173-543: Liaquat Ali Khan (1 October 1895 – 16 October 1951) was a Pakistani lawyer, politician and statesman who served as the first prime minister of Pakistan from 1947 until his assassination in 1951 . He was as pivotal to the consolidation of Pakistan as the Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah , was central to the creation of Pakistan. He was one of the leading figures of the Pakistan Movement and
346-523: A casus belli against the Byzantines by trying to take advantage of a disagreement between his Lakhmid clients and the Byzantine clients Ghassanids , who both claimed ownership of the lands south of Palmyra , near the old Strata Diocletiana . His attempt was, however, thwarted when the Byzantines successfully equivocated the problem. Subsequently, Khosrow accused Justinian of trying to bribe
519-588: A BSc degree in Political science and LLB in 1918, and married his cousin, Jehangira Begum, also in 1918, however the couple later separated. After the death of his father in 1919, Ali Khan, with British Government awarding the grants and scholarships, went to England , attending Oxford University 's Exeter College to pursue his higher education. In 1921, Ali Khan was awarded the Master of Law in Law and Justice, by
692-629: A Round Table Conferences in London. In spite of what Jinnah was expecting, the conference was a complete failure, forcing Jinnah to retire from national politics and permanently settle in London and practise law before the Privy Council . During this time, Liaquat Ali Khan and his wife joined Jinnah, with Ali Khan practising economic law and his wife joining the faculty of economics at the local college. Ali Khan and his wife spent most of their time convincing Jinnah to return to British India to unite
865-735: A parliamentary system of government, the Prime minister is generally the leader of a party (or coalition of parties) that has a majority in the National Assembly —the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan . The prime minister, in common with all other ministers, has to be a member of National Assembly . The principal workplace of the prime minister is the Prime Minister's Office located in northeast Islamabad. The official residence , known as Prime Minister Enclave,
1038-598: A semi-presidential system allowing the presidency to keep the interference executive and the judiciary . The general elections in 2008 resulted in the PPP coming to power and supporting the movement to oust Pervez Musharraf. A populist intellectual movement leading to the departure of Pervez Musharraf allowed Asif Zardari to become president. In 2010, the XVIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
1211-583: A Bengali statesman from East-Pakistan . When Jinnah died, he had held three major positions: Governor-General; President of Muslim League; and the Constituent Assembly of which he served both its president and legal adviser. Although Ali Khan was a legislator and lawyer, he lacked Jinnah's political stature. Differences and problems also leveled up with the Pakistan Armed Forces , and a local and native section of Pakistan Army
1384-500: A Byzantine army was sent to support the people of Lazica, effectively ending the established truce and thus continuing the Lazic Wars. Sometime later, Khosrow, who was keen to wrest Dara from Byzantine control, and would do so even if he risked to break the truce they had made regarding Mesopotamia, tried to capture it by tricking them; he sent one of highest officials, Izadgushasp , as a diplomat to Constantinople , but in reality
1557-461: A Mazdakite, the religious sect that Kavad originally supported but now had withdrawn his support from. Although Siyawush was a close friend of Kavad and had helped him escape from imprisonment, the latter did not try to prevent his execution, seemingly with the purpose of restricting Siyawush's immense authority as the head of the Sasanian army, a post which was disliked by the other nobles. Siyawush
1730-611: A Muslim country. From 1988 to 1993, the power struggle between the prime minister and presidency continued with the president dismissing the National Assembly on three different occasions. At the 1997 elections , the PML(N) secured a two-thirds majority in the Parliament and drafted the XIII and XIV Amendments to reverse the eighth amendment to the Constitution; this allowed Nawaz Sharif to centralize more executive powers. After
1903-590: A dialogue with his counterpart, and agreed to resolve the dispute of Kashmir in a peaceful manner through the efforts of the United Nations . According to this agreement a ceasefire was effected in Kashmir on 1 January 1949. It was decided that a free and impartial plebiscite would be held under the supervision of the UN. The prime minister's diplomatic stance was met with hostility by the Pakistan Armed Forces and
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#17327723874192076-505: A fourth class to this hierarchy between the nobles and the peasants, called the dehqans . The dehqans were small land owning citizens of the Sasanian Empire and were considered lower nobility. Khosrow promoted honest government officials based on trust and honesty, rather than corrupt nobles and magi. The small landowning deghans were favored over the high nobles because they tended to be more trustworthy and owed their loyalty to
2249-651: A future priest ( herbed ). Furthermore, he would observe the Middle Persian translation of the Avesta , the Zend . Afterwards, he would be schooled in riding, archery, polo ( chovgan ) and military creativity. In c. 520 , Kavad, in order to secure the succession of Khosrow, whose position was threatened by rival brothers and the Mazdakite sect, proposed that Emperor Justin I adopt him. The proposal
2422-516: A member of the National Assembly. As well as this, one must: The candidates for the prime minister are members of the National Assembly who were chosen through direct elections by popular vote following campaigning on the party platforms . Usually, the leader of the majority party in the parliament retains the office of prime minister, and forms the government either by coalition or by simple majority . The candidate must retain
2595-953: A minor official in Justinian's court, there were 12 points to the treaty, stated in the following passage: 1. Through the pass at the place called Tzon and through the Caspian Gates the Persians shall not allow the Huns or Alans or other barbarians access to the Roman Empire, nor shall the Romans either in that area or on any other part of the Persian frontier send an army against the Persians. 2. The Saracen allies of both states shall themselves also abide by these agreements and those of
2768-647: A move which further dismayed the United States. While in Iran, Liaquat Ali Khan talked to the Soviet Ambassador and Moscow promptly extended an invitation to him to visit the Soviet Union. Ali Khan's ability to run the country was put in doubt and great questions were raised by the communists and socialists active in the country. In 1947–48 period, Ali Khan-Jinnah relations was contentious, and
2941-746: A prominent economist and academic who became an influential figure in the Pakistan movement. Ali Khan firmed believed in the unity of Hindu-Muslim community and worked tirelessly for that cause. In his party presidential address delivered at the Provisional Muslim Education Conference at AMU in 1932, Ali Khan expressed the view that Muslims had "distinct [c]ulture of their own and had the (every) right to persevere it". At this conference, Liaquat Ali Khan announced that: But, days of rapid communalism, in this country (British India) are numbered.., and we shall ere witnessed long
3114-485: A renaissance of the Sasanian Empire, which spread philosophic beliefs as well as trade goods from the far east to the far west. The internal reforms under Khosrow were much more important than those on the exterior frontier. The subsequent reforms resulted in the rise of a bureaucratic state at the expense of the great noble families, strengthening the central government and the power of the Shahanshah. The army too
3287-427: A result of constant intervention by the governor-general. Despite the first set of the Constitution giving central power in 1956, the next six prime ministers were dismissed by the governor-general from 1951 till 1957. The first set of the Constitution had evolved the governor-general into the president of Pakistan whilst declaring the country an " Islamic republic ". In 1958, President Iskandar Mirza dismissed
3460-643: A scheme of affairs in which the president of Pakistan is the head of state who represents the "unity of the Republic." The system of government in Pakistan is based on codified constitution which sees the prime minister as " chief executive of the Republic." Subject to the Constitution the Federation shall be exercised in the name of the President by the Federal Government, consisting of
3633-448: A slightly different method of taxation based on the amount of producing trees that the land contained. These tax reforms of Khosrow were the stepping stone which enabled subsequent reforms in the bureaucracy and the military to take place. The hallmark of Khosrow's bureaucratic reform was the creation of a new social class. Before, the Sasanian Empire consisted of only three social classes, magi, nobles and peasants/commoners. Khosrow added
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#17327723874193806-430: A staging of a mass protest. On the internal front, Khan, faced with socialist nationalist challenges and different religious ideologies saw the country fall into more unrest. Problems with Soviet Union and Soviet bloc further escalated after Khan failed to make a visit to Soviet Union, despite his intentions. Khan envisioned a non-aligned foreign policy, however despite some initiatives, the country became more dependent on
