The Heidetränk Oppidum near Oberursel in the Taunus in Germany is one of Europe's most important Celtic oppida .
70-627: The oppidum was surrounded by ramparts which encircled the settlement of opposite sides of a ravine called the Heidetrankthal. This imposing rampart was 10 km long and had six gates. The high point of the settlement was in the late La Tène period, but lost its importance in the mid first century BC. Archaeological finds from the Heidedtrank Oppidium include agricultural implements such as plowshares, hoes, scythe and sickle blades as well as tools and Celtic coins, particularly
140-466: A common undertaking between the Confederation and the cantons of Vaud, Neuchatel, Friburg, Berne and Solothurn. As a first step, only some of the works in the first category are to be undertaken. Heavier works (categories 2 and 3) were not yet feasible because of a lack of funding, political vision and technical expertise This decision was accompanied by a credit of five million francs to complete
210-557: A diverse set of maternal lineages associated with steppe ancestry. The paternal lineages were on the other hand characterized by a "striking homogeneity", belonging entirely to haplogroup R and R1b , both of whom are associated with steppe ancestry. The evidence suggested that the Gauls of the La Tène culture were patrilineal and patrilocal , which is in agreement with archaeological and literary evidence. A genetic study published in
280-407: A large amount of steppe ancestry , and to have been closely related to peoples of the preceding Bell Beaker culture , suggesting genetic continuity between Bronze Age and Iron Age France. Significant gene flow with Great Britain and Iberia was detected. The results of the study partially supported the notion that French people are largely descended from the Gauls. A genetic study published in
350-628: A strong continuity with an afterlife . Elaborate burials also reveal a wide network of trade. In Vix , France, an elite woman of the 6th century BCE was buried with a very large bronze "wine-mixer" made in Greece. Exports from La Tène cultural areas to the Mediterranean cultures were based on salt , tin , copper , amber , wool , leather , furs and gold . Artefacts typical of the La Tène culture were also discovered in stray finds as far afield as Scandinavia, Northern Germany, Poland and in
420-759: A tributary of the Aare, joining the Aare downstream of Lake Bienne. After the works, the confluence takes place in Lake Bienne. The waters of the Aare, the Thielle and the Suze (which drains most of the waters of the Bernese Jura ), leave the lake through the Thielle Canal. Both canals represent an enlargement and correction of the course of the previous rivers, leading to the removal of meanders and equalizing
490-598: A well-remembered basic lesson in hydrology in Switzerland. In the case of Lake Bienne, the increased inflow that would be brought by the Aare was estimated to be 290%. Hence, the Bernese correction had to begin with the digging of a canal out of Lake Bienne in Nidau, down to the city of Büren-an-der-Aare, with a minimal outflow capacity in accordance with the 290% estimate. Shortly after the start of work on this canal, as
560-501: Is debated. The art history of La Tène culture has various schemes of periodization. The archaeological period is now mostly divided into four sub-periods, following Paul Reinecke . The preceding final phase of the Hallstatt culture , HaD, c. 650–450 BC, was also widespread across Central Europe , and the transition over this area was gradual, being mainly detected through La Tène style elite artefacts, which first appear on
630-530: Is difficult to assess; archaeologists have repeatedly concluded that language, material culture, and political affiliation do not necessarily run parallel. Frey (2004) notes that in the 5th century, "burial customs in the Celtic world were not uniform; rather, localised groups had their own beliefs, which, in consequence, also gave rise to distinct artistic expressions". La Tène metalwork in bronze, iron and gold, developing technologically out of Hallstatt culture ,
700-536: Is now France , Belgium , Switzerland , Austria , England , Southern Germany , the Czech Republic , Northern Italy and Central Italy , Slovenia , Hungary and Liechtenstein , as well as adjacent parts of the Netherlands , Slovakia , Serbia , Croatia , Transylvania (western Romania ), and Transcarpathia (western Ukraine ). The Celtiberians of western Iberia shared many aspects of
770-587: Is part of the Rhine watershed. Each river of the region flows into the Aare, which is a tributary of the Rhine. Before the works started in 1868, the Aare did not flow into Lake Bienne, but divided into several branches after the city of Aarberg , to join the Thielle , which flows into and out of Lake Bienne, near Büren an der Aare . Depending on weather and water conditions, the alluvial deposits and debris carried by
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#1732772068444840-471: Is significant that the first proponent of the correction of the Jura Waters was Johann Rudolf Schneider , a doctor of medicine by profession. During the 18th and 19th centuries, increased flooding which affected the whole of Switzerland worsened the situation, forcing the authorities to take action. Several projects were initiated and actions taken, in particular the removal of various structures along
