171-616: The Yakovlev MC-21 ( Russian : Яковлев МС-21 ) is a single-aisle airliner , under development in Russia by the Yakovlev Corporation (formerly known as Irkut Corporation), a branch of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), itself a 92%-owned subsidiary of Russia's state-owned aviation giant Rostec . The program was launched in 2007. Irkut rolled out the first MC-21-300 on 8 June 2016 and first flew
342-674: A constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. On 29 September 2022, Saeima passed in
513-519: A new education law which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language. The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary. The 2019 Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" gives priority to
684-499: A -500, a -600 with 20–25 tf (44,000–55,000 lbf) engines, and a -700 with 30 tf (66,000 lbf) engines, as well as a MC-21X with a 155 t (342,000 lb) tons MTOW for a 9,000–10,000-kilometre (4,900–5,400 nmi; 5,600–6,200 mi) range. Ilyushin Finance wants an MC-21-400 stretch for up to 256 seats and plans to buy 20 to 60 of them. The 250-passenger MC-21-400 single-aisle twinjet could be jointly produced in
855-573: A 132-seat MC-21-100 variant was planned but then superseded by the Superjet 100 development. The small variant with a capacity of 130- to 150-seat was proposed with commonality with the Sukhoi Superjet 130 . UAC is said to be considering further development of the MC-21 by 2035. These include: a -400 with 18-tonne-force [tf] (40,000 lbf) engines for a 105-tonne [t] (231,000 lb) MTOW,
1026-542: A Russian firm, developed the vacuum infusion process to produce the wingbox and wing panels. The vertical and horizontal fins and wingbox are also composite and the high aspect ratio wing is a supercritical airfoil . The MC-21 design is more innovative than the C919 : it is the only airliner with a carbon fibre wingbox made with resin infused dry fibre, cured in an oven out of autoclave . The initial design included roughly 33% composite materials, increasing to 40–45% with
1197-463: A US-based company that supplied Lion Air with a replacement AoA sensor that was likely miscalibrated. In the crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board and France's Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety identified pilot error and inadequate training by Ethiopian Airlines as critical contributing factors to the crash. Boeing faced legal and financial consequences , as no deliveries of
1368-402: A bird strike during takeoff. Boeing was criticized for using data from just one of the two sensors, representing a single point of failure on a flight control system. Before the crash of Lion Air Flight 610, pilots were not informed by Boeing of the existence of MCAS and were not required to undergo simulator training on the difference between the 737 MAX and earlier 737 versions. Boeing and
1539-542: A formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) Boeing 737 MAX The Boeing 737 MAX is the fourth generation of the Boeing 737 , a narrow-body airliner manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes . It succeeds the Boeing 737 Next Generation (NG) and competes with the Airbus A320neo family . The series
1710-584: A fourth production line for the 737 MAX would open at the Boeing Everett Factory in Everett, Washington . The line will replace the discontinued Boeing 787 line at the factory. However, after the January 2024 Alaska Airlines Flight 1282 accident in which a door plug became detached (after not being bolted in place by Boeing) and resulted in an uncontrolled decompression of the aircraft,
1881-550: A fund for the families of crash victims. From mid-April 2019, Boeing announced that it was temporarily cutting production of the 737 aircraft from 52 per month to 42 amid the 737 MAX groundings. Production of the LEAP-1B engine continued at an unchanged rate, enabling CFM to catch up its backlog within a few weeks. As the 737 MAX recertification moved into 2020, Boeing suspended production from January to conserve funds and prioritize stored aircraft delivery. The 737 MAX program
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#17327943769052052-484: A language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service. In Lithuania , Russian has no official or legal status, but
2223-588: A lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic , Turkic , Persian , Arabic , and Hebrew . According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between
2394-528: A maximum commercial load of 20.3 t (20.0 long tons; 22.4 short tons), range will be reduced to less than 2,000 km (1,200 mi), and the service ceiling will only be 23,000 ft (7,000 m). The original specifications reportedly cannot be met unless engine thrust increases by 20%, an increase thought to be infeasible in commercial operations. Industry analysts questioned the revised delivery schedule due to UAC's reliance on unproven engines and parts from Russian suppliers who also provide parts to
2565-622: A minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Azerbaijan , Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Georgia , Russian has no official status, but it
2736-473: A number of flight simulators of different degrees of realism, emergency procedures simulator, firefighting simulator, service simulator, engineering simulator for technician training. In 2009, the MC-21-200 was designed with around 150 passengers in a single-class configuration, to be followed by a 181-seat -300 and 212-seat -400 with basic and extended-range models, plus a very-long-range -200LR. Initially,
2907-552: A potential 195 orders. Transaero bankrupted in 2015. In June 2016, Azerbaijan Airlines tentatively signed to lease ten -300s from Ilyushin Finance. By July 2018, 175 firm orders and nearly 150 intentions had been recorded. Russian language Russian is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family . It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and
3078-526: A qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in
3249-547: A range of 3,300 to 3,850 nautical miles [nmi] (6,110 to 7,130 km; 3,800 to 4,430 mi). The 737 MAX 7, MAX 8, and MAX 9 are intended to replace the 737-700, -800, and -900 respectively, and a further-stretched 737 MAX 10 is available. However, as of October 2024 , the MAX ;7 and MAX 10 have not been certified, with the FAA declining to provide a timetable for approval. As of October 2024 ,
3420-523: A re-lofted tail cone another 1%. Electronically controlling the bleed air system improved efficiency. The new engine nacelle included chevrons , similar to those of the Boeing 787, which also helped to reduce engine noise. The 737 MAX uses a split-tip winglet , designed to reduce vortex drag , which improves fuel efficiency by maximizing lift, while staying in the same ICAO aerodrome reference code letter C gates as current Boeing 737s. It resembles
3591-467: A safety reform law passed in response to the MAX crashes. The act requires airliners to be fitted with an engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS) if type certificated after December 31, 2022. Adding this feature would make the MAX 7 and MAX 10 different from other MAX variants, necessitating additional training for pilots. In November 2022, Boeing announced expected delays to the certification of
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#17327943769053762-449: A statement from the company, Poland's Enter Air SA entered into an agreement to buy up to four 737s. On October 28, Boeing indicated that it expected to deliver about half of the 450 stockpiled aircraft in 2021, and the majority of the remainder in 2022, noting that some of these aircraft will need to be re-marketed and potentially reconfigured. The delivery rate will also condition the production rate for new aircraft, to avoid compounding
