Misplaced Pages

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83-596: In the early 21st century, some politicians, including former President and president-elect of the United States Donald Trump , have sought to repeal the provision, arguing that it restricts the free speech rights of churches and other religious groups. These efforts have been criticized because churches have fewer reporting requirements than other non-profit organizations, and because it would effectively make political contributions tax-deductible. On May 4, 2017, Trump signed an executive order "to defend

166-411: A box filled with U.S. currency, including a number of thousand-dollar bills, and reported it to Secretary Spinner. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln subsequently honored her with a commendation for her actions, and the federal government rewarded her with an appointment for life as a messenger with its Department of Issues. The U.S. Congress transferred several agencies that had previously been under

249-420: A deductible form that is not deductible today." Other concerns include the potential damage to public trust in nonprofit and religious organizations if they were to begin endorsing candidates. Polls have shown that majorities of both the general public and of clergy oppose churches endorsing political candidates. The National Council of Nonprofits , a network of more than 25,000 nonprofit organizations, released

332-511: A letter that more than 100 denominations and major religious organizations signed, and a letter from the National Association of State Charity Officials. There have also been concerns from clergy and lay Christians about the potential that a total repeal would cause churches to transform into partisan super PACs . The Catholic Church does not allow church funds to be spent on behalf of political candidates nor endorsements from

415-552: A non-partisan manner, are not prohibited. The amendment was to a bill in the 83rd Congress, H.R. 8300, which was enacted into law as the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The amendment was proposed by Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas on July 2, 1954. The amendment was agreed to without any discussion or debate and was included in Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736). The provision

498-761: A placard emblazoned with "Office of the President Elect" and used the same term on his website. President-elect Donald Trump did likewise on January 11, 2017. The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 further authorizes the Administrator of the General Services Administration to issue a "letter of ascertainment" even before the December vote of the Electoral College; this letter identifies the apparent winners of

581-956: A possibility on several other occasions as well. In January 1853, President-elect Franklin Pierce survived a train accident that killed his 11-year-old son. Four years later, President-elect James Buchanan battled a serious illness contracted at the National Hotel in Washington, D.C., as he planned his inauguration. Additionally, on February 15, 1933, just 23 days after the Twentieth Amendment went into effect, President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt survived an assassination attempt in Miami, Florida. The amendment's provision moving inauguration day from March 4 to January 20, would not take effect until 1937, but its three provisions about

664-411: A president-elect went into effect immediately. If the assassination attempt on Roosevelt had been successful then, pursuant to Section 3 of the amendment, Vice President-elect John Nance Garner would have been sworn in as president on Inauguration Day, and the vice presidency would have remained vacant for the entire 4-year term. Since the widespread adoption of the telegraph in the mid-19th century,

747-577: A second term are generally not referred to as presidents -elect , as they are already in office and are not waiting to become president. A sitting vice president who is elected president is referred to as president-elect. The use of the term dates back to at least the 1790s, with letters written by multiple of the Founding Fathers of the United States having used the term in relation to the 1796 United States presidential election . There

830-517: A statement opposing the proposed repeal legislation. Independent Sector , a coalition of nonprofits, foundations, and corporations has also stated their opposition to the proposal to repeal the Johnson Amendment. Numerous efforts to preserve the protections of the Johnson Amendment include a letter in support of nonprofit nonpartisanship signed by more than 5,500 organizations, a Faith Voices letter signed by more than 4,300 religious leaders,

913-550: A tendency to unnecessarily divide our congregations." He went on to say that people should be wary of any attempt to change the Johnson Amendment. President-elect of the United States The president-elect of the United States is the candidate who has presumptively won the United States presidential election and is awaiting inauguration to become the president . There is no explicit indication in

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996-413: Is disputed: Some commentators doubt whether an official president- and vice president-elect exist prior to the electoral votes being counted and announced by Congress on January 6, maintaining that this is a problematic contingency lacking clear constitutional or statutory direction. Others assert that once a majority of electoral votes has been cast for one ticket, then the recipients of these votes become

1079-556: Is evidence from some of these letters that, as is the case today, it may have been acceptable to apply the term to individuals that appeared to have won election, even before the full results were known. Major news publications began to regularly use the term in the latter half of the 19th century. With the 1933 ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the term

1162-499: Is held in early November, formal voting by the members of the Electoral College takes place in mid-December, and the presidential inauguration (at which the oath of office is taken) is then usually held on January 20. The only constitutional provision pertaining directly to the person who has won the presidential election is their availability to take the oath of office. The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 empowers