910-439: Is somewhat different and the artefacts are initially found in some parts of the islands but not others. Migratory movements seem at best only partly responsible for the diffusion of La Tène culture there, and perhaps other parts of Europe. By about 400 BCE, the evidence for Mediterranean trade becomes sparse; this may be because the expanding Celtic populations began to migrate south and west, coming into violent conflict with
980-547: Is stylistically characterized by inscribed and inlaid intricate spirals and interlace, on fine bronze vessels, helmets and shields, horse trappings , and elite jewelry, especially the neck rings called torcs and elaborate clasps called fibulae . It is characterized by elegant, stylized curvilinear animal and vegetal forms, allied with the Hallstatt traditions of geometric patterning. The Early Style of La Tène art and culture mainly featured static, geometric decoration, while
1050-621: The Journal of Archaeological Science in October 2019 examined 43 maternal and 17 paternal lineages for the La Tène necropolis in Urville-Nacqueville, France, and 27 maternal and 19 paternal lineages for La Tène tumulus of Gurgy Les Noisats near modern Paris , France. The examined individuals displayed strong genetic resemblance to peoples of the earlier Yamnaya culture , Corded Ware culture and Bell Beaker culture. They carried
1120-770: The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in June 2020 examined the remains of 25 individuals ascribed to the La Tène culture. The nine examples of individual Y-DNA extracted were determined to belong to either the paragroups or subclades of haplogroups R1b1a1a2 (R-M269; three examples), R1b1a1a2a1a2c1a1a1a1a1 (R-M222), R1b1 (R-L278), R1b1a1a (R-P297), I1 (I-M253), E1b1b (E-M215), or other, unspecified, subclades of haplogroup R . The 25 samples of mtDNA extracted
1190-600: The Venetic culture". From their homeland, La Tène culture expanded in the 4th century BCE to more of modern France, Germany, and Central Europe , and beyond to Hispania , northern and central Italy , the Balkans , and even as far as Asia Minor , in the course of several major migrations. La Tène style artefacts start to appear in Britain around the same time, and Ireland rather later. The style of "Insular La Tène" art
1260-621: The Vix Grave in Burgundy contain imported luxury goods along with artifacts produced locally. Most areas were probably controlled by tribal chiefs living in hilltop forts , while the bulk of the population lived in small villages or farmsteads in the countryside. By 500 BCE the Etruscans expanded to border Celts in north Italy, and trade across the Alps began to overhaul trade with
1330-408: The 3rd century, with a peak of activity around 200 BCE and abandonment by about 60 BCE. Interpretations of the site vary. Some scholars believe the bridge was destroyed by high water, while others see it as a place of sacrifice after a successful battle (there are almost no female ornaments). An exhibition marking the 150th anniversary of the discovery of the La Tène site opened in 2007 at
1400-513: The 5th century onwards as Keltoi ("Celts") and Galli ("Gauls"). Herodotus (iv.49) correctly placed Keltoi at the source of the Ister/Danube , in the heartland of La Tène material culture: "The Ister flows right across Europe, rising in the country of the Celts". Whether the usage of classical sources means that the whole of La Tène culture can be attributed to a unified Celtic people
1470-506: The Aare overflowed upstream of Solothurn and formed a "lake of Solothurn", spreading from the City and merging with the three combined lakes. According to Schneider, this marked the historic flood peak. All these floods had many consequences on the local population. From the second half of the 16th century, when the first complaints are recorded, the loss of crops and the high risk of epidemics of malaria caused people to abandon their villages. It
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#17327720684441540-473: The Aare was again corrected between Büren and Flumenthal in order to remove the bar at the confluence with the Emme. The Broye, Thielle and Nidau-Büren Canals were widened and deepened; their banks were also re-designed in order to prevent damage in case of flooding. The second correction has further reduced the variations of the level of the three lakes: on the one hand, the high water level has been adapted to
1610-544: The Balkans. It is therefore common to also talk of the "La Tène period" in the context of those regions even though they were never part of the La Tène culture proper, but connected to its core area via trade. The La Tène type site is on the northern shore of Lake Neuchâtel , Switzerland , where the small river Thielle , connecting to another lake, enters the Lake Neuchâtel. In 1857, prolonged drought lowered
1680-520: The Bronze Age, the level of the three lakes and rivers rose several meters, and was already a threat to the population in 1500. As from the 15th century, chronicles have recorded regular floods in those areas as well as floods in the swamps in the “ Grand Marais ” of the Seeland area. On occasion, the level of the three lakes even rose to the point of spreading out into a single body of water. In 1651,
