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84-683: The term " Celtic Rite " is applied to the various liturgical rites used in Celtic Christianity in Britain , Ireland and Brittany and the monasteries founded by St. Columbanus and Saint Catald in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy during the Early Middle Ages . The term is not meant to imply homogeneity; instead it is used to describe a diverse range of liturgical practices united by lineage and geography. Before

168-637: A dangerous time. Zachary was born into a family of Greek origin, in the Calabrian town of Santa Severina . He was most probably a deacon of the Roman Church and as such signed the decrees of the Roman council of 732. He was selected to succeed Gregory III as pope on 3 December or 5 December 741. Gregory III's alliance with the Lombard Duchy of Spoleto put papal cities at risk when

252-704: A few by non-Irish poets. The Turin Fragment is a manuscript of the 7th century in the Turin Library. Mayer considers the fragment to have been written at Bobbio. It consists of six leaves and contains the canticles, "Cantemus Domino", "Benedicite", and "Te Deum" , with collects to follow those and the Laudate psalms (cxlvii-cl) and the " Benedictus" , the text of which is not given, two hymns with collects to follow them, and two other prayers. There are two Karlsruhe Fragments : four pages in an Irish hand of

336-409: A fortnight after the spring equinox ( "quarta decima luna post aequinoctium vernale" ). The second order was of few bishops and many priests, 300 in number. It lasted from the end of the reign of Tuathal to that of Áed mac Ainmuirech (c. 544–99). They had one head, Christ, they celebrated different Masses and different rules ( "diversas regulas" ), they had one Easter, the fourteenth of the moon after

420-949: A fragmentary original of the 9th century, the correction by Moelcaich and the Mass described in the Irish tract. The pieces said by the people are in several cases only indicated by beginnings and endings. The original Stowe Mass approaches nearer to that of Bobbio than the revised form does. Catholic Liturgical Rites Particular churches exist in two kinds: Liturgical rites also exist in two kinds: Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

504-662: A good deal themselves, much of which eventually passed into that composite rite which is now known as Roman. This seems to be a rough statement of the opinion of the English Roman Catholic scholar Edmund Bishop , which involves the much larger question of the origin and development of all the Western rites. Copied at the Abbey of Bobbio from a manuscript compiled at the monastery of Bangor in County Down , during

588-548: A larger body. Theologically, each is considered to be the embodiment in a particular place or for a particular community of the one, whole Catholic Church. "It is in these and formed out of them that the one and unique Catholic Church exists." There are 24 autonomous churches: one Latin Church and twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , a distinction by now more historical than geographical. The term sui iuris means, literally, "of its own law", or self-governing. Although all of

672-498: A long prayer "De conscientiae reatu ante altare" . The Zürich Fragment is a 10th-century leaf containing part of an office for the profession of a nun. Besides these manuscripts there are certain others bearing on the subject which are not liturgical, and some of which are not Celtic, though they show signs of Celtic influences. The Book of Cerne is a large early 9th-century manuscript collection of prayers, etc. made for Æthelwold, Bishop of Lichfield (820–40). It once belonged to

756-483: A non-Roman type - came into general use. It was not until the 12th century that the separate Irish Rite, which, according to Gilbert, Bishop of Limerick (1106–39), was in use in nearly all Ireland, was abolished. Saint Malachy , bishop of Armagh (1134–48), began the campaign against it, and at the Synod of Cashel , in 1172, a Roman Rite "juxta quod Anglicana observat Ecclesia" was finally substituted. In Scotland there

840-701: A synod in Rome to discourage a tendency toward the worship of angels. Zachary corresponded with temporal rulers as well. Answering a question from the Frankish Mayor of the Palace Pepin the Short , who planned to usurp the Frankish throne from the puppet-king Childeric III , Zachary rendered the opinion that it was better that he should be king who had the royal power than he who had not. Shortly thereafter,

924-593: A variant of the Irish tract of the Mass which is also in the Stowe Missal. An 8th-century manuscript of probably Northumbrian origin, contains selections from the Gospels, collects, hymns, canticles, private devotions, etc. A fragment of seven leaves of an Irish manuscript of the 9th century contains a litany, the Te Deum , and a number of private devotions. The ultimate origin of the various prayers, etc., found in

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1008-625: Is a section of the People of God entrusted to a bishop to be guided by him with the assistance of his clergy so that, loyal to its pastor and formed by him into one community in the Holy Spirit through the Gospel and the Eucharist, it constitutes one particular church in which the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church of Christ is truly present and active. The 1983 Code of Canon Law , which

