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103-416: The IRT New Lots Line or Livonia Avenue Line is a rapid transit line in the A Division of the New York City Subway . Located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn , the line runs from the Crown Heights–Utica Avenue station in Crown Heights and continues to the New Lots Avenue station in East New York . The New Lots Line is entirely elevated and consists of seven stations; most of

206-541: A Mass Transportation Facilities Grant Application from the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) to fund four improvement projects, including the replacement of wooden platforms with concrete platforms at Rockaway Avenue, Junius Street, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Van Siclen Avenue. This project was estimated to cost $ 1,451,000. The four projects part of this application, combined, were estimated to cost $ 13,801,000, with $ 9,661,000 to be funded by

309-425: A body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service. A study of

412-403: A center track that was never installed. Both platforms have beige windscreens and brown canopies with green support frames and columns that run along the entire length except for a small section at the extreme west ( railroad north ) end. Here, there are only waist-high black steel fences. The station name plates are in the standard black with white lettering. The platforms are slightly longer than

515-454: A code for its stations. Unlike that of Singapore's MRT, it is mostly numbers. Based on the line number, for example Sinyongsan station, is coded as station 429. Being on Line 4, the first number of the station code is 4. The last two numbers are the station number on that line. Interchange stations can have multiple codes. Like City Hall station in Seoul which is served by Line 1 and Line 2. It has

618-651: A code of 132 and 201 respectively. The Line 2 is a circle line and the first stop is City Hall, therefore, City Hall has the station code of 201. For lines without a number like Bundang line it will have an alphanumeric code. Lines without a number that are operated by KORAIL will start with the letter 'K'. With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when

721-583: A conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching . There are also some rubber-tired systems that use a central guide rail , such as the Sapporo Municipal Subway and the NeoVal system in Rennes , France. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction of

824-405: A dedicated right-of-way are typically used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier in the urban fabric that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path and have a larger physical footprint. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line

927-418: A large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an area of land with a set of lines , which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "L", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross

1030-652: A large part of the network, for example, in outer suburbs, runs at ground level. In most of Britain , a subway is a pedestrian underpass . The terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground . The North East England Tyne and Wear Metro , mostly overground, is known as the Metro . In Scotland , the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway . In Ireland ,

1133-452: A line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency . Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio  – more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to

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1236-615: A metro. In Spain, such systems are present in Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Valencia . In Portugal, Lisbon has a metro. The Italian cities of Catania , Genoa , Milan , Naples , Rome and Turin also have metro lines. In Germany and Austria they rapid transit is known as U-Bahn , which are often supported by S-Bahn systems. In Germany, U-Bahn systems exist in Berlin , Hamburg , Munich and Nuremberg , while in Austria such

1339-410: A quarter of the work that needed to be done before the erection of the steel was completed by September 1917. Work on the column footings for the elevated structure were completed by the end of the year. Construction on the line was 17% complete at the end of Fiscal Year 1917, and was 25% complete at the end of Fiscal Year 1918. Drainage work on the line was 35% complete, and station work was underway at

1442-694: A rapid transit setting. Pennsylvania Avenue (IRT New Lots Line) [REDACTED] The Pennsylvania Avenue station is a station on the IRT New Lots Line of the New York City Subway . Located at the intersection of Pennsylvania and Livonia Avenues in East New York, Brooklyn , it is served by the 3 train at all times except late nights, when the 4 train takes over service. During rush hours, occasional 2 , 4 and 5 trains also stop here. The New Lots Line

1545-490: A single track on the northbound track. On October 31, 1924, through service to New Lots Avenue was begun. From April 11, 2016 until September 19, 2016, Saratoga Avenue and Pennsylvania Avenue were closed for renovation. A truck accident on October 27, 2016 damaged the station's mezzanine, so it was closed again for repairs until March 3, 2017. The platforms and tracks were undamaged in the accident. This elevated station has two side platforms and two tracks with space for

1648-514: A single track, or shuttle trains ran. 4 trains terminated at Atlantic Avenue when shuttle or single-track trains were in operation. As part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)'s 2010–2014 Capital Program, funding was provided for a 25-station Station Renewal program, which focused on renovating stations with a high concentration of components rated 3.5 or worse on a five-point scale, with 5 being