1245-625: Is still able to assume the presidency, then the running mate is to become the president-elect with the electors being directed to vote for the former vice presidential nominee for President. The party's national committee, in consultation with the new president-elect, would then select a replacement to receive the electoral votes for Vice President. If the apparent winner dies between the College's December vote and its counting in Congress in January,

1328-631: Is that, in addition to the organization itself being exempt from taxes, donors who itemize may also take a tax deduction for their contributions to the organization. According to the Internal Revenue Service , contributions to political campaign funds, or public statements of position in favor of or in opposition to any candidate for public office, are disallowed. However, certain voter education activities (including presenting public forums and publishing voter education guides), voter registration, and get-out-the-vote drives, if conducted in

1411-439: The de facto president-elect has been known beyond a reasonable doubt, with only a few exceptions, within a few days (or even hours) of the polls closing on election day. As a result, incoming presidents gained valuable preparation time prior to assuming office. Recent presidents-elect have assembled transition teams to prepare for a smooth transfer of power following the inauguration . Outgoing presidents have cooperated with

1494-554: The Bank of the United States , which acted as the government's fiscal agent . The Department of Treasury believes their seal was created by Francis Hopkinson , the treasurer of loans. He submitted bills to Congress in 1780 that authorized the design of department seals, including a seal for the Board of Treasury. While it is not certain that Hopkinson designed the seal, it closely resembles others he created. In 1861, Sophia Holmes became

1577-695: The Department of Justice as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (BATFE). The regulatory and tax collection functions of ATF related to legitimate traffic in alcohol and tobacco remained with the treasury at its new Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB). Effective March 1, 2003, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center , the United States Customs Service , and

1660-498: The General Services Administration to determine who the apparent election winner is, and provides for a timely and organized sequence for the federal government's transition planning in cooperation with the president-elect's transition team; it also includes the provision of office space for the "apparent successful candidates". By convention, during the period between the election and the inauguration,

1743-591: The House of Representatives in a run-off contingent election . Similarly, if no vice-presidential candidate reaches that threshold, the election for the vice president is decided by the Senate. Although neither the Constitution nor any federal law requires electors to vote for the candidate who wins their state's popular vote, some states have enacted laws mandating that they vote for the state vote winner. In 2020,

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1826-454: The Internal Revenue Service ; manages U.S. government debt instruments ; licenses and supervises banks and thrift institutions ; and advises the legislative and executive branches on matters of fiscal policy . The department is administered by the secretary of the treasury , who is a member of the Cabinet . The treasurer of the United States has limited statutory duties, but advises

1909-487: The Twelfth Amendment stipulates that all electoral ballots cast shall be counted, presumably even those for a dead candidate. The U.S. House committee reporting on the proposed Twentieth Amendment said the "Congress would have 'no discretion' [and] 'would declare that the deceased candidate had received a majority of the votes.'" The Constitution did not originally include the term president-elect . The term

1992-499: The Twelfth Amendment – unambiguously confirms the successful candidate as the official "president-elect" under the U.S. Constitution. As an unofficial term, president-elect has been used by the media since at least the latter half of the 19th century and was in use by politicians since at least the 1790s. Politicians and the media have applied the term to the projected winner, even on election night, and very few who turned out to lose have been referred to as such. While Election Day

2075-475: The U.S. Constitution as to when that person actually becomes president-elect, although the Twentieth Amendment uses the term "president-elect", thereby giving the term constitutional basis. It is assumed the Congressional certification of votes cast by the Electoral College of the United States – occurring after the third day of January following the swearing-in of the new Congress, per provisions of

2158-585: The United States Secret Service were transferred to the newly created Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") . In 2020, the Treasury suffered a data breach following a cyberattack likely conducted by a nation state adversary , possibly Russia. This was in fact the first detected case of the much wider 2020 United States federal government data breach , which involved at least eight federal departments. The basic functions of

2241-792: The major tax rewrite legislation passed in December 2017 does not include the House repeal of the Johnson Amendment because the Senate parliamentarian ruled that it violated the Byrd Rule for reconciliation legislation . Efforts to repeal the Johnson Amendment have been criticized for a number of reasons. One concern is that political campaign contributions funneled through 501(c)(3) organizations would be tax-deductible for donors and that such contributions would not be disclosed since churches are exempt from reporting requirements required of other 501(c)(3) organizations. Under that critique, repeal would have

