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73-487: The followers of Al-Mukhtar who emerged from his movement (including all subsequent sub-sects which evolved from his movement) who firstly upheld the Imamate of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah and his descendants or any other designated successors were initially named the "Mukhtariyya" (after Al-Mukhtar), but were soon more commonly referred to as the "Kaysānīyya" (i.e. Kaysanites). The name "Kaysānīyya" must have been based on

146-802: A Dawr-e Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Da'i al-Mutlaq (absolute missionary) who manages the affairs of the Imam-in-Concealment until re-emergence of the Imam from concealment. The line of imams of the Nizari Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Agha-khani Ismailis in South and Central Asia) continues to their present living 49th hereditary imam, Aga Khan IV (son of Prince Aly Khan ). They are

219-613: A collective sect held the following common beliefs: Furthermore, some Kaysanite sub-sects established their own unique beliefs, such as: The Kaysanites pursued an activist anti-establishment policy against the Umayyads, aiming to transfer leadership of the Muslims to Alids and accounted for the allegiance of the bulk of the Shi'a populace (even overshadowing the Imamis ) until shortly after

292-461: A curtain. Also, during the oppressive rule of the later Abbasid caliphs, the Shia Imams were heavily persecuted and held prisoners, thus their followers were forced to consult their Imams via messengers or secretly. Shia Tradition hold that four deputies acted in succession to one another: In 941 (329 AH), the fourth deputy announced an order by al-Mahdi, that the deputy would soon die and that

365-690: A population spread over many countries. According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers ( Ithnā'ashariyya ), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī , who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī .The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Quranic verses which include: 75:36, 13:7, 35:24, 2:30, 2:124, 36:26, 7:142, 42:23. They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19–20 and Sunni hadith:Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 4478, English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui. According to Twelvers, there

438-644: A rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate , who he believed were tyrannical and corrupt. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action and the followers of Zayd believed that a true Imām must fight against corrupt rulers Archived 2019-12-28 at the Wayback Machine . The renowned Muslim jurist Abu Hanifa who is credited for the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, delivered a fatwā or legal statement in favour of Zayd in his rebellion against

511-524: A sign to clearly indicate the Divine Leader. That sign is his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad and his clear appointment so that the people could distinguish him from others, and be clearly guided toward him. Otherwise others are nobler than Muhammad's offspring and they are to be followed and obeyed; and the offspring of Muhammad are obedient and subject to the offspring of Muhammad's enemies such as Abi Jahl or Ibn Abi Ma’eet.However, Muhammad

584-755: A son of Ali ibn Abi Talib , who was the fourth caliph in Sunni Islam ( r.  656–661 ) and the first imam in Shia Islam . Ibn al-Hanafiyya was an effective lieutenant for his father Ali during his caliphate. After the assassination of Ali and the deaths of his two sons Hasan and Husayn , many recognized Ibn al-Hanafiyya as the head of the House of Ali . Claiming to represent Ibn al-Hanafiyya, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi rose in Iraq in 686 to avenge Husayn and his relatives, who were massacred in 680 CE by forces of

657-596: Is a must, and Earth cannot remain vacant, without presence of Imam. Zaidiyyah or Zaidi is a Shia madhhab (sect, school) named after the imam Zayd ibn Ali . Followers of the Zaidi fiqh are called Zaidis (or are occasionally called Fivers in the West). However, there is also a group called the Zaidi Wasītī s who are Twelvers. In the context of the Shi'a Muslim belief in spiritual leadership or Imamate, Zaydis believe that

730-445: Is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command. A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71 , no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse, 1. Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him; 2. Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one excels him in nobility; 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which

803-576: Is always an Imam of the era, who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. Ali was the first of the Twelve Imams, and, in the Twelvers and Sufis' view, the rightful successor to Muhammad , followed by male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah . Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Husayn ibn Ali , who

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876-528: Is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirmidhi, 3713; as well as Ibn Maajah, 121; etc. The major point of conflict between the Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word 'Mawla'. For the Shia the word means 'Master' and has

949-415: Is much nobler than others to be in charge and to be obeyed. Moreover, once the prophethood of Muhammad is testified they would obey him, no one would hesitate to follow his offspring and this would not be hard for anyone. While to follow the offspring of the corrupted families is difficult. And that is maybe why the basic characteristic of Muhammad and other prophets was their nobility. For none of them, it