1751-565: A specialized transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying. Some subway systems, such as the Beijing Subway , which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the "World's Safest Rapid Transit Network" in 2015, incorporates airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as

1854-608: A system exists in Vienna . In addition, the small, car-free town of Serfaus in the Austrian state of Tyrol also features a short U-Bahn line. There are no U-Bahn systems in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, but the city of Lausanne has its own, small metro system. In Zurich, Switzerland's largest city, a project for a U-Bahn network was stopped by a referendum in the 1970s and instead its S-Bahn system

1957-613: A yard along the line were completed, its locations were not yet decided upon. On April 16, 1916, the New York State Public Service Commission (PSC) denied a request by the Chief Engineer of the IRT for the installation of a third track on the line to provide necessary space for train storage. The request was turned down because it would have required the acquisition of additional steel and because

2060-801: Is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area . Rapid transit systems such as the Washington Metrorail , Los Angeles Metro Rail , the Miami Metrorail , and the Montreal Metro are generally called the Metro . In Philadelphia , the term "El" is used for the Market–Frankford Line which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term "subway" applies to the Broad Street Line which is almost entirely underground. Chicago 's commuter rail system that serves

2163-608: Is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile. A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport. Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms , elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables . Maps help users understand

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2266-780: Is bisected by the Long Island Rail Road Bay Ridge Branch as well as the Linden Shops , both of which run between Junius Street and Van Sinderen Avenue, the latter of which is flanked by the BMT Canarsie Line , also an elevated line, but runs underneath the New Lots Line. The last station on the line is New Lots Avenue , which is actually two blocks west of its namesake street, where Livonia Avenue ends. The New Lots Line crosses over New Lots Avenue and then Elton Street, curving to

2369-506: Is built. Most rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars. Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains. Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires . The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use

2472-416: Is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller loading gauge from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services. Most rapid transit systems use conventional standard gauge railway track . Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to rain , snow , or other forms of precipitation , they are often fixed directly to

2575-555: Is referred to simply as "the subway", despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term "L" or "El" is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The "L" train or L (New York City Subway service) refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains. Similarly, the Toronto Subway is referred to as "the subway", with some of its system also running above ground. These are

2678-474: Is right above the water table, and as a result the construction of a subway would have been prohibitively expensive. This line was constructed as Route 31, the Livonia Avenue Route. In 1914, several studies of the line had been completed. At the end of 1916, contract drawings for the line were completed, and the working drawings were being prepared. While preliminary studies for the construction of

2781-632: Is served by the 3 train at all times except late nights, when the 4 train takes over service. Some rush hour 2 and 5 trains also run on this line because of capacity issues at their usual terminal at Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College on the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line . The New Lots Line is the only elevated structure on the Brooklyn IRT. The line begins just east of Utica Avenue in Crown Heights , branching off from

2884-412: Is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in

2987-748: Is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts ; the use of tunnels inspires names such as subway , underground , Untergrundbahn ( U-Bahn ) in German, or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish. The use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated ( L or el ), skytrain , overhead , overground or Hochbahn in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if

3090-627: The Dublin Area Rapid Transit is despite the name considered a commuter rail due to usage of mainline railways. In France, large cities, such as Paris , Marseille and Lyon , feature a Métro . Also the smaller cities of Lille Rennes have a light metro. Furthermore, Brussels in Belgium, and Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands have metro systems in place. Several Southern European contries also have

3193-752: The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad K-series cars from 1958, the New York City Subway R38 and R42 cars from the late-1960s, and the Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series , Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series and MTR M-Train EMUs from the 1970s, were generally only made possible largely due to the relatively generous loading gauges of these systems and also adequate open-air sections to dissipate hot air from these air conditioning units. Especially in some rapid transit systems such as

IRT New Lots Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

3296-621: The IRT Eastern Parkway Line near Buffalo Avenue. The line then emerges from a tunnel on the southeast corner along the eastern edge of Lincoln Terrace Park, the IRT New Lots Line then crosses a bridge over East New York Avenue and then runs over East 98th Street with only one station, until it approaches the intersection with Livonia Avenue, where the line curves over that avenue and continues as such until its terminus. Right after Junius Street station, Livonia Avenue

