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117-567: Born in Rimini , Italy, to Rolando Prat and Evelina (Genero) Prat, Ugo Eugenio Prat spent much of his childhood in Venice in a very cosmopolitan family environment. His paternal grandfather Joseph was Catholic of English and Provençal origins, his maternal grandfather was of hidden Jewish descent and his grandmother was of Turkish origin. In 1937, Pratt moved with his mother to Abyssinia (Ethiopia), joining his father who had moved there following

234-417: A quarry about one mile (1.6 km) away, although this work was never fully completed. When the main defenses became ready for use, the fort was armed with cannons hauled from Montreal and Fort St. Frédéric. The fort contained three barracks and four storehouses . One bastion held a bakery capable of producing 60 loaves of bread a day. A powder magazine was hacked out of the bedrock beneath

351-475: A British contingent holding some prisoners near the Lake George landing, while a detachment of his troops sneaked up Mount Defiance, and captured most of the sleeping construction crew. Brown and his men then moved down the portage trail toward the fort, surprising more troops and releasing prisoners along the way. The fort's occupants were unaware of the action until Brown's men and British troops occupying

468-410: A clock tower were built there, giving the square its present shape and size. Until the 18th century raiding armies, earthquakes, famines, floods and pirate attacks ravaged the city. In this gloomy situation and due to a weakened local economy, fishing took on great importance, a fact testified by the construction of structures such as the fish market and Rimini Lighthouse . In 1797, Rimini, along with

585-462: A density of about 1,100 inhabitants per square kilometre within the city limits. In 1861, by the time of the first Italian census, the population was around 28,000; in 1931 it was more than double, 57,000. Fort Ticonderoga Fort Ticonderoga ( / t aɪ k ɒ n d ə ˈ r oʊ ɡ ə / ), formerly Fort Carillon , is a large 18th-century star fort built by the French at a narrows near

702-425: A flurry of work to improve the fort's outer defenses. They built, over two days, entrenchments around a rise between the fort and Mount Hope, about three-quarters of a mile (one kilometer) northwest of the fort, and then constructed an abatis (felled trees with sharpened branches pointing out) below these entrenchments. They conducted the work unimpeded by military action, as Abercromby failed to advance directly to

819-521: A gold medal for civic valour for its partisan resistance . In recent years, the Rimini Fiera has become one of the largest sites for trade fairs and conferences in Italy. As of 31 December 2019, Rimini's urban area was home to 151,200 people, with approximately 325,000 living in the eponymous province , making it the twenty-eighth largest city in Italy. The area was inhabited by Etruscans until

936-738: A group of Iroquois nearby. In 1642, French missionary Isaac Jogues was the first white man to traverse the portage at Ticonderoga while escaping a battle between the Iroquois and members of the Huron tribe. The French, who had colonized the Saint Lawrence River valley to the north, and the English, who had taken over the Dutch settlements that became the Province of New York to

1053-567: A large supply of cannons and other armaments, much of which Henry Knox transported to Boston during the winter of 1775–1776. Ticonderoga's cannons were instrumental in ending the siege of Boston when they were used to fortify Dorchester Heights . With Dorchester Heights secured by the Patriots, the British were forced to evacuate the city in March 1776. The capture of Fort Ticonderoga by

1170-592: A last attempt to gain allies before his defeat in the Neapolitan War , Murat published the Rimini Proclamation , one of the earliest calls for Italian unification . In 1845, a band of adventurers commanded by Ribbotti entered the city and proclaimed a constitution which was soon abolished. In 1860, Rimini and Romagna were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy . The city was transformed after

1287-486: A minor stream. To its southwest, Rimini is surrounded by several rolling hills: Covignano (153 metres (502 feet) altitude), Vergiano (81 metres (266 feet) altitude), San Martino Monte l'Abbate (57 metres (187 feet) altitude) and San Lorenzo in Correggiano (60 metres (200 feet) altitude). The hills are widely cultivated, with vineyards, olive groves and orchards, and historic villas. Rimini's city centre, bounded by

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1404-509: A multi-campaign strategy against French Canada. In June 1758, British General James Abercromby began amassing a large force at Fort William Henry in preparation for a military campaign directed up the Champlain Valley. These forces landed at the north end of Lake George , only four miles from the fort, on July 6. The French general Louis-Joseph de Montcalm , who had only arrived at Carillon in late June, engaged his troops in

1521-472: A party to transport many of the fort's cannon to Boston to assist in the siege against the British, who evacuated the city in March 1776. The Americans held the fort until June 1777, when British forces under General John Burgoyne occupied high ground above it ; the threat resulted in the Continental Army troops withdrawing from the fort and its surrounding defenses. The only direct attack on

1638-624: A rule which looked tyrannous even for the time. Pope Adrian VI expelled him again and gave Rimini to the Duke of Urbino , the pope's vicar in Romagna. In 1527, Sigismondo managed to regain the city, but in the following year the Malatesta dominion died forever. At the beginning of the 16th century, Rimini, now a secondary town of the Papal States, was ruled by an Apostolic Legate . Towards

1755-536: A star-shaped fort. Mount Defiance remained unfortified. In March 1777, American generals were strategizing about possible British military movements and considered an attempt on the Hudson River corridor a likely possibility. General Schuyler, heading the forces stationed at Ticonderoga, requested 10,000 troops to guard Ticonderoga and 2,000 to guard the Mohawk River valley against British invasion from