3933-551: A subsidiary of United Technologies, along with Aviapribor was initially selected to provide the flight control system actuators. Zodiac Aerospace , Eaton and Meggitt were planned to provide other components. Interior furnishings were planned to come from Zodiac Aerospace, coordinated from C&D Zodiac in Huntington Beach, California. Innovations from Zodiac Aerospace in Carson, California, were to be incorporated in
4104-432: A target figure of 98% by 2023, making it independent of imported components. In July 2021 a composite wing made of Russian materials was docked to the fuselage of the aircraft. The fuselage was designed and manufactured by Irkut Corporation and Yakovlev Design . The landing gear was supplied by the company Hydromash from Nizhny Novgorod . The cockpit and part of the aircraft's avionics were developed and supplied by
4275-521: A test aircraft that would eventually be delivered to launch customer Southwest Airlines. On December 8, 2015, the first 737 MAX—a MAX 8 named Spirit of Renton —was rolled out at the Boeing Renton Factory . Because GKN could not produce the titanium honeycomb inner walls for the thrust reversers quickly enough, Boeing switched to a composite part produced by Spirit to deliver 47 MAXs per month in 2017. Spirit supplies 69% of
4446-569: A three-way hybrid of a blended winglet , wingtip fence , and raked wingtip . A split-tip wingtip was first proposed for the McDonnell Douglas MD-12 , a 1990s twin-deck aircraft concept. A MAX 8 with 162 passengers on a 3,000-nautical-mile (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) flight is projected to have a 1.8% lower fuel burn than a blended winglet -equipped aircraft (like many 737NG aircraft) and 1% lower over 500 nmi (930 km; 580 mi) at Mach 0.79. The new winglet has
4617-400: A total height of 9 feet 6 inches (2.90 m). Other improvements include a re-contoured tail cone , revised auxiliary power unit inlet and exhaust, aft body vortex generator removal, and other small aerodynamic improvements. The engines on the 737 MAX were also repositioned, the top of the new engine slightly higher than the top surface of the wing, resulting in a change to
4788-539: Is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%. In Estonia , Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook, and is officially considered a foreign language. School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022,
4959-481: Is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan . The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. In Tajikistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under
5130-401: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian , and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of
5301-610: Is a post-posed definite article -to , -ta , -te similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несл и is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi] , not [nʲɪsˈlʲi] ) – this
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5472-488: Is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the M-1 , and MESM models were produced in 1951. According to
5643-624: Is called yakanye ( яканье ). Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/ , a semivowel /w⁓u̯/ and /x⁓xv⁓xw/ , whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/ , /v/ , and final /l/ and /f/ , respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. There
5814-504: Is designed by Electroimpact. Electroimpact has also installed fully automated riveting machines and tooling to fasten stringers to the wing skin. The rate increase strained the production and by August 2018, over 40 unfinished jets were parked in Renton, awaiting parts or engine installation, as CFM engines and Spirit fuselages were delivered late. After parked airplanes peaked at 53 at the beginning of September, Boeing reduced this by nine
5985-573: Is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Los Angeles , Nashville , San Francisco , Seattle , Spokane , Toronto , Calgary , Baltimore , Miami , Portland , Chicago , Denver , and Cleveland . In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially
6156-480: Is needed to complete its development. On 16 March 2019, the third test aircraft, which has been fully fitted out with a passenger cabin, made its maiden flight. After painting at Ulyanovsk , on 13 May 2019 it joined the other two test aircraft at Moscow-Zhukovsky Airport , where the certification programme is being conducted. On 17 September 2019, the third test aircraft made its first international flight from Moscow-Zhukovsky to Istanbul Atatürk Airport. The aircraft
6327-564: Is odd") – чу́дно ( chúdno – "this is marvellous"), молоде́ц ( molodéts – "well done!") – мо́лодец ( mólodets – "fine young man"), узна́ю ( uznáyu – "I shall learn it") – узнаю́ ( uznayú – "I recognize it"), отреза́ть ( otrezát – "to be cutting") – отре́зать ( otrézat – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like афе́ра ( aféra , "scandal, affair"), гу́ру ( gúru , "guru"), Гарси́я ( García ), Оле́ша ( Olésha ), Фе́рми ( Fermi ), and to show which
6498-402: Is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In China , Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and
6669-569: Is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin , Polish , Dutch , German, French, Italian, and English, and to
6840-585: Is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia, and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017. The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in
7011-532: Is the most spoken native language in Europe , the most spoken Slavic language , as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia . It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers , and the world's ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers . Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station , one of
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7182-773: Is the native language of the Russians . It was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union . Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan , and is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine , Moldova , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel . Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. It
7353-518: Is the stressed word in a sentence, for example Ты́ съел печенье? ( Tý syel pechenye? – "Was it you who ate the cookie?") – Ты съе́л печенье? ( Ty syél pechenye? – "Did you eat the cookie?) – Ты съел пече́нье? ( Ty syel pechénye? "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using
7524-470: The 2011 Lithuanian census , Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population. In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. On 21 January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication. 50% of the population
7695-704: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Rosaviatsia announced that in a resulting change of plans Russia would only use a domestic engine. The original model – the MC-21-300 powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines – would not enter service, and instead production would have to wait for the MC-21-310, powered by the Russian Aviadvigatel PD-14 engine, built by the United Engine Corporation. The production MC-21-300
7866-464: The 737 legacy series (first approved on December 15, 1967), as a Supplemental type certificate (STC), in lieu of a new design approval. The MAX's first flight took place on January 29, 2016, at Renton Municipal Airport , nearly 49 years after the maiden flight of the original 737-100, on April 9, 1967. The first MAX 8, 1A001, was used for aerodynamic trials: flutter testing, stability and control, and takeoff performance-data verification, before it
