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81-519: The Cowlitz Indian Tribe was formally recognized by the U.S. federal government on February 14, 2000, consisting of 3,700 members but lacking an Indian reservation . In the 2000s, the newly recognized Cowlitz Tribe began planning for a casino and hotel complex on trust lands near La Center to bring in revenue. The Cowlitz Tribe were granted a gambling license by the National Indian Gaming Commission in 2005. In 2013,

162-486: A Las Vegas -based firm specializing in gambling projects. Ilani is expected to employ 800 to 1,200 people. A new tribal administration office, smoke shop , and gas station will also be built adjacent to the resort. Federally recognized tribe This is a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States . There are also federally recognized Alaska Native tribes . As of January 8, 2024 , 574 Indian tribes were legally recognized by

243-605: A fur-trading outpost, the city is located on the Washington–Oregon border along the Columbia River , directly north of Portland . Vancouver shares its name with the larger city of Vancouver in southern British Columbia , Canada, approximately 300 miles (480 km) to the north. Both cities were named after British sea captain George Vancouver , but the U.S. city is older. Vancouver, British Columbia,

324-769: A few months, leading to the creation of the Vancouver Housing Authority and six new residential developments : Fruit Valley, Fourth Plain Village, Bagley Downs, Ogden Meadows, Burton Homes and McLoughlin Heights. Each of these was later incorporated into the city, and are well-known neighborhoods, while the neighboring "shipyard city" of Vanport, Oregon , would be destroyed by the Memorial Day flood of 1948. Vancouver has experienced conflicts with other Clark County communities because of rapid growth in

405-769: A financing agreement with the Mohegan Tribe of Connecticut , owners of the Mohegan Sun mega-casino, to fund the project's $ 510 million cost. Members of the Cowlitz tribe broke ground on the casino on February 14, 2016, along with local politicians and representatives from the Mohegan Tribe. The casino was named "Ilani" in June 2016, using the Cowlitz word for "sing". The Cowlitz Tribe later took sole management of

486-528: A household in the city was $ 41,618, and the median income for a family was $ 47,696. Males had a median income of $ 37,306 versus $ 26,940 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 20,192. 9.4% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under the age of 18 and 8.2% of those 65 and older. The Vancouver economy is characterized by border economics with neighboring Portland, Oregon. The state of Washington levies no individual or corporate income taxes and levies

567-585: A month before the Ilani opened, citing reduced sales, lost staff and traffic impacts from highway construction associated with the casino's construction. The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde , owners of the Spirit Mountain Casino near Salem, Oregon , also opposed the construction of the casino over fears of an estimated $ 100 million in lost revenue. On January 31, 2011, shortly after

648-653: A nuisance, with two of the most destructive occurring in June 1894 and May 1948. The 1948 Columbia River flood almost topped the Interstate Bridge's support piers and completely destroyed nearby Vanport, Oregon . Other unusual storms include the Columbus Day Storm of 1962 and an April 5, 1972, tornado which rated F3 on the Fujita scale , striking a local school. An EF1 tornado struck on January 10, 2008 , just after noon, causing moderate damage along

729-571: A property tax below the national average and a sales tax above the national median. The State of Oregon has even lower property taxes and no sales tax but one of the highest state income taxes. As a result, many Vancouver residents prefer to shop in neighboring Portland where they do not pay sales taxes, then live and work in Vancouver where they do not pay state income tax (though Washington residents who work in Oregon must pay Oregon income tax.) For

810-718: A two-mile (3.2 km) path from Vancouver Lake to the unincorporated Hazel Dell area. Because many Vancouver residents work in Portland, there is typically significant rush-hour traffic congestion on two bridges that cross the Columbia River – the Interstate Bridge and the Glenn Jackson Bridge . In 2017 there were 297,932 weekday vehicle crossings on the two bridges. As of the 2020 census , there were 190,915 people, and 75,663 households in

891-449: A year in facility lease and maintenance costs. The Fort Vancouver Regional Library District opened a new library on C Street at Evergreen Boulevard in 2011. Future plans on C Street include a new Marriott hotel and roughly 250 new condominiums. Vancouver relies on a council–manager form of government composed of seven city council members including a non-partisan mayor's office. The mayor and council members serve four year terms. As