1872-663: A strategically-important passage along the Adriatic Sea at the boundary between northern Italy , characterised by the plains of the Po Valley , and central Italy , characterised by more mountainous terrain. For its geographical position and its climatic features, Rimini is situated on the edge between the Mediterranean and the central European microclimates , providing an environment of notable naturalistic value. Rimini's coastal strip, made of recent marine deposits,

1989-548: A summer retreat. Completion of railroads and canals connecting the area to New York City brought tourists to the area, so he converted his summer house, known as The Pavilion, into a hotel to serve the tourist trade. In 1848, the Hudson River School artist Russell Smith painted Ruins of Fort Ticonderoga , depicting the condition of the fort. The Pell family, a politically important clan with influence throughout American history (from William C. C. Claiborne ,

2106-699: A supply and communication link between Canada (which they had taken over after their victory in the Seven Years' War) and New York. On May 10, 1775, less than one month after the Revolutionary War was ignited with the battles of Lexington and Concord , the British garrison of 48 soldiers was surprised by a small force of Green Mountain Boys , along with militia volunteers from Massachusetts and Connecticut , led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold . Allen claimed to have said, "Come out you old Rat!" to

2223-637: A while he was the commander-in-chief of the Papal armies. A skilled general, Sigismondo often acted as condottiero for other states to gain money to embellish it (he was also a dilettante poet). He had the famous Tempio Malatestiano rebuilt by Leon Battista Alberti . However, after the rise of Pope Pius II , he had to fight constantly for the independence of the city. In 1463, he was forced to submit to Pius II, who left him only Rimini and little more; Roberto Malatesta , his son (1482), under Pope Paul II , nearly lost his state, but under Pope Sixtus IV , became

2340-437: Is almost completely surrounded by water, was fortified with trenches near the water, a horseshoe battery part way up the side, a citadel at the summit, and redoubts armed with cannons surrounding the summit area. These defenses were linked to Ticonderoga with a pontoon bridge that was protected by land batteries on both sides. The works on Mount Hope, the heights above the site of Montcalm's victory, were improved to include

2457-432: Is edged by a fine sandy beach, 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) long and up to 200 metres (660 feet) wide, interrupted only by river mouths and gently shelving towards the sea. Along the coastline, there is a low sandy cliff, created by the rising sea in around 4000 BC, partly conserved north of Rimini, between Rivabella and Bellaria-Igea Marina , approximately 1.3 kilometres (0.81 miles) from the coast. Rimini's ancient coastline

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2574-404: Is the main centre of a 50-kilometre (31-mile) coastal conurbation , which extends from Cervia to Gabicce Mare , including the seaside resorts of Cesenatico , Gatteo a Mare , Bellaria-Igea Marina , Riccione , Misano Adriatico and Cattolica . The conurbation is a result of urban sprawl as the tourist economy developed along the riviera romagnola . Rimini's natural geography provides

2691-769: The 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade was awarded the honorific title "Rimini Brigade". 1,939 Allied soldiers, of which 1,413 are British, were buried in the Coriano Ridge War Cemetery in Coriano . 114 Greek soldiers were buried in a cemetery in Riccione's Fontanelle area, and an Indian cemetery with 618 burials is located on the San Marino Highway . Following Rimini's liberation, reconstruction work began, culminating in huge development of

2808-686: The American Revolutionary War . The site controlled a river portage alongside the mouth of the rapids-infested La Chute River , in the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) between Lake Champlain and Lake George . It was strategically placed for the trade routes between the British-controlled Hudson River Valley and the French-controlled Saint Lawrence River Valley. The terrain amplified the importance of

2925-649: The Apennines or the Po Valley . Humidity is high all year round, averaging a minimum of approximately 72% in June and July and a maximum of approximately 84% in November and December. Prevailing winds blow from west, south, east, and northwest. Southwesterly winds, known as libeccio or garbino, are foehn winds , which may bring warm temperatures in each season. On average, there are over 2,040 sunshine hours per year. As of 2019 , Rimini has 150,951 inhabitants, with

3042-764: The Arch of Augustus and the Ponte di Tiberio at the start of strategic roads that ended in Rimini. During the Renaissance, the city benefited from the court of the House of Malatesta , hosting artists like Leonardo da Vinci and producing the Tempio Malatestiano . In the 19th century, Rimini hosted many movements campaigning for Italian unification . Much of the city was destroyed during World War II , and it earned

3159-655: The Austro-Hungarian Navy. After Italy's declaration of war on 15 May 1915, the Austro-Hungarian fleet left its harbours the same day and started its assault on the Adriatic coast between Venice and Barletta . The 1916 Rimini earthquakes , on 17 May and 16 August, led to the demolition of 615 buildings in the city, with many historic churches severely damaged. 4,174 people were displaced between Rimini and Riccione . On 19 October 1922, Riccione

3276-636: The Continental Army 's siege. The British chased the American forces back to Ticonderoga in June and, after several months of shipbuilding, moved down Lake Champlain under Guy Carleton in October. The British destroyed a small fleet of American gunboats in the Battle of Valcour Island in mid-October, but snow was already falling, so the British retreated to winter quarters in Quebec. About 1,700 troops from

3393-912: The Gothic War (535–554) , Rimini was taken and retaken many times. In its vicinity the Byzantine general Narses overthrew (553) the Alamanni . Under the Byzantine rule, it belonged to the Duchy of the Pentapolis , part of the Exarchate of Ravenna . In 728, it was taken with many other cities by Liutprand, King of the Lombards but returned to the Byzantines about 735. Pepin the Short gave it to