2324-687: The obverse of the ten-dollar bill , while the Treasury Building in Washington, D.C. is depicted on the reverse . The history of the Department of the Treasury began in the turmoil of the American Revolution , when the Continental Congress at Philadelphia deliberated the crucial issue of financing a war of independence against Great Britain . The Congress had no power to levy and collect taxes, nor

2407-425: The ratification of the Constitution. Hamilton's financial and managerial acumen made him a logical choice for addressing the problem of the new nation's heavy war debt . His first official act as secretary was to submit a report to Congress in which he laid the foundation for the nation's financial health. To the surprise of many legislators, he insisted upon federal assumption and dollar-for-dollar repayment of

2490-459: The 1820s; no state has done so since the 1860s. Several states have enacted or proposed laws that would give their electoral votes to the winner of the national popular vote regardless of the result of their statewide vote, but these laws will not come into force unless states with a majority of the electoral votes collectively enact such laws, which as of 2018 has yet to occur. On the Monday after

2573-447: The Constitution. Currently, in every state, an election by the people is the method employed for the choice of the members of the Electoral College. The Constitution, however, does not specify any procedure that states must follow in choosing electors. A state could, for instance, prescribe that they be elected by the state legislature or even chosen by the state's governor. The latter was the norm in early presidential elections prior to

Johnson Amendment - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-688: The Department of the Treasury include: With respect to the estimation of revenues for the executive branch , Treasury serves a purpose parallel to that of the Office of Management and Budget for the estimation of spending for the executive branch, the Joint Committee on Taxation for the estimation of revenues for Congress, and the Congressional Budget Office for the estimation of spending for Congress. From 1830 until 1901, responsibility for overseeing weights and measures

2739-546: The November general election; this enables the president-elect, vice president-elect, and transition teams for the purposes of receiving federal transition funding, office space and communications services prior to the beginning of the new administration on January 20. There are no firm rules on how the GSA determines the president-elect. Typically, the GSA chief might make the decision after reliable news organizations have declared

2822-471: The Presidency going to the speaker of the House of Representatives , followed by the president pro tempore of the Senate and various Cabinet officers. Horace Greeley is the only presidential candidate to win pledged electors in the general election and then die before the presidential inauguration; he secured 66 votes in 1872 and died before the Electoral College met. Greeley had already clearly lost

2905-805: The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 (P.L. 88-277), amended by the Presidential Transitions Effectiveness Act of 1998 (P.L. 100-398), the Presidential Transition Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-293), and the Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-283), the president-elect is entitled to request and receive certain privileges from the General Services Administration (GSA) as they prepare to assume office. Section 3 of

2988-628: The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 was enacted to help smooth transitions between incoming and outgoing presidential administrations. To that end, provisions such as office space , telecommunication services , transition staff members are allotted, upon request, to the president-elect, though the Act grants the president-elect no official powers and makes no mention of an "Office of the President-Elect." In 2008, President-elect Barack Obama gave numerous speeches and press conferences in front of

3071-469: The Secretary on various matters such as coinage and currency production. Signatures of both officials appear on all Federal Reserve notes . The department was established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue . The first secretary of the treasury was Alexander Hamilton , who was sworn into office on September 11, 1789. Hamilton was appointed by President George Washington on

3154-520: The Treasury ( USDT ) is the national treasury and finance department of the federal government of the United States , where it serves as an executive department . The department oversees the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the U.S. Mint . These two agencies are responsible for printing all paper currency and minting coins , while the treasury executes currency circulation in the domestic fiscal system. It collects all federal taxes through

3237-668: The aegis of the Treasury Department to other departments as a consequence of the September 11 attacks . Effective January 24, 2003, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), which had been a bureau of the department since 1972, was extensively reorganized under the provisions of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . The law enforcement functions of ATF, including the regulation of legitimate traffic in firearms and explosives , were transferred to

3320-728: The amendment violates First Amendment rights. During his 2016 presidential campaign , Donald Trump called for the repeal of the amendment. On February 2, 2017, after becoming President, Trump vowed at the National Prayer Breakfast to "totally destroy" the Johnson Amendment, White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer announced to the press that Trump "committed to get rid of the Johnson Amendment", "allowing our representatives of faith to speak freely and without retribution", and Republican lawmakers introduced legislation that would allow all 501(c)(3) organizations to support political candidates, as long as any associated spending

3403-411: The ballots are accepted without objections, the presidential and vice-presidential candidates winning at least 270 electoral votes—a majority of the total number of electoral votes—are certified as having won the election by the incumbent vice president , in their capacity as president of the Senate. If no presidential candidate reaches the 270-vote threshold, the election for the president is decided by