3979-457: Is F. Altheim. The tax reforms, which were started under Kavad I and completely implemented by Khosrow, greatly strengthened the royal court. Prior to Khosrow and Kavad's reigns, a majority of the land was owned by seven Parthian families : Suren , Waraz, Karen , Ispahbudhan , Spandiyadh , Mihran and Zik. These great landowners enjoyed tax exemptions from the Sasanian empire, and were tax collectors within their local provincial areas. With
4152-973: Is held unless sooner summoned by the President. (3) After the election of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, the National Assembly shall, to the exclusion of any other business, proceed to elect without debate one of its Muslim members to be the Prime Minister. (4) The Prime Minister shall be elected by the votes of the majority of the total membership of the National Assembly: Khosrow I Khosrow I (also spelled Khosrau , Khusro or Chosroes ; Middle Persian : 𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩 ; New Persian : خسرو [ xosˈroʊ̯ ]), traditionally known by his epithet of Anushirvan ( انوشيروان [ ænuːʃi:rˈvɔːn ] "the Immortal Soul"),
4325-481: Is known as Quaid-i-Millat (Leader of the Nation) and Shaheed-i-Millat (Martyr of the Nation), by his supporters. His assassination was a first political murder of any civilian leader in Pakistan, and Liaqat Ali Khan is remembered fondly by most Pakistanis. In an editorial written by Daily Jang , the media summed up that "his name will remain shining forever on the horizon of Pakistan". In Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan
4498-689: Is known of his early life and that which has to be pieced together from snippets of mostly hagiographic writings. The family claimed a Persian origin going back to Nausherwan the Just , the Saasanid king of Persia, although this may be no more than legend, and they were settled in Uttar Pradesh by the time of his grandfather, Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan. They had adopted the Urdu language . According to his family, Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan gained sufficient prestige that
4671-534: Is near the Prime Minister's Office. The prime minister is the chief executive who heads and exercises the authority of the Government of Pakistan . After obtaining a vote of confidence , the prime minister is invited by the president to take the oath of office and form the government. In practice, the prime minister nominates the members of the Cabinet who supervise the important functions and ministries of
4844-414: Is regarded as Jinnah's "right hand man" and heir apparent, as Jinnah once had said. His role in filling in the vacuum created by Jinnah's death is seen as decisive in tackling critical problems during Pakistan's fledgling years and in devising measures for the consolidation of Pakistan. After his death, the government of Pakistan released a commemorative stamp and his face is printed on postage stamps across
5017-510: Is rendered in Greek as Chosroes ( Χοσρόης ) and in Arabic as Kisra . Besides his personal name, he is widely known in sources by his epithet of Anushirvan ("the Immortal Soul"), a New Persian rendering of Middle Persian anūšag-ruwān . He received this title after his death to distinguish him from Khosrow II . It referred to his religious reforms and promotion of the prosperity of
5190-559: Is revered as Quaid-e-Millat ("Leader of the nation") and later on as "Shaheed e Millat" (Martyr of the nation). Khan was born in Karnal , East Punjab to a wealthy family. His grandfather Nawab Ahmad Ali provided significant support to the British during the Mutiny uprising of 1857-1858 , earning him substantial rewards in the form of prestigious honors and complete remission of rent. Khan
5363-480: Is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet , despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan , the National Assembly where he serves as Leader of
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5536-486: The dux Mesopotamiae would be withdrawn from the fortress of Dara to the city of Constantina . The two rulers would recognize once again each other as equal and pledged mutual assistance. Khosrow initially refused to hand back the two Lazic forts, while demanding the return of the two other forts the Byzantines had captured in Sasanian Armenia. Justinian at first agreed, but soon changed his mind, causing
5709-546: The Cabinet , and is charged with leading the National Command Authority over Pakistan's nuclear weapons arsenal . This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in control over all matters, both internal affairs and foreign policy . The prime minister is elected by the members of the National Assembly and is therefore usually the leader of the majority party in the parliament . The Constitution of Pakistan vests executive powers in
5882-854: The Karnal , British India with roots in Talera village of Jansath Tehsil in Muzaffarnagar District of present day- Uttar Pradesh . He was the second of four sons of the wealthy land owner Rukn-ud-Daulah Shamsher Jung Nawab Bahadur Rustam Ali Khan of Karnal and his wife, Mahmoodah Begum, the daughter of Nawab Quaher Ali Khan of Rajpur in Saharanpur's He received his early education at home before attending school in Karnal. Despite being "courteous, affable and socially popular" and coming from an aristocratic family known for its philanthropy, his biographer Muhammad Reza Kazimi notes that little
6055-519: The Objectives Resolution —a prelude to future constitutions, in the Constituent Assembly . The house passed it on 12 March 1949, but it was met with criticism from his Law Minister Jogendra Nath Mandal who argued against it. Severe criticism were also raised by MP Ayaz Amir On the other hand, Liquat Ali Khan described as this bill as the "Magna Carta" of Pakistan's constitutional history. Khan called it "the most important occasion in
6228-720: The Pakistan Movement and was known as his 'right hand'. He was a democratic political theorist who promoted parliamentarism in British India . Khan's premiership oversaw the beginning of the Cold War , in which Khan's foreign policy sided with the United States -led Western Bloc over the Soviet Union -led Eastern Bloc . He promulgated the Objectives Resolution in 1949, which stipulated Pakistan to be an Islamic democracy . He also held cabinet portfolio as
6401-571: The Pakistani military . While delivering a speech in the Company Bagh of Rawalpindi , Khan was shot dead by an Afghan militant Said Akbar for unknown reasons. Khan was posthumously given the title Shaheed-e-Milat ('Martyr of the Nation') and is honored as one of Pakistan's greatest prime ministers. Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan was born on 1 October 1895 into a wealthy Muslim Jat family in
6574-528: The Panama Papers Case . This also resulted in him being permanently disqualified from membership of the parliament . The prime minister is elected by the National Assembly. The National Assembly meets on the twenty-first day after a general election (at least every five years) unless the president calls for a vote of no confidence. Whichever member of the National assembly is chosen serves as
6747-524: The Roman Empire than in pursuing war against Iran. The Byzantine envoys Rufinus , Hermogenes , Alexander and Thomas found Khosrow in a more conciliatory disposition than his father, and an agreement was soon reached. Justinian would pay 110 centenaria (11,000 pounds) of gold, ostensibly as a contribution to the defence of the Caucasus passes against the barbarians living beyond, and the base of
6920-548: The Sasanian kings . At the time of his death, the Sasanian Empire had reached its greatest extent since Shapur II , stretching from Yemen in the west to Gandhara in the east. He was succeeded by his son Hormizd IV . Khosrow is the New Persian variant of his name used by scholars; his original name was Middle Persian , Husraw , itself derived from Avestan Haosrauuah ("he who has good fame"). The name
7093-544: The military junta led by the president had the powers of the prime minister. The office of the prime minister was created on immediate effect after the partition and the establishment of Pakistan in 1947; the prime minister existed alongside the governor-general who was the representative of the British monarchy . The first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan , exercised central executive powers until his assassination in 1951. The powers slowly began to be reduced as
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7266-419: The military leadership as well as ensuring civilian control of the military through chairman joint chiefs , although this does not necessarily happen in tandem . Prime ministerial powers have significantly grown with a delicate system of check and balance by each branch. The position was absent during the years of 1958–1973, 1977–1985, and 1999–2002 due to imposed martial law. In each of these periods,
7439-441: The seventh prime minister to impose martial law in a mere two weeks, President Mirza was ousted by army chief General Ayub Khan who had for a brief period held the post of prime minister. In 1962, the second set of the Constitution completely dissolved the office of prime minister as all powers were transferred to the president of Pakistan. Criticism over the presidency after the presidential election held in 1965 over
7612-613: The socialists , and in East Pakistan the communists . Ali Khan's relation with General Sir Douglas Gracey deteriorated, prompting General Gracey to retire soon after the conflict. In January 1951, Ali Khan approved the appointment of General Ayub Khan to succeed Gracey as the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army . During this time the socialists gained a significant amount of support. Senior military leaders and prominent socialists plotted to overthrow