3510-514: The Malatesta city walls , was divided in the medieval era into four rioni . Clodio, in the city's north, was popular and a peculiar urban structure tied with the Marecchia. Pomposo, in the city's east, was the largest district, and included large orchards and convents . Cittadella, in the city's west, was the most important district, including the municipal palaces, Castel Sismondo , and

3627-471: The Via Popilia that extended northwards; it also opened up trade by sea and river. Remains of the amphitheatre that could seat 12,000 people, and a five-arched bridge of Istrian stone completed by Tiberius (21 AD), are still visible. Later Galla Placidia built the church of Santo Stefano. The evidence that Rimini is of Roman origins is illustrated by the city being divided by two main streets,

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3744-502: The conquest of that country by Benito Mussolini 's Italy . Pratt's father, a MVSN NCO, was captured in 1941 by British troops and, in late 1942, died from disease as a prisoner of war. The same year, Hugo Pratt and his mother were interned in a prison camp at Dirédaoua , where he would buy comics from guards, and later was sent back to Italy by the Red Cross. After the war, Pratt moved to Venice where he organized entertainment for

3861-411: The tactical advantage of the high ground , and had his troops haul cannons to the top of Mount Defiance. Faced with bombardment from the heights (although no shots had yet been fired), General St. Clair ordered Ticonderoga abandoned on July 5, 1777. Burgoyne's troops moved in the next day, with advance guards pursuing the retreating Patriot Americans. Washington, on hearing of Burgoyne's advance and

3978-405: The 14th-century School of Rimini, which was the expression of original cultural ferment. The House of Malatesta emerged from the struggles between municipal factions with Malatesta da Verucchio , who in 1239 was named podestà (chief magistrate) of the city. Despite interruptions, his family held authority until 1528. In 1312 he was succeeded by Malatestino Malatesta , first signore (lord) of

4095-528: The 1755 war between French and British colonists in Ticonderoga , colonial wars in Africa and both world wars , for example. Pratt did exhaustive research for factual and visual details, and some characters are real historical figures or loosely based on them, such as Corto's main friend/enemy, Rasputin. Many of the minor characters cross over into other stories in a way that places all of Pratt’s stories into

4212-575: The 1758 Battle of Carillon , 4,000 French defenders were able to repel an attack by 16,000 British troops near the fort. In 1759, the British returned and drove a token French garrison from the fort. The British controlled the fort at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, but the Green Mountain Boys and other state militia under the command of Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured it on May 10, 1775. Henry Knox led

4329-455: The 1843 founding of the first bathing establishment and the Kursaal, a building constructed to host sumptuous social events, became the symbol of Rimini's status as a tourist resort. In just a few years, the seafront underwent considerable development work, making Rimini 'the city of small villas'. During World War I , Rimini and its surrounding infrastructure was one of the primary targets of

4446-536: The Allied troops. Later Pratt joined the Venice Group with other Italian cartoonists, including Alberto Ongaro , Gian Carlo Guarda and Mario Faustinelli . Their magazine Asso di Picche , launched in 1945 as Albo Uragano , concentrated on adventure comics . The magazine scored some success and published works by young talents, including Dino Battaglia . His eponymous character Asso di Picche ( Ace of Spades )

4563-712: The American Revolution in September. The Pell family estate is located north of the fort. In 1921, Sarah Pell undertook reconstruction of the gardens. She hired Marian Cruger Coffin , one of the most famous American landscape architects of the period. In 1995, the gardens were restored and later opened for public visiting; they are known as the King's Garden. The U.S. Navy has given the name 'Ticonderoga' to five different vessels , as well as to entire classes of cruisers and aircraft carriers . The fort

4680-531: The Americans sufficiently that they never launched an assault on the defensive positions on Mount Independence. A stalemate persisted, with regular exchanges of cannon fire, until September 21, when 100 Hessians, returning from the Mohawk Valley to support Burgoyne, arrived on the scene to provide reinforcement to the besieged fort. Brown eventually sent a truce party to the fort to open negotiations;

4797-477: The British were housing American prisoners in the area, Lincoln decided to test the British defenses. On September 13, he sent 500 men to Skenesboro , which they found the British had abandoned, and 500 each against the defenses on either side of the lake at Ticonderoga. Colonel John Brown led the troops on the west side, with instructions to release prisoners if possible, and attack the fort if it seemed feasible. Early on September 18, Brown's troops surprised

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4914-696: The Cardo and the Decumanus. The end of Roman rule was marked by destruction caused by invasions and wars, but also by the establishment of the palaces of the Imperial officers and the first churches, the symbol of the spread of Christianity that held the important Council of Ariminum in the city in 359. When the Ostrogoths conquered Rimini in 493, Odoacer , besieged in Ravenna, had to capitulate. During

5031-612: The Cathedral of Santa Colomba. Montecavallo, in the city's south, is characterised today by bowed, irregular streets of medieval origins, by the Fossa Patara creek and a small hill called Montirone. The boundaries of these rioni are not known, but it is assumed that they followed the current Corso d'Augusto, Via Garibaldi, and Via Gambalunga. Outside Rimini's city centre were four ancient boroughs: San Giuliano, San Giovanni, San Andrea, and Marina. These were entirely incorporated to

5148-521: The Continental Army, under the command of Colonel Anthony Wayne , wintered at Ticonderoga. The British offensive resumed the next year in the Saratoga campaign under General John Burgoyne . During the summer of 1776, the Americans, under the direction of General Schuyler, and later under General Horatio Gates , added substantial defensive works to the area. Mount Independence , which