8037-401: The 737NG . Southwest Airlines was signed up as the launch customer in 2011. In November 2014, McNerney said the 737 would be replaced by a new airplane by 2030—probably using composite materials—that would be slightly bigger and have new engines but would retain the 737's general configuration. Boeing talked about developing a clean sheet aircraft to replace the 737. The conceived aircraft
8208-1000: The Apollo–Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su . Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian
8379-568: The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI). In March 2019, AeroComposit reported that it had produced the first fuselage centre section and wing box from domestic materials. The fuselage of the MC-21 is mostly made of lightweight aluminium–lithium alloy , which accounts for 40% of the airframe's structural weight. It is 11 cm (4.3 in) wider than the A320/C919 and 27 cm (11 in) wider than
8550-573: The Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies and Rockwell Collins with the participation of personnel from the Russian company Avionika. It is possible to use both imported auxiliary power units and Russian units developed and produced in NPP Aerosila . For personnel training, the Russian scientific and production company Systems of Complex Simulators developed and manufactured a number of simulators, including
8721-413: The Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. In Turkmenistan , Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Among 12% of the population who grew up in
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#17327943769058892-598: The DOJ's fraud conspiracy case against the company. Further investigations revealed the FAA and Boeing had colluded on recertification test flights and attempted to cover up important information, and that the FAA had retaliated against whistleblowers. The FAA cleared the aircraft to return to service on November 18, 2020, subject to mandated design and training changes. Canadian and European authorities followed in late January 2021. By December 2021, when Chinese authorities lifted their grounding, 180 of 195 countries had cleared
9063-542: The Gromov Flight Research Institute , a 6-hour flight over 4,500 km (2,400 nmi; 2,800 mi) at 33,000 feet (10,000 m). The flight test programme started on 2 November with a 3-hour flight reaching 39,400 feet (12,000 m). Before being flown to Moscow, 20 flights were conducted in Irkutsk. In November, the second prototype was prepared for flight-tests, followed in 2018 by
9234-610: The Russian invasion of Ukraine . Irkut Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, Canada, Switzerland and Ukraine, while United Aircraft Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, European Union, Japan, Switzerland, France, Belgium and Ukraine, and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) suspended all work on type certification of
9405-584: The Ukrainian language in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in public administration , media, education, science, culture, advertising, services . The law does not regulate private communication. A poll conducted in March 2022 by RATING in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On
9576-696: The United Arab Emirates . Variants with PD-14 engines will be designated MC-21-310 and MC-21-210. By the end of the 2013 MAKS Air Show , there were 175 firm orders including 50 for Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leased to Aeroflot and 35 more with PD-14 engines for governmental customers, 50 for Ilyushin Finance (10 to be leased to Red Wings Airlines and six to Transaero ), 30 for Vnesheconombank Leasing (10 to be leased to UTair Aviation and 6 to Transaero) and 10 for IrAero with an agreement for 20 others leased from Sberbank of Russia , for
9747-578: The United States Census , in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station – NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to
9918-413: The single-aisle market by Airbus and Boeing. Russian protectionism is hampering access to critical western suppliers for the avionics, landing gear, hydraulics, power systems and engines. Its introduction was delayed to the end of 2018. It is comparable to the Airbus A320neo or Boeing 737 MAX and could replace the outgoing Tu-134 , Tu-154 , Tu-204 and Yak-42 . In February 2017, it passed 90% of
10089-519: The 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. In Armenia , Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as
10260-453: The 737 airframe , including the fuselage, thrust reverser, engine pylons , nacelles , and wing leading edges . A new spar-assembly line with robotic drilling machines was expected to increase throughput by 33%. The Electroimpact automated panel assembly line sped up the wing lower-skin assembly by 35%. Boeing planned to increase its 737 MAX monthly production rate from 42 planes in 2017, to 57 planes by 2019. The new spar-assembly line
10431-473: The 737 MAX aircraft to about 47 a month by the end of 2023 as the company looked to extend its recovery from successive crises. On July 12, the company said it had met its goal of increasing 737 production to 31 per month when it reported its June order and delivery tally. In September, however, the company noted that it was regularly having to pause production due to component shortages and other supply chain problems. In late January 2023, Boeing announced that
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#173279437690510602-589: The 737 MAX has 4,793 unfilled orders and 1,654 deliveries. The 737 MAX has been involved in two fatal accidents: Lion Air Flight 610 in late 2018 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 in early 2019. 346 people died in total. Contributing to the accidents was the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS), which activated unexpectedly due to erroneous angle of attack data, and remained active because of pilot error caused by inadequate training. The aircraft
10773-404: The 737 MAX to return to service. In January 2024, the doorway closure blew out of an unused exit doorway on Alaska Airlines Flight 1282 , causing an uncontrolled decompression of the aircraft. The FAA immediately mandated a grounding and inspections of all 737 MAX 9 with a similar configuration; affected aircraft were returned to service starting at the end of that month. The investigation found
10944-648: The 737, but later that month Boeing Commercial Airplanes President James Albaugh said that the company was not sure about that. The Airbus A320neo gathered 667 commitments at the June 2011 Paris Air Show , bringing its order backlog to 1,029 aircraft, an order record for a new commercial airliner. On July 20, 2011, American Airlines , which had long bought only Boeing jets, announced an order for 460 narrowbody jets including 130 A320ceo (current engine option), 130 A320neo, and 100 737NG. Officials also said they would order 100 re-engined 737s with CFM LEAP if Boeing pursued
11115-493: The 737, for a 61 cm (24 in) aisle allowing passing others or a trolley. Its 79.25 t (174,700 lb) MTOW is the same as the almost 5 m (16.5 ft.) shorter A320neo, and is 3 t (6,600 lb) lighter than the almost 3 m (9.8 ft) shorter 737-8, for similar two-class layouts of 162 to 165 while the 737-8 and A320neo have 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) more range. The 130 kN (30,000 lbf) thrust class Pratt & Whitney PW1000G
11286-504: The 737, thanks to its engines: the LEAP from CFM International and the PW1000G from Pratt & Whitney . In February 2011, Boeing CEO Jim McNerney said, "We're going to do a new airplane." The company had been developing a new aircraft to replace the 737 as part of its Yellowstone Project . In March 2011, Boeing CFO James A. Bell told investors that the company might re-engine