3399-535: The IRT Nostrand Avenue Line , and the front half would travel to New Lots Avenue on the New Lots Avenue Line. This sometimes caused disputes when customers did not realize that the different portions of each train would go to different destinations. With the change in service, West Farms trains (later labeled 2 trains) were extended from Atlantic Avenue to Flatbush Avenue, and all Van Cortlandt Park trains were extended to New Lots Avenue. In July 1937,

3502-429: The London Underground . In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway , initially a cable-hauled line using stationary steam engines . As of 2021 , China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world  – 40 in number, running on over 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of track – and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in

3605-740: The Metropolitan Railway opened publicly in London in 1863. High capacity monorails with larger and longer trains can be classified as rapid transit systems. Such monorail systems recently started operating in Chongqing and São Paulo . Light metro is a subclass of rapid transit that has the speed and grade separation of a "full metro" but is designed for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller loading gauges, lighter train cars and smaller consists of typically two to four cars. Light metros are typically used as feeder lines into

3708-578: The Montreal Metro (opened 1966) and Sapporo Municipal Subway (opened 1971), their entirely enclosed nature due to their use of rubber-tyred technology to cope with heavy snowfall experienced by both cities in winter precludes any air-conditioning retrofits of rolling stock due to the risk of heating the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot for passengers and for train operations. In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub-networks may not often be connected by track, in cases when it

3811-589: The Prague Metro . The London Underground and Paris Métro are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its lines converging on The Loop , the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro 's Koltsevaya Line and Beijing Subway 's Line 10 . The capacity of

3914-508: The Saratoga Avenue and Pennsylvania Avenue stations were closed for renovation. The Pennsylvania Avenue station was closed once again from October 27, 2016, to March 3, 2017, due to a truck accident which damaged the station's mezzanine. In the third phase, Junius Street and Sutter Avenue–Rutland Road stations were closed for renovations from October 5, 2016, to June 19, 2017. In the fourth phase, which occurred simultaneously with

4017-685: The Singapore MRT , Changi Airport MRT station has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations have at least two codes, for example, Raffles Place MRT station has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line. The Seoul Metro is another example that utilizes

4120-450: The deep tube lines . Historically, rapid transit trains used ceiling fans and openable windows to provide fresh air and piston-effect wind cooling to riders. From the 1950s to the 1990s (and in most of Europe until the 2000s), many rapid transit trains from that era were also fitted with forced-air ventilation systems in carriage ceiling units for passenger comfort. Early rapid transit rolling stock fitted with air conditioning , such as

4223-409: The linear motor for propulsion. Some urban rail lines are built to a loading gauge as large as that of main-line railways ; others are built to a smaller one and have tunnels that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the London Underground , which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on

IRT New Lots Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

4326-432: The 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it. Rapid transit operators have often built up strong brands , often focused on easy recognition – to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities – combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority. In many cities, there

4429-488: The 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack and the 2005 " 7/7 " terrorist bombings on the London Underground. Some rapid transport trains have extra features such as wall sockets, cellular reception, typically using a leaky feeder in tunnels and DAS antennas in stations, as well as Wi-Fi connectivity. The first metro system in the world to enable full mobile phone reception in underground stations and tunnels

4532-550: The 2010s. The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by route length is the Shanghai Metro . The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total) is the New York City Subway . The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, Tokyo subway system , Seoul Metro and the Moscow Metro . The term Metro

4635-532: The 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a rapid transit system . Rapid transit is used for local transport in cities , agglomerations , and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency . The extent of

4738-536: The addition of a third track. In addition, a two-track branch line along Nostrand Avenue branching off east of the Franklin Avenue station was to be constructed. The underground portion of the line became known as the Eastern Parkway Line, or Route 12, while the elevated portion became known as the New Lots Line. This section was constructed as an elevated line because the ground in this area

4841-441: The agreement, between New York City and the IRT, the original subway opened by the IRT in 1904 to City Hall , and extended to Atlantic Avenue in 1908, was to be extended eastward into Brooklyn. The line was to be extended along Flatbush Avenue and Eastern Parkway to Buffalo Street as a four-track subway line, and then along East 98th Street and Livonia Avenue to New Lots Avenue as an elevated two-track line, with provisions for

4944-478: The beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. In 1890, the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing

5047-455: The city had found a cheaper way to procure steel. On June 8, the award of the construction of the line to Conners was rescinded. Conners sent a letter to the PSC on June 20, agreeing to reduce his bid for steel by $ 20,000. The PSC subsequently rejected the three bids; it readvertised bids for the steel work and its erection, or just for the erection of the steel at the end of 1916. A new contract for

5150-419: The construction of the line was awarded by the PSC on January 17, 1917, in two parts. The contract for the steel was awarded to American Bridge Company for $ 1,431,755, and the contract for the erection of the structure was awarded to W.G. Cooper for $ 257,164. The cost of these two contracts was $ 1,688,919, and work on the line had to be completed in fifteen months. Construction on the line began in spring 1917, and

5253-414: The display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center. Some systems assign unique alphanumeric codes to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line. For example, on

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5356-505: The east to Pennsylvania Avenue on December 24, 1920. At that date, only the southbound platform was used. While work at New Lots Avenue and at Van Siclen Avenue was practically completed in 1921, they could not open yet because trains could not run to the terminal until track work, the signal tower, and the compressor room were in service. Work began on June 19, 1922, and on October 16, 1922, shuttles began operating between this station and New Lots Avenue. A two-car train operated on

5459-546: The end of Fiscal Year 1918. In August 1919, work on the line was suspended because W.G. Cooper broke his contract due to the high cost of material and labor. In February 1920, a contract for the unfinished portion of the line was awarded to George W. McNulty and the Holbrook, Cabot and Rollins Company. The contract for the completion of stations was awarded in July 1920, and was expected to take six months to complete. That month, it

5562-611: The entire metropolitan area is called Metra (short for Met ropolitan Ra il), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the "L" . Boston's subway system is known locally as "The T". In Atlanta , the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority goes by the acronym "MARTA." In the San Francisco Bay Area , residents refer to Bay Area Rapid Transit by its acronym "BART". The New York City Subway

5665-516: The floor rather than resting on ballast , such as normal railway tracks. An alternate technology, using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel roll ways , was pioneered on certain lines of the Paris Métro and Mexico City Metro , and the first completely new system to use it was in Montreal , Canada. On most of these networks, additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and

5768-583: The free transfer. In addition, both stations would also have been upgraded to become compliant with mobility accessibility guidelines under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . However, in the April 2018 revision to the Capital Program, funding for the project, with the exception of funding already used to design the connection, was removed. A free MetroCard-only transfer between the two stations

5871-730: The grant, which the city requested to be reallocated from funding for urban highways. The remainder was to be funded from New York City and New York State. The grant request was approved by the USDOT, and NYCTA invited contractors to bid on the platform replacement project in November 1976. From 2000 to August 2001, 3 train service was split into two sections to allow for the line to be rebuilt, with transfers available at Utica Avenue. Work took place on weekday middays between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., and service operated in one of three ways: shuttle buses replaced trains, all trains operated in both directions on

5974-403: The highest. All of the stations on the line, except for New Lots Avenue, were among the priority candidates to be among the 25 stations selected for the program. Between 41% and 58% of components at these six stations were rated 3.5 or worse. A $ 45.7 million contract was awarded to renovate the line's seven stations in 2014. The project was completed between January 2015 and October 2017. As part of

6077-439: The interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the interchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify

6180-405: The legal routing of Route 31 did not specify the construction of a third track along the line. On May 9, 1916, title was acquired to sixteen parcels of land between the intersection of Eastern Parkway and Buffalo Street and East New York Avenue opposite of East 98th Street in condemnation proceedings to complete the line. Bids were opened for the construction of the line on May 23, 1916. Six bids on

6283-482: The line became fully signaled for the first time. On March 1, 1951, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that it would conduct an engineering study for the construction of a third track between Utica Avenue and New Lots Avenue using the unused trackbed in the center of the elevated structure. In 1961, work to extend the platforms at stations along the line to accommodate ten-car trains

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6386-419: The line between Utica Avenue and Junius Street opened on November 22, 1920, with shuttle trains operating over this route. This extended service on the Eastern Parkway Line, which had opened from Atlantic Avenue to Utica Avenue on August 23, 1920. The New Lots Line opened one more stop farther to the east to Pennsylvania Avenue on December 24, 1920. At that date, only the southbound platform was used. In 1921,