Johnson Amendment - Misplaced Pages Continue

3486-423: The beginning of government under the U.S. Constitution . On September 2, 1789, Congress created a permanent institution for the management of government finances: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be a Department of Treasury, in which shall be the following officers, namely: a Secretary of the Treasury, to be deemed head of

3569-480: The constitutionality of these laws was upheld by the United States Supreme Court. Historically, there have only been a few instances of " faithless electors " casting their ballots for a candidate to whom they were not pledged, and such instances have never altered the final outcome of a presidential election. Two congressional reports found that the president-elect is the eventual winner of

3652-467: The country's $ 75 million debt in order to revitalize the public credit : "[T]he debt of the United States was the price of liberty. The faith of America has been repeatedly pledged for it, and with solemnities that give peculiar force to the obligation." Hamilton foresaw the development of industry and trade in the United States, suggesting that government revenues be based upon customs duties . His sound financial policies also inspired investment in

3735-543: The currency. On July 29, 1775, the Second Continental Congress assigned the responsibility for the administration of the revolutionary government's finances to joint Continental treasurers George Clymer and Michael Hillegas . Congress stipulated that each of the colonies contribute to the Continental government's funds. To ensure proper and efficient handling of the growing national debt in

3818-494: The department; a Comptroller, an Auditor, a Treasurer, a Register, and an Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury , which assistant shall be appointed by the said Secretary. Alexander Hamilton took the oath of office as the first secretary of the treasury on September 11, 1789. Hamilton had served as George Washington 's aide-de-camp during the American Revolutionary War and was influential in

3901-467: The election and most of his votes inconsequentially scattered to other candidates. The closest instance of there being no qualified person to take the presidential oath of office on Inauguration Day happened in 1877 when the disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden was decided and certified in Hayes' favor just three days before the inauguration (then March 4). It might have been

3984-414: The end of a four-year presidential term and the beginning of the next four-year presidential term. It is a "constitutional mystery" about who (if anyone) holds the presidency during the brief period on Inauguration Day between noon and the swearing-in of a new president (or the renewed swearing-in of a re-elected president) approximately five minutes later. One view is that "a President-elect does not assume

4067-420: The event of a nominee's death, either before or after the general election. If the apparent winner of the general election dies before the Electoral College votes in December the electors would likely be expected to endorse whatever new nominee their national party selects as a replacement. The rules of both major parties stipulate that if the apparent winner dies under such circumstances and his or her running mate

4150-403: The face of weak economic and political ties between the colonies, the Congress, on February 17, 1776, designated a committee of five to superintend the treasury, settle accounts , and report periodically to the Congress. On April 1, a Treasury Office of Accounts, consisting of an auditor general and clerks , was established to facilitate the settlement of claims and to keep the public accounts for

4233-534: The first Black woman to be employed by the Treasury Department and by the Federal government of the United States when Senator Henry Wilson , James G. Blaine and others advocated for her hiring as a janitor under Secretary of the Treasury Francis Spinner . She was paid fifteen dollars per month. In 1862, she prevented a major theft from the department of more than $ 200,000 when she came across

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4316-413: The formulation of policy and management of the department as a whole, while the operating bureaus carry out the specific operations assigned to the department. The Treasury Department has authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2024 of $ 16.5 billion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows: In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of the fifteen federal agencies that receive

4399-680: The freedom of religion and speech" for the purpose of easing the Johnson Amendment's restrictions. Paragraph (3) of subsection (c) within section 501 of Title 26 (Internal Revenue Code) of the U.S. Code (U.S.C.) describes organizations which may be exempt from U.S. Federal income tax. 501(c)(3) is written as follows, with the Johnson Amendment in bold letters: (3) Corporations, and any community chest, fund, or foundation, organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, testing for public safety, literary, or educational purposes, or to foster national or international amateur sports competition (but only if no part of its activities involve

4482-574: The government of the United Colonies. With the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, the newborn republic as a sovereign nation was able to secure loans from abroad. Despite the infusion of foreign and domestic loans, the united colonies were unable to establish a well-organized agency for financial administration. Michael Hillegas was first called Treasurer of the United States on May 14, 1777. The Treasury Office

4565-466: The majority of electoral ballots cast in December. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) of the Library of Congress , in its 2004 report "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation," discussed the question of when candidates who have received a majority of electoral votes become president-elect. The report notes that the constitutional status of the president-elect