5265-612: The Escuela Panamericana de Arte directed by Enrique Lipszyc. He often travelled to South American destinations such as the Amazon and Mato Grosso . During that period he produced his first comic book as a complete author, both writing and illustrating Anna della jungla ( Ann of the Jungle ), which was followed by the similar Capitan Cormorant and Wheeling . The latter was completed after his return to Italy. From

5382-529: The French constructed an additional redoubt to the east to enable cannon to cover the lake's narrows . By 1758, the fort was largely complete; the only ongoing work thereafter consisted of dressing the walls with stone. Still, General Montcalm and two of his military engineers surveyed the works in 1758 and found something to criticize in almost every aspect of the fort's construction; the buildings were too tall and thus easier for attackers' cannon fire to hit,

5499-523: The French victory, Montcalm, anticipating further British attacks, ordered additional work on the defenses, including the construction of the Germain and Pontleroy redoubts (named for the engineers under whose direction they were constructed) to the northeast of the fort. However, the British did not attack again in 1758, so the French withdrew all but a small garrison of men for the winter in November. The British under General Jeffery Amherst captured

5616-594: The Holy See, but during the wars of the popes and the Italian cities against the emperors, Rimini sided with the latter. In the 13th century, it suffered from the discords of the Gambacari and Ansidei families. The city became a municipality in the 14th century, and with the arrival of the religious orders, numerous convents and churches were built, providing work for many illustrious artists. In fact, Giotto inspired

5733-401: The Joannes bastion. All the construction within the fort was of stone. A wooden palisade protected an area outside the fort between the southern wall and the lake shore. This area contained the main landing for the fort and additional storage facilities and other works necessary for maintenance of the fort. When it became apparent in 1756 that the fort was too far to the west of the lake,

5850-399: The Malatestas tried, in fact, to take advantage of his weakness and to capture the city, but Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta , Carlo's nephew, who was only 14 at the time, intervened to save it. Galeotto retired to a convent, and Sigismondo obtained the rule of Rimini. Sigismondo Pandolfo was the most famous lord of Rimini. In 1433, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor , sojourned in the city and for

5967-402: The New York– Quebec border, were nearing completion of boats to launch onto Lake Champlain, Montgomery launched the invasion, leading 1,200 troops down the lake. Ticonderoga continued to serve as a staging base for the action in Quebec until the battle and siege at Quebec City that resulted in Montgomery's death. In May 1776, British troops began to arrive at Quebec City , where they broke

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6084-479: The Pacific area. He died of bowel cancer on 20 August 1995. Pratt cited authors such as Robert Louis Stevenson , James Oliver Curwood , Zane Grey , Kenneth Roberts , Henry De Vere Stacpoole , Joseph Conrad , Fenimore Cooper , Herman Melville and Jack London as influences, along with cartoonists Lyman Young , Will Eisner , and especially Milton Caniff . On Friday, 15 July 2005, at San Diego Comic-Con 's 17th Annual Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards , he

6201-467: The Patriots made communication between the British Canadian and American commands much more difficult. Benedict Arnold remained in control of the fort until 1,000 Connecticut troops under the command of Benjamin Hinman arrived in June 1775. Because of a series of political maneuvers and miscommunications, Arnold was never notified that Hinman was to take command. After a delegation from Massachusetts (which had issued Arnold's commission) arrived to clarify

6318-443: The anniversary of the 1775 capture, and closes in late October. The fort has been on a watchlist of National Historic Landmarks since 1998, because of the poor condition of some of the walls and of the 19th-century pavilion constructed by William Ferris Pell. The pavilion was being restored in 2009. In 2008, the powder magazine, destroyed by the French in 1759, was reconstructed by Tonetti Associates Architects , based in part on

6435-424: The arrival of the Celts , who held it from the 6th century BC until their defeat by the Umbri in 283 BC. In 268 BC at the mouth of the Ariminus (now called the Marecchia), the Roman Republic founded the colonia of Ariminum. Ariminum was seen as a bastion against Celtic invaders and also as a springboard for conquering the Padana plain. The city was involved in the civil wars of the first century, aligned with

6552-406: The city and Pandolfo I Malatesta , the latter's brother, named by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor , as imperial vicar of Romagna . Ferrantino, son of Malatesta II (1335), was opposed by his cousin Ramberto and by Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget (1331), legate of Pope John XXII . Malatesta II was also lord of Pesaro . He was succeeded by Malatesta Ungaro (1373) and Galeotto I Malatesta , uncle of

6669-456: The city by the urban sprawl in the early 20th century: San Giovanni and Sant'Andrea were developed in the 15th century; they burned in a fire in 1469 and were rebuilt in the 19th century, relocating small industries and manufactures, including a brick factory and a phosphorus matches factory. Rimini's municipality includes the coastal districts of Torre Pedrera  [ it ] , Viserbella, Viserba, Rivabella, and San Giuliano Mare to

6786-408: The city centre's north. To the city centre's south are the coastal districts of Bellariva, Marebello, Rivazzurra, and Miramare . These coastal districts are characterised by their tourist economy, with hotels and entertainment venues. Along the Via Emilia, to Rimini's northwest, is the suburb of Celle and Santa Giustina, just before the border with Santarcangelo di Romagna. North of Santa Giustina are

6903-454: The coast at the southern tip of the Po Valley . It is one of the most notable seaside resorts in Europe , with a significant domestic and international tourist economy. The first bathing establishment opened in 1843. The city is also the birthplace of the film director Federico Fellini , and the nearest Italian city to the independent Republic of San Marino . The ancient Romans founded the colonia of Ariminum in 268 BC, constructing