7785-455: The vote of confidence of the members of the parliament before being invited by the president to form the government . The prime minister can be removed before the expiry of the term through a vote of no confidence in the parliament. If the vote of no confidence is passed by the National Assembly by a simple majority, the prime minister ceases to retain the office. In the past, prime ministers (and their governments) have been dismissed by
7958-449: The war led to the collapse of the presidential system in 1971. As the comprehensive Constitution reinstated in 1973, the post was reestablished with more central powers as the constitution provided a parliamentary system with President of Pakistan as figurehead . Amid agitation instigated by the right-wing alliance invited the military intervention in 1977 which suspended the post. The general elections held in 1985 restored
8131-783: The Arabs that had been killed during the attack. His request was, however, ignored. This incident, along with the support by an emissary from the Ostrogoth king Vitiges , and the Armenians living in Byzantine territory being dissatisfied with their rule, encouraged Khosrow to renew the war against the Byzantines. Justinian's ceaseless wars in North Africa and Italy must have contributed to Khosrow's aspirations as well. Justinian, informed of Khosrow's intention for war, tried to dissuade him, but to no avail. In May 540, Khosrow invaded
8304-571: The Aswaran cavalry which was very limited and created shortages in well trained soldiers. Now that the dehqan class was considered nobility, they were able to join the cavalry force and boosted the number of cavalry force significantly. The military reform focused more on organization and training of troops. The cavalry was still the most important aspect of the Iranian military, with foot archers being less important, and mass peasant forces being on
8477-611: The Blue Faction—which was supported by Justinian—lose against the rival Greens. Khosrow extracted tribute from Apamea and other Byzantine towns, at which point Justinian called off his truce and prepared to send his commander Belisarius to move against the Sasanians. In spring 541, Khosrow brought his army north to Lazica on request of the Lazic king Gubazes II to repel the Byzantines from his territory. The fortress of Petra
8650-428: The British East India Company recognised him with titles such as Rukun-al-Daulah , Shamsher Jang and Nawab Bahadur , which they say were later inherited by his sons. The validity of those titles has been questioned because the family estates in Uttar Pradesh were diminished as a result of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , after which Uttar Pradesh itself ceased to be an autonomous area. His family had deep respect for
8823-514: The Byzantine Empire. Khosrow I represents the epitome of the philosopher king in the Sasanian Empire. Upon his ascent to the throne, Khosrow did not restore power to the feudal nobility or the magi, but centralized his government. Khosrow's reign is considered to be one of the most successful within the Sasanian Empire. The peace agreement between Rome and Iran in 531 gave Khosrow the chance to consolidate power and focus his attention on internal improvement. His reforms and military campaigns marked
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#17327723874198996-476: The Byzantine envoys were to be hostages of Khosrow as an assurance that the Byzantines would honor the agreement. However, before departing, Khosrow went to the port of Antioch, Seleucia Pieria , where he bathed in the Mediterranean Sea . He then told the envoys that he wished to visit the city of Apamea out of interest, which they reluctantly allowed him, with the condition that he would leave for his domains afterwards. There he held chariot races, where he made
9169-401: The Byzantines, and his attitude deteriorated towards them. Mahbod, who had along with Siyawush acted as the diplomats of the negotiations, accused the latter of purposely sabotaging the negotiations. Further accusations were made towards Siyawush, which included the reverence of new deities and having his dead wife buried, which was a violation of Iranian laws. Siyawush was thus most likely
9342-466: The Central Parliamentary Board and the managing director of the newspaper Dawn . The Pakistan Resolution was adopted in 1940 at the Lahore session of the Muslim League. The same year elections were held for the central legislative assembly which were contested by Khan from the Barielly constituency. He was elected without contest. When the twenty-eighth session of the League met in Madras (now Chennai ) on 12 April 1941, Jinnah told party members that
9515-453: The Congress Party about his decision, and instead joining the Muslim League in 1923, led under another lawyer Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Soon Jinnah called for an annual session meeting in May 1924, in Lahore, where the goals, boundaries, party programmes, vision, and revival of the League, was an initial party agenda and was carefully discussed at the Lahore caucus. At this meeting, Khan was among those who attended this conference, and recommending
9688-438: The Government asked the Muslim League to send five nominees for representation in the interim government, Khan was asked to lead the League group in the cabinet. He was given the portfolio of finance. The other four men nominated by the League were Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar , Ghazanfar Ali Khan , Abdur Rab Nishtar , and Jogendra Nath Mandal . By this point, the British government and the Indian National Congress had both accepted
9861-496: The Government of Pakistan and communicates to the president all decisions of the Cabinet relating to the administration of affairs of state and proposals for legislation. The prime minister, in consultation with the Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Parliament and is required to answer questions from members of parliament to the ministers. The prime minister makes appointments on various important positions, including: Some specific ministries are usually allocated to
10034-403: The House . Prime minister holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the National Assembly . The prime minister is designated as the "chief executive of the Islamic Republic". Pakistan's prime minister leads the executive branch of the federal government , oversees the state economy , leads the National Assembly , heads the Council of Common Interests as well as
10207-429: The Indian Muslim thinker and philosopher Syed Ahmad Khan , and his father had a desire for the young Liaqat Ali Khan to be educated in the British educational system; therefore, his family sent Ali Khan to the famous Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), where he obtained degrees in law and political science. In 1913, Ali Khan attended the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (now Aligarh Muslim University ), graduating with
10380-464: The Indian army units. When General Douglas Gracey was appointed the commander in chief of the Pakistan Army, Liaquat Ali Khan ordered the independent units of the Pakistan Army to intervene in the conflict. On the Kashmir issue, Khan and Jinnah's policy reflected "Pakistan's alliance with U.S and United Kingdom" against "Indian imperialism" and "Soviet expansion". However, it is revealed by historians that differences and disagreement with Jinnah arose over
10553-400: The Indian public. Motilal Nehru presented his Nehru Report to counter British charges. In December 1928, Ali Khan and Jinnah decided to discuss the Nehru Report . In 1930, Ali Khan and Jinnah attended the First Round Table Conference , but it ended in disaster, leading Jinnah to depart from British India to Great Britain. In 1932, Ali Khan married for a second time to Begum Ra'ana who was
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#173277238741910726-416: The Kashmir issue. Jinnah's strategy to liberate Kashmir was to use military force. Thus, Jinnah's strategy was to "kill two birds with one stone", namely decapitate India by controlling Kashmir, and to find a domestic solution through foreign and military intervention. On Khan's personal accounts and views, the prime minister preferred a "harder diplomatic" and "less military stance". The prime minister sought
10899-433: The Lakhmid ruler al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man ( r. 503–554 ) through his diplomat Summus, and also that he had emboldened some Huns to make incursions into Iran. The Ghassanid ruler al-Harith ibn Jabalah ( r. 528–569 ) invaded Mundhir's territory and carried off rich booty. Khosrow complained to Justinian about this incident, and requested that the stolen riches be returned to him, including payment for
11072-420: The League's Central Parliamentary Board. The Muslim League won 87% of seats reserved for Muslims of British India. He assisted Jinnah in his negotiations with the members of the Cabinet Mission and the leaders of the Congress during the final phases of the Freedom Movement and it was decided that an interim government would be formed consisting of members of the Congress, the Muslim League and minority leaders. When
11245-508: The Mazdakites. A debate was arranged, where not only the Zoroastrian priesthood, but also the Christian and Jewish ones slandered Mazdak and his followers. According to the Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings"), written several centuries later by the medieval Persian poet Ferdowsi , Kavad had Mazdak and his supporters sent to Khosrow, who had his supporters killed by burying their heads in a walled orchard, with only their feet being visible. Khosrow then summoned Mazdak to look at his garden, saying