1750-585: The Celts from reaching very far south of Rome, but on the other side of the Adriatic Sea groups passed through the Balkans to reach Greece , where Delphi was attacked and sacked in 279 BCE, and Asia, where Galatia was established as a Celtic area of Anatolia . By this time, the La Tène style was spreading to the British Isles , though apparently without any significant movements in population. After about 275 BCE, Roman expansion into
1820-570: The Greek or Latin alphabets exist allowing the fragmentary reconstruction of Continental Celtic . Current knowledge of this cultural area is derived from three sources comprising archaeological evidence, Greek and Latin literary records, and ethnographical evidence suggesting some La Tène artistic and cultural survivals in traditionally Celtic regions of far western Europe. Some of the societies that are archaeologically identified with La Tène material culture were identified by Greek and Roman authors from
1890-596: The Greeks, and the Rhone route declined. Booming areas included the middle Rhine , with large iron ore deposits, the Marne and Champagne regions, and also Bohemia , although here trade with the Mediterranean area was much less important. Trading connections and wealth no doubt played a part in the origin of the La Tène style, though how large a part remains much discussed; specific Mediterranean-derived motifs are evident, but
1960-450: The Jura waters brought the desired effects and were considered to be a success. In Nidau, a monument was inaugurated in 1908 in honour of Johann Rudolf Schneider and Richard La Nicca with the inscription "To those who saved its great distress, in recognition: Seeland." However, concerns arose, including the collapse of peat bogs following the oxidation of the peat newly exposed to the air by
2030-563: The La Tène area began with the conquest of Gallia Cisalpina . The conquest of Gallia Celtica followed in 121 BCE and was complete with the Gallic Wars of the 50s BCE. Gaulish culture quickly assimilated to Roman culture, giving rise to the hybrid Gallo-Roman culture of Late Antiquity . The bearers of the La Tène culture were the people known as Celts or Gauls to ancient ethnographers. Ancient Celtic culture had no written literature of its own, but rare examples of epigraphy in
2100-490: The La Tène sphere. The site at La Tène itself was therefore near the southern edge of the original "core" area (as is also the case for the Hallstatt site for its core). The establishment of a Greek colony, soon very successful, at Massalia (modern Marseilles) on the Mediterranean coast of France led to great trade with the Hallstatt areas up the Rhone and Saone river systems, and early La Tène elite burials like
2170-537: The La Tène style of Celtic art , characterized by curving "swirly" decoration, especially of metalwork. It is named after the type site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland , where thousands of objects had been deposited in the lake, as was discovered after the water level dropped in 1857 (due to the Jura water correction ). La Tène is the type site and the term archaeologists use for
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2240-796: The Musée Schwab in Biel/Bienne , Switzerland, then Zürich in 2008 and Mont Beuvray in Burgundy in 2009. Some sites are: Some outstanding La Tène artifacts are: A genetic study published in PLOS One in December 2018 examined 45 individuals buried at a La Tène necropolis in Urville-Nacqueville , France. The people buried there were identified as Gauls . The mtDNA of the examined individuals belonged primarily to haplotypes of H and U . They were found to be carrying
2310-422: The cantons of Solothurn and of Aargau. The Condition sets the flow that the Aare should not exceed: if the flow increases too much, then the dam at Port must limit the flow of the Aare from upstream, the three lakes being used to absorb the crest of the flood, until the Emme subsides. The correction of the Jura waters has established a reliable system of water flow in the Aare. It has however shown its limits with
2380-477: The course of the Thielle to Brügg in 1674. In 1707, a map of the river Thielle from Lake Biel to its junction with the Aare was compiled and drawn by Samuel Bodmer, a lieutenant of artillery and Bernese Surveyor. In this publication, he proposed reducing the length of the course of the river by cutting through a meander. In 1749, first officer Antoni Benjamin Tillier, hired by the federal government to deal with
2450-570: The culture, though not generally the artistic style. To the north extended the contemporary Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe , including the Jastorf culture of Northern Germany and Denmark and all the way to Galatia in Asia Minor (today Turkey ). Centered on ancient Gaul , the culture became very widespread, and encompasses a wide variety of local differences. It is often distinguished from earlier and neighbouring cultures mainly by