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972-438: Is common in council-manager municipal government, the council oversees legislative issues such as local ordnances, while executive and administrative leadership is carried out by a city manager hired by the council. Vancouver also serves as the seat of Clark County and its associated county manager and council . In the early 2000s, Vancouver began seeing a revitalization of the local arts scene and cultural events. In 2010 there

1053-481: Is designed with future expansion and includes a rooftop event space. Construction on Ilani's first major expansion, comprising a 14-story hotel, two restaurants, and additional gaming space, began in late 2020. The hotel opened in April 2023 with 289 rooms. A second expansion with 10,000 square feet (930 m) of additional convention space began in 2023 and is scheduled to be completed in 2024. The Ilani Casino Resort

1134-462: Is projected to attract 4.5 million visitors annually and bring $ 200 million to the Cowlitz Tribe. The casino opened with 15 restaurants, including a 300-seat Michael Jordan's Steakhouse . A 30,000 square feet (2,800 m) events center opened in April 2018, with the ability to host conventions , trade shows, and concerts. The casino's architect and interior designer is Friedmutter Group ,

1215-579: Is used by the BIA to publish the list of "Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Tribes in the contiguous 48 states and those in Alaska are listed separately. Vancouver, Washington Vancouver ( / v æ n ˈ k uː v ər / van- KOO -vər ) is a city on the north bank of the Columbia River in

1296-649: The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) of the United States. Of these, 228 are located in Alaska and 109 are located in California. 346 of the 574 federally recognized tribes are located in the contiguous United States. Federally recognized tribes are those Native American tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs as holding a government-to-government relationship with

1377-636: The Bureau of Indian Affairs approved the Cowlitz Tribe's application for the land trust, a lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C. to appeal the decision. The lawsuit concerned the 2009 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in Carcieri v. Salazar that forbid the federal government from taking land into trust for tribes recognized after the passage of the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934. The plaintiffs in

1458-667: The Cascade Range create something of a venturi effect , leading to cold east winds down the Columbia River Gorge. Unsheltered by the Willamette Valley , Vancouver has historically seen colder temperatures, including "silver thaw" storms where freezing rain cakes limbs and power lines. Such storms can paralyze Vancouver. This occasionally freezes the river, and in 1916 cut electric power in the city for almost two weeks. Rainfall occurs frequently throughout

1539-605: The Chinookan population from an estimated 80,000 "to a few dozen refugees, landless, slaveless and swindled out of a treaty". Meriwether Lewis wrote that the Vancouver area was "the only desired situation for settlement west of the Rocky Mountains ". The first permanent European settlement did not occur until 1824, when Fort Vancouver was established as a fur trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company . From that time on,

1620-653: The U.S. Congress the right to interact with tribes. More specifically, the Supreme Court of the United States in United States v. Sandoval warned, "it is not... that Congress may bring a community or body of people within range of this power by arbitrarily calling them an Indian tribe, but only that in respect of distinctly Indian communities the questions whether, to what extent, and for what time they shall be recognized and dealt with as dependent tribes" (at 46). Federal tribal recognition grants to tribes

1701-600: The "Fort Vancouver National Trust" ) continues to organize the fireworks event. The fireworks were not held in 2020 or 2021 due to COVID-19. 4 Days of Aloha, also known as the Hawaiian Festival, takes place in late July in Esther Short Park, Clark College, and Fort Vancouver. Started in 2012 by "Aunty" Deva Yamashiro, a hula dancer and self-appointed cultural ambassador for Hawaii, the festival features live music, dance performances, craft workshops, and

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1782-403: The 1950s, the BIA in 1978 published final rules with procedures that groups had to meet to secure federal tribal acknowledgment. There are seven criteria. Four have proven troublesome for most groups to prove: long-standing historical community, outside identification as Indians, political authority, and descent from a historical tribe. Tribes seeking recognition must submit detailed petitions to

1863-457: The 574th tribe to gain federal recognition on December 20, 2019. The website USA.gov , the federal government's official web portal, also maintains an updated list of tribal governments . Ancillary information present in former versions of this list but no longer contained in the current listing has been included here in italic print. The Federal Register