11418-424: The Muslim League's parliamentary wing disintegrated, with many Muslim members joining the either Democratic Party, originally organised by Ali Khan in 1930, and the Congress Party. At the deputation in England, Ali Khan made close study of organising the political parties, and would soon return to his country with Jinnah. In 1930, Jinnah urged Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and his Viceroy Lord Irwin to convene
11591-432: The Muslims from further division. Jinnah returned to India in December 1934.10 and started to reorganise the Muslim League . In 1936, the annual session of the League met in Bombay (now Mumbai ). In the open session on 12 April 1936, Jinnah moved a resolution proposing Khan as the Honorary General Secretary. The resolution was unanimously adopted and he held the office till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. In 1940, Khan
11764-400: The PPP nomination was Makhdoom Shahbuddin , but he was forced to withdraw after the ANF issued non-bailable arrest warrants against him. Raja Pervaiz Ashraf became the prime minister and remained in office until 2013. The general election held in 2013 saw the PML(N) almost achieve a supermajority. Following this, Nawaz Sharif was elected as prime minister, returning to the post for
11937-480: The Persians shall not attack the Romans, nor those of the Romans the Persians. 3. Roman and Persian merchants of all kinds of goods, as well as similar tradesmen, shall conduct their business according to the established practice through the specified customs posts. 4. Ambassadors and all others using the public post to deliver messages, both those traveling to Roman and those to Persian territory, shall be honoured each according to his status and rank and shall receive
12110-402: The Prime Minister and the Federal Ministers, which shall act through the Prime Minister, who shall be the chief executive of the Federation." The prime minister is also the chairman of the Council of Common Interests as set by: 1 There shall be a Council of Common Interests, in this Chapter referred to as the Council, to be appointed by the President (2) The Council shall consist of- (a)
12283-441: The Prime Minister who shall be the Chairman of the Council; (b) the Chief Ministers of the Provinces; (c) three members from the Federal Government to be nominated by the Prime Minister from time to time. As in most of the parliamentary democracies , a head of state 's duties are mostly ceremonial. The prime minister of Pakistan is the head of government and has the responsibility for executive power. With Pakistan following
12456-621: The Prophets and Kings and the Shahnameh ("Book of Kings") of the medieval Persian epic of Ferdowsi (d. 1020), give much information regarding Khosrow's reforms, and thus most likely drew both of their information from the Middle Persian history book Khwaday-Namag ("Book of Lords"). Other works were made independently, such as the Sirat Anushirwan , which was reportedly an autobiography made by Khosrow himself, and survives in
12629-475: The Shah for their position in the bureaucracy. The rise of deghans became the backbone of the empire because they now held the majority of land and positions in local and provincial administration. The reduction of power of the great families improved the empire. This was because previously, each great family ruled a large chunk of land and had their own king. The name Shahanshah, meaning King of Kings, derived from
12802-475: The Shahnameh, and thus the story may report some form of contemporary memory. In 531, while the Iranian army was besieging Martyropolis , Kavad became ill and died. Khosrow succeeded him, but due to his domestic position being insecure, he wanted to make peace with the Byzantines, who themselves under Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) were perhaps already more focused on recovering the lost western half of
12975-522: The Soviet Union, and set the course of Pakistan's foreign policy toward closer ties with the West, despite it being the Soviet Union who sent its invitation of Khan to visit the country first. The visit further cemented strong ties between the two countries and brought them closer. According to many sources, Khan's formulated policies were focused on Movement of Non-Aligned Countries , and his trip to U.S. in 1950, Khan had made clear that Pakistan's foreign policy
13148-504: The United States and this ultimately influenced Khan's policy towards the Western bloc. His government faced serious challenges including the dispute over Kashmir with India, forcing Khan to approach his counterpart the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru . A settlement was reached to end the fighting, while Nehru also referred the issue to the United Nations . Ali Khan sent the recommendation to Jinnah to appoint Abdul Rashid as
13321-484: The United States, pressuring Pakistan to recall her troops from Kashmir. Pakistan cannot afford to wait. She must take her friends where she finds them...! Khan began to develop tighter relations with the Soviet Union , China, Poland , and Iran under its Premier Mohammed Mossadegh as well. Khan sent invitations to Stalin and the Polish Communist leader Władysław Gomułka to visit the country. However,
13494-528: The actions of the Byzantine clients and vassals, the Ghassanids , and encouraged by Ostrogoth envoys from Italy , Khosrow violated the peace treaty and declared war against the Byzantines in 540. He sacked the major city of Antioch and deported its population to Persia. In 541, he invaded Lazica and made it an Iranian protectorate, thus initiating the Lazic War . In 545, the two empires agreed to halt
13667-587: The agreement (that is to say, if they engage in tax-dodging, so-called), they shall be hunted down by the officers of the frontier and handed over for punishment together with the merchandise which they are carrying, whether Assyrian or Roman. 6. If anyone during the period of hostilities defected either from the Romans to the Persians or from the Persians to the Romans and if he should give himself up and wish to return to his home, he shall not be prevented from so doing and no obstacle shall be put in his way. But those who in time of peace defect and desert from one side to
13840-485: The agreement to be broken off. In summer 532, however, a new embassy by Hermogenes and Rufinus managed to persuade Khosrow for a full exchange of the occupied forts, as well as for allowing the exiled Iberian rebels to either remain in the Byzantine Empire or return safely to their homes. Sometime during the early reign of Khosrow, he had to deal with his eldest brother Kawus , who ruled as governor-king of
14013-428: The appropriate attention. They shall be sent back without delay, but shall be able to exchange the trade goods which they have brought without hindrance or any impost. 5. It is agreed that Saracen and all other barbarian merchants of either state shall not travel by strange roads but shall go by Nisibis and Daras, and shall not cross into foreign territory without official permission. But if they dare anything contrary to
14186-580: The bishop, Khosrow took advantage of the occasion and captured the city, which was shortly sacked. Germanus , the cousin of Justinian, sent the bishop of Beroea , Megas, to negotiate with Khosrow. Regardless, Khosrow continued his expedition, threatening the city of Hierapolis , whose custodians swiftly paid him 2,000 pounds or 910 kilograms of silver to leave the city untouched. After receiving additional pleas by Megas, Khosrow agreed to end his expedition in return for ten centenaria . While Megas went back to Antioch to inform Germanus of Khosrow's demands,
14359-533: The bottom of the spectrum. Khosrow made four military districts with a spahbed , or general, in charge of each district. Before the reforms of Khosrow, the general of the Iranians ( Eran-spahbed ) controlled the military of the entire empire. The four zones consisted of Mesopotamia in the west, the Caucasus region in the north, the Persian Gulf in the central and southwest region, and Central Asia in
14532-470: The central government treasury. The fixed tax that Khosrow implemented created a more stable form of income for the treasury. Because the tax did not vary, the treasury could easily estimate the year's revenue. Prior to Khosrow's tax reforms, taxes were collected based on the yield that the land had produced. The new system calculated and averaged taxation based on the water rights for each piece of property. Lands which grew date palms and olive trees used
14705-480: The centralizing of powers. After the general elections held in 1970, the office was established with Nurul Amin becoming the prime minister who was also the vice-president . Negotiations that fall apart between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , Mujibur Rehman , and Yahya Khan that prompted to liberation movement in the East Pakistan . With India intervening in East Pakistan and Pakistan conceding defeat to end
14878-756: The college faculty who also conferred on him a Bronze Medallion . While a graduate student at Oxford, Ali Khan actively participated in student unions and was elected Honorary Treasurer of the Majlis Society—a student union founded by Indian Muslim students to promote the Indian students' rights at the university. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple of London in 1922 but never practised. Ali Khan returned to his homeland India in 1923, entering in national politics , determining to eradicate to what he saw as
15051-478: The commander at Daras should deal with the offense. 11. If a city causes damage to or destroys the property of a city of the other side not in legitimate hostilities and with a regular military force but by guile and theft (for there are such godless men who do these things to provide a pretext for war), it was agreed that the judges stationed on the frontiers of both states should make a thorough investigation of such acts and punish them. If these prove unable to check