2520-422: The current would form banks damming the course of the Aare, resulting in rising waters upstream and unavoidable flooding, affecting the economic health of the whole area. The area affected by the correction extends for about 100 km between La Sarraz and Luterbach , currently impacting the cantons of Vaud , Fribourg , Neuchatel , Solothurn , Berne and Jura . Archaeological research has shown that since
2590-607: The established populations, including the Etruscans and Romans. The settled life in much of the La Tène homelands also seems to have become much more unstable and prone to wars. In about 387 BCE, the Celts under Brennus defeated the Romans and then sacked Rome , establishing themselves as the most prominent threats to the Roman homeland, a status they would retain through a series of Roman-Gallic wars until Julius Caesar 's final conquest of Gaul in 58–50 BCE. The Romans prevented
2660-491: The falling water. Fortunately, upon proper reinstatement and management of the flat land between the three lakes over some decades, the whole former swamp has become a vast fertile area. La Nicca had anticipated the need for the second correction of the Jura waters to consolidate the results of the first. During the first correction, a temporary dam had been built across the Nidau-Büren Canal in order to maintain
2730-525: The first stage. The work started in 1868, 28 years after the first debates of the Committee. According to the Federal Decree of 1867, the Confederation was to supervise the work. However the authorities finally selected Richard and Nicci William Fraisse to supervise all work sites and report to the policy makers. For the first works, two correction sites were identified: a "lower" and an "upper":
2800-467: The lake of Neuchatel, where it joins the Thielle, flowing out of the latter lake into Lake Bienne. This canal is a development and correction of the previous course of the river between these two lakes. In 1875, works began on the Thielle Canal linking the Lakes Neuchatel and Bienne. The Thielle is the river feeding lake Neuchatel, then joining Lake Bienne. Before these works, the Thielle was
2870-685: The later period of the culture and art of the ancient Celts , a term that is firmly entrenched in the popular understanding, but it is considered controversial by modern scholarship. Extensive contacts through trade are recognized in foreign objects deposited in elite burials; stylistic influences on La Tène material culture can be recognized in Etruscan , Italic , Greek , Dacian and Scythian sources. Datable Greek pottery and analysis employing scientific techniques such as dendrochronology and thermoluminescence help provide date ranges for an absolute chronology at some La Tène sites. La Tène history
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2940-527: The level control of the three lakes, as well as the flow of the Aare. The three lakes act as a buffer zone absorbing the waters of the Aare in the event of any upstream flooding. The works on the second correction were lighter than the first. In part already envisaged by the La Nicca, they took place between 1962 and 1973. They focused essentially on the construction of the Flumenthal dam . The course of
3010-541: The level of Lake Bienne decreased, work upstream from the lake began. In 1873, the excavation of the Hagneck Canal began. The main difficulty was crossing the Seerücken Hills, in a cutting 900 metres (3,000 ft) long and 34 metres (112 ft) in depth, which required the excavation of one million cubic metres of material. A vast network of small drainage channels was also widened to consolidate all
3080-468: The levels of the three lakes. With the excavation of these four canals and the regulation of various dams, the water situation in the Seeland area has been improved. The median level of the three connected lakes has fallen by approximately 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) and they have become a unique reservoir operating on the principle of compensating bodies of water. The Aare now flows into Lake Bienne. All these changes have had different consequences on
3150-437: The lower correction "includes the realignment of the Aare and its associated works around Lake Bienne"; the upper "comprises the work upstream of Thielle" (Lakes Neuchatel and Morat). The lower correction was also called "the Bernese correction" because the works on the areas downstream of Büren were to be carried out entirely on Bernese territory. The previous works on the diversion of the river Kander had clearly demonstrated
3220-490: The management of rivers, started deepening the bed of the Thielle from Nidau to Brügg by excavation. Thereupon, two consecutive floods in 1831 and 1832 resulted in the creation of a referendum committee in Nidau. In the mid-1830s, the committee chaired by Johann Rudolf Schneider worked on a proposal to the diversion of the Aare into Lake Bienne. In 1840, the Chief Engineer of the canton of Grisons, Richard La Nicca ,
3290-469: The marshes between the lakes. These works were called "the internal correction". These works consisted of modification of the rivers connecting the three lakes. The chief engineer was Henri Ladame from Neuchatel. Work began in 1874 with the digging out of the Broye Canal connecting the lakes of Morat and Neuchatel. The Broye is a Swiss plateau river; it feeds the lake of Morat and flows out of it into
