37-521: Zhezkazgan , or Jezkazgan ( Kazakh : Жезқазған , romanized : Jezqazğan ( listen ) ) is a city and the administrative centre of Ulytau Region , Kazakhstan . Population: 86,227 (2009 Census results); 90,001 (1999 Census results). Its urban area includes the neighbouring mining town of Satpayev , for a total city population of 148,700. 55% of Jezkazgan's population are Kazakhs and 30% Russians , with smaller minorities of Ukrainians , Germans , Chechens and Koreans . Jezkazgan
74-676: A Gulag labor camp , Kengir , mentioned in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 's book The Gulag Archipelago , and Alexander Dolgun 's " An American In The Gulag ", and the period of forced resettlement of Koreans from the Russian Far East . Today the city is the headquarters of the copper conglomerate Kazakhmys , the city's main employer. The company has subsidiaries in China , Russia and the United Kingdom and
111-485: A fixed sequence. Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related Karakalpak while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with Altai languages . In October 2017, Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that
148-715: A language exclusively for religious contexts, similar to how Latin served as a liturgical language in the Western European cultural sphere. The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Akhmet Baitursynuly reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point,
185-523: A system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the /æ/ sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period. It can be found in some native words, however. According to Vajda,
222-821: Is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs . It is closely related to Nogai , Kyrgyz and Karakalpak . It is the official language of Kazakhstan , and has official status in the Altai Republic of Russia . It is also a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang , China , and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia . The language
259-512: Is a monocity . The city is economically unstable since the city functions only because of one enterprise (resource), which constrains its development. [1] Zhezkazgan has a great potential to become the logistics center of Kazakhstan, as it connects North and South, West, and East. Raw materials and people can be transported more efficiently through the Zhezkazgan via transit. But infrastructure and roads do not allow it. The profit of Zhezkazgan
296-488: Is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels /e/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/ and not /ɑ/ , and happens in the next syllables. Thus, (in Latin script) jūldyz 'star', bügın 'today', and ülken 'big' are actually pronounced as jūldūz , bügün , ülkön . The following chart depicts
333-456: Is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian census ), Germany , and Turkey . Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony . Kazakh builds words by adding suffixes one after another to the word stem, with each suffix expressing only one unique meaning and following
370-643: Is listed on the London Stock Exchange . There is a power station, Kazakhmys Power Plant, with generation capacity of 207 MW and a 220-meter-tall main chimney. Jezkazgan has a rail line to the regional capital city Karaganda . Jezkazgan is connected by road to Karaganda via European route E018 and Kyzylorda and Arkalyk via European route E123 . The city is accessible by air via the Zhezkazgan Airport . The Soyuz 33 spacecraft returning cosmonauts from outer space landed in
407-457: Is mainly spent on the development of such large cities as Nur-Sultan , Almaty , Karaganda , etc. And a small percentage is used by Zhezkazgan itself. Monotowns are very dependent on their enterprise and price fluctuations in the world market. Changes in these aspects can lead to severe economic problems in the city. Civil servants have understood this and are trying to create and develop different sources of income. For example, “Zhezkazgan-Beyneu”
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#1732780695347444-463: Is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion: Suda water- LOC balyq fish jüzedı swim- PRES - 3 Suda balyq jüzedı Soyuz MS-10 Too Many Requests If you report this error to
481-949: Is situated by river Karakengir , in the heart of the Kazakh Uplands . A reservoir was built on the river at the time of the Kazakh SSR . The city is near the geographic center of Kazakhstan. It has an extremely continental cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ); rain is frequent but never heavy and monthly rainfall has never reached 100 millimetres (4 in). The average temperature ranges from 24.4 °C (75.9 °F) in July to −13 °C (8.6 °F) in January, whilst extremes ranges from 43 °C (109.4 °F) in June 1988 to −41.1 °C (−42.0 °F) in February 1951. The city
518-732: The Perso-Arabic script for writing. It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031. Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs) are spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea . Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers). In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in
555-617: The Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang. The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which Kazakh is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the Golden Horde . The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the Kazakh Khanate . Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in
592-489: The Golden Horde. Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from Persian and Arabic due to the frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Additionally, Persian was a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate , which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums , serving as
629-449: The Latin script by 2025. Cyrillic script was created to better merge the Kazakh language with other languages of the USSR , hence it has some controversial letter readings. The letter У after a consonant represents a combination of sounds і /ɘ/ , ү /ʉ/ , ы /ə/ , ұ /ʊ/ with glide /w/ , e.g. кіру [kɪ̞ˈrɪ̞w] , су [so̙w] , көру [kɵˈrʏ̞w] , атысу [ɑ̝təˈsəw] . Ю undergoes
666-428: The action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару ' go ' and келу ' come ' may not combine with otyr . Any verb, however, can combine with jat ' lie ' to get a progressive tense meaning. While it
703-642: The atmosphere. But the amount of these harmful gases is becoming less and less every year. For example, the emission of these gases decreased by 33.7% in the period 2012-2016. [5] The factories in Zhezkazgan are located in the South, West, and East of the city. In the area of these plants, you can find a high concentration of inorganic dust (which contains sulfuric copper , lead sulfide ), nitrogen oxide , sulfur dioxide , carbon monoxide , coal dust , parts of zinc , lead , copper and aluminum , wood dust , hydrogen sulfide , carbon-sulfur , etc. Mostly people from