1022-536: Is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal. Sunnis reject the doctrine of Imamate on the basis of their interpretation of verse 33:40 of the Qur'an which says that Muhammad , as the seal of the Prophets , "is not the father of any of your men"; and that is why God let Muhammad's sons die in infancy. This is why Muhammad did not nominate a successor, as he wanted to leave the succession to be resolved "by

1095-523: Is of the Principles of Faith (Usul al-Din) . As the verse 4:165 of Quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets ; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet; until the people have not any plea against Allah . The same logic that necessitated the assignment of prophets also is applied for Imamah. That is Allah must assign someone similar to prophet in his attributes and Ismah as his successor to guide

1168-515: Is said, were originated from a disgraced family. It is believed that all Muhammad's ancestors up to Adam were true Muslims. Jesus was also from a pious family, as it is mentioned in Quran that after his birth, people said to Mary : "O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste." The doctrine of the Imamate in Isma'ilism differs from that of the Twelvers because

1241-518: The "kunya" (surname) Kaysān, allegedly given to al-Mukhtar by Ali , or the name of a freed mawlā of ʿAli who was killed at the Battle of Siffin called Kaysān, from whom it is claimed Al-Mukhtar acquired his ideas. Similarly, it may be named after Abu Amra Kaysan , a prominent mawālī and chief of al-Mukhtar’s personal bodyguard. Others claim that either ʿAli or Ibn al-Ḥanafiya named al-Mukhtar ‘Kaysān,’ because of his ingeniousness. The Kaysanites as

1314-602: The Imamah ( Arabic : إمامة ) is a doctrine which asserts that certain individuals from the lineage of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are to be accepted as leaders and guides of the ummah after the death of Muhammad . Imamah further says that Imams possess divine knowledge and authority ( Ismah ) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt , the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of

1387-512: The Mahdi ( lit.   ' the rightly-guided one ' ), that is, the leader who would deliver Muslims from oppression and spread justice. At this point, however, this title of Ibn Hanafiyya probably did not have any messianic implications. At any rate, Ibn Hanafiyya is said to have avoided this title, as he remained in his hometown of Medina and declined active leadership of the revolution. Perhaps an indication of his equivocal attitude towards

1460-567: The Umayyad caliph Yazid bin Mu'awiya ( r.  680–683 ). The quiescent Ibn al-Hanafiyya did not actively associate with this rebellion but was still rescued by Mukhtar when he was detained by the rival caliph Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad . Support for Ibn al-Hanafiyya continued even after the defeat and death of Mukhtar in 686–687 in the form of the Kaysanites , a now-extinct Shia sect that traced

1533-699: The "Bohras", and there are further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah initially were part of the Fatimid Ismailis but separated from them after the death of the Fatimid Imam and Caliph Al Hakim Bi Amrillah. The Shia Sevener tariqah no longer exists. Another small tariqah is that of the Zaidi Shias, or the "Fivers;" they do not believe in the Occultation of their last Imam. Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to

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1606-630: The Abbasid revolution. Initially they broke away from the religiously moderate attitudes of the early Kufan Shi'a. Most of the Kaysanites support came from superficially Islamicized Mawalis in southern Iraq, Persia and elsewhere, as well as other supporters in Iraq, particularly in Kufa and Al-Mada'in (Ctesiphon). Following the death of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, the bulk of the Kaysanites acknowledged

1679-655: The Abbasid revolution. The remaining Kaysanites who had not joined the Abbasid party sought to align themselves with alternative Shi'a communities. Therefore, in Khurasan and other eastern lands many joined the Khurramites . In Iraq they joined Ja'far al-Sadiq or Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya , who were then the main Alid claimants to the Imamate. However, with the demise of the activist movement of al-Nafs az-Zakiyya, Ja'far al-Sadiq emerged as their main rallying point. Hence, by

1752-704: The Imamate in his Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah . The belief of the Twelver Imamah with the consideration of the sacred status of the four Rashidun Caliphs is shared in Sunni Islam , due to the following hadith of Muhammad: I heard the Prophet of Allah say 'Islam shall not cease to be glorious up to twelve Caliphs, every one of them being from the Quraish '". (And in a narration) "The affairs of men will not cease to decline so long as twelve men will rule over them, every one of them coming from Quraish. And in