6489-543: The line has two tracks, except for Junius Street station , which has three tracks. It runs mostly above Livonia Avenue in Brownsville and East New York, except for a short section above East 98th Street in Brownsville. The line is served by the 3 train at all times except late nights, when the 4 train takes over service. During rush hours, occasional 2 , 4, and 5 trains also serve the line. The New Lots Line

6592-602: The lines of the Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway , while the Carmelit , in Haifa, is an underground funicular . For elevated lines, another alternative is the monorail , which can be built either as straddle-beam monorails or as a suspended monorail . While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as Chongqing Rail Transit 's monorail lines which are widely used in

6695-557: The main rapid transit system. For instance, the Wenhu Line of the Taipei Metro serves many relatively sparse neighbourhoods and feeds into and complements the high capacity metro lines. Some systems have been built from scratch, others are reclaimed from former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section. Ground-level alignments with

6798-418: The network map "readable" by illiterate people, this system has since become an "icon" of the system. Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations , with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce

6901-402: The next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest. Mexico City Metro uses a unique pictogram for each station. Originally intended to help make

7004-902: The occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments . Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system. High platforms , usually over 1 meter / 3 feet, are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger. Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes , such as pickpocketing and baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes , as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms. Security measures include video surveillance , security guards , and conductors . In some countries

7107-603: The only two North American systems that are primarily called "subways". In most of Southeast Asia and in Taiwan , rapid transit systems are primarily known by the acronym MRT . The meaning varies from one country to another. In Indonesia , the acronym stands for Moda Raya Terpadu or Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode in English. In the Philippines , it stands for Metro Rail Transit . Two underground lines use

7210-452: The operation of through service to New Lots Avenue were completed on July 18, 1922. Shuttles started operating between Pennsylvania Avenue and New Lots Avenue on October 16, 1922, with a two-car train operating back and forth along on the northbound track. Trains ran every eight minutes during rush hours, and ten minutes during middays, and made close connections with main line service at Pennsylvania Avenue. The implementation of shuttle service

7313-584: The other phases, the New Lots Avenue station was renovated without being closed from December 2014 to December 2017. The fare control area at New Lots Avenue was reconfigured. Funding for the construction of a free transfer between the Junius Street station and the nearby Livonia Avenue station on the BMT Canarsie Line , which is directly to the east of the station, was included in the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Program. Passengers can transfer between

7416-587: The outset. Budapest , Chicago , Glasgow , Boston and New York City all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro , which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems. In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities

7519-489: The project were received, and, on June 1, 1916, the contract was awarded to Dennis E. Conners, who submitted the low bid of $ 1,376,122. The high bid to build the line was for $ 1,467,000. Work on the project had to be completed by June 1, 1917. On June 5, the PSC accepted bids for 52,756 tons of structural steel to be used on multiple subway extensions to be completed as part of the Dual Contracts, of which 15,100 tons of

7622-590: The project, station drainage, doors, windows, railings, platform rubbing boards, structural steel, panels and signage were replaced. In addition, detectable warning strips, bird deterrent systems, track lubrication systems and artwork were installed. The project was completed in four phases, and each phase was supposed to take five months. For the first phase, the Van Siclen Avenue and Rockaway Avenue stations were closed from April 20, 2015, to March 28, 2016. Next, from April 11, 2016, until September 19, 2016,

7725-718: The proposed Program for Action , the IRT New Lots Line would have been extended past New Lots Avenue toward Spring Creek , but the plan was never completed. Stations on the line were rebuilt several times throughout the years. In 1913, New York City, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company , and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) reached an agreement, known as the Dual Contracts , to drastically expand subway service across New York City. As part of Contract 3 of

7828-908: The rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies. Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear. Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as trolleybuses , regular buses , trams , or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops. Each rapid transit system consists of one or more lines , or circuits. Each line

7931-563: The rerouting of 3 trains, train lengths along the New Lots Line were reduced from 10 cars to 9 cars, within acceptable crowding levels, and train lengths along the Nostrand Avenue Line were increased from 9 to 10 cars, reducing crowding. 4 trains were added on December 20, 1946, and 5 trains were gradually added between 1938 and 1950. In 1975, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) applied for

8034-542: The rubber tires. However, they have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro and limiting it on the Sapporo Municipal Subway, but not rubber-tired systems in other cities. Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies in their metros. One of