1944-561: The BIA's Office of Federal Acknowledgment. To be formally recognized as an Indian tribe, the US Congress can legislate recognition or a tribe can meet the seven criteria outlined by the Office of Federal Acknowledgment. These seven criteria are summarized as: The federal acknowledgment process can take years, even decades; delays of 12 to 14 years have occurred. The Shinnecock Indian Nation formally petitioned for recognition in 1978 and

2025-471: The City of Vancouver agreed to purchase the office building for use as a new city hall for $ 18.5 million, a fraction of the $ 41.5 million sale price the owners of The Columbian office building had been asking prior to filing for bankruptcy. In 2011, the city consolidated five separate buildings housing 300 employees into the new building, located at 415 W. 6th Street. The move saved the city approximately $ 1 million

2106-527: The Clark County region. U.S. District Court judge Barbara J. Rothstein ruled in the Cowlitz Tribe's favor on December 11, 2014, upholding the rights for the tribe to establish a reservation and build a casino. Rothstein ruled that the U.S. Secretary of the Interior had the authority to take land into trust for the Cowlitz Tribe, citing the phrasing of the 2009 Carcieri decision that did not include

2187-461: The Cowlitz Tribe were granted the rights to establish a 152-acre (62 ha) reservation near La Center along Interstate 5 , which would be home to a casino pending local approval. The reservation was formally established in March 2015, allowing for construction to begin after the resolution of an ongoing lawsuit in federal courts. In December 2015, the Cowlitz Tribe announced that it had entered into

2268-615: The Standifer Shipyard during the first world war. With the Interstate Bridge and Bonneville Dam Vancouver saw an industrial boom in the 1940s, including the Kaiser shipyard and Alcoa , as well as a Boise Cascade paper mill, just west of the Interstate Bridge. As the old-growth forests were depleted and heavy industry left the United States, Vancouver's economy largely changed to high tech and service industry jobs, with many residents commuting to Portland. Vancouver contains

2349-567: The Symphony regularly performs concerts. Every June since 2006, the Recycled Arts Festival held in Esther Short Park has featured the work of dozens of artists whose creations are made from at least 75% reused or recycled materials, along with live music and food. Since the mid-1960s, Vancouver has hosted a Fourth of July fireworks display on the grounds of Fort Vancouver National Historic Site that draws many people to

2430-511: The U.S. courthouse in Oregon City, before leaving for California. In 1848, Williamson had it surveyed and platted by Peter Crawford . In 1850, Amos Short traced over the claim of Williamson and named the town Columbia City. It changed to Vancouver in 1855. The City of Vancouver was incorporated on January 23, 1857. Based on an act of the 1859–60 legislature, Vancouver was briefly the capital of Washington Territory , before capital status

2511-643: The U.S. state of Washington , located in Clark County . Founded in 1825 and incorporated in 1857, Vancouver had a population of 190,915 as of the 2020 census , making it the fourth-most populous city in Washington state. Vancouver is the seat of government of Clark County and forms part of the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area , the 25th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Originally established in 1825 around Fort Vancouver ,

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2592-647: The US federal government . For Alaska Native tribes, see list of Alaska Native tribal entities . In the United States , the Native American tribe is a fundamental unit of sovereign tribal government. As the Department of the Interior explains, "federally recognized tribes are recognized as possessing certain inherent rights of self-government (i.e., tribal sovereignty)...." The constitution grants to

2673-638: The addition of six tribes in Virginia under the Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2017, signed in January 2018 after the annual list had been published. In July 2018 the United States' Federal Register issued an official list of 573 tribes that are Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs . The Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana became

2754-474: The appeal in early April 2017, ending the legal battle over the Ilani Casino Resort shortly before its scheduled opening. The 368,000-square-foot (34,200 m), $ 510 million Ilani Casino Resort is located on Interstate 5, approximately 25 miles (40 km) north of Portland, Oregon . It has 2,500 slot machines , 75 table games , a 2,500-seat performance venue, and several bars and stores. It

2835-639: The area was settled by both the US and Britain under a "joint occupation" agreement. Joint occupation led to the Oregon boundary dispute and ended on June 15, 1846, with the signing of the Oregon Treaty , which gave the United States full control of the area. Before 1845, American Henry Williamson laid out a large claim west of the Hudson's Bay Company (including part of the present-day Port of Vancouver), called Vancouver City and properly registered his claim at