1825-527: The Imamate of Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah (a.k.a. Abu Hashim, the eldest son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, d. 716). This sub-sect (a.k.a. Hashimiyya , named after Abu Hashim ), which comprised the majority of the Kaysanites was the earliest Shi'ite group whose teachings and revolutionary stance were disseminated in Persia, especially in Greater Khorasan , where it found adherents among

1898-402: The Isma'ilis had living Imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi went into hiding . They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim , as the rightful Imam after his father, Ja'far al-Sadiq . The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Muhammad ibn Isma'il as

1971-399: The Kaysanites split into at least three distinct sub-sects: After the death of Abu Hashim, no less than four to five sub-sects claimed succession to Abu Hashim from the original Hashimiyya: Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya ( Arabic : مُحَمَّد ابْن الْحَنَفِيَّة , romanized :  Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyya , c.  637–700 , 15–81 AH ) was

2044-571: The Mawalis and Arab settlers. By the end of the Umayyad period the majority of the Hashimiyya, transferred their allegiance to the Abbasid family and they played an important role in the propaganda campaign that eventually led to the successful Abbasid revolution. However, the Kaysanites did not survive as a sect, even though they occupied a majority position among the Shi'a until shortly after

2117-563: The Mawla for all Muslims at Ghadiri Khum Oasis just a few months before his death, the people that came to look upon Ali as Muhammad's immediate successor even before Muhammad's death came to be known as the Shia. However, for Sunnis the word simply means the 'beloved' or the 'revered' and has no other significance at all. Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as

2190-610: The Meccan caliph to imprison Ibn Hanafiyya. He now wrote to Mukhtar for help and was rescued by his military detachment(s). The rescue mission is said to have been bloodless, as Ibn Hanafiyya had forbidden Mukhtar's men from fighting in the sanctuary of Mecca. This appeal for help suggests that the passive attitude of Ibn Hanafiyya towards Mukhtar has been exaggerated. Ibn Hanafiyya then settled in Mina , near Mecca, and later in Ta'if . Mukhtar

2263-529: The Muslim Community on the basis of the Qur’anic principle of consultation ( shura )". The question Madelung proposes here is why the family members of Muhammad should not inherit aspects of Muhammad's character, apart from prophethood, such as rule ( hukm ), wisdom ( hikma ), and leadership ( imama ). Since the Sunni concept of the "true caliphate" itself defines it as a "succession of

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2336-413: The Prophet in every respect except his prophethood", Madelung further asks, "If God really wanted to indicate that he should not be succeeded by any of his family, why did He not let his grandsons and other kin die like his sons?" It is narrated that it is forbidden for the Divine Leader not to be from the family of Muhammad. According to Ali al-Ridha , since it is obligatory to obey him, there should be

2409-474: The Quran as well as guidance. The word "Imām" denotes a person who stands or walks "in front". For Sunni Islam , the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque . It also means the head of a madhhab ("school of thought"). However, from the Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and, for its proper religious usage,

2482-596: The Shia (as opposed to the Sunni) sect in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis, who deny the concept of Occultation and so have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time. Shias believe that Imamah

2555-471: The Shia – Sunni separation within Islam itself came into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad . Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shiism. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of

2628-552: The Umayyad capital Damascus in Syria . The promised Kufan support did not materialize as Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad , the new governor of Kufa, killed Husayn's envoy and intimidated Kufan tribal chiefs. Unlike Husayn, the quiescent Ibn al-Hanafiyya is said to have pledged his allegiance to Yazid. After the death of Husayn, his only surviving son, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin , retired to an apolitical life in Medina. Ibn al-Hanafiyya

2701-719: The Umayyad ruler. He also urged people in secret to join the uprising and delivered funds to Zayd. Unlike Twelver Shi'ites, Zaydis do not believe in the infallibility of Imāms The Imamate can be passed down to anyone of the household of Muhammad. The period of occultation ( ghaybah ) is divided into two parts: During the Minor Occultation ( Ghaybah al-Sughrá ), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies ( Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever

2774-582: The Umayyads. It is doubtful that Mukhtar actually represented the quiescent Ibn Hanafiyya. Nevertheless, the noncommittal response of Ibn Hanafiyya was interpreted by a Kufan delegation as an implicit endorsement of Mukhtar, which in turn strengthened the Kufans' support for the latter. After Husayn's death, Mukhtar likely considered Ibn Hanafiyya as the rightful imam, referring to him as Ali's surviving wasi ( lit.   ' legatee ' ) after Hasan and Husayn. Mukhtar also referred to Ibn Hanafiyya as