1092-499: Is concerned with the Latin Church alone and so with only one autonomous particular church, uses the term "particular Church" only in the sense of "local Church", as in its Canon 373: It is within the competence of the supreme authority alone to establish particular Churches; once they are lawfully established, the law itself gives them juridical personality. The standard form of these local or particular churches, each of which

1176-565: Is headed by a bishop , is called a diocese in the Latin Church and an eparchy in the Eastern churches. At the end of 2011, the total number of all these jurisdictional areas (or "sees") was 2,834. The Holy See , the Diocese of Rome , is seen as the central local church. The bishop , the Pope , is considered to be, in a unique sense, the successor of Saint Peter , the chief (or "prince") of

1260-586: Is known, but they certainly had a rite of their own, which may have been similar to the Irish. The Roman Easter and tonsure were adopted by the Picts in 710, and at Iona in 716–18, and much later, in about 1080, St. Margaret of Scotland, wife of King Malcolm III , wishing to reform the Scottish church in a Roman direction, discovered and abolished certain peculiar customs of which Theodoric, her chaplain and biographer, tells us less than we could wish. It seems that

1344-488: Is quite Roman in type, probably written after that part of Cornwall had come under Saxon influence, but with a unique Proper Preface.The manuscript also contains glosses, held by Professor Loth to be Welsh but possibly Cornish or Breton. There is little other evidence as to what liturgy was in use. Anglicans of the 19th century such as Sir William Palmer in his Origines Liturgicae and the Bishop of Chichester in his Story of

1428-572: Is very eclectic, and pieces therein can also be traced the Gelasian, Gregorian, Gallican, and Hispanic origins, and the Stowe Missal has pieces which are found not only in the Bobbio Missal, but also in the Gelasian, Gregorian, Gallican, Hispanic, and even Ambrosian books. Evidence as to the nature and origin of the Irish office is found in the Rule of St. Columbanus, which gives directions as to

1512-547: Is very little information. Intercourse with Ireland was considerable and the few details that can be gathered from such sources as Adamnan's Life of St. Columba and the various relics of the Scoto-Northumbrian Church point to a general similarity with Ireland in the earlier period. Of the rite of the monastic order of the Culdees (Céli Dé or Goillidhe-Dé, servants of God, or possibly Cultores Dei) very little

1596-465: The Bibliothèque nationale at Paris (Lat. 13,246). V. Neale and Forbes entitle it Missale Vesontionense seu Sacramentarium Gallicanum , its attribution to Besançon being due to the presence of a Mass in honour of St. Sigismund. Monseigneur Duchesne appears to consider it to be more or less Ambrosian, but Edmund Bishop considers it to be "an example of the kind of book in vogue in the second age of

1680-950: The Catalogus Sanctorum Hiberniae , which differentiates between the Cursus Gallorum , which it derives imaginatively from Ephesus and St. John, through St. Polycarp and St. Irenaeus, and this Cursus Scottorum which, according to this writer, probably an Irish monk in France, originated with St. Mark at Alexandria. With St. Mark it came to Italy. St. Gregory of Nazianzus, St. Basil, and the hermits St. Anthony, St. Paul, St. Macarius, St. John, and St. Malchus used it. St. Cassian, St. Honoratus, and St. Porcarius of Lérins , St. Caesarius of Arles, St. Germanus, and St. Lupus also used it, and St. Germanus taught it to St. Patrick, who brought it to Ireland. There Wandilochus Senex and Gomorillus (Comgall) used it and St. Wandilochus and Columbanus brought it to Luxeuil. The part of

1764-692: The Council of Arles in A.D. 314 and the Council of Rimini in 359. Communication with Gaul may be inferred from dedications to St. Martin at Whithorn and at Canterbury , from the mission of Victridius of Rouen in A.D. 396 and those of Germanus of Auxerre , with St. Lupus in 429 and with St. Severus in 447, directed against the Pelagianism of which the bishops of Britain stood accused. However much of Britain derived their religion from Irish missionsaries. Aidan of Lindisfarne , Foillan , Diuma , Finan of Lindisfarne , Jaruman and others evangelised

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1848-669: The Holy See of Rome . The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches defines "rite" as follows: "Rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, distinguished according to peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each autonomous church's way of living the faith." As thus defined, "rite" concerns not only a people's liturgy (manner of worship), but also its theology (understanding of doctrine), spirituality (prayer and devotion), and discipline (canon law). In this sense of