15224-712: The conflict of ideologies between the nations. Former serviceman Shahid M. Amin has argued that the Soviets themselves could not settle convenient dates for a visit, and that, even during his visit to the United States, Liaquat had declared his intention to visit the Soviet Union . Amin also notes that "Failure to visit a country in response to its invitations has hardly ever become the cause of long-term estrangement". Prime Minister of Pakistan The prime minister of Pakistan ( Urdu : وزِیرِ اعظم پاکستان , romanized : Wazīr ē Aʿẓam lit. ' Grand Vizier ' , Urdu pronunciation: [ʋəˈziːr-ˌeː ˈɑː.zəm] )
15397-532: The constitutional and territorial reforms to the British Government. The commission, compromising seven British Members of Parliament, headed under its Chairman Sir John Simon , met briefly with the Congress Party and Muslim League leaders. The commission had introduced the system of dyarchy to govern the provinces of British India, but these revisions met with harsh criticism and clamour by
15570-657: The country's first Chief Justice , and Justice Abdur Rahim as President of the Constitutional Assembly, both of them were also founding fathers of Pakistan. Some of the earliest reforms Khan took were to centralise the Muslim League, and he planned and prepared the Muslim League to become the leading authority of Pakistan. The Daily Times , a leading English-language newspaper, held Liaquat Ali Khan responsible for mixing religion and politics, pointing out that "Liaquat Ali Khan had no constituency in
15743-530: The country, his hometown was left behind in India. Bengalis were a majority in the newly created state of Pakistan and this was a painful reality for him". According to the Daily Times , Liaquat Ali Khan and his legal team restrained from writing down the constitution, the reason being simple: The Bengali demographic majority would have been granted political power and, Liaquat Ali Khan would have been sent out of
15916-509: The country. Liaquat Ali Khan's former personal residence is located at Jansath Tehsil of Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh about 80 km from his ancestral estate and is now being considered by the Uttar Pradesh government to be opened as a tourist destination. His family had strong ties with the British Government. Others argue that Khan had wanted Pakistan to remain neutral in the Cold War , as declared three days after Pakistan's independence when he declared that Pakistan would take no sides in
16089-587: The country. In spite of planning an independent economic policy, Khan's economic policies focused on the United States' aid programme, on the other hand, Nehru focused on socialism and went on to be a part of Non Aligned Movement . An important event during his premiership was the establishment of a National Bank in November 1949, and the installation of a paper currency mill in Karachi. Unlike his Indian counterpart Jawaharlal Nehru , under Khan Pakistan's economy
16262-620: The country. Khan and the Muslim League faced dual competitions with socialists in West-Pakistan and, the communists in East Pakistan. The Muslim League found it difficult to compete with socialists in West Pakistan, and lost considerable support in favor of socialists led by Marxist leader Faiz Ahmad Faiz . In East Pakistan, the Muslim League's political base was eliminated by the Pakistan Communist Party after
16435-691: The country. Khan asked Ziauddin Ahmed to draft the national educational policy, which was submitted to his office in November 1947, and a road map to establishing education in the country was quickly adopted by Khan's government. Khan's government authorised the establishment of the Sindh University . Under his government, science infrastructure was slowly built but he continued inviting Muslim scientists and engineers from India to Pakistan, believing it essential for Pakistan's future progress. In 1947, Khan and his Finance minister Malick Ghulam proposed
16608-469: The damage that neighbours are inflicting on each other, it was agreed that the case should be referred to the general of the East on the understanding that if the dispute were not settled within six months and the plaintiff had not recovered his losses, the offender should be liable to the plaintiff for a double indemnity. It was agreed that if the matter were not settled in this way, the injured party should send
16781-592: The development of the Bengali section of the state brought about a bad juncture for the prime minister and his party, where its ideology was vague. In terms of its political base, it was both weak and narrow, and could not compete in West-Pakistan as well as in East-Pakistan where traditional families were endowed with enormous political power. In West Pakistan, the Muslim League failed to compete against
16954-539: The distance between the two would prevent Hyderabad's accession to Pakistan in any case. Pakistani statesman Shaukat Hayat Khan resigned in protest of this folly; Hyderabad went to India anyway; and the two nations went to war over Kashmir. Soon after appointing a new government, Pakistan entered a war with India over Kashmir. The British commander of the Pakistan Army General Sir Frank Walter Messervy refused to attack
17127-687: The divisions, but asked the U.S. for assurances on Kashmir and the Pashtunisation issue, which the U.S. declined to give. Khan decided not to send the divisions, a clear indication that Pakistan was working towards the Non-Aligned Movement. The United States began work on a policy to keep Pakistan impartial, and India on the other hand, remained a keystone to bringing stability in South Asia. By June and July 1951, Pakistan's relations with U.S. deteriorated further, with Nehru visiting
17300-409: The domains of the Byzantines; he avoided the fortress of Circesium , and instead approached Zenobia , where he made a lukewarm attempt to persuade the fortress to surrender, which proved unsuccessful. He then proceeded to Sura and killed its commander Arsaces in battle. Demoralized by the death of their commander, the residents sent their bishop to parley with Khosrow. Feigning to accept the plea of
17473-527: The draw down of civil-military relations in 1999, Chairman joint chiefs General Pervez Musharraf staged a coup d'état against the PML(N)'s government and held nationwide elections in 2002 . With no party gaining a majority, a coalition was formed with the PML(Q) – a breakaway of the PML(N) and a pro-Musharraf party – leading with MQM . After some political wrangling, Zafarullah Jamali became
17646-560: The east. This new quadripartition of the Empire not only created a more efficient military system but also "[administration] of a vast, multiregional, multicultural, and multiracial empire". During Khosrow's reign, a "list" for equipment for the cavalry ( aswaran ) was written. The list comprised a helmet, a gorget, a chain mail shirt, a lamellar coat or cuirass, leg armour, gauntlets, sword, shield, two bows with spare strings, 30 arrows, axe or mace, and horse armour. Sasanian bullae showing
17819-604: The election may be called earlier. On 3rd March 2024, Shehbaz Sharif was re-elected for the second time as the country's 24th Prime Minister. He won by majority in the National Assembly of Pakistan against Omar Ayub Khan in a disputed elections. Azad Kashmir government Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Constitution of Pakistan Territorial election commission Elections Provincial elections Territorial elections Political parties Provinces Autonomous region Customs Regional topics The Constitution envisages
17992-493: The empire, the military was dependent on the feudal lords of the great families to provide soldiers and cavalry. Each family would provide their own army and equipment when called by the Shahanshah. This system was replaced with the emergence of the lower deghan nobility class, who was paid and provided by the central government. The main force of the Sasanian army was the Aswaran cavalry. Previously only nobles could enlist into
18165-493: The essential foreign policy of Pakistan. In 1947, with Jinnah inviting physicist Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry to Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan called upon chemist Salimuzzaman Siddiqui , awarding him citizenship, and appointing him as his first government science adviser in 1950. During this same time, Khan also called physicist and mathematician Raziuddin Siddiqui , asking him to plan and establish educational research institutes in
18338-552: The face of severe odds. Ali Khan, on several occasions, used his influence and good offices for the resolution of communal tension. Ali Khan rose to become one of the influential members of the Muslim League and was one of the central figures in the Muslim League delegation that attended the National Convention held at Calcutta . Earlier, the British Government had formed the Simon Commission to recommend
18511-523: The fact that there were many feudal kings in Sasanian Iran with the Shahanshah as the ruler of them all. Their fall meant their power was redirected to the central government and all taxes now went to the central government rather than to the local nobility. Major reforms to the military made the Iranian army capable of fighting sustained wars, battling on multiple fronts, and deploy itself faster. Prior to Khosrow's reign, much like other aspects of
18684-511: The first foreign minister , defence minister , and frontier regions minister from 1947 until his assassination in 1951. Prior to the part, Khan briefly tenured as Finance minister of British India in the Interim Government that undertook independence of Pakistan and India , led by Louis Mountbatten , the then- Viceroy of India . In March 1951, he survived an attempted coup by left-wing political opponents and segments of