3360-521: The most dominant paternal lineage, while H was the most common maternal lineage. The Iron Age samples resembled those of modern-day populations of France, Great Britain and Spain. The evidence suggested that the Gauls of the La Tène culture largely evolved from local Bronze Age populations. Jura water correction The correction of the waters of the Swiss Jura consisted of a wide series of hydrological undertakings carried out in Switzerland in
3430-504: The necessity of expanding and developing the river outflow from the lake before increasing the inflow entering it: the Kander had been diverted into the lake of Thun , without any prior modification to the outflow capacity of the Aare from the lake: accordingly this mistake caused severe flooding in Thun, a town on the Aare located at the very outlet of the lake. This episode has ever since been
3500-583: The new style does not depend on them. Barry Cunliffe notes localization of La Tène culture during the 5th century BCE when there arose "two zones of power and innovation: a Marne – Moselle zone in the west with trading links to the Po Valley via the central Alpine passes and the Golasecca culture , and a Bohemian zone in the east with separate links to the Adriatic via the eastern Alpine routes and
3570-623: The region of the three lakes: Lake Morat connected to Lake Neuchatel by the Broye Canal , the latter connected to Lake Biel by the Thielle Canal, an area called the " Seeland ”. The correction has helped regulate the hydrology. It limits the risk of flooding, particularly in the areas covered by the Aare . It has also added vast areas of valuable agricultural land through the drying out and subsequent sanitization and improvement of
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#17327720684443640-402: The results of which were published by Vouga in the same year. All in all, over 2500 objects, mainly made from metal, have been excavated in La Tène. Weapons predominate, there being 166 swords (most without traces of wear), 270 lanceheads, and 22 shield bosses , along with 385 brooches , tools, and parts of chariots . Numerous human and animal bones were found as well. The site was used from
3710-425: The shores of lakes and the marshy area between. The lakes have decreased in size: the lake of Neuchatel lost 23.7 km (9.2 sq mi), Lake of Biel, 3.3 km (1.3 sq mi) and Lake of Murten, 4.6 km (1.8 sq mi). Various elements had to be adapted to the levels of the new lakes, including downsizing the steamboats and adapting the existing ports and docks. The first correction of
3780-463: The site as an armory, erected on platforms on piles over the lake and later destroyed by enemy action. Another interpretation accounting for the presence of cast iron swords that had not been sharpened, was of a site for ritual depositions. With the first systematic lowering of the Swiss lakes from 1868 to 1883, the site fell completely dry. In 1880, Emile Vouga, a teacher from Marin-Epagnier, uncovered
3850-600: The so-called "Nauheim Quinarius", which was probably coined in the oppidum itself. It is considerably younger than nearby settlements at the Altkönig (5th/4th century BC) and Bleibeskopf (8th century BC). 50°13′15″N 8°31′19″E / 50.22083°N 8.52194°E / 50.22083; 8.52194 This Hesse location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . La T%C3%A8ne culture The La Tène culture ( / l ə ˈ t ɛ n / ; French pronunciation: [la tɛn] )
3920-402: The subsidence of the dried-out land and lowered by one meter; on the other hand, the low water level was increased by almost one metre, to facilitate inland navigation, fishery and landscaping. The Aare is navigable between Bienne and Solothurn, with regular boat services. Since the completion of the second correction, no major flooding occurred in Seeland until August 2007, which fortunately
3990-586: The swamps which used to lie between these three lakes. Many rivers have been corrected in Switzerland, for example the Rhône , which has undergone several adjustments between the 19th century and present day. However, the realignments in the Swiss Seeland are still the largest hydrological development in Switzerland. At the foot of the Jura Mountains the region of the three lakes (Swiss Seeland)
4060-897: The transition to the Developed Style constituted a shift to movement-based forms, such as triskeles . Some subsets within the Developed Style contain more specific design trends, such as the recurrent serpentine scroll of the Waldalgesheim Style. Initially La Tène people lived in open settlements that were dominated by the chieftains' hill forts. The development of towns— oppida —appears in mid-La Tène culture. La Tène dwellings were carpenter-built rather than of masonry . La Tène peoples also dug ritual shafts, in which votive offerings and even human sacrifices were cast. Severed heads appear to have held great power and were often represented in carvings. Burial sites included weapons, carts, and both elite and household goods, evoking