7020-488: The commanding officer of the pontifical army against Ferdinand of Naples. Sigismondo was, however, defeated by Neapolitan forces in the battle of Campomorto (1482). Pandolfo IV , his son (1500), lost Rimini to Cesare Borgia , after whose overthrow it fell to Venice (1503–1509), but it was later retaken by Pope Julius II and incorporated into the Papal States . After the death of Pope Leo X , Pandolfo returned for several months, and with his son Sigismondo Malatesta held

7137-462: The country's railway tunnels . As the Allied frontline approached the city, naval bombardment followed, and remaining citizens hid in makeshift shelters or in caves by the Covignano hill. Partisan resistance was also notable in Rimini, with official reports of 400 young people involved in resistance cells. On 16 August 1944, three partisans were hanged in Rimini's central square, which would later be renamed in their honour. The Battle of Rimini

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7254-449: The end of the 16th century, the municipal square (now Piazza Cavour), which had been closed off on a site where the Poletti Theatre was subsequently built, was redesigned. The statue of Pope Paul V has stood in the centre of the square next to the fountain since 1614. In the 16th century, the 'grand square', which was where markets and tournaments were held, underwent various changes. A small temple dedicated to Saint Anthony of Padua and

7371-679: The endless inventive capacity of his author, became the main character of a comics series. Initially published from 1970 to 1973 by the magazine Pif Gadget , it brought him much popular and critical success. Later published in album format, this series was eventually translated into fifteen languages. From 1984–95 he lived in Switzerland, where the international success that Corto Maltese sparked continued to grow. In France, most of his pre-Corto Maltese works were published in several album editions by publishers such as Casterman , Dargaud , and Les Humanoïdes Associés . A wanderer by nature, Hugo Pratt continued to travel from Canada to Patagonia, from Africa to

7488-420: The first Governor of Louisiana , to a Senator from Rhode Island , Claiborne Pell ), hired English architect Alfred Bossom to restore the fort and formally opened it to the public in 1909 as an historic site. The ceremonies, which commemorated the 300th anniversary of the discovery of Lake Champlain by European explorers, were attended by President William Howard Taft . Stephen Hyatt Pell , who spearheaded

7605-413: The former (1385), lord also of Fano (from 1340), Pesaro, and Cesena (1378). His son, Carlo I Malatesta , one of the most respected condottieri of the time, enlarged the Riminese possessions and restored the port. Carlo died childless in 1429, and the lordship was divided into three parts, Rimini going to Galeotto Roberto Malatesta , a Catholic zealot inadequate for the position. The Pesarese line of

7722-447: The fort at Ticonderoga became increasingly irrelevant. The British abandoned it and nearby Fort Crown Point in November 1777, destroying both as best they could prior to their withdrawal. The fort was occasionally reoccupied by British raiding parties in the following years, but it no longer held a prominent strategic role in the war. It was finally abandoned by the British for good in 1781, following their surrender at Yorktown . In

7839-422: The fort during the Revolution took place in September 1777, when John Brown led 500 Americans in an unsuccessful attempt to capture it from about 100 British defenders. The British abandoned the fort after the failure of the Saratoga campaign , and it ceased to be of military value after 1781. The United States allowed the fort to fall into ruin, and local residents stripped it of much of its usable materials. It

7956-478: The fort on July 7. Abercromby's second-in-command, Brigadier General George Howe , had been killed when his column encountered a French reconnaissance troop. Abercromby "felt [Howe's death] most heavily" and may have been unwilling to act immediately. On July 8, 1758, Abercromby ordered a frontal attack against the hastily assembled French works. Abercromby tried to move rapidly against the few French defenders, opting to forgo field cannon and relying instead on

8073-401: The fort the following year in the 1759 Battle of Ticonderoga . In this confrontation 11,000 British troops, using emplaced artillery, drove off the token garrison of 400 Frenchmen. The French, in withdrawing, used explosives to destroy what they could of the fort and spiked or dumped cannons that they did not take with them. Although the British worked in 1759 and 1760 to repair and improve

8190-416: The fort to control the south end of Lake Champlain and prevent the British from gaining military access to the lake. Consequently, its most important defenses, the Reine and Germaine bastions, were directed to the northeast and northwest, away from the lake, with two demi-lunes further extending the works on the land side. The Joannes and Languedoc bastions overlooked the lake to the south, providing cover for

8307-418: The fort was similarly limited, requiring the storage of provisions outside the fort's walls in exposed places. Its cistern was small, and the water quality was supposedly poor. In August 1757, the French captured Fort William Henry in an action launched from Fort Carillon. This, and a string of other French victories in 1757, prompted the British to organize a large-scale attack on the fort as part of

8424-663: The fort's commander, Captain William Delaplace. He also later said that he demanded that the British commander surrender the fort "In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!"; however, his surrender demand was made to Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham and not the fort's commander, who did later appear and surrender his sword. With the capture of the fort, the Patriot forces obtained

8541-419: The fort, it was not part of any further significant action in the war. After the war, the British garrisoned the fort with a small number of troops and allowed it to fall into disrepair. Colonel Frederick Haldimand , in command of the fort in 1773, wrote that it was in "ruinous condition". In 1775, Fort Ticonderoga, in disrepair, was still manned by a token British force. They found it extremely useful as

