at Harbin Railway Station on 19 January 2014. Ahn assassinated four-time Prime Minister of Japan and former Resident-General of Korea Itō Hirobumi at No.1 platform of Harbin Railway Station on 26 October 1909, as Korea on

6314-557: Was one of the key construction cities of China during the First Five-Year Plan period from 1951 to 1956. 13 of the 156 key construction projects were aid-constructed by the Soviet Union in Harbin. This project made Harbin an important industrial base of China. During the Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1961, Harbin experienced a very tortuous development course as several Sino-Soviet contracts were cancelled by

6396-845: Was originally organized by the Manchurian branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The army was supported by the Comintern after the CCP Manchurian Provincial Committee was dissolved in 1936. Under the Manchukuo régime and Japanese occupation, Harbin Russians had a difficult time. In 1935, the Soviet Union sold the Chinese Eastern Railway (KVZhD) to the Japanese, and many Russian emigres left Harbin (48,133 of them were arrested during

6478-573: Was recorded in July 1907. To mitigate impacts of climate change , urban planning in Harbin has made use of sponge city concepts, including the Qunli stormwater park which collects, filters, and stores rainwater while conserving natural habitat. The sub-provincial city of Harbin has direct jurisdiction over 9 districts , 2 county-level cities and 7 counties . Harbin has the largest economy in Heilongjiang province. In 2013, Harbin's GDP totaled RMB501.08 billion, an increase of 8.9 percent over

6560-577: Was separated from HETDZ again. The area now has a total area of 18.5 square-kilometers in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang and Haping Road Centralized Parks. The 12.2 square-kilometers Yingbin Road Hi-tech Centralized Park, which was formerly part of HETDZ, is currently under the administration of Harbin High and New Technology Industry Development Zone since 2009. Harbin High and New Technology Industry Development Zone

6642-846: Was that a theater had established during its first decade and in 1907 the play K zvezdam by Leonid Andreyev had its premiere there. During the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Russia used Harbin as its base for military operations in Manchuria. Following Russia's defeat, its influence declined. Several thousand nationals from 33 countries, including the United States, Germany, and France, moved to Harbin. Sixteen countries established consulates to serve their nationals, who established several hundred industrial, commercial and banking companies. Churches were rebuilt for Russian Orthodox , Lutheran/German Protestant , and Polish Catholic Christians. Chinese capitalists also established businesses, especially in brewing, food, and textiles. Harbin became

6724-959: Was voted "China Top Tourist City" by the China National Tourism Administration in 2004. Harbin is one of the top 50 cities and metropolitan areas in the world by scientific research output as tracked by the Nature Index . The city hosts several major universities in Northeast China , including Harbin Engineering , Harbin Medical , Northeast Agricultural , Harbin University of Science and Technology , Harbin Normal , Northeast Forestry , and Heilongjiang . Notably, Harbin Institute of Technology

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