2916-483: The area were reportedly Skit-so-to-ho and Ala-si-kas, respectively, meaning "land of the mud-turtles". First known European contact was made by William Robert Broughton in 1792, with approximately half of the indigenous population killed by smallpox before the Lewis and Clark Expedition arrived in the area in 1806. Within another fifty years, other diseases such as measles , malaria and influenza had reduced

2997-424: The area. The city's first annexation more than doubled its size in 1909, with the largest annexation of 1997 adding 11,258 acres (45.56 km ) and 58,171 residents. As a result of urban growth and the 1997 annexation, Vancouver is often thought of as split between two areas, East and West Vancouver, divided by NE Andresen Road. West Vancouver is home to downtown Vancouver and most of the more historical parts of

3078-417: The casino in 2023. The casino opened on April 24, 2017, filling its 3,000-stall parking lot and causing a 8-mile-long (13 km) traffic jam on Interstate 5 reaching Vancouver . An estimated 15,000 people attended the casino's opening day. The casino expanded its dining options and opened a new ballroom and business meeting center in 2018. A convenience store and gas station opened at Cowlitz Crossing near

3159-560: The casino site in 2019. As part of the casino's construction, a freeway interchange on Interstate 5 was reconstructed at a cost of $ 32 million. The Cowlitz Tribe closed the casino in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic ; the tribe reopened the casino in May and later banned indoor smoking as part of updated health measures. A parking garage with 2,700 stalls opened in February 2021; it

3240-506: The city for several years. In 2013, Washington transitioned away from being a control state . The economic history of Vancouver reflects the region. Moving from a salmon- and trade-based indigenous economy by the Chinook people, the Hudson's Bay Company pioneered extractive industries such as the fur trade and timber. Subsistence agricultural gave way to market and export crops such as apples, strawberries and prunes. Largely bypassed by

3321-470: The city has a total area of 49.86 sq mi (129.14 km ), of which 46.46 sq mi (120.33 km ) is land and 3.4 sq mi (8.81 km ) is water. Vancouver lies just north of Portland, Oregon, with which it shares a similar climate. Both are classified as warm-summer Mediterranean (Csb) on the Köppen climate classification , but with certain key differences. High pressures east of

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3402-587: The city limits. At that point the trolley became more like a regular train as it followed a cut through the wilderness. Few houses were seen between Vancouver and Orchards. The public's growing preference for motor cars in the 1920s heralded the end of the trolley. Separated from Oregon until 1917, when the new Interstate Bridge began to replace ferries, Vancouver had three shipyards just downstream which produced ships for World War I before World War II brought an enormous economic boom. An Alcoa aluminum plant opened on September 2, 1940, using inexpensive power from

3483-441: The city was 50.6% female, and 49.4% male. The median household income was $ 67,462, but the per capita income was $ 36,053. 12.7% of the population was below the poverty line . The ancestry of the city is 16.1% German, 10.9% English, 9.7% Irish, 3.9% Norwegian, 2.9% Italian, 2.8% French,1.5% Polish, and 0.7% Subsaharan African. As of the 2010 census , there were 161,791 people, 65,691 households, and 40,246 families residing in

3564-546: The city, as well as recent high-density mixed-use development. East Vancouver includes the communities of Cascade Park East and West, which had populations of 6,996 and 6,956 in 1990, before annexation. More than one-third of the Vancouver urban area's population lives in unincorporated urban areas north of the city limits, including the communities of Hazel Dell , Felida , Orchards and Salmon Creek . If county leaders had approved another major annexation plan in 2006, Vancouver would have surpassed Tacoma and Spokane to become

3645-581: The city. The display routinely ran to 45 minutes, attracted up to 60,000 visitors and was broadcast on area television, one of the largest west of the Mississippi River. Due to the death of key organizer "Mister Fireworks" Jim Larson and economic conditions during the Great Recession , the show was not held in 2009. A shorter, redesigned show debuted in 2010 and brought in approximately 35,000 people. As of 2019, The Historic Trust (formerly