1932-693: The apostles . Quoting the Second Vatican Council's document Lumen gentium , the Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "The Pope, Bishop of Rome and Peter's successor, 'is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful. ' " All the Catholic particular churches, whether Latin or Eastern, local or autonomous—are by definition in full communion with

2016-519: The dukes of Spoleto and Benevento rebelled. Zachary turned to King Liutprand the Lombard directly. Out of respect for Zachary the king restored to the church of Rome all the territory seized by the Lombards and sent back the captives without ransom. The contemporary history ( Liber pontificalis ) dwells chiefly on Zachary's personal influence with Liutprand, and with his successor Ratchis . At

2100-700: The 8th century AD there were several Christian rites in Western Europe. Such diversity of practice was often considered unimportant so long as Rome's primacy was accepted. Gradually the diversity tended to lessen so that by the time of the final fusion in the Carolingian period the Roman Rite , its Ambrosian variant, and the Hispano-Gallican Mozarabic Rite were practically all that were left. British bishops attended

2184-534: The Abbey of Cerne in Dorset, but is Mercian in origin and shows Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Carolingian, Roman, and Byzantine influences. The Leabhar Breac or Speckled Book, an Irish manuscript of the 14th century, belonging to the Royal Irish Academy, contains a very large collection of ecclesiastical and religious pieces in Irish. The contents are not as a rule of a liturgical character but the book contains

2268-589: The Anglo-Saxons. Ia of Cornwall and her companions, Saint Piran , St. Sennen , Petroc came to Cornwall and probably brought with them whatever rites they were accustomed to. Cornwall had an ecclesiastical quarrel with Wessex in the days of St. Aldhelm, which appears in Leofric's Missal , though the details of it are not specified. The certain points of difference between the British Church and

2352-595: The Britons adhered to the Jewish Passover instead of Easter Sunday. They adhered to moon phases and counted the third week of the moon (for Passover) from the 14th to the 20th instead of from the 15th to the 21st. Colman at the Synod of Whitby may have had the Quartodeciman controversy in mind when he claimed an Ephesian origin for the Irish calculations of Passover. St. Wilfrid answered that according to

2436-741: The Carlsruhe and Piacenza fragments besides which a little information is found in the St. Gall fragments, the Bangor Antiphonary, the order for the communion of the sick in the Books of Dimma, Mulling, and Deer, the tract in Irish at the end of the Stowe Missal and its variant in the Leabhar Breac. The Bobbio book is a complete missal, for the priest only, with Masses for holy days through the year. The Stowe Missal gives three differing forms,

2520-509: The Catholic Church there are also aggregations of local particular churches that share a specific liturgical, theological, spiritual, and canonical heritage, distinguished from other heritages on the basis of cultural and historical circumstances. These are known as autonomous (" sui iuris ") churches. The 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches defines such a church as follows: "A group of Christ's faithful hierarchically linked in accordance with law and given express or tacit recognition by

2604-595: The Celtic Easter, at the Synod of Whitby , that such was not the case. Tirechan can only mean what we know from other sources: that the fourteenth day of the moon was the earliest day on which Easter could fall, not that it was kept on that day, Sunday or weekday. It was the same ambiguity of expression which misled Colman in 664 and St. Aldhelm in 704. The first and second orders used the Celtic tonsure, and it seems that

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2688-581: The Divine Office and the Easter and tonsure questions. The first order was in the time of Saint Patrick , from the reign of Laoghaire to that of Túathal Máelgarb (c. 440–544). They were all bishops, 350 in number, founders of churches, all Romans, French (i.e. the Gauls), Britons and Scots. They had one Head, Christ, one leader, Patrick, one Mass and one tonsure from ear to ear and they celebrated Easter

2772-490: The Eastern Churches , which is concerned principally with what the Second Vatican Council called "particular Churches or rites", shortened this to "autonomous Church" (Latin: Ecclesia sui iuris ). In Catholic teaching , each diocese (Latin Church term) or eparchy (Eastern term) is also a local or particular church, though it lacks the autonomy of the autonomous churches described above: A diocese

2856-770: The English Prayerbook proposed that Irenaeus , a disciple of St. Polycarp the disciple of St. John the Divine , brought the Ephesine Rite to Provence whence it spread through Gaul to Britain and became the foundation of the Sarum Rite . The Ephesine origin of the Gallican Rite rested first upon a statement of Colmán of Lindisfarne in 664 at the Synod of Whitby respecting the origin of Easter and second upon an 8th-century Irish writer who derived