11457-471: The Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for Russians — 97.2%, for Ukrainians — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for Jews — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home
11628-508: The EASA completed initial certification testing with 2.5-to-4-hour flights up to 10,000–33,000 feet (3,000–10,100 m), including high angle-of-attack and stall onset. By then, certification trials were expected to end in the second half of 2020 before first delivery to Aeroflot by year end. On 18 February 2019, Rostec delayed entry into service another year to 2021 due to US sanctions, while another 240–250 billion rubles ($ 3.62–3.78 billion)
11799-414: The FAA announced it would not grant any production expansion of the 737 MAX until it is satisfied that more stringent quality control measures have been enacted. Following the recertification of the MAX 8 and MAX 9, Boeing resumed work to certify the MAX 7 and MAX 10. In March 2022, there were rumors that Boeing would request an exemption from the U.S. Aircraft Safety and Certification Reform Act of 2020,
11970-510: The FAA announced that the MAX had been cleared to return to service. Before individual aircraft could resume service, repairs were required as set out in an airworthiness directive from the FAA. Airline training programs also required approval. On December 3, American Airlines made a demonstration flight for journalists to explain the FAA-required modifications, to regain public trust. The first airline to resume regular passenger service
12141-644: The FAA would later require simulator training to demonstrate an MCAS activation to pilots. The final report by the National Transportation Safety Committee of Indonesia into the Lion Air crash criticized Boeing's design and the FAA's certification process for the MCAS flight-control system and said the issues were compounded by maintenance issues and lapses by Lion Air's maintenance crews and its pilots, as well as Xtra Aerospace,
12312-532: The Great and developed from the Moscow ( Middle or Central Russian ) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution , the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However,
12483-492: The Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow in six hours. Production started in 2018, certification slipped into late 2019 and the first delivery to 2020. For three years after 2018, UAC planned to invest ₽56.4 billion ($ 899 million) for the MC-21. By October 2018, two EASA test pilots and a test engineer test flew the plane in preparation for European certification. On 3 December, a fuselage
12654-590: The Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( знак ударения ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress . For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к ( zamók – "lock") – за́мок ( zámok – "castle"), сто́ящий ( stóyashchy – "worthwhile") – стоя́щий ( stoyáshchy – "standing"), чудно́ ( chudnó – "this
12825-429: The MAX could be made while the aircraft was grounded, and airlines canceled more orders than Boeing produced during this period. Boeing found foreign object debris in the fuel tanks of 35 of 50 grounded 737 MAX aircraft that were inspected and had to check the remainder of the 400 undelivered planes. The FAA curtailed Boeing's delegated authority and invited global aviation stakeholders to comment on pending changes to
12996-452: The MAX 7 and MAX 10, then expected in early 2023 and early 2024 respectively. In December, two proposals to exempt the MAX 7 and MAX 10 from the new EICAS requirements were considered for inclusion in a U.S. defense spending bill—one a simple two-year extension to the deadline, the second an exemption for aircraft whose certification applications were submitted before the law was enacted, combined with some equipment changes —but neither proposal
13167-592: The MAX crashes. Boeing would have to retrofit these design changes to all 737 MAXs already delivered in Canada, Europe, and the U.S. within three years of MAX 10 certification. Boeing requested an additional exemption for the MAX 7 in December 2023. The exemption was related to a problem with the engine anti-ice system Boeing had announced in August 2023 that affected all MAX variants. Boeing had found that if pilots left
13338-614: The MAX. In early January 2020, an issue was discovered in the MAX software update, which impacted its recertification effort. As of mid-January, Boeing expected the MAX to return to service by mid-2020. In late April, following the COVID-19 pandemic, Boeing then hoped to win regulatory approval by August 2020. Between June 29 and July 1, the FAA and Boeing conducted a series of recertification test flights. Transport Canada and EASA each concluded their own independent recertification flights in late August and early September. On November 18,
13509-593: The MC-21 by the end of 2018, to start flight tests in 2019 for the MC-21 variant certification in 2021. By October 2018, the PD-14 had received its Rosaviatsia type certification. In October 2019, PD-14 flight-testing on the MC-21 was delayed until 2020. In August 2009, Hamilton Sundstrand , a subsidiary of United Technologies , announced it would provide electric power generation and distribution equipment for $ 2.3 billion over 20 years of production. Rockwell Collins and its Russian partner Avionika were selected to supply
13680-415: The MC-21 project was in need of new government grants. By the end of December 2021, Russian type certification was granted for the MC-21-300 variant powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines, ahead of its planned introduction with its launch operator Rossiya. Additional testing was still needed for high-altitude, strong crosswinds , and low and high temperatures operations. The initial target market
13851-488: The MC-21's avionics . Honeywell , Thales and Elbit Systems were to supply avionics with nine 12-inch multifunction displays , electronic flight bags , synthetic vision and enhanced vision systems . The MC-21 was planned to be the first airliner with active side-sticks , supplied by UTC Aerospace Systems . It was to have fly-by-wire controls. Its design features a glass cockpit with side-stick controls and an optional head-up display . Goodrich Corporation , also
14022-406: The MC-21. To circumvent the sanctions, Irkut decided to use only Russian avionics and engines. By early 2024, it had become clear that the design work and additional testing necessary to use Russian-made equipment would delay the launch date to 2025–2026, and that the aircraft would not meet its original weight, range and operating altitude specifications; additionally, industry analysts questioned
14193-526: The Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., Canada , Australia, and New Zealand – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers , after English, Mandarin, Hindi -Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese. Russian is one of the six official languages of
14364-807: The Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ ( /je/ or /ʲe/ ); ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ ( /i/ ); ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ ( /f/ ); ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ ( /u/ ); ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ ( /ju/ or /ʲu/ ); and ⟨ ѧ ⟩ and ⟨ ѩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/ . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ ъ ⟩ and ⟨ ь ⟩ originally indicated
14535-440: The Russian military. Analysts said the suppliers were struggling to procure enough components to satisfy military orders, suggesting that civil MC-21 deliveries might be delayed by parts shortages if military parts deliveries had higher priority. The design is based on the never-realized, twin-engine Yakovlev Yak-242 as a development of the three-engine Yakovlev Yak-42 . United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) subsidiary AeroComposit,