4648-500: The majority of electoral votes, or the person who has been chosen by the House of Representatives in the event that the election is thrown into the House. It is immaterial whether or not the votes have been counted, for the person becomes the president-elect as soon as the votes are cast. Scholars have noted that the national committees of the Democratic and Republican parties have adopted rules for selecting replacement candidates in

4731-480: The members of the Electoral College , the body that directly elects the president, must be "appointed, in each state, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, in every fourth year". Thus, all states appoint their electors on the same date, in November, once every four years. However, the manner of appointment of the electors is determined by the law of each state, subject to the restrictions stipulated by

4814-466: The oath"; in other words, the president "must complete the oath before she can constitutionally tap the power of the presidency." The president-elect and vice president-elect receive mandatory protection from the United States Secret Service . Since the 1968 assassination of Robert F. Kennedy , major-party candidates also receive such protection during the election campaign. Notes: United States Department of Treasury The Department of

4897-441: The potential of creating a mechanism where political contributions could be made without regard to other campaign financing laws. This concern was validated by Congressional testimony from Thomas Barthold, Chief of Staff of Congress' nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation, saying of a repeal provision later removed from the tax bill passed in late 2017 "it's a diversion of some of the substantial growth in political contributions into

4980-600: The powers of the Chief Executive"; the view can be partially based on the fact that the oath is not mentioned in the eligibility requirements for the presidency set forth elsewhere in Article II. A third, intermediate view (the "primed presidency" view) is that "a President-elect automatically becomes President upon the start of his new term, but is unable to 'enter on the Execution of his Office' until he recites

5063-425: The president- and vice president-elect, notwithstanding the fact that the electoral votes are not counted and certified until the following January 6. The CRS report quotes the 1933 U.S. House committee report accompanying the Twentieth Amendment as endorsing the latter view: It will be noted that the committee uses the term "president-elect" in its generally accepted sense, as meaning the person who has received

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5146-435: The president-elect actively prepares to carry out the duties of the office of president and works with the outgoing (or lame duck ) president to ensure a smooth handover of presidential responsibilities. Since 2008, incoming presidents have also used the name Office of the President-Elect to refer to their transition organization, despite a lack of formal description for it. Incumbent presidents who have won re-election for

5229-479: The president-elect dies before noon on January 20, the vice president-elect becomes president-elect. In cases where there is no president-elect or vice president-elect, the amendment also gives the Congress the authority to declare an acting president until such time as there is a president or vice president. At this point the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 would apply, with the office of

5312-423: The president-elect on important policy matters during the last two months of the president's term to ensure a smooth transition and continuity of operations that have significant national interests. Before the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment in 1933, which moved the start of the presidential term to January, the president-elect did not assume office until March, four months after the popular election. Under

5395-446: The provision of athletic facilities or equipment), or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual, no substantial part of the activities of which is carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation (except as otherwise provided in subsection (h)), and which does not participate in, or intervene in (including

5478-628: The publishing or distributing of statements), any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for public office .[bolding added] The amendment affects nonprofit organizations with 501(c)(3) tax exemptions, which are subject to absolute prohibitions on engaging in political activities and risk loss of tax-exempt status if violated. Specifically, they are prohibited from conducting political campaign activities to intervene in elections to public office. The Johnson Amendment applies to any 501(c)(3) organization, not just religious 501(c)(3) organizations. The benefit of 501(c)(3) status

5561-487: The pulpit regardless of the legal permissibility. In a 2017 interview, Archbishop William E. Lori , who chaired the conference's religious liberty division, said of the amendment, "As a general rule, it is not a good idea for churches to engage in partisan politics. I believe that, generally, that proves to be a great distraction from our central task and mission, which is to preach the Gospel. Furthermore, I think it would have

5644-501: The recommendation of Robert Morris , Washington's first choice for the position, who had declined the appointment. Hamilton established the nation's early financial system and for several years was a major presence in Washington's administration . The department is customarily referred to as "Treasury", solely, without any preceding article – a transitional remnant from British to American English . Hamilton's portrait appears on

5727-560: The results of the popular vote that decided the appointment of the electors, although this information is not constitutionally required. The electors in each state and of the District of Columbia then send the certificates of vote, with the enclosed certificates of ascertainment, to the president of the U.S. Senate . The electoral votes are counted in a joint session of Congress in early January (on January 6 as required by 3 U.S. Code, Chapter 1, or an alternative date set by statute), and if