3726-461: The city. The population density is 3,354.7 people per square mile (1,295.3 people/km ). There were 60,039 housing units at an average density of 1,403.0 units per square mile (541.7 units/km ). According to the 2000 census, The racial makeup of the city was 76.2% White , 2.9% African American , 1.0% Native American , 5.0% Asian , 1.0% Pacific Islander , and 4.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 10.4% of

3807-410: The city. The population density was 3,482.4/sq mi (1,344.6/km ). There were 70,005 housing units at an average density of 1,506.8/sq mi (581.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 80.9% White , 2.9% African American , 1.0% Native American , 5.0% Asian , 1.0% Pacific Islander , 4.3% from other races , and 4.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 10.4% of

3888-532: The corporate headquarters for Nautilus, Inc. , ZoomInfo , Papa Murphy's Pizza and The Holland (parent company of the Burgerville restaurant chain). The Port of Vancouver USA operates a port on the Columbia River, which separates Oregon to the south and Washington to the north. It handles over 400 ocean-going vessels annually, as well as a number of barges which ply the river and its tributaries as far as Lewiston, Idaho . The Vancouver Energy project

3969-450: The county. The population density was 3,917.2/sq mi.The racial makeup of the city was 76.5% White, 2.3% African American, 0.6% Native American, 5.5% Asian, 1.6% Pacific Islander, and 9.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 14.7% of the population. The average household size was 2.46 people. 22.1% of the population were under 18, and 6.2% were under 5. 15.7% of people were older than 65. The gender makeup of

4050-515: The early 2000s with the construction of many tall condominium structures around Esther Short Park . The most lauded outside investment was the construction of a Hilton hotel directly across from the park. The Downtown redevelopment of Vancouver continued after a slowdown during the 2009–2012 recession. Numerous projects began to rise up around the city core and as of mid-2020 more than three dozen projects with mid-rise or high-rise structures were completed, under construction, or proposed. In 2016

4131-472: The fall, winter, and spring, but ceases around the middle of June, with dry and warm weather lasting through September. Average annual precipitation is 42 in (1,100 mm). Heavy snowfalls are infrequent and snow often falls and doesn't stick, with major snowstorms only occurring every 2–4 years. Close proximity to the river was also a concern for flooding, before dams constricted the river, destroying features such as Celilo Falls . Periodic floods have been

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4212-457: The firms were shown to be owned by minorities, and 3,234 were not shown to be owned by minorities. 241 of these firms were owned by veterans. According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report , the largest employers in the city are: In 1997, the city of Vancouver decided to dedicate the next 15–20 years to redeveloping and revitalizing the downtown core, west of I-5 and south of Evergreen Boulevard. The first projects started in

4293-400: The first ground was broken for the $ 1.5 billion, 21-block redevelopment of Vancouver's waterfront at the former site of Boise Cascade Paper Mill. The site had been inaccessible to the public for more than 100 years. The project was planned for 3,300 residential units, and roughly 1 million square feet (93,000 m ) of office and retail space. Around 15,000 people were in attendance for

4374-723: The heart of Orchards depicts the trolley and the rural character of the area at the time it was operating. The community was named after Doctor Sifton, a promoter of the trolley service. According to the archives of the Vancouver Columbian newspaper, the Orchards-Sifton route ran along Vancouver's Main Street to 26th Street (renamed Fourth Plain Blvd.), then from 26th to K Street and thence north to 33rd Street. From there, it ran on 33rd over Burnt Bridge Creek and past

4455-584: The lawsuit included the City of Vancouver , Clark County , the owners of the La Center cardrooms, local landowners, and a group known as "Citizens Against Reservation Shopping". A separate lawsuit was filed on February 1, 2011, by the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, arguing that the aboriginal and modern territory of the Cowlitz was further north, while the Grand Ronde had stronger connections to

4536-495: The master plan called for a mixed-use complex of mid-rise buildings on four blocks and a complete rebuild of the original 100-year-old Terminal One dock and pier. A public open-air market is also planned. The Columbian newspaper moved to a new seven-story office building adjacent to the Hilton in 2008. Two years later, The Columbian filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and the building defaulted to Bank of America . In June 2010,