8137-531: The south and terminating within the Livonia Yard . There is a provision for a future extension from New Lots Avenue in the elevated structure at Linwood Avenue. The line includes an unused trackway in the middle that was built as a provision for a third track. On the roof of the mezzanines at each station are cross ties but no rails. In some areas, the space is used for mechanical and signal rooms. A center track exists only at Junius Street , where it crosses

8240-897: The southbound track at grade towards the Linden Shops . This un-electrified track is one of only two connections to the national rail system. The BMT West End Line is the other connection, via the New York Connecting Railroad ; the Linden Shops are connected to the Long Island Rail Road and from there to the rest of the national network. Rapid transit Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on railway tracks . Some systems use guided rubber tires , magnetic levitation ( maglev ), or monorail . The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside

8343-416: The standard IRT train length of 514 feet (157 m). The station's only entrance/exit is an elevated station house beneath the tracks. Inside fare control , there is a turnstile bank, waiting area that allows a free transfer between directions, and a single staircase to each platform at their extreme east (railroad south) ends. Outside fare control, there is a token booth and two staircases going down to

8446-411: The stations at Van Siclen Avenue and New Lots Avenue were practically completed, but they were not opened yet because trains could not run to the terminal until track work, the signal tower, and the compressor room were in service. On March 15, 1921, a contract for the completion of a signal tower to control train movements at the terminal crossovers at New Lots Avenue, and at the entrances to Livonia Yard,

8549-486: The steel were for the Livonia Avenue extension. The PSC put this contract out to determine whether it was possible to let separate contracts for the steel by line, given that the price of steel was rapidly increasing. Three bids were submitted, but the Chief Engineer recommended that they all be rejected, because he anticipated that the price of steel would stop rising rapidly and instead start decreasing, and because

8652-663: The suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro , the Milan Metro , the Oslo Metro , the Istanbul Metro and the New York City Subway . Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in

8755-714: The term subway . In Thailand , it stands for Metropolitan Rapid Transit , previously using the Mass Rapid Transit name. Outside of Southeast Asia, Kaohsiung and Taoyuan, Taiwan , have their own MRT systems which stands for Mass Rapid Transit , as with Singapore and Malaysia . In general rapid transit is a synonym for "metro" type transit, though sometimes rapid transit is defined to include "metro", commuter trains and grade separated light rail . Also high-capacity bus-based transit systems can have features similar to "metro" systems. The opening of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked

8858-530: The term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into London Underground . The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset. The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe , the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from

8961-673: The then-growing community of Spring Creek . This extension would have been completed at the cost of $ 12 million. The extension was canceled in the mid-1970s, largely due to the city's fiscal crisis at the time. As of 2022, a potential extension of the IRT New Lots Line through Livonia Yard is being evaluated as part of the 2025–2044 20-Year Needs Assessment. 2 and 3 trains kept on switching their southern terminals until July 10, 1983, when 2 trains began terminating at Flatbush Avenue and 3 trains began terminating at New Lots Avenue. In addition, rush hour 4 trains were rerouted from Flatbush Avenue to Utica Avenue, and late evening and late night service

9064-511: The trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities . Some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives , and now forms part of

9167-405: The two stations for free by using an overpass running parallel to the New Lots Line, which allows pedestrians on Livonia Avenue to cross over the Long Island Rail Road 's open-cut Bay Ridge Branch , and using a MetroCard or OMNY . At the request of Brooklyn Borough President Eric Adams , and due to increasing ridership and plans for additional housing in the area, funding was provided to build

9270-601: The use of communications-based train control : the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 passengers per hour per direction . However, much higher capacities are attained in East Asia with ranges of 75,000 to 85,000 people per hour achieved by MTR Corporation 's urban lines in Hong Kong. Rapid transit topologies are determined by

9373-559: Was Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, which launched its first underground mobile phone network using AMPS in 1989. Many metro systems, such as the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and the Berlin U-Bahn, provide mobile data connections in their tunnels for various network operators. The technology used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since

9476-402: Was announced that the line would not be ready to open for an additional eight months. During 1919, the city purchased an area of land bounded by Hegeman and Lawrence Avenues, and Elton and Linwood Streets for the construction of a storage yard. Contracts for the yard were awarded in 1920. The yard was to be built with inspection facilities and the ability to store 250 cars. The first portion of