8658-618: The fort. John Trumbull had pointed this out as early as 1776, when a shot fired from the fort was able to reach Defiance's summit, and several officers inspecting the hill noted that there were approaches to its summit where gun carriages could be pulled up the sides. As the garrison was too small to properly defend all the existing works in the area, Mount Defiance was left undefended. Anthony Wayne left Ticonderoga in April 1777 to join Washington's army; he reported to Washington that "all

8775-555: The governor of the French Province of Canada , sent his cousin Michel Chartier de Lotbinière to design and construct a fortification at this militarily important site, which the French called Fort Carillon. The name "Carillon" has variously been attributed to the name of a former French officer, Philippe de Carrion du Fresnoy, who established a trading post at the site in the late 17th century, or (more commonly) to

8892-421: The landing area outside the fort. The walls were seven feet (2.1 m) high and fourteen feet (4.3 m) thick, and the whole works was surrounded by a glacis and a dry moat five feet (1.5 m) deep and fifteen feet (4.6 m) wide. When the walls were first erected in 1756, they were made of squared wooden timbers, with earth filling the gap. The French then began to dress the walls with stone from

9009-493: The main walls and on the Lotbinière redoubt , an outwork to the west of the site that provided additional coverage of La Chute River. During the next year, the four main bastions were built, as well as a sawmill on La Chute. Work slowed in 1757, when many of the troops prepared for and participated in the attack on Fort William Henry . The barracks and demi-lunes were not completed until spring 1758. The French built

9126-575: The matter, Arnold resigned his commission and departed, leaving the fort in Hinman's hands. Beginning in July 1775, Ticonderoga was used as a staging area for the invasion of Quebec , planned to begin in September. Under the leadership of generals Philip Schuyler and Richard Montgomery , men and materiel for the invasion were accumulated there through July and August. On August 28, after receiving word that British forces at Fort Saint-Jean , not far from

9243-461: The north. George Washington , who had never been to Ticonderoga (his only visit was to be in 1783), believed that an overland attack from the north was unlikely, because of the alleged impregnability of Ticonderoga. This, combined with continuing incursions up the Hudson River valley by British forces occupying New York City, led Washington to believe that any attack on the Albany area would be from

9360-402: The numerical superiority of his 16,000 troops. In the Battle of Carillon , the British were soundly defeated by the 4,000 French defenders. The battle took place far enough away from the fort that its guns were rarely used. The battle gave the fort a reputation for impregnability, which affected future military operations in the area, notably during the American Revolutionary War . Following

9477-499: The old French lines skirmished . At this point Brown's men dragged two captured six-pound guns up to the lines, and began firing on the fort. The men who had captured Mount Defiance began firing a twelve-pounder from that site. The column that was to attack Mount Independence was delayed, and its numerous defenders were alerted to the action at the fort below before the attack on their position began. Their musket fire, as well as grapeshot fired from ships anchored nearby, intimidated

9594-500: The old city walls to empty at Piazzale Kennedy. From the 1960s, the Ausa was diverted to flow parallel to the SS16  [ it ] state road along cemented banks, and empty into the Marecchia. The diversion was completed in 1972, with the Ausa's former route reduced to a sewage outlet, and redeveloped into a series of public parks. The Marecchia itself, which flows north of Rimini,

9711-447: The original 1755 plans. Also in 2008, the withdrawal of a major backer's financial support forced the museum, which was facing significant budget deficits , to consider selling one of its major art works, Thomas Cole 's Gelyna, View near Ticonderoga . However, fundraising activities were successful enough to prevent the sale. The not-for-profit Living History Education Foundation conducts teacher programs at Fort Ticonderoga during

9828-464: The party was fired on, and three of its five members were killed. Brown, realizing that the weaponry they had was insufficient to take the fort, decided to withdraw. Destroying many bateaux and seizing a ship on Lake George, he set off to annoy British positions on that lake. His action resulted in the freeing of 118 Americans and the capture of 293 British troops, while suffering fewer than ten casualties. Following Burgoyne's defeat at Saratoga ,

9945-654: The popular party and its leaders, first Gaius Marius , and then Julius Caesar . After crossing the Rubicon , the latter made his legendary appeal to the legions in the Forum of Rimini. As the terminus of the Via Flaminia , which ended in the town at the surviving prestigious Arch of Augustus (erected 27 BC), Rimini was a road junction connecting central and northern Italy by the Via Aemilia that led to Piacenza and

10062-576: The possible future release of a further episode in the Corto Maltese saga. In 2015, IDW Publishing's EuroComics imprint launched the definitive English-language edition of Corto Maltese, with new translations made from Pratt's original Italian scripts. Swiss director Stefano Knuchel started a trilogy of documentaries about Pratt, releasing Hugo en Afrique in 2009, followed by Hugo in Argentina in 2021. In 2022, Knuchel announced working on

10179-473: The powder magazine leaked, and the masonry was of poor quality. The critics apparently failed to notice the fort's significant strategic weakness: several nearby hills overlooked the fort and made it possible for besiegers to fire down on the defenders from above. Lotbinière, who may have won the job of building the fort only because he was related to Governor Vaudreuil, had lost a bid to become Canada's chief engineer to Nicolas Sarrebource de Pontleroy, one of

10296-545: The rest of Romagna , was affected by the passage of the Napoleonic army and became part of the Cisalpine Republic . Napoleonic policy suppressed the monastic orders, confiscating their property and thus dispersing a substantial heritage, and demolished many churches including the ancient cathedral of Santa Colomba. The troops of Joachim Murat , King of Naples , marched through Rimini on 30 March 1815. In