2847-440: The believers faced a problem, they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy. The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties. The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf. For the Shia, the idea of consulting a hidden Imam was not something new because the two prior Twelver Imams had, on occasion, met with their followers from behind

2920-609: The body of the Shia" but "incognito". "Numerous stories" exist of the Hidden Imam "manifesting himself to prominent members of the ulama." States People Centers Other The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar , elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim , as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq . The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on

2993-552: The caliph. There Husayn received some letters of support from Kufans, whose intentions were verified by his envoy, Muslim ibn Aqil . Among many others, Ibn al-Hanafiyya is said to have warned Husayn not to trust the Kufans, who had betrayed their father Ali and their brother Hasan, suggesting that he should instead stay in Mecca or conceal himself in Yemen. Husayn ignored such warnings, saying that he expected to be killed while fighting

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3066-554: The death of his first wife Fatima , daughter of Muhammad. The kunya of Ibn Hanafiyya was Abu al-Qasim. Soon after the assassination of the third Rashidun caliph Uthman ibn Affan ( r.  644–656 ), Ali was elected to the caliphate in Medina . During his caliphate, Ibn al-Hanafiyya accompanied Ali in battles, as his champion and standard-bearer. When Ali was assassinated in Kufa in January 661, his eldest son Hasan

3139-511: The death of the twentieth Imam , al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah (d. AH 526 (1131/1132)), his two-year-old child at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (b. AH 524 (1129/1130)) was appointed twenty-first Imam. The supporters of Tayyeb became the Tayyibi Ismāʿīlī . As Tayyeb was not in position to run the dawah , Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi , the Da'i al-Mutlaq , acted as his regent . Imam Tayyeb was hidden, and

3212-589: The deputyship would end and the period of the Major Occultation would begin. The fourth deputy died six days later and the Shia Muslims continue to await the reappearance of the Mahdi. In the same year, many notable Shia scholars such as Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi and Muhammad ibn Ya'qub Kulayni , the learned compiler of Kitab al-Kafi , also died. One view is that the Hidden Imam is on earth "among

3285-460: The divinely-appointed imams after Ali ibn Abi Talib. When Ibn Hanafiyya died in 700–701, or in 703 or 705, most Kaysanites followed his son Abu Hashim , but some thought that Ibn Hanafiyya had entered occultation , that is, he was providentially concealed from mankind until his reappearance by divine will. This was perhaps when the concept of the Mahdi became mainstream as the eschatological Islamic leader who would eradicate injustice and evil in

3358-412: The end of the 8th century the majority of the Kaysanites had turned to other Imams. The Kaysanite Shi'a sect split into numerous sub-sects throughout its history. These splits would occur after a Kaysanite leader died and his followers would divide by pledging their allegiance to different leaders, with each sub-sect claiming the authenticity of its own leader. When Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah died in 700

3431-480: The end of time. Being the last (notable) son of Ali, the death of Ibn Hanafiyya also further divided the Shia community. It is difficult to estimate the numerical strength of the Kaysanites. Late during the Umayyad period, they likely outnumbered the imamite Shias, who followed a Husaynid line of imams. Indeed, Ibn Hanafiyya and later his successor Abu Hashim diverted considerable support from Ali Zayn al-Abidin and his successor Muhammad al-Baqir , for neither of

3504-754: The exception of the last Imam, who according to Twelver and Alevi belief, is living in occultation. The Ismaili line of imams for both sects (the Nizari and Musta'li ) continues undivided until al-Mustansir Billah (d. 1094). After his death the line of the imamat separates into the Nizari and Musta'li dynasties. The line of imams of the Musta'li Muslims (also known as the Bohras/ Dawoodi Bohra ) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam, at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim went into

3577-577: The head of Muhammad's family. When the Umayyad Marwan and the prophet's widow Aisha prevented the burial of Hasan near his grandfather, Ibn Hanafiyya is said to have convinced Husayn to bury their brother in the Baqi Cemetery . Upon Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's accession in 680, the latter instructed his governor of Medina to secure Husayn's pledge of allegiance by force. Husayn immediately left for Mecca to avoid recognizing Yazid as

3650-517: The imamate to Ibn al-Hanafiyya and his descendants, particularly his son Abu Hashim . After the death of Ibn al-Hanafiyya in 700–701, some Kaysanites declared that he was the Mahdi , the eschatological Islamic leader who would reappear in the end of time and eradicate injustice and evil. The Kaysanites later provided the organizational structure for the Abbasids to overthrew the Umayyads in 750–751. Often known by his title Ibn al-Hanafiyya, Muhammad