14706-458: The Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from
14877-458: The Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. In Uzbekistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Russian
15048-474: The U.S. Congress held after the Alaska Airlines Flight 1282 accident. As of February 2024 , Boeing estimated that the development, testing and validation of the fix to the anti-ice system would take an additional nine to 18 months. As of February 2024 , the MAX 7 and MAX 10 have not been certified, with the FAA declining to put any timetable on approval. The delays have set back
15219-467: The United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. In Belarus , Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus . 77% of
15390-489: The accidents was the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS), which activated unexpectedly due to erroneous angle of attack data, and inadequate pilot training. Investigations found Boeing did not fully inform operators about MCAS and found shortcomings in the FAA's certification process for the aircraft. In the twenty months the aircraft was grounded, Boeing redesigned the computer architecture that supported MCAS. As initially designed, data from just one of
15561-411: The aerodynamic characteristics of the airframe. Due to the aircraft's close proximity to the ground, the larger and more fuel-efficient engines did not have enough clearance. As a result, the engines were mounted higher on the wings and further forward, changing the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft compared to the 737NG. The MCAS software-based flight control law was implemented to account for
15732-443: The aircraft and to pilot training. The FAA lifted its grounding order in 2020; all aircraft must be repaired to comply with various airworthiness directives . After being charged with fraud in connection of both crashes of the 737 MAX, Boeing settled by paying over US$ 2.5 billion in penalties and compensation: a criminal monetary penalty of $ 243.6 million, $ 1.77 billion in damages to airline customers, and $ 500 million to
15903-512: The aircraft on 28 May 2017. The twinjet has a carbon fibre reinforced polymer wing and was to be powered by Aviadvigatel PD-14 turbofans or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines. The standard MC-21-300 has a capacity of 132–163 passengers in a two-class configuration and 165–211 in a single class, and a range up to 6,000–6,400 km (3,200–3,500 nmi; 3,700–4,000 mi). By July 2018, it had received 175 firm orders. In early 2022, international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to
16074-540: The aircraft's two angle-of-attack (AoA) sensors was fed into MCAS. When erroneous data from that sensor was fed into flight computers, it caused repeated uncommanded activation of MCAS, which applied nose-down trim to the horizontal stabilizer. The accident investigations revealed that the AoA sensor on Lion Air Flight 610 was miscalibrated, and the Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 sensor was likely damaged by
16245-400: The airworthiness of each aircraft. MAX supplier Spirit AeroSystems said it does not expect to return production rate to 52 per month until late 2022. On May 27, Boeing resumed 737 MAX production at a low production rate, with the rate planned to increase towards 31 per month in 2021. On August 19, Boeing announced that it had received new orders for the 737 MAX for the first time in 2020. Per
16416-403: The broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages. The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( современный русский литературный язык – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter
16587-532: The certification process, the FAA delegated many evaluations to Boeing, allowing the manufacturer to review their own product. It was widely reported that Boeing pushed to expedite approval of the 737 MAX to compete with the Airbus A320neo, which hit the market nine months ahead of Boeing's model. The first delivery was a MAX 8 on May 16, 2017 to the then Malindo Air (now Batik Air Malaysia ); it entered service on May 22. Norwegian Air International
16758-463: The composite wing. By January 2019, U.S. sanctions against Russia had interrupted the supply of foreign raw materials, on which the UAC relied to produce the composite parts. The UAC started looking for either domestically produced or Chinese replacements, maintaining that the wing box and consoles would still consist of polymeric composites. By then, a metal wing was "no longer on the agenda" according to
16929-539: The condition that they meet the requirements set by the FAA and EASA. China's civil aviation regulator (CAAC) cleared the 94 jets stored by 11 carriers in China to fly again in December 2021. Deliveries of Chinese airplanes stored by Boeing is expected to resume in 4Q 2023. However, EASA forbade airlines from performing RNP AR approaches with the MAX. In response to the recertification, some booking sites introduced tools allowing travelers to filter results to avoid flying on
17100-572: The country. There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus . See also Russian language in Israel . Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan . In Vietnam , Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The Russian language
17271-455: The delayed MAX 10s. In mid-2011, one design objective was matching fuel burn of the 737 MAX to that of the Airbus A320neo 's 15% fuel-burn advantage. The initial 737 MAX reduction was 10–12%; it was later enhanced to 14.5%. The fan was widened from 61 inches (150 cm) to 69.4 in (176 cm) by raising the nose gear and placing the engine higher on the wing and further forward. The split tip winglet added 1–1.5% fuel burn reduction and
17442-515: The development cost for the airframe only would be 10–15% of the cost of a new program, which was estimated at US$ 10–12 billion at the time. Bernstein Research predicted in January 2012, that this cost would be twice that of the A320neo. The MAX development cost could have been well over the internal target of US$ 2 billion , and closer to US$ 4 billion . Fuel consumption is reduced by 14% from
17613-526: The distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels . Stress , which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically , though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. замо́к [ zamók , 'lock'] and за́мок [ zámok , 'castle']), or to indicate
17784-463: The end of the decade, deliveries of the MC-21 were expected to start in 2024 and reach a delivery rate of 72 aircraft per year by 2029. Aeroflot expected to lease 50 MC-21-300s from Aviakapital for 12 to 18 years and a monthly lease of less than $ 437,282 each. By 2018, they were to be delivered from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of 2026, with EASA certification targeted for early 2021. Powered by PW1400Gs or possibly PD-14s for
17955-520: The engine anti-ice system running after icing was no longer an issue, the system could heat the carbon composite inlet at the front end of the pod surrounding the engine (known as a nacelle) to break and fall off, potentially damaging the engine or fuselage. Boeing said that it was working on a fix for all MAX variants and requested that it be exempted from correcting the MAX 7 before it was allowed to enter service. Boeing withdrew its exemption request in January 2024 after being asked to do so in meetings with
18126-514: The entire company as Yakovlev . The program was launched in 2007, planning a 2016 introduction. In 2009, the MC-21 was in the "pre-design" phase, with projected completion of the first prototype in 2013 and the first flight in 2014. By June 2011, the "pre-design" phase was completed and the "working design" stage was under way with three-dimensional models and drawings for subcontractors and suppliers, to be completed by mid-2012. In February 2012, Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin announced it