10413-495: The restoration effort, founded the Fort Ticonderoga Association in 1931, which is now responsible for the fort. Funding for the restoration also came from Robert M. Thompson , father of Stephen Pell's wife, Sarah Gibbs Thompson. Between 1900 and 1950, the foundation acquired the historically important lands around the fort, including Mount Defiance, Mount Independence, and much of Mount Hope. The fort

10530-429: The retreat from Ticonderoga, stated that the event was "not apprehended, nor within the compass of my reasoning". News of the abandonment of the "Impregnable Bastion" without a fight, caused "the greatest surprise and alarm" throughout the colonies. After public outcry over his actions, General St. Clair was court-martialed in 1778. He was cleared on all charges. Following the British capture of Ticonderoga, it and

10647-475: The same continuum. Pratt's main series in the second part of his career include Gli scorpioni del deserto (five stories) and Jesuit Joe . He also wrote stories for his friend and pupil Milo Manara for Tutto ricominciò con un'estate indiana and El Gaucho . From 1970 to 1984, Pratt lived mainly in France where Corto Maltese, a psychologically very complex character resulting from the travel experiences and

10764-469: The site provides commanding views of the southern extent of Lake Champlain, Mount Defiance , at 853 ft (260 m), and two other hills (Mount Hope and Mount Independence ) overlook the area. Native Americans had occupied the area for centuries before French explorer Samuel de Champlain first arrived there in 1609. Champlain recounted that the Algonquins , with whom he was traveling, battled

10881-632: The site. Both lakes were long and narrow and oriented north–south, as were the many ridge lines of the Appalachian Mountains which extend as far south as Georgia . The mountains created nearly impassable terrains to the east and west of the Great Appalachian Valley that the site commanded. The name "Ticonderoga" comes from the Iroquois word tekontaró:ken , meaning "it is at the junction of two waterways". During

10998-476: The sounds made by the rapids of La Chute River, which were said to resemble the chiming bells of a carillon . Construction on the star-shaped fort , which Lotbinière based on designs of the renowned French military engineer Vauban , began in October 1755 and then proceeded slowly during the warmer-weather months of 1756 and 1757, using troops stationed at nearby Fort St. Frédéric and from Canada. The work in 1755 consisted primarily of beginning construction on

11115-594: The south end of Lake Champlain in northern New York . It was constructed between October 1755 and 1757 by French-Canadian military engineer Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière during the action in the "North American theater" of the Seven Years' War , known as the French and Indian War in America. The fort was of strategic importance during the 18th-century colonial conflicts between Great Britain and France, and again played an important role during

11232-559: The south, began contesting the area as early as 1691, when Pieter Schuyler built a small wooden fort at the Ticonderoga point on the western shore of the lake. These colonial conflicts reached their height in the French and Indian War , which began in 1754 as the North American front of the Seven Years' War. In 1755, following the Battle of Lake George , the French decided to construct a fort here. Marquis de Vaudreuil ,

11349-433: The south, which, as it was part of the supply line to Ticonderoga, would necessitate a withdrawal from the fort. As a result, no significant actions were taken to further fortify Ticonderoga or significantly increase its garrison. The garrison, about 2,000 men under General Arthur St. Clair , was too small to man all the defenses. General Gates, who oversaw the northern defenses, was aware that Mount Defiance threatened

11466-651: The suburbs of Colonnella and Lagomaggio. Rimini has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ) moderated by the influence of the Adriatic Sea , featuring autumn and winter mean temperatures and annual low temperatures among the very highest in Emilia-Romagna . Precipitations are equally distributed during the year, with a peak in October and minimums in January and July. In spring, autumn, and winter, precipitations mainly come from oceanic fronts, while in summer, they are brought by thunderstorms , coming from

11583-602: The summer of 1959 to the summer of 1960, Pratt lived in London where he drew a series of war comics for Fleetway Publications , with British scriptwriters. He then returned to Argentina, despite the harsh economic times there. From there, he moved again to Italy in 1962 where he started a collaboration with the children's comic book magazine Corriere dei Piccoli , for which he adapted several classics of adventure literature, including Treasure Island and Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson . In 1967, Pratt met Florenzo Ivaldi;

11700-511: The summer that last approximately one week. The program trains teachers how to teach Living History techniques, and to understand and interpret the importance of Fort Ticonderoga during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. The fort conducts other seminars, symposia, and workshops throughout the year, including the annual War College of the Seven Years' War in May and the Seminar on

11817-464: The surrounding defenses were garrisoned by 700 British and Hessian troops under the command of Brigadier General Henry Watson Powell . Most of these forces were on Mount Independence, with only 100 each at Fort Ticonderoga and a blockhouse they were constructing on top of Mount Defiance. George Washington sent General Benjamin Lincoln into Vermont to "divide and distract the enemy". Aware that

11934-461: The third part of the trilogy, Hugo in Venice . Rimini Rimini ( / ˈ r ɪ m ɪ n i / RIM -in-ee , Italian: [ˈriːmini] ; Romagnol : Rémin or Rémne ; Latin : Ariminum ) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy . Sprawling along the Adriatic Sea , Rimini is situated at a strategically-important north-south passage along

12051-503: The tourist industry in the city. Rimini is situated at 44°03′00″ north and 12°34′00″ east , along the coast of the Adriatic Sea , at the southeastern edge of Emilia-Romagna , at a short distance from Montefeltro and Marche . Rimini extends for 135.71 square km and borders the municipalities of Bellaria-Igea Marina , San Mauro Pascoli , and Santarcangelo di Romagna towards NW, Verucchio and Serravalle, San Marino towards SW, Coriano towards S, and Riccione towards SE. Rimini