4617-422: The nearby New Deal hydropower turbines at Bonneville Dam . After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Henry Kaiser opened a shipyard next to the U.S. Army base, which by 1944 employed as many as 36,000 people in a twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week production of Liberty ships , landing ship tanks , and escort carriers . This influx of shipyard workers boosted the population from 18,000 to over 80,000 in just

4698-463: The official grand opening, in 2018, of the project and associated public space including Grant Street Pier, a cable-stayed viewing deck that extends out over the Columbia River. The Redevelopment of Terminal One master plan was approved by the city council in 2017. This $ 500 million project will include multiple phases over several years including a seven-story AC Marriott hotel that began site preparation and construction in late 2019. Future plans in

4779-440: The population. There were 65,691 households, of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.7% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

4860-509: The population. 16.4% were of German, 9.2% English, 8.4% Irish and 7.9% American ancestry. 89.2% spoke English, 5.1% Spanish, 3.2% Russian, 1.4% Ukrainian and 1.1% Vietnamese at home. There were 56,628 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who

4941-583: The railroad in the 1880s, when the Oregon Steam Navigation company would ferry trains across the river downstream from St. Helens, Oregon to Kalama, Washington , early downtown development was focused around Washington Street (where ferries arrived), lumber and Vancouver Barracks activities such as a large spruce mill for manufacturing airplanes. A 1908 railroad swing bridge across the Columbia allowed greater industrial developments such as

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5022-458: The right to certain benefits, and is largely administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). While trying to determine which groups were eligible for federal recognition in the 1970s, government officials became aware of the need for consistent procedures. To illustrate, several federally unrecognized tribes encountered obstacles in bringing land claims ; United States v. Washington (1974)

5103-459: The rule is rarely, if ever, enforced except for purchases requiring registration, such as motor vehicles. The taxation and demographics of the area depresses the retail sector of Vancouver's economy. Oregon has stricter development laws to protect the timber industry; therefore, Vancouver tends to attract a higher proportion of the region's sprawling development. The voting base also led to rejection of extension of Portland's light-rail system into

5184-435: The same reasons, the city is popular with retirees. Conversely, the city is less favored by students and young adults. In 2003, 70% of workers in Vancouver worked in Clark County. There is a risk in sales tax avoidance because Washington has a use tax due on all purchases made in Oregon that are then returned to Washington. Vancouver residents "shop at their own risk" when attempting to avoid the sales tax in Washington, although

5265-616: The state's second-largest city. During 1852–54, future United States President Ulysses S. Grant , then a captain in the U.S. Army, was quartermaster at what was then known as Columbia Barracks. Soon after leaving Vancouver, Grant resigned from the army and did not serve again until the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Other notable generals to have served in Vancouver include George B. McClellan , Philip Sheridan , Oliver O. Howard and 1953 Nobel Peace Prize recipient George C. Marshall . Army presence in Vancouver

5346-527: The two cities by referring to the Canadian city as "Vancouver, B.C." and the United States city as "Vancouver, Washington", or "Vancouver, USA". Local nicknames include "Vantucky" (though this is often used as a derogatory term) and "The 'Couv(e)". The Vancouver area was inhabited by several Native American tribes, most recently the Chinook and Klickitat nations, with permanent settlements of timber longhouses. The Chinookan and Klickitat names for

5427-758: The volcanic Cascade Range and just east of where the Willamette River enters the Columbia. The city of Vancouver is in the Western Lowlands region of Washington. When clouds do not blanket the Puget–Willamette trough formed by the Cascade and Coast Range , Mount Hood , Mount St. Helens , Mount Rainier , Mount Jefferson and Mount Adams are all visible from Vancouver. According to the United States Census Bureau ,

5508-411: The word "recognized". An appeal was filed by the plaintiffs, but the ruling was affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals in July 2016. Vancouver and Clark County immediately ended their involvement in the lawsuit, followed by the Grand Ronde in October, leaving Citizens Against Reservation Shopping and the La Center casinos as the remaining litigants in their appeal. The U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear

5589-434: Was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age in the city was 35.9 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64; and 12.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. As of the 2000 census , there were 143,560 people, 56,628 households, and 36,298 families living in

5670-436: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.06. In the city, 26.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 9.8% was from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. The median income for