9579-526: Was built as a part of Contract 3 of the Dual Contracts between New York City and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company , including this station. It was built as an elevated line because the ground in this area is right above the water table, and as a result the construction of a subway would have been prohibitively expensive. The first portion of the line between Utica Avenue and Junius Street opened on November 22, 1920, with shuttle trains operating over this route. The line opened one more stop farther to

9682-454: Was built as a part of Contract 3 of the Dual Contracts between New York City and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company . The first portion of the line between Utica Avenue and Junius Street opened on November 22, 1920, with shuttle trains operating over this route. The line opened one more stop farther to the east to Pennsylvania Avenue on December 24, 1920. Service was extended to New Lots Avenue on October 16, 1922. In 1968, as part of

9785-429: Was completed on December 31, 1922, and the yard was opened for service on July 28, 1923. On October 31, 1924, through service to New Lots Avenue was begun. Until January 23, 1928, it was custom to split full-length trains from Van Cortlandt Park (later labeled 1 trains) at Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line . The back half of each train would travel to Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College on

9888-529: Was completed. As part of an 18-month capital budget that took effect on January 1, 1963, the New Lots Avenue station was reconstructed. In 1968, as part of the proposed Program for Action , the IRT New Lots Line in East New York, would be extended southerly through the Livonia Yard to Flatlands Avenue to a modern terminal at Flatlands Avenue and Linwood Street. This two-track line would have run at ground level and it would have provided better access to

9991-899: Was developed further. Other Central European countries also have metro lines, for example in the cities of Budapest (Hungary), Prague (Czech Republic) and Warsaw (Poland). In Eastern Europe , metro systems are in operation in Minsk (Belarus), Kyiv (Ukraine), Riga (Latvia), Vilnius (Lithuania) and Moscow (Russia). In Southeastern European countries, there are metro systems in Athens and Thessaloniki (Greece), Belgrade (Serbia), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Istanbul (Turkey). In Northern Europe , rapid transit systems exist in Copenhagen (Denmark), Oslo (Norway), Stockholm (Sweden) and Helsinki (Finland). Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around North America . The term metro

10094-479: Was done at the request of the NYSTC, which urged the IRT to start service as soon as it could safely be operated. Though work on the tower was not yet finished at the time, enough was completed to allow for the shuttle service. The use of shuttle service accelerated the opening of this portion of the line by a month, when through service was estimated to be inaugurated with the completion of the tower. Work on Livonia Yard

10197-702: Was low and suburbs tended to spread out . Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne , has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity. Melbourne had tunnels and stations developed in the 1970s and opened in 1980. The first line of the Sydney Metro was opened in 2019. Since the 1960s, many new systems have been introduced in Europe , Asia and Latin America . In

10300-477: Was provided during weekends and late nights as part of the reconstruction of the 14th Street Tunnel starting in April 2019. Funding for the free transfer connection was added back in the 2020–2024 Capital Program. In February 2020, the out-of-system transfer was made permanent until the in-system transfer was completed. The following services use part or all of the IRT New Lots Line: The line

10403-436: Was rerouted from Flatbush Avenue to New Lots Avenue. 5 trains were rerouted from Utica Avenue to Flatbush Avenue during rush hours. These changes were made to reduce non-revenue subway car mileage, to provide a dedicated fleet for each service, and to provide an easily accessible inspection yard for each service. The change allowed the 2 to be dedicated to 239th Street Yard and allowed the 3 to be assigned to Livonia Yard . With

10506-573: Was returned to the Board of Estimate on April 5, 1922, and was approved on April 28, 1922. The contract for the completion of the signal tower was rebid and was resubmitted to the Board of Estimate on May 15, 1922. On May 18, 1922, work began on the installation of tracks in Livonia Yard, and on June 9, 1922, the signal tower contract was approved. On June 19, 1922, work began on the tracks, signal tower and compressor room. The approach tracks needed for

10609-504: Was submitted to the New York City Board of Estimate . On May 26, 1921, the contract for the installation of tracks in Livonia Yard was awarded to B.T. & J.J. Mack, and was sent to the Board of Estimate for approval. However, the contract was returned to the New York State Transit Commission (NYSTC) on August 2, 1921, because the contract did not receive the number of votes needed for approval. The contract

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