3723-486: The latter was accused of insulting Husayn in Karbala. Saying that he was waiting for communal consensus, Ibn Hanafiyya had refused to pledge his allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr, the self-proclaimed caliph in Mecca. Some have therefore suggested that Ibn al-Hanafiyya might have had his own ambitions for the high office. Perhaps it was this refusal to take the oath of allegiance and the takeover of Kufa by Mukhtar that provoked

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3796-470: The leader of the Ummah or Muslim community must be Fatimids : descendants of Muhammad through his only surviving daughter Fatimah , whose sons were Hasan ibn ʻAlī and Husayn ibn ʻAlī . These Shi'a called themselves Zaydi so they could differentiate themselves from other Shi'is who refused to take up arms with Zayd ibn Ali. Zaydis believe Zayd ibn Ali was the rightful successor to the Imamate because he led

3869-681: The mantle of the imamate to his son Muḥammad ibn Ismail as the next imam. Thus, their line of imams is as follows (the years of their individual imamats during the Common Era are given in brackets): The eighth Imam, Abd Allah al-Akbar of the Ismaili Shia remained hidden but continued the Ismaili movement in the 9th century in Salamiyah , Syria . The eighth to tenth Imams ( Abadullah , Ahmed and Husain ), remained hidden and worked for

3942-437: The movement against the period's time's rulers. First phase of seclusion ends with 10th Imam. The 11th Imam Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah , under the guise of being a merchant, and his son had made their way to Sijilmasa , fleeing persecution by the Abbasids . Imam Abdullah founded Fatimid Caliphate . The Fatimid Ismaili Imams continued until 20th Imam holding the post of caliph also, ruling a vast part of Arabian peninsula. Upon

4015-539: The next imam. According to Isma'ilism, God has sent seven great prophets known as Nātiq s "Speaker" in order to disseminate and improve his dīn of Islam . All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as Sāmad "Silent" Imām. At the end of each seven Sāmad silsilas , one great Nātiq has been sent in order to improve the faith. After Adam and his son Seth , and after six Nātiq–Sāmad silsila ( Noah – Shem ), ( Abraham – Ishmael ), ( Moses – Aaron ), ( Jesus – Simeon, son of Jacob ), ( Muhammad – Ali );

4088-403: The only Shia Muslim community today led by a present and living (Hazir wa Mawjud) imam. The Zaidi branch of Shi'ism established its own line of Imams starting in the year 897; the line continued without interruption until 1962 when the North Yemen Civil War brought the Imamate to an end and established a republic. Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH/1328 AD) composed a long refutation of the notion of

4161-423: The people without any deviation in religion. They refer to the verse ("...This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion...") 5:3 of Quran which was revealed to the prophet when he appointed Ali as his successor at the day of Ghadir Khumm . By the verse Quran, 2:124 , Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah

4234-435: The rebellion, Ibn Hanafiyya is said to have been represented in some later Hajj pilgrimages by his personal flag as the head of the House of Ali. True to his promise, Mukhtar killed several figures thought to be responsible for the Karbala massacre, including the Kufa governor Ibn Ziyad and the Umayyad commander Umar ibn Sa'd ( d.  686 ), whose head was then sent to Ibn al-Hanafiyya by some accounts. Also killed

4307-472: The same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime. Thus, when Muhammad actually (by speech) and physically (by way of having his closest companions including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman [the three future Caliphs who had preceded Ali as Caliph] publicly accept Ali as their Master by taking Ali's hand in both of theirs as token of their allegiance to Ali) transferred this title and manner of addressing Ali as

4380-402: The second phase of seclusion started. The Da'i had now been given absolute authority and made independent from political activity. With the period of time the Tayyibi divided further into several sects headed by different Dais. These Da'i al-Mutlaq continued acting on behalf of the hidden Tayyibi Ismāʿīlī Imams until date. Dawoodi Bohra is the biggest sub-sect amongst the Tayyibi Ismāʿīlī with

4453-405: The separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into a concealment known as The Occultation . The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis , then the Mustalian Ismailis also called