4130-403: The two periods, particularly in southern France. The samples from northern and southern France were highly homogeneous, with northern samples displaying links to contemporary samples form Great Britain and Sweden, and southern samples displaying links to Celtiberians . The northern French samples were distinguished from the southern ones by elevated levels of steppe-related ancestry. R1b was by far
4200-478: The water level in Lake Bienne. Of insufficient retaining capacity, another one quickly replaced it in 1887. This also showed its limits, especially during a flood in 1910. The cantons of Vaud, Neuchatel and Fribourg asked for its replacement, but it was only modified, in 1911 and 1915. Finally, the building of the new regulating dam was started in Port in 1936, and completed and commissioned in 1939. This dam ensures
4270-413: The water. From among these, Kopp collected about forty iron swords. The Swiss archaeologist Ferdinand Keller published his findings in 1868 in his influential first report on the Swiss pile dwellings ( Pfahlbaubericht ). In 1863 he interpreted the remains as a Celtic village built on piles. Eduard Desor , a geologist from Neuchâtel , started excavations on the lakeshore soon afterwards. He interpreted
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#17327720684444340-434: The waters of the lake by about 2 m (6 ft 7 in). On the northernmost tip of the lake, between the river and a point south of the village of Epagnier ( 47°00′16″N 7°00′58″E / 47.0045°N 7.016°E / 47.0045; 7.016 ), Hansli Kopp, looking for antiquities for Colonel Frédéric Schwab, discovered several rows of wooden piles that still reached up about 50 cm (20 in) into
4410-509: The western edge of the old Hallstatt region. Though there is no agreement on the precise region in which La Tène culture first developed, there is a broad consensus that the centre of the culture lay on the northwest edges of Hallstatt culture , north of the Alps , within the region between in the West the valleys of the Marne and Moselle , and the part of the Rhineland nearby. In the east
4480-554: The western end of the old Hallstatt core area in modern Bavaria , the Czech Republic , Austria and Switzerland formed a somewhat separate "eastern style Province" in the early La Tène, joining with the western area in Alsace . In 1994 a prototypical ensemble of elite grave sites of the early 5th century BCE was excavated at Glauberg in Hesse , northeast of Frankfurt-am-Main , in a region that had formerly been considered peripheral to
4550-415: The wooden remains of two bridges (designated "Pont Desor" and "Pont Vouga") originally over 100 m (330 ft) long, that crossed the little Thielle River (today a nature reserve) and the remains of five houses on the shore. After Vouga had finished, F. Borel, curator of the Marin museum, began to excavate as well. In 1885 the canton asked the Société d'Histoire of Neuchâtel to continue the excavations,
4620-525: Was a European Iron Age culture. It developed and flourished during the late Iron Age (from about 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC), succeeding the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture without any definite cultural break, under considerable Mediterranean influence from the Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul , the Etruscans , and the Golasecca culture , but whose artistic style nevertheless did not depend on those Mediterranean influences. La Tène culture's territorial extent corresponded to what
4690-520: Was commissioned to study and execute the project. Two years later, in 1842, Richard La Nicca , submitted his report with detailed proposals for the correction to the Government. It called for the implementation of various works, namely His final project, which was to be implemented as the "First correction", was submitted to the authorities in 1852: the various operations were classified into three categories: A federal decree, issued in 1857, ordered Richard La Nicca's project to be carried out as
4760-504: Was determined to belong to various subclades of haplogroup H , HV , U , K , J , V and W . The examined individuals of the Hallstatt culture and La Tène culture were genetically highly homogeneous and displayed continuity with the earlier Bell Beaker culture. They carried about 50% steppe-related ancestry. A genetic study published in iScience in April 2022 examined 49 genomes from 27 sites in Bronze Age and Iron Age France. The study found evidence of strong genetic continuity between
4830-438: Was lower than any of the previous floods. The Murgenthal Condition stipulates that the flow of the Aare must not exceed 850 cubic metres per second (30,000 cu ft/s) at the gauging station at Murgenthal , which is located downstream of the confluence of the Aare and the Emme. When the Emme flow increases, the flow of the Aare downstream of their confluence also increases accordingly, which may cause flooding downstream in
4900-433: Was originally divided into "early", "middle" and "late" stages based on the typology of the metal finds ( Otto Tischler 1885), with the Roman occupation greatly disrupting the culture, although many elements remain in Gallo-Roman and Romano-British culture. A broad cultural unity was not paralleled by overarching social-political unifying structures, and the extent to which the material culture can be linguistically linked
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