5751-431: Was a court case that affirmed the fishing treaty rights of Washington tribes; and other tribes demanded that the U.S. government recognize aboriginal titles . All the above culminated in the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 , which legitimized tribal entities by partially restoring Native American self-determination . Following the decisions made by the Indian Claims Commission in

5832-600: Was a key facility, and at one point the US Army Signal Corps operated the largest spruce cut-up plant in the world to provide much-needed wood for airplanes. Vancouver became the end point for two ultra-long flights from Moscow, USSR , over the North Pole. The first of these flights was performed by Valery Chkalov in 1937 on a Tupolev ANT-25 RD airplane. Chkalov was originally scheduled to land at an airstrip on Swan Island in nearby Portland, Oregon , but

5913-585: Was a movement among local artists to form cooperatives and meet with established local gallery owners for a monthly forum known as "Art Conversations". Many of Vancouver's art galleries are located in downtown Vancouver, and in 2014, the City Council formally designated an "Arts District" in the downtown core. The Kiggins Theatre located within the Downtown Vancouver Art District, was built in 1936 by architect Day Hillborn. It

5994-545: Was a proposed crude oil transport hub in the Port of Vancouver USA. It was estimated to produce the equivalent of $ 1.6 billion in employment income during the terminal's construction and for its first 15 years of operation. Vancouver Energy ended its bid to build the hub in February 2018 following Governor Jay Inslee's rejection of the project. In 2017, there were 4,550 employer firms. 2,143 of these firms were shown to be owned by men, and 943 were shown to be owned by women. 556 of

6075-426: Was built near the town of La Center , which had relied heavily on gambling taxes since the late 1980s. The owners of the four casinos in La Center were opposed to the Cowlitz Tribe's proposal to build a competing casino, also arguing that the new casino and reservation was too far from the tribe's historic lands near modern-day Kelso . One of the three remaining La Center cardrooms, the 25-year-old New Phoenix, closed

6156-438: Was incorporated 29 years after the incorporation of Vancouver, Washington, and more than 60 years after the name Vancouver was first used in reference to the historic Fort Vancouver trading post on the Columbia River. City officials have periodically suggested changing the U.S. city's name to Fort Vancouver to reduce confusion with its larger and better-known northern neighbor. Many Pacific Northwest residents distinguish between

6237-399: Was named for J.P. Kiggins, an entrepreneur and politician who cut a swath through town in the early 20th century, serving as Vancouver's mayor for 15 non-consecutive years between 1908 and 1935. It was renovated and reopened in 2011 as an independent film and community event venue. The Vancouver Symphony Orchestra first formed in the late 1970s. Conducted and directed by Dr. Salvadore Brotons,

6318-624: Was recognized 32 years later in 2010. At a Senate Committee on Indian Affairs hearing, witnesses testified that the process was "broken, long, expensive, burdensome, intrusive, unfair, arbitrary and capricious, less than transparent, unpredictable, and subject to undue political influence and manipulation." The number of tribes increased to 567 in May 2016 with the inclusion of the Pamunkey tribe in Virginia who received their federal recognition in July 2015. The number of tribes increased to 573 with

6399-473: Was redirected at the last minute to Vancouver's Pearson Airfield. In June 1975, a monument was dedicated commemorating the event near State Highway 14, then moved to the north side of Pearson Field in 1987. Chkalov Drive, in east Vancouver, was named in his honor. Vancouver is located just north of the Columbia River and the Oregon border, just west of where the Columbia River Gorge bisects

6480-577: Was returned to Olympia by a 2–1 ruling of the territorial supreme court, in accordance with Isaac Stevens ' preference and concern that proximity to the border with Oregon might give some of the state's influence away to Oregon. The neighborhood of Sifton was the terminus of an early electric trolley operated by the Northcoast Power Company that also served nearby Orchards from 1910 until 1926. The trolleys made ten stops and ran once per hour, charging 15 cents each way. A mural in

6561-522: Was very strong, as the Department of the Columbia built and moved to Vancouver Barracks , the military reservation for which stretched from the river to what is currently Fourth Plain Boulevard and was the largest Army base in the region until surpassed by Fort Lewis , 120 miles (190 km) to the north. Built on the old company gardens and skirmish range, Pearson Army Field (later Pearson Field )

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