18297-413: The factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry,
18468-703: The feasibility of the revised delivery timeline because the Russian-designed PD-14 engines were unproven and it was unclear if other parts suppliers could meet production targets. In Russian : МС‑21 "Магистральный Самолёт 21 века" Magistral'nyj Samoljot 21 veka translates as "mainline aircraft of the 21st century". It is marketed in the West as the MC-21, though the aircraft's Russian-language designation transliterates as MS-21 . In 2013, Russian deputy premier Dmitry Rogozin indicated that it would be designated Yak-242 once it enters serial production,
18639-456: The final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in Latvian . From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only. On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including LSM ) should be only in Latvian or
18810-494: The first customer MC-21 were completed by United Aircraft Corporation subsidiary Aviastar . In early 2019, the annual output was targeted from 20 initially to 72 airframes in 2025, towards 100 and possibly 120 later for a forecast of 850 deliveries. In July 2021 it was reported that Aeroflot would launch the MC-21-300 with its regional subsidiary Rossiya Airlines in summer 2022. In September 2021, Evgeny Ditrikh, CEO of GTLK (Public Transport Leasing Company of Russia), stated that
18981-450: The fleet plans of major carriers including Southwest Airlines and United Airlines, the biggest customers for the MAX 7 and MAX 10 respectively. United also gave a rare, public rebuke of Boeing saying it was "disappointed" with the company and would no longer include the MAX 10 in its fleet planning, and had a meeting with Airbus to discuss securing more favorable production slots to enable the airline to introduce A321neos more rapidly to cover
19152-444: The flight-test station on 25 December. By early 2019, the two prototypes had completed 122 test sorties, and following international sanctions against Russia , 1.6 billion roubles ($ 24.2 million) of additional subsidies were allocated to the program for 2019, before 4.11 billion roubles in 2020 and 4.81 billion roubles in 2021: Russian content was aimed at 97% by 2022. The program cost is 438 billion rubles (US$ 6.6 Bn) In February 2019,
19323-508: The following month, as deliveries rose to 61 from 29 in July and 48 in August. On September 23, 2015, Boeing announced a collaboration with Comac to build a completion and delivery facility for the 737, in Zhoushan , China, the first outside the United States. This facility initially handles interior finishing only, but will subsequently be expanded to include paintwork. The first aircraft
19494-692: The generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to
19665-480: The government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and
19836-417: The launch customer, took delivery of its first 737 MAX on August 29, 2017. Boeing planned to deliver at least 50 to 75 aircraft in 2017, 10–15% of the more than five hundred 737s to be delivered in the year. The 737 MAX was grounded after two fatal crashes, Lion Air Flight 610 on October 29, 2018, and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 on March 10, 2019, in which a total of 346 people died. The day following
20007-464: The maiden flight of the first MC-21 to be manufactured with domestically produced composite wings. By October 2022, Irkut had fitted the first flight test aircraft with PD-14 engines and other domestically produced components, and flown a test sortie in the new configuration. The aircraft was to participate in the certification programme, targeted to be completed by the end of 2022. In 2022, after international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to
20178-469: The name of a 1990s proposal of an aircraft of similar size. In 2014, Oleg Demchenko, the president of Irkut at the time, also preferred the Yak-242 name, claiming it would better reflect the design bureau behind the aircraft, however, he has also said that any of these renaming decisions would be made after the aircraft first flight and certification work. In August 2023, Irkut Corporation formally rebranded
20349-472: The northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. In Kazakhstan , Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of
20520-515: The other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east . But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after Russia's full-scale invasion , their number dropped by almost half. According to
20691-461: The other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century,
20862-446: The parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year. In Latvia , Russian is officially considered a foreign language. 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held
21033-453: The peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky , who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or
21204-462: The plug was not fully bolted into place during production; a subsequent FAA audit found many problems in the production process. In 2006, Boeing began to consider replacing the 737 with a "clean sheet" design that could follow the Boeing 787 Dreamliner . In June 2010, executives postponed the decision. On December 1, 2010, Boeing competitor Airbus launched the Airbus A320neo family , which offered better fuel economy and operating efficiency than
21375-588: The point of contact between the titanium beam and the composite wing skin in the wingbox. The reinforced wingbox withstood a load exceeding specifications without damage in mid-November at TsAGI Moscow. In May 2017, it was undergoing systems ground testing including its auxiliary power unit and taxiing tests. After completing taxi and runway roll tests, its maiden flight was scheduled for late May 2017 with Pratt & Whitney Geared Turbofan engines, certified in September 2016 in Russia. The Russian certification
21546-459: The population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025. In Kyrgyzstan , Russian
21717-418: The population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2019 Belarusian census , out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of ethnic Poles declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in
21888-486: The problem. In November, Boeing saw more than 1,000 order cancelations since the grounding in March 2019. Some of these already-built aircraft have seen their order canceled and Boeing is working to find new customers to take delivery. In late January 2022, Boeing's Chief Financial Officer said the 737 program was producing at a rate of 27 aircraft a month and was on track to ramp up the production. On March 4, Boeing reportedly had preliminary plans to ramp up production of
22059-520: The program's margins and cash generation for years. The rating agency also warned that the production halt would have wide and harmful impact to the whole aerospace and defense supply chain and the ramp-up would be slower than previously anticipated. CFM International reduced production of the LEAP-1B for the 737 MAX, in favor of the LEAP-1A for the Airbus A320neo, but was prepared to meet demand for both aircraft. Boeing did not publicly say how long
22230-471: The project. Faced with the record orders for Airbus and the defection of a long-time customer, on August 30, 2011, Boeing's board of directors approved the launch of the re-engined 737, which they said would meet or exceed the range of the Airbus A320neo while burning 4% less fuel. Studies for additional drag reduction were performed during 2011, including revised tail cone, natural laminar flow nacelle, and hybrid laminar flow vertical stabilizer. To focus on