12168-643: The two created a comics magazine named after his character, Sergeant Kirk , the hero first written by Héctor Oesterheld . Pratt's most famous story, Una ballata del mare salato (A Ballad of the Salty Sea) , is published in the first issue and introduced his best-known character, Corto Maltese . Corto's series continued three years later in the French magazine Pif Gadget . Due to his rather mixed family ancestry, Pratt had learned snippets of things such as kabbalism and much history. Many of his stories are placed in real historical eras and deal with real events:

12285-480: The two surveying engineers, in 1756, all of which may explain the highly negative report. Lotbinière's career suffered for years afterwards. William Nester , in his exhaustive analysis of the Battle of Carillon, notes additional problems with the fort's construction. The fort was small for a Vauban-style fort, about 500 feet (150 m) wide, with a barracks capable of holding only 400 soldiers. Storage space inside

12402-528: The villages of Orsoleto and San Vito . Along the Via Marecchiese, to Rimini's east, are the suburbs of Marecchiese, Villaggio Azzurro, Padulli, and Spadarolo, and the rural village of Corpolò. On the road to San Marino is the village of Grotta Rossa. On the road to Ospedaletto is the suburb of Villaggio 1° Maggio and the rural village of Gaiofana. Along the Via Flaminia, to Rimini's southeast, are

12519-400: The years following the war, area residents stripped the fort of usable building materials, even melting some of the cannons down for their metal. In 1785, the fort's lands became the property of the state of New York. The state donated the property to Columbia and Union colleges in 1803. The colleges sold the property to William Ferris Pell in 1820. Pell first used the property as

12636-653: Was a major engagement in the Gothic Line . Oliver Leese , the British Eighth Army 's commander, called the advance to liberate Rimini "one of the hardest battles of the Eighth Army ... comparable to El Alamein , Mareth , and the Gustav Line ( Monte Cassino )". Within 37 days of the battle, over 10,000 soldiers had died between the Allied and Axis forces. For its role in liberating Rimini,

12753-527: Was a success, mainly in Argentina , where Pratt was invited in 1949. In the late 1940s he moved to Buenos Aires , where he worked for Argentine publisher Editorial Abril and met Argentine comics artists such as Alberto Breccia and Solano López . The passage to Editorial Frontera saw the publication of some of his most important early series. These included Sergeant Kirk and Ernie Pike , written by Héctor Germán Oesterheld . Pratt taught drawing in

12870-527: Was also deviated to empty into the Adriatic Sea further north, between San Giuliano Mare and Rivabella. The deviation was prompted because the river was subjected to periodic, destructive floods near its mouth, where the riverbed became narrow after various bends. The ancient riverbed is still used as Rimini's harbour. Rimini's southern boundary with the municipality of Riccione is marked by the Rio dell'Asse,

12987-583: Was one of four professionals that year inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame. One of the series created by Pratt, entitled "The Scorpions of the Desert" in English, has been continued after Pratt's death. In 2005 a sixth volume in this series was released, drawn by Pierre Wazeem and entitled "Le chemin de fièvre". A seventh album was scheduled by the French publishers Casterman for release in March 2008. Casterman have also on several occasions hinted at

13104-473: Was purchased by a private family in 1820 and became a stop on tourist routes of the area. Early in the 20th century, its private owners restored the fort. The Fort Ticonderoga Association now operates it as a tourist attraction, museum, and research center. Lake Champlain , which forms part of the border between New York and Vermont , and the Hudson River together formed an important travel route that

13221-561: Was rearmed with fourteen 24-pound cannons provided by the British government. These cannons had been cast in England for use during the American Revolution, but the war ended before they were shipped over. Designated as a National Historic Landmark by the Department of Interior, the fort is now operated by the foundation as a tourist attraction, early American military museum, and research center. The fort opens annually around May 10,

13338-419: Was separated from Rimini to form a separate comune . In World War II , Rimini suffered sustained Allied aerial bombardment from November 1943 until its liberation on 21 September 1944. 82% of Rimini's buildings were destroyed, the highest figure among Italian cities with over 50,000 inhabitants. Around 55,000 refugees fled to the north, to the hinterland, and to San Marino, where they sheltered in

13455-578: Was situated much farther inland: it gradually shifted outward over centuries, with new land developed throughout the 20th century. Rimini's city centre was founded between two rivers: the Marecchia and the Ausa . Until the 1960s, the Ausa flowed south of Rimini's city centre, running between the present-day Rimini Sud junction of the A14 tolled highway and the Arch of Augustus , where it turned north-east along

13572-445: Was used by Native Americans long before the arrival of European colonists. The route was relatively free of obstacles to navigation, with only a few portages . One strategically important place on the route lies at a narrows near the southern end of Lake Champlain, where Ticonderoga Creek, known in colonial times as La Chute River, because it was named by French colonists, enters the lake, carrying water from Lake George . Although

13689-499: Was well", and that the fort "can never be carried, without much loss of blood". "Where a goat can go, a man can go; and where a man can go, he can drag a gun." British Major General William Phillips , as his men brought cannon to the top of Mount Defiance in 1777 General Burgoyne led 7,800 British and Hessian forces south from Quebec in June 1777. After occupying nearby Fort Crown Point without opposition on June 30, he prepared to besiege Ticonderoga . Burgoyne realized

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