5810-456: The second Wednesday in December, the electors of each state meet in their respective state capitals (and the electors of the District of Columbia meet in the federal capital), and in those meetings the electors cast their votes for president and vice president of the United States. At the conclusion of their meetings, the electors of each state and of the District of Columbia then execute a "certificate of vote" (in several original copies), declaring

5893-409: The singular "Treasury", without any preceding article , as a remnant of the country's transition from British to American English . For example, the department notes its guiding purpose as "Treasury's mission" instead of "the Treasury's mission." Robert Morris was designated Superintendent of Finance in 1781 and restored stability to the nation's finances. Morris, a wealthy colonial merchant ,

5976-466: The status and powers of the President until he or she takes the oath"; under this view, "a person must reach before he or she can assume and exercise the powers of President." A second, opposite view is that the taking of the oath is a "ceremonial reminder of both the President's duty to execute the law and the status of the Constitution as supreme law" and is not a prerequisite to a person "exercis[ing]

6059-478: The vote count in each meeting. To each certificate of vote, a certificate of ascertainment is annexed. Each certificate of ascertainment is the official document (usually signed by the governor of the state or by the state's secretary of state) that declares the names of the electors, certifying their appointment as members of the Electoral College. Given that in all states the electors are currently chosen by popular vote, each certificate of ascertainment also declares

6142-474: The winner or following a concession by the loser. Article II, Section 1, clause 8 of the Constitution provides that "Before he enter on the Execution of his Office" the president shall swear or affirm to "faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States" and "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." The Twentieth Amendment provides that noon on January 20 marks both

6225-505: Was carried out by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures under the auspices of the Treasury Department. After 1901, that responsibility was assigned to the agency that subsequently became known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology . The Department of the Treasury is organized into two major components: the departmental offices and the operating bureaus. The departmental offices are primarily responsible for

6308-630: Was considered uncontroversial at the time and continued to be included when the 1954 Code was renamed as the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 during the Ronald Reagan administration. In the 2010s, the Alliance Defending Freedom made attempts to challenge the Johnson Amendment through the Pulpit Freedom Initiative, which urges Protestant ministers to violate the statute in protest. The ADF contends that

6391-453: Was introduced through the Twentieth Amendment , ratified in 1933, which contained a provision addressing the unavailability of the president-elect to take the oath of office on Inauguration Day. Section 3 provides that if there is no president-elect on January 20, or the president-elect "fails to qualify", the vice president-elect would become acting president on January 20 until there is a qualified president. The section also provides that if

6474-514: Was minimal. On May 4, 2017, Trump signed the "Presidential Executive Order Promoting Free Speech and Religious Liberty." The executive order does not repeal the Johnson Amendment, nor does it allow ministers to endorse from the pulpit, but it does halt the enforcement of its consequences by directing the Department of Treasury that "churches should not be found guilty of implied endorsements where secular organizations would not be." Douglas Laycock , speaking to The Washington Post , indicated that he

6557-585: Was nicknamed "the financier" because of his reputation for procuring funds or goods on a moment's notice. His staff included a comptroller , a treasurer , a register , and auditors , who managed the country's finances through 1784, when Morris resigned because of ill health. The treasury board, consisting of three commissioners, continued to oversee the finances of the confederation of former colonies until September 1789. The First United States Congress convened in New York City on March 4, 1789, marking

6640-611: Was not aware of any cases where such implied endorsements have caused problems in the past. Walter B. Jones Jr. had been the principal congressional advocate for repealing the speech restriction altogether and had support from the Family Research Council in modifying religious speech language in the Kevin Brady sponsored tax re-write legislation styled, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 . The final version of

6723-603: Was now used in the Constitution of the United States . Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution , along with the Twelfth and Twentieth Amendments directly address and govern the process for electing the nation's president. Presidential elections are further regulated by various federal and state laws. Under the 1887 Electoral Count Act , the presidential electors,

6806-412: Was reorganized three times between 1778 and 1781. The $ 241.5 million in paper Continental bills devalued rapidly. By May 1781, the dollar collapsed at a rate of from 500 to 1000 to 1 against hard currency . Protests against the worthless money swept the colonies, giving rise to the expression " not worth a Continental ". The office has, since the late 18th century, been customarily referred to as

6889-568: Was there a tangible basis for securing funds from foreign investors or governments. The delegates resolved to issue paper money in the form of bills of credit , promising redemption in coin on faith in the revolutionary cause. On June 22, 1775, only a few days after the Battle of Bunker Hill , the Continental Congress issued $ 2 million in bills; on July 25, 28 citizens of Philadelphia were employed by Congress to sign and number

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