22401-479: The pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/ , /ĭ/ . Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz , and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš' . Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration
22572-472: The proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family . It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn ,
22743-498: The re-engine project, Boeing abandoned the development of a new design under its Yellowstone Project. Firm configuration for the 737 MAX was scheduled for 2013. In March 2010, the estimated cost to re-engine the 737, according to Mike Bair, Boeing Commercial Airplanes' vice president of business strategy and marketing, would be US$ 2–3 billion , including the CFM engine development. During Boeing's Q2 2011 earnings call, CFO James Bell said
22914-491: The respondents), while according to the 2002 census – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents). In Ukraine , Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed
23085-504: The same month was approved by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) on March 27, 2017. After completing 2,000 test flight hours and 180-minute ETOPS testing requiring 3,000 simulated flight cycles in April 2017, CFM International notified Boeing of a possible manufacturing quality issue with low pressure turbine (LPT) discs in LEAP-1B engines. Boeing suspended 737 MAX flights on May 4, and resumed flights on May 12. During
23256-532: The second crash, China became the first air authority to ground the aircraft, followed the next day by Australia, the European Union, India, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and Turkey. The United States Federal Aviation Administration was one of the last to ground the aircraft, defending against groundings by issuing a Continued Airworthiness Notice to operators on March 11, garnering criticism before finally grounding it on March 13, 2019. Contributing to
23427-415: The second half, Irkut guaranteed less than 9,865 kg (21,749 lb) fuel burn on a 1,750 nmi (3,240 km; 2,010 mi) route with a 14-knot (26 km/h; 16 mph) tailwind. They were guaranteed to reach 2,100h and a dispatch reliability of 96% for the first year, rising to 2,900h and 97% in the second year then 3,750h and 98.5% in the third year. In October 2018, fuselage panels for
23598-513: The six official languages of the United Nations , as well as the fourth most widely used language on the Internet . Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and
23769-584: The static ultimate load test (150% of the highest load in operation) at the TsAGI but failed the 100% test for which the wingbox will need 25-kilogram (55 lb) reinforcements: this is common for new airliners like the Airbus A380 , Boeing 787 or Mitsubishi MRJ , aiming for the smallest possible margin to avoid excess weight; it passed the limit load test (highest load during flight) which enables flight testing which should start in April. Cracks developed at
23940-626: The survey carried out by RATING in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. IDPs and refugees living abroad are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language. In
24111-515: The suspension would last. The last pre-suspension fuselages entered final assembly in early January 2020. Boeing was reported to internally expect production to be halted for at least 60 days. Industry observers began to question if Boeing's projection of record production rate of 57 per month would ever be reached. In early April, the COVID-19 pandemic led Boeing to shut down its other airliner production lines and further delayed recertification of
24282-459: The syntax of Russian dialects." After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to
24453-419: The third for which final assembly has started. EASA approval was targeted for mid-2020. Certification testing was to start at the end of 2018 for a mid-2019 Russian type certification after a 1,150 flights effort. Entry into service was then planned for the second half of 2019 with the first five deliveries and within five years UAC plans to ramp up production to 70 aircraft per year. The second test aircraft
24624-786: The two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern , Central (or Middle), and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye ( оканье ). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e⁓i̯ɛ/ in place of Proto-Slavic * ě and /o⁓u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/ , respectively. Another Northern dialectal morphological feature
24795-407: The type. In late January 2020, production was expected to restart in April and take a year and a half to clear the inventory of 400 airplanes, ramping up slowly and building over time: Boeing might have delivered 180 stored jets by year-end and produce an equal number. Boeing did not disclose any possible effect on deliveries caused by the FAA's withdrawal of Boeing's delegated authority to certify
24966-400: The undesirable aerodynamic changes. The 8-inch (20 cm) taller nose-gear strut maintains the same 17-inch (43 cm) ground clearance of previous 737 engine nacelles . New struts and nacelles for the heavier engines add bulk, the main landing gear and supporting structure have been reinforced, and fuselage skins are thicker in some places—thus adding 6,500 pounds (2,900 kg) to
25137-511: The use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language. In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). According to
25308-523: The water and waste systems. There were two types of auxiliary power units (APU) designed with specifications suitable for MC-21: the HGT750 from Honeywell Aerospace and the TA18-200 developed by Aerosila . Initially it was assumed that the share of domestic components for the MC-21 would be 38%, but due to sanctions in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the Russian government ordered
25479-515: Was Brazilian low-cost Gol on December 9. The first in the United States was American Airlines on December 29. Transport Canada and EASA both cleared the MAX in late January 2021, subject to additional requirements. Other regulators worldwide progressively ungrounded the aircraft, including those in the UAE , Australia , Kenya , and Brazil . The Indian Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) rescinded its ban on MAX airplanes in late August on
25650-724: Was announced in August 2011, first flown in January 2016, and certified by the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in March 2017. The first 737 MAX delivered to a customer was a MAX 8 to Malindo Air , which accepted and began operating the aircraft in May 2017. The 737 MAX is based on earlier 737 designs, with more efficient CFM International LEAP engines, aerodynamic changes including distinctive split-tip winglets , and airframe modifications. The 737 MAX series has been offered in four variants, with 138 to 204 seats in typical two-class configuration, and
25821-467: Was delivered from the facility to Air China on December 15, 2018. The largest part of the suppliers cost are the aerostructures at US$ 10–12 million (35-34% of the US$ 28.5−35 million total), followed by the engines at US$ 7−9 million (25-26%), systems and interiors at US$ 5–6 million each (18-17%), then avionics at US$ 1.5–2 million (5-6%). The 737 MAX gained its airworthiness approval based on
25992-399: Was delivered to the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute at Moscow-Zhukovsky for fatigue testing: repetitive loads will simulate 180,000 cycles. By then, the third flying prototype was assembled, its systems installed and it was undergoing final adjustments, a fourth test aircraft was in assembly, as the first production fuselage. After completing assembly, the third MC-21 was transferred to