18857-405: The first Prime Minister of Pakistan to be legitimately removed from office, through a motion of no confidence. On 11th April 2022, Shehbaz Sharif was elected as the country's 23rd Prime Minister. He won by majority 174 votes in the National Assembly of Pakistan. Sharif will serve a term, at most of almost one year to fulfill Imran Khan's term until the 2023 Pakistani General Election , though
19030-509: The first three years of their independence. At this time, Ali Khan met Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to sign the Liaquat-Nehru Pact in 1950. The pact was an effort to improve relations and reduce tension between India and Pakistan, and to protect the religious minorities on both sides of the border. Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan did not take over the office of Governor-General , instead appointing Khawaja Nazimuddin ,
19203-412: The following; "You will find trees there that no-one has ever seen and no-one ever heard of even from the mouth of the ancient sages." Mazdak, seeing his followers corpses, screamed and passed out. He was afterwards executed by Khosrow, who had his feet fastened on a gallows , and had his men shoot arrows at him. The validity of the story is uncertain; Ferdowsi used much earlier reports of events to write
19376-431: The fortunes" for "forcing him to kill a brother like Kawus." Another danger to Khosrow's rule was that of his uncle Bawi , who along with other members of the Iranian aristocracy, became involved in a conspiracy in which they tried to overthrow Khosrow and make Kavad, the son of Khosrow's brother Jamasp, the shah of Iran. Upon learning of the plot, Khosrow executed all his brothers and their offspring, along with Bawi and
19549-496: The four spahbeds show that horses were still fully armoured during this period and heavy cavalry tactics were still used by the Sasanian cavalry. It is highly likely that the stirrup had been introduced to the Sasanian cavalry two centuries before Khosrow's reforms (and are mentioned in Bivar (1972) ), and a "stirrupped" foot position can be seen on the Sasanian bullae and at Taq-e-Bostan. In 539 Khosrow had originally attempted to gain
19722-525: The government of Ali Khan. Those involved reportedly included Chief of General Staff Major General Akbar Khan and Marxist-socialist politician Faiz Ahmad Faiz , the leaders of the coup plot. The Military Police arrested many in the military services; more than 14 officers were charged for plotting the coup. The Rawalpindi Conspiracy , as it became known, was the first attempted coup in Pakistan's history. The arrested conspirators were tried in secret and given lengthy jail sentences. On 16 October 1951, Khan
19895-622: The government. Ali Khan remained the elected member of the UP Legislative Council until 1940, when he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly ; he participated actively, and was the influential member in legislative affairs, where his recommendations would also be noted by other members. In his parliamentary career, Ali Khan established his reputation as "eloquent, principled and honest spokesman" who would never compromise on his principles even in
20068-429: The guilty party shall make good the damage. 8. Henceforth, the Persians shall not complain to the Romans about the fortification of Daras. But in future neither state shall fortify or protect with a wall any place along the frontier, so that no occasion for dispute shall arise from such an act and the treaty be broken. 9. The forces of one state shall not attack or make war upon a people or any other territory subject to
20241-453: The idea of Five-Year Plans , by putting the country's economic system on investment and capitalism grounds. Focusing on an initial planned economic system under the directives of private sector and consortium industries in 1948, economic planning began to take place during his time in office, but soon collapsed partly because of unsystematic and inadequate staffing. Khan's economic policies were soon heavily dependent on United States aid to
20414-500: The idea of Pakistan and therefore, on 14 August 1947, Pakistan came into existence. After independence, Khan was appointed as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan by the founding fathers of Pakistan. Quaid Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah took oath from Liaqat Ali Khan. The country was born during the initial beginning of the extensive competition between the two world superpowers, the United States and Soviet Union . Khan faced with mounted challenges and difficulties while trying to administer
20587-427: The important position of spahbed of the West, i.e. the Sasanian Empire's southwestern regions (Khwarwaran). Following the tradition of the aristocratic or upper-class families, Khosrow would have started at school ( frahangestān ) between the age of five and seven. There he would learn to write and would learn the yashts , Hadokht , Bayān Yasn and Vendidad , following the same pattern of schooling made for
20760-667: The injustice and ill-treatment of Indian Muslims under the British Indian Government and the British Government . His political philosophy strongly emphasised a united India , first gradually believing in the Indian nationalism . The Congress leadership approached to Ali Khan to become a part of the party, but after attending the meeting with Jawaharlal Nehru , Ali Khan's political views and ambitions gradually changed. Therefore, Ali Khan refused, informing
20933-473: The latter approached Beroea, which he had sacked. In June, Khosrow reached Antioch, where he offered its citizens to not attack the city in return for ten centenaria . His offer was rejected, and as a result he captured and sacked the city. Justinian sued for peace, and made a treaty with Khosrow that the Iranians would withdraw back to their domains in return for a payment of 50 centenaria plus 5 centenaria extra each year. Part of treaty also included that
21106-440: The latter would stop by Dara, and with the aid of his large crew, he would seize the city. However, this plan was prevented by a former adviser of Belisarius named George, who demanded that if Izadgushasp should enter the city he should have only twenty members of his crew with him. Izadgushasp then left the city and continued his journey to Constantinople, where he was amicably welcomed by Justinian, who gave him some gifts. In 549
21279-697: The life of this country, next in importance, only to the achievement of independence". Under his leadership, a team of legislators also drafted the first report of the Basic Principle Committee and work began on the second report. At a meeting of the Partition Council, Liaquat Ali Khan had rejected an offer from Vallabhbhai Patel regarding Kashmir and Hyderabad State . Patel had offered Kashmir to Pakistan in exchange for Pakistan relinquishing its claim to Hyderabad. Ali rejected this offer, preferring to keep Hyderabad, ignoring that
21452-446: The lower classes. Powerful families saw this as a tactic to weaken their lineage and advantages, which was most likely the case. Kavad used the movement as a political tool to curb the power of the nobility and clergy. With the nobility and clergy weakened, Kavad was able to make reforms with less difficulty. With the reforms roaring by the 520s, he no longer had any use for Mazdak. As a result, he officially withdrew his support from
21625-456: The mausoleum built for Jinnah in Karachi . The Municipal Park, where he was assassinated, was renamed Liaquat Bagh ( Bagh means Garden) in his honor. It is the same location where ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in 2007. He is Pakistan's longest serving Prime Minister spending 1,524 days in power. His legacy was built up as a man who was the "martyr for democracy " in
21798-658: The new goals for the party. Ali Khan was elected to the provisional legislative council in the 1926 elections from the rural Muslim constituency of Muzaffarnagar . Ali Khan embarked his parliamentary career, representing the United Provinces at the Legislative Council in 1926. In 1932, he was unanimously elected Deputy President of UP Legislative Council. During this time, Ali Khan intensified his support in Muslim dominated populations, often raising
21971-531: The newly founded country. Many in Pakistan saw him as a man who sacrificed his life to preserve the parliamentary system of government. After his death, his wife remained an influential figure in the Pakistani foreign service, and was also the Governor of Sindh Province in the 1970s. Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination remains an unsolved mystery, and all traces leading to the conspirator were removed. Popularly, he
22144-560: The northern province of Padishkhwargar . Unlike Khosrow, he was a Mazdakite (or at least had strong Mazdakite sympathies), and thus had their support as the candidate for the throne. Kawus asserted to be the legitimate heir of the throne due to his older age. He was, however, defeated by Khosrow's forces and taken to Ctesiphon , where Khosrow summoned the priests and urged Kawus to make confessions and ask for forgiveness, so that he could be released. Kawus refused, preferring death, forcing Khosrow to have him killed. Khosrow reportedly "cursed
22317-604: The office due to contempt of court after retroactively disqualifying the membership of the parliament permanently. On 28 July 2017, the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified the prime minister Nawaz Sharif from retaining the office due to his failure in fulfilling the eligibility requirements as enshrined in Articles 62 of the Constitution. This was in the aftermath of the Supreme Court hearing regarding