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4526-543: The silsila of Nātiq s and Sāmad s have been completed with Muhammad ibn Isma'il . Ismailis view Imams as the true representative of God. God has made all prophets his representative. Individual prophets era are distinct. After one prophets God created next prophet. Islam view that Mohammed is last prophet. Mohammed appointed his specific representative Ali. Ali made imams as his next representative and one imam appointed another until date. The Isma'ili view that these Imam are only from their hereditary chain and their appointment

4599-422: The two laid any public claims to the imamate. The movement of Mukhtar ultimately paved the way for the overthrow of the Umayyads, as the Kaysanites provided the organizational structure for the successful rebellion of the Abbasids , who claimed descent from Muhammad's paternal uncle, Abbas . They postulated that Abu Hashim was succeeded to the imamate by the head of the Abbasid family, Muhammad ibn Ali . This

4672-421: The tyranny of Yazid. On their way to Kufa in 680, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted by the Umayyad army. He was killed in the ensuing Battle of Karbala , alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, having been surrounded for some days and deprived of the drinking water of the nearby Euphrates River . After the battle, the women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched to

4745-452: The word "Imam" is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam. The Shia further believe only these A'immah have the right to be Caliphs, meaning that all other caliphs, whether elected by consensus ( Ijma ) or not, are usurpers of the Caliphate as those were political positions not divine positions. All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla , Ali

4818-409: Was Shamir ibn Dhi al-Jawshan , often viewed as responsible for beheading Husayn in Karbala. Elsewhere, Murra ibn Munqidh al-Abdi survived a revenge attempt but was severely wounded. He is said to have killed Husayn's son Ali al-Akbar . Yet Asma ibn Kharija al-Fazari and Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Kindi escaped Mukhtar unharmed. The former was sought for his role in killing Muslim ibn Aqil and

4891-401: Was a Shia sect that traced the imamate to Ibn Hanafiyya and his descendants. The sect emerged from the uprising of Mukhtar, whose death did not end the propaganda in favor of Ibn Hanafiyya. The Kaysanites condemned the caliphs preceding Ali ibn Abi Talib as usurpers of his right to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Most of them regarded Hasan, then Husayn, and finally Ibn Hanafiyya as

4964-421: Was apparently the main Abbasid claim to legitimacy until they declared around 780 that the heir of the Islamic prophet Muhammad was his uncle Abbas rather than his cousin and son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib. The Abbasids thus gradually turned against the mainstream Shia, carrying with themselves large numbers of the Kaysanites to Sunnism . Imamate in Shia doctrine Including: In Shia Islam ,

5037-411: Was born to Khawla bint Ja'far , a woman from the Banu Hanifa tribe, and Ali ibn Abi Talib , a cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Ali is also recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph ( r.  656–661 ) and the first Shia imam . Ibn al-Hanafiyya was either born in 16 AH (637–638 CE ), or circa 633. He was the only child of Khawla, a freed slave, whom Ali had married sometime after

5110-477: Was defeated and killed in 686–687, yet Ibn Hanafiyya was not compromised afterward, which perhaps indicates his weak ties with Mukhtar. Ibn Hanafiyya continued to withhold his support from the two rival caliphates until the fall of Zubayr in 692, at which point he pledged his allegiance to the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ( r.  685–705 ). By some accounts, he visited the caliph in Damascus in 692, who generously compensated him. The now-extinct Kaysanites

5183-410: Was elected caliph there, but later abdicated in favor of Mu'awiya I ( r.  661–680 ) in August 661. Hasan died in 669 in Medina, probably poisoned at the instigation of Mu'awiya, who thus paved the way for the succession of his son Yazid I ( r.  680–683 ) often portrayed by Muslim historians as impious and immoral. Hasan was thus succeeded by his younger brother Husayn as

5256-573: Was the brother of Hasan ibn Ali . The twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi , who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive, and hidden in the Major Occultation until he returns to bring justice to the world. It is believed by Twelver and Alevi Muslims that the Twelve Imams have been foretold in the Hadith of the Twelve Successors . All of the Imams met unnatural deaths, with

5329-482: Was thus considered by many as the head of the House of Ali . Indeed, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi soon claimed to represent Ibn Hanafiyya in Kufa, calling for revenge for the Karbala massacre. His efforts were bolstered by the defeat of the alternative Tawwabun rebellion in 684. Mukhtar eventually seized control of Kufa in 686 from Abd Allah ibn Zubayr , who had established in 680 an alternative caliphate in Mecca that rivaled

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