740-424: The consonant inventory of standard Kazakh; many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loanwords. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. ( /t͡s/ rarely appears in normal speech.) Kazakh has 19 native consonant phonemes; these are
777-517: The eastern and southern parts of the city suffer from this the most. The factories are located very close to the town, which violates international sanitary and environmental standards. The farthest factory is located 4900 meters, and the closest one is 500 meters from the city. [6] This pollutes the water, air, soil of the earth and causes disease among residents. 47°47′N 67°42′E / 47.783°N 67.700°E / 47.783; 67.700 Kazakh language China Kazakh
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#1732780695347814-611: The environment. According to KAZHYDROMET RMK, air pollution in Zhezkazgan is very high. [3] Archived 11 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine And the Kengir reservoir has class 5 pollution, which is the highest indicator. [4] Archived 10 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine Sulfurous anhydride , carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxide in a gaseous and liquid state can be found in huge quantities in
851-567: The form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language. Kazakh has no noun class or gender system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of seven cases: The suffix for case is placed after the suffix for number. Forms ' child ' ' hedgehog ' ' Kazakh ' ' school ' ' person ' ' flower ' ' word ' There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh: The declension of
888-424: The front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root . Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets. Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony (also called soft-hard harmony), and arguably weakened rounding harmony which is implied in the first syllable of the word. All vowels after the first rounded syllable are
925-457: The letters В, Ё, Ф, Х, Һ, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь, Э are only used in loanwords—mostly those of Russian origin, but sometimes of Persian and Arabic origin. They are often substituted in spoken Kazakh. Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization . Inflectional and derivational morphology , both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in
962-537: The new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s. Today, Kazakhs use the Cyrillic and Latin scripts to write their language, although a presidential decree from 2017 ordered the transition from Cyrillic to Latin by 2031. Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony , with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There
999-437: The noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives: The comparative form can be created by appending the suffix -(y)raq/-(ı)rek or -tau/-teu/-dau/-dau to an adjective. The superlative form can be created by placing the morpheme eñ before the adjective. The superlative form can also be expressed by reduplication. Kazakh may express different combinations of tense , aspect and mood through
1036-418: The pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold. In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person. Adjectives in Kazakh are not declined for any grammatical category of the modified noun. Being a head-final language, adjectives are always placed before
1073-572: The remote flat countryside surrounding Jezkazgan in 1979. The Baikonur Cosmodrome lies 400 kilometres (250 mi) to the southwest and, by tradition, every cosmonaut plants a tree on Jezkazgan's Seyfullin-Boulevard to mark his or her safe return from space. Again on 11 October 2018 the Soyuz MS-10 /56S landed near Jezkazgan when a booster failed during launch. Luna 16's samples from the Moon returned close to here on 24 September 1970. Zhezkazgan
1110-516: The same process but with /j/ at the beginning. The letter И represents a combination of sounds: i /ɘ/ (in front-vowel contexts) or ы /ə/ (in back vowel contexts) + glide /j/ , e.g. тиіс [tɪ̞ˈjɪ̞s] , оқиды [wo̞qəjˈdə] . In Russian loanwords, it is realized as /ʲi/ (when stressed) or /ʲɪ/ (when unstressed), e.g. изоморфизм [ɪzəmɐrˈfʲizm] . The letter Я represents either /jɑ/ or /jæ/ depending on vowel harmony. The letter Щ represents /ʃː/ , e.g. ащы [ɑ̝ʃ.ˈʃə] . Meanwhile,
1147-456: The stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/ , fricatives /s, z, ɕ, ʑ, ʁ/ , nasals /m, n, ŋ/ , liquids /ɾ, l/ , and two glides /w, j/ . The sounds /f, v, χ, h, t͡s, t͡ɕ/ are found only in loanwords. /ʑ/ is heard as an alveolopalatal affricate [d͡ʑ] in the Kazakh dialects of Uzbekistan and Xinjiang, China. The sounds [q] and [ʁ] may be analyzed as allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords. Kazakh has
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1184-568: The subject to this harmony with the exception of /ɑ/ , and in the following syllables, e.g. өмір [ø̞mʏr] , қосы [qɒso] . Notably, urban Kazakh tends to violate rounding harmony, as well as pronouncing Russian borrowings against the rules. Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except: Nowadays, Kazakh is mostly written in the Cyrillic script, with an Arabic-based alphabet being used by minorities in China. Since 26 October 2017, via Presidential Decree 569, Kazakhstan will adopt
1221-406: The use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs , many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries otyr ' sit ' , tūr ' stand ' , jür ' go ' and jat ' lie ' , encode various shades of meaning of how
1258-492: The writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the Turkish alphabet , though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). Over one million Kazakh speakers in Xinjiang still rely on
1295-473: Was built to link Europe and the Persian Gulf and export products. [2] The railway line connects West and East, North and South, creating an opportunity for tourists to visit Zhezkazgan. Investments must also be made in green technologies and methods to meet international standards. In Zhezkazgan, falling water levels, poor drinking water quality, and air pollution damage the health of urban residents and
1332-505: Was created in 1938 in connection with the exploitation of the rich copper deposits. In 1973, a large mining and metallurgical complex was constructed to the southeast to smelt the copper that until then had been sent elsewhere for processing. Other metal ores mined and processed locally are manganese and iron . Also in 1973, the city became the administrative center of the newly formed Dzhezkazgan Oblast , created out of Karaganda Oblast . In 1997, Dzhezkazgan (at this point Jezkazgan) Oblast
1369-400: Was liquidated and the city became part of Karaganda Oblast once again. On 16 March 2022, It was announced by Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev that Jezkazgan would become the administrative center of the new Ulytau Region . His decree came into force on 8 June 2022, thus making Jezkazgan the administrative center of a Region once again. During the Soviet era, Jezkazgan was the site of
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