22490-422: The other aristocrats who were involved. Khosrow also ordered the execution of Kavad, who was still a child, and was away from the court, being raised by Adergoudounbades . Khosrow sent orders to kill Kavad, but Adergoudounbades disobeyed and brought him up in secret, until he was betrayed to the shah in 541 by his own son, Bahram. Khosrow had him executed, but Kavad, or someone claiming to be him, managed to flee to
22663-403: The other shall not be received, but every means shall be used to return them, even against their will, to those from whom they fled. 7. Those who complain that they have suffered some hurt at the hands of subjects of the other state shall settle the dispute equitably, meeting at the border either in person or through their own representatives before the officials of both states, and in this manner
22836-410: The other, but without inflicting or suffering injury shall remain where they are so that they too might enjoy the peace. 10. A large force, beyond what is adequate to defend the town, shall not be stationed at Daras, and the general of the East shall not have his headquarters there, in order that this not lead to incursions against or injury to the Persians. It was agreed that if some such should happen,
23009-433: The outbreak of the Mazdakite revolution, there was a great uprising of peasants and lower-class citizens who grabbed large portions of land under egalitarian values. As a result of this there was great confusion on land possession and ownership. Khosrow surveyed all the land within the empire indiscriminately and began to tax all land under a single program. Tax revenues that previously went to the local noble family now went to
23182-581: The people who lived on the Roman border. Khosrow I was reportedly born between 512 and 514 at Ardestan , a town located in the Spahan province in central Iran. The town, dating back to the Achaemenid period, thrived during Khosrow's age, and also included a fire temple , which was said to be founded by the mythological Kayanian king Kay Bahman , from whom the Sasanians claimed their descent. Khosrow
23355-500: The post, with Muhammad Junejo becoming the prime minister. Later that year, the National Assembly passed the controversial eighth amendment to the Constitution, giving the president the power to dismiss the prime minister and the National Assembly without prior consultation. The general elections in 1988 resulted in the Pakistan Peoples Party 's Benazir Bhutto becoming the first woman prime minister elected in
23528-584: The president exercising the VIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (1985), but this was repealed by the XVIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (2010). The prime minister has absolute constitutional immunity from criminal and civil proceedings, and no proceedings can be initiated or continued against him during the term of his office. In 2012, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has ceased at least one prime minister from retaining
23701-614: The previous truce between Justinian and Khosrow was disregarded and full war broke out once again between Iranians and Romans. The last major decisive battle of the Lazic wars came in 556 when Byzantine general Martin defeated a massive Sasanian force led by an Iranian nakhvaegan (field marshal). Negotiations between Khosrow and Justinian opened in 556, leading to the Fifty-Year Peace Treaty in 562 in which Iranians would leave Lazica in return for an annual payment of gold. According to ancient historian Menander Protector,
23874-462: The prime minister until the next election or until he fails to maintain the confidence of the National Assembly. 91. The Cabinet: (1) There shall be a Cabinet of Ministers, with the Prime Minister at its head, to aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions. (2) The National Assembly shall meet on the twenty-first day following the day on which a general election to the Assembly
24047-562: The prime minister's office. The Secularists also held him responsible for promoting the Right-wing political forces controlling the country in the name of Islam and further politicised the Islam, despite its true nature. As Prime Minister Ali Khan took initiatives to develop educational infrastructure, science and technology in the country, with the intention of carrying the vision of successful development of science and technology to aid
24220-488: The prime minister, and passed the XVII amendment which partially restored the power of the president to dissolve the National Assembly, but made the dissolution subject to the Supreme Court of Pakistan 's approval. Over the authority issues, Prime Minister Jamali resigned in 2004 and Shaukat Aziz was eventually appointed as prime minister, securing 151 out of 191 votes in the National Assembly. The XVII amendment featured
24393-467: The prime minister, who is responsible for appointing the Cabinet as well as running the executive branch, taking and authorizing executive decisions, appointments, and recommendations that require prime ministerial confirmation. Constitutionally, the prime minister serves as the chief adviser to the president of Pakistan on critical matters; and plays an influential role in appointment in each branch of
24566-417: The prime minister: The prime minister is vested with command authority over the Pakistani nuclear arsenal and represents the country in various delegations, high-level meetings, and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office and also addresses the nation on various issues of national importance. The Constitution of Pakistan requires that the prime minister be
24739-532: The problems and challenges faced by the Muslim communities in the United Province. Ali Khan joined hands with academician Sir Ziauddin Ahmed , taking to organise the Muslim students' communities into one student union, advocating for the provisional rights of the Muslim state. His strong advocacy for Muslims' rights had brought him into national prominence and significant respect was also gained from Hindu communities whom also he fought for at higher levels of
24912-815: The promulgation of the October Objectives in 1949 which passed by the Constituent Assembly. The document was aimed as an Islamic, democratic and federal constitution and government. Disagreement existed about the approach and methods to realise these aims. The third major difference was itself in the Muslim League ; the party had weak political structure with no public base ground or support. Its activities reveled in high factionalism, low commitment to resolve public problems, corruption and incompetency of planning social and economics programmes. In East Pakistan, Ali Khan's lack of attention for
25085-505: The realm and probably also connected him with the mythical immortal king Kay Khosrow (both were remembered as pious kings and "restorers" of the faith). Other variants of the name are Anoshirvan , Anushiravan and Nowshīrvān . Khosrow was also known by the epithets Dādgar ("Dispenser of Justice") and, in Islamic times, 'Adel ("the Just"). Many sources dating to the Islamic era, such as al-Tabari 's Arabic History of
25258-766: The scattered Muslim League mass into one full force. Meanwhile, Choudhry Rahmat Ali coined the term Pakstan in his famous pamphlet Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever? . When Jinnah along with his sister Fatima and daughter Dina decided to settle in London and had gone to England in 1930 and the Muslim India and the All India Muslim League became a divided house, Liaquat went to England along with his wife Ra’na Liaquat and met Jinnah along with his family in July 1933 at their Hampstead residence in London and convinced him to return to India to save
25431-516: The senior military leadership and Jinnah himself became critical of Khan's government. In his last months, Jinnah came to believe that his Prime Minister Khan was a weak prime minister—highly ambitious—and not loyal to Jinnah and his vision in his dying days. The death of Jinnah was announced in 1948, as a new cabinet was also re-established. Ali Khan faced the problem of religious minorities during late 1949 and early 1950, and observers feared that India and Pakistan were about to fight their second war in
25604-444: The sharing of wealth, women and property, an archaic form of communism . Mazdakism not only consisted of theological and cosmological aspects, but also political and social impacts, which was to the disadvantage of the nobility and clergy. According to modern historians Touraj Daryaee and Matthew Canepa , sharing women was most likely an overstatement and defamation deriving from Mazdak's decree that loosened marriage rules to help
25777-494: The socialists and communists, notably the mid-higher level command who would later sponsor an alleged coup led by the communists and socialists against his government. In 1949, the Soviet Union's leader, Joseph Stalin, sent an invitation to Ali Khan to visit the country, followed by a U.S. invitation after they learned of the Soviet move. In May 1950, Khan paid a state visit to the United States after being persuaded to snap ties with
25950-406: The third time after a fourteen-year absence, in a democratic transition. In July 2017, Nawaz Sharif was disqualified as prime minister, not on the corruption charges linked to Panama papers leak that he was questioned for in extension due to his sons, but for failing to declare as in his nomination papers, salary from a company owned by his son. His lawyer insisted that though the ousted prime minister
26123-699: The ultimate aim was to obtain Pakistan. In this session, Khan moved a resolution incorporating the objectives of the Pakistan Resolution in the aims and objectives of the Muslim League. The resolution was seconded and passed unanimously. In 1945–46, mass elections were held in India and Khan won the Central Legislature election from the Meerut Constituency in the United Provinces. He was also elected Chairman of