26163-420: Was finalised while three other prototypes were undergoing construction; production of 70 MC-21s annually was initially planned for 2024. Irkut began the second testing phase on 13 September with an eventless 2-hour flight. The phase extended the mass, centering, speed and altitude envelope. In October 2017, the first prototype flew from Irkutsk Aviation Plant to Moscow Ramenskoye Airport to continue testing at
26334-405: Was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. In Nikolaevsk, Alaska , Russian
26505-421: Was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2014 Moldovan census , Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian. According to the 2010 census in Russia , Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of
26676-487: Was for 800 airframes in Russia over the next 20 years. The aircraft was denied European certification on 14 March 2022. In March 2024, Kommersant reported that the design and testing of new Russian-made equipment would delay the aircraft's service introduction until 2025–2026 and that the MC-21 was currently overweight by 5.75 t (5.66 long tons; 6.34 short tons), rendering it incapable of meeting its original specifications for operating weight, range, and altitude. With
26847-529: Was in final assembly in January 2018 and was to join the flight-test campaign in the first quarter. It was to fly in late February or early March 2018. Its construction was completed by March end. It was scheduled to fly in April 2018, and the third in the 2018 fourth quarter. It made its first flight on 12 May for 1 hour 7 minutes, reaching 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) and 215 knots (398 km/h; 247 mph), checking its landing gear retraction and testing wing configurations. On 20 July 2018, it flew from Irkutsk to
27018-411: Was included in the final spending bill. The U.S. Congress agreed in December 2022 on a bill allowing Boeing to certify the MAX 7 and MAX 10 without EICAS but required that the company must install a third angle-of-attack sensor in all 737 MAX types as previously demanded by European and Canadian regulators. The company also must install a switch to disable the stick shaker, which distracted pilots during
27189-466: Was modified for an operator and delivered. 1A002 was used for performance and engine testing: climb and landing performance, crosswind, noise, cold weather, high altitude, fuel burn and water-ingestion. Aircraft systems including autoland were tested with 1A003. 1A004, with an airliner layout, flew function-and-reliability certification for 300 hours with a light flight-test instrumentation. The 737 MAX 8 gained FAA certification on March 8, 2017, and in
27360-456: Was originally scheduled for December 2016, then to April before finally taking place in May. Following this maiden flight, trade and industry minister Denis Manturov claimed it will have 12–15% lower operating costs than contemporaries, generating a demand for over 1,000 MC-21s between 2017 and 2037. Aeroflot expected delivery of the first P&W-powered aircraft through Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leasing in 2019. Its early production rate
27531-406: Was planned to consist of between 40% and 50% imported parts, and Irkut needed to replace parts that were to be supplied by the sanctioning countries. The need to use Russian avionics was said to delay the first shipment of aircraft to late 2024 or to 2025. However, as part of a plan announced in June 2022, aimed at bringing the proportion of domestically produced aircraft to 80% of the Russian fleet by
27702-448: Was presented to Turkish Airlines at Teknofest Istanbul , and co-production projects were proposed to Turkey . The fourth flight-test aircraft was rolled out on 28 November 2019, and performed its first flight on 25 December 2019. In January 2020, Irkut received the first Russian-designed PD-14 engines for installation. The PD-14-powered MC-21-310 made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk. In December 2021, Irkut carried out
27873-438: Was projected for 20 aircraft per year. In August 2017, the first prototype performed nine test flights, analysing stability and controllability in various configurations, altitude, altitude/speed sensors accuracy and engine operation. Its software was adjusted by the results as it was fitted with over 500 strain gauges measuring in-flight loading on the airframe, to verify the initial design, for "several weeks". A second prototype
28044-537: Was selected in December 2009. The design configuration now calls for the PW1400G-JM geared turbo fan engine to be installed on one version. Russia decided to have both an internal and external supplier for the engine and nacelle for greater flexibility in controlling rate and price. The Russian-designed engine used for actual production is the 8–16 tf (18,000–35,000 lbf) Aviadvigatel PD-14 . United Engine Corporation (UEC) planned to deliver five PD-14s for
28215-489: Was slated to begin certification tests in 2015/2016 and to enter production in 2020. The unit cost of the MC-21-200 is US$ 72 million, and US$ 91 million for the MC-21-300. On 8 June 2016, the -300 was rolled-out in Irkutsk , East Siberia, six years after program launch and with 175 orders. It could be the first commercial aircraft to use out of autoclave composite manufacturing for its wings. The program faces domination of
28386-590: Was subsequently grounded worldwide from March 2019 to November 2020, with the FAA garnering criticism for being the last major authority to ground it. Investigations found Boeing did not fully inform operators about MCAS and found shortcomings in the FAA's certification process for the aircraft. The accidents and grounding cost Boeing an estimated US$ 20 billion in fines, compensation, and legal fees as of 2020 , with indirect losses of more than US$ 60 billion from 1,200 cancelled orders . In 2021, Boeing paid US$ 2.5 billion in penalties and compensation to settle
28557-485: Was targeted for 2018 and the European Aviation Safety Agency certificate for 2019. On 28 May 2017 MC-21 completed its successful maiden flight in Irkutsk. Compared with recent 3-to-4-hour maiden flights of western types, this first flight was brief at 30-minute and low, reaching a 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) altitude and 300 kilometres per hour (160 kn; 190 mph). The maiden flight
28728-413: Was the company's largest source of profit. Around 80% of the 737 production costs involve payments to parts suppliers, which may be as low as US$ 10 million per plane. After the announcement, Moody's cut Boeing's debt ratings in December, citing the rising costs due to the grounding and the production halt including financial support to suppliers and compensation to airlines and lessors which could lower
28899-456: Was the second airline to put a 737 MAX into service, when it performed its first transatlantic flight with a MAX 8 named Sir Freddie Laker on July 15, 2017, between Edinburgh Airport in Scotland and Bradley International Airport in the U.S. state of Connecticut. Boeing aimed for 737 MAX to match the 99.7% dispatch reliability of the 737 Next Generation (NG). Southwest Airlines,
29070-402: Was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between
29241-475: Was to have a fuselage similar to the 737 though slightly larger, and would make use of the advanced composite technology developed for the 787 Dreamliner . Boeing also considered a parallel development along with the 757 replacement, similar to the development of the 757 and 767 in the 1970s. On August 13, 2015, the first 737 MAX fuselage completed assembly at Spirit Aerosystems in Wichita, Kansas , for
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