26296-399: The united Hindu-Muslim India anxious to persevere and maintain all that rich and valuable heritage which the contact of two great cultures bequeathed us. We all believe in the great destiny of our common motherland to achieve which common assets are but invaluable Soon, he and his new wife departed to England but did not terminate his connections with the Muslim League. With Ali Khan departing,
26469-622: The visits never happened after Khan was assassinated and Stalin died. In 1948, Pakistan established relations with the Soviet Union, and an agreement was announced a month later. The offing of U.S. trade had frustrated Khan, therefore, Khan sent career Foreign service officer Jamsheed Marker as Pakistan Ambassador to the Soviet Union , a few months later, a Soviet Ambassador arrived in Pakistan, with her large staff and accompanied military attaches. In 1950, Ali Khan established relations with China by sending his ambassador, making Pakistan to become first Muslim country to establish relations with China,
26642-667: The wars in Mesopotamia and Syria while continuing to fight in Lazica. A truce was made in 557, and by 562 a Fifty-Year Peace Treaty was made. In 572, Justin II , the successor of Justinian, broke the peace treaty and sent a Byzantine force into the Sasanian region of Arzanene . The following year, Khosrow besieged and captured the important Byzantine fortress-city of Dara , which led Justin II to insanity. The war lasted till 591, outliving Khosrow. Khosrow's wars were not only based in
26815-405: The welfare of the people, increasing state revenues, establishing a professional army, and founding or rebuilding many cities, palaces, and much infrastructure. He was interested in literature and philosophy, and under his reign, art and science flourished in Iran. He was the most distinguished of the Sasanian kings, and his name became, like that of Caesar in the history of Rome , a designation of
26988-692: The west. To the east, in an alliance with the Göktürks , he finally put an end to the Hephthalite Empire , which had inflicted a handful of defeats on the Sasanians in the 5th century, killing Khosrow's grandfather Peroz I . To the south, Iranian forces led by Wahrez defeated the Aksumites and conquered Yemen . Khosrow I was known for his character, virtues and knowledge. During his ambitious reign, he continued his father's project of making major social, military, and economic reforms, promoting
27161-488: The work of Miskawayh (932–1030). Khosrow is also mentioned in several Greek sources, such as the ones of Procopius , Agathias and Menander Protector , who all give important information regarding Khosrow's management of the Irano-Roman wars . Syriac authors, such as John of Ephesus and Zacharias Rhetor also include Khosrow in their work, offering a perception of the consequences that his expeditions brought on
27334-544: Was designated chairman of the company, he had never drawn any salary from the company, however, the judges consulting Black's Law Dictionary chose to disqualify Nawaz Sharif for not paying taxes on an asset he never held but could have. On 18 August 2018, Imran Khan was sworn in as the country's 22nd prime minister. On 10 April 2022, a constitutional crisis culminated in Khan losing a motion of no confidence with 174 votes cast against him, ending his premiership and making him
27507-448: Was afterwards captured by Khosrow's forces , and a protectorate was established over the country. At the same time, Belisarius arrived in Mesopotamia and began besieging the city of Nisibis . Although Belisarius had greatly outnumbered the city garrison, the city was too well fortified and he was forced to ravage the country around the Nisibis, subsequently getting recalled back west. After successful campaigns in Armenia, Khosrow
27680-438: Was completely hostile towards Ali Khan's diplomatic approach with India. The existence of high level opposition was revealed in the Rawalpindi conspiracy , sponsored by Chief of General Staff Major-General Akbar Khan , and headed by communist leader Faiz Ahmad Faiz . Another difference came when Khan also intensified policies to make the country a parliamentary democracy and federal republic. During his tenure, Khan supervised
27853-407: Was educated at the Aligarh Muslim University and University of Oxford . After first being invited to the Indian National Congress , he later opted to join the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , an Indian independence activist who later advocated for a separate Muslim nation-state out of Hindu-majority India . Khan assisted Jinnah in the campaign for what would become known as
28026-475: Was encouraged once again to attack Syria. Khosrow turned south towards Edessa and besieged the city . Edessa was now a much more important city than Antioch was, and the garrison which occupied the city was able to resist the siege. The Iranians were forced to retreat from Edessa, but were able to forge a five-year truce with the Byzantine Empire in 545. Three years into the five-year truce (548), rebellion against Sasanian control broke out in Lazica. In response,
28199-454: Was executed, and his office was abolished. Despite the breakdown of the negotiations, it was not until 530 that full-scale warfare on the main eastern frontier broke out. In the intervening years, the two sides preferred to wage war by proxy, through Arab allies in the south and Huns in the north. Mazdak was the name of a chief representative of a religious and philosophical teaching called Mazdakism , which opposed violence, and called for
28372-422: Was initially greeted with enthusiasm by the Byzantine Emperor and his nephew, Justinian , but Justin's quaestor , Proclus, opposed the move, due to the concern of Khosrow possibly later try to take over the Byzantine throne. The Byzantines instead made a counter-proposal to adopt Khosrow not as a Roman, but a barbarian. In the end the negotiations did not come to a consensus. Khosrow reportedly felt insulted by
28545-406: Was known to Pakistani police prior to the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan. The exact motive behind the assassination has never been fully revealed and much speculation surrounds it. An Urdu daily published in Bhopal , India, saw a US hand behind the assassination. Upon his death, Khan was given the honorific title of " Shaheed-e-Millat ", or "Martyr of the Nation". He is buried at Mazar-e-Quaid ,
28718-407: Was made the deputy leader of the Muslim League Parliamentary party. Jinnah was not able to take active part in the proceedings of the Assembly on account of his heavy political work. It was Khan who stood in his place. During this period, Khan was also the Honorary General Secretary of the Muslim League, the deputy leader of their party, Convenor of the Action Committee of the Muslim League, Chairman of
28891-414: Was neutrality. Being a newly born nation with trouble in planning the economy, Khan asked the U.S. for economic and moral support to enable it to stand on its feet. The United States gladly accepted the offer and continued its aid throughout the years. But ties deteriorated after the United States asked Khan to send two combat divisions to support U.S. military operations in the Korean War. Khan wanted to send
29064-486: Was passed to reverse the XVII amendment; it returned the country to being a parliamentary democratic republic . The XVIII Amendment removed all powers of the presidency to dissolve the Parliament unilaterally and sweep away the powers amassed by the former presidents Pervez Musharraf and Zia-ul-Haq to maintain a delicate check and balance . Following a contempt of court case, the Supreme Court permanently disqualified Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gillani . Originally,
29237-407: Was planned, but also an open free market economy. During his early days in office, Khan first adopted the Government of India Act 1935 to administer the country, although his lawmakers and legislators continued to work on a different document of governance. Finally in 1949 after Jinnah's death, Prime Minister Khan intensified his vision to establish an Islamic-based system in the country, presenting
29410-421: Was reorganized and tied to the central government rather than local nobility allowing greater organization, faster mobilization and a far greater cavalry corps. Reforms in taxation provided the empire with stability and a much stronger economy, allowing prolonged military campaigns as well as greater revenues for the bureaucracy. Khosrow's tax reforms have been praised by several scholars, the most notable of whom
29583-412: Was shot twice in the chest while he was addressing a gathering of 100,000 at Company Bagh (Company Gardens), Rawalpindi . The police immediately shot the presumed murderer who was later identified as professional assassin Said Akbar . Khan was rushed to a hospital and given a blood transfusion, but he succumbed to his injuries. Said Akbar Babrak was an Afghan national from the Pashtun Zadran tribe . He
29756-506: Was the King of Kings of the Sassanian Empire from 531 to 579. He was the son and successor of Kavad I ( r. 488–496, 498/9–531 ). Inheriting a reinvigorated empire at war with the Byzantines , Khosrow I signed a peace treaty with them in 532, known as the Perpetual Peace , in which the Byzantine emperor Justinian I paid 11,000 pounds of gold to the Sasanians. Khosrow then focused on consolidating his power, executing conspirators, including his uncle Bawi . Dissatisfied with
29929-419: Was the youngest son of Kavad I , the ruling Sasanian shah. His mother was an Ispahbudhan princess, who was the sister of the leading Iranian general Bawi . The Ispahbudhan were one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran that formed the elite aristocracy of the Sasanian Empire . They in particular enjoyed such a high status that they were acknowledged as "kin and partners of the Sasanians". The family also held
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