2940-724: The Fraction before the Pater Noster. (5) the elaborate Fraction. (6) the Communion Antiphons, and Responsory. In the "missa apostolorum et martirum et sanctorum et sanctarum virginum", in the Stowe, the Preface and Sanctus are followed by a Post-Sanctus of regular Hispano-Gallican form, "Vere sanctus, vere benedictus"" etc., which modulates directly into the "Qui pridie"" with no place for the intervention of "Te igitur""and

3024-512: The Frankish nobles decided to abandon Childeric, the last Merovingian king, in favor of Pepin. Zachary remonstrated with the Byzantine emperor Constantine V Copronymus on his iconoclastic policies . Zachary built the original church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva over an ancient temple to Minerva near the Pantheon . He also restored the decaying Lateran Palace , moving the relic of

3108-731: The Irish Saints", and connects it with the undoubtedly Irish Stowe Missal. It contains a Missa Romensis cottidiana and Masses for various days and intentions, with the Order of Baptism and the Benedictio Cerei. The Stowe Missal is a manuscript of the late 8th or early 9th century, with alterations in later hands, most of them written by one Moelcaich, who signs his name at the end of the Canon, and whom Dr. MacCarthy identifies, not very convincingly, with Moelcaich MacFlann, c. 750. It

3192-686: The Order of Baptism and of the Visitation, Unction, and Communion of the Sick, and a treatise in Irish on the Mass, of which a variant is found in the "Leabhar Breac". The non-Roman elements in the Stowe Missal are: (1) The Bidding Litany between the Epistle and Gospel, which, however, came after the Gospel in the Gallican. (2) The Post-Sanctus. (3) the Responsory of the Fraction. (4) The position of

3276-413: The Picts, 710; Iona, 716-8; Strathclyde, 721; North Wales, 768; South Wales, 777. Cornwall held out the longest of any, perhaps even, in parts, to the time of Bishop Aedwulf of Crediton (909). There were Christians in Ireland before Saint Patrick , but we have no information as to how they worshipped, and their existence is ignored by Tirechan 's 7th-century Catalogus Sanctorum Hiberniae , which divides

3360-611: The Quartodeciman rule Passover might be kept on any day of the week, not just a Sunday, whereas the Irish and those they had evangelised (such as the Anglo-Saxons) kept it on Passover only. St. Aldhelm in his letter to King Gerontius of Dumnonia also seems to charge the Cornish with Quartodecimanism. The Easter versus Passover question was eventually settled at various times in different places. The following dates are derived from Haddan and Stubbs: Western, eastern and southern Ireland, 626-8; northern-west Ireland, 692; Northumbria (converted by Irish missions), 664; East Devon and Somerset, 705;

3444-411: The Register of St. Andrew's (drawn up 1144–53), "Keledei in angulo quodam ecclesiae, quae modica nimis est, suum officum more suo celebrant". How much difference there may have been cannot be judged from these expressions. Scotland may have retained a primitive Celtic Rite, or it may have used the greatly Romanized Stowe or Bobbio Mass. The one fragment of a Scottish Rite, the Office of the Communion of

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3528-429: The Roman coronal tonsure came partly into use during the period of the third order. After that we have an obscure period, during which the Roman Easter which had been accepted in South Ireland in 626–628, became universal, being accepted by North Ireland in 692, and it seems probable that a Mass on the model of the Carlsruhe and Piacenza fragments and the Stowe and Bobbio Missals - a Roman Canon with some features of

3612-429: The Roman in prior to Bede were: (1) The rule of keeping Easter (2) the tonsure (3) the manner of baptizing. Gildas also records elements of a different rite of ordination. There is a Mass, probably of the 9th century, apparently Cornish since it mentions "Ecclesia Lanaledensis" (perhaps St Germans in Cornwall , though this was also the Breton name of Aleth, now part of Saint-Malo ) and in honour of St. Germanus. It

3696-483: The Scots did not begin Lent on Ash Wednesday but on the Monday following, as is still the Ambrosian practice. They refused to communicate on Easter Day and arguments on the subject make it seem as if the laity never communicated at all. In some places they celebrated Mass "contra totius Ecclesiae consuetudinem, nescio quo ritu barbaro" ("contrary to the customs of the whole Church, with I know not what barbaric rite"). The last statement may be read in connection with that in

3780-405: The Sick, in the Book of Deer, probably 11th century, is certainly non-Roman in type, and agrees with those in the extant Irish books. The Book of Deer is a 10th-century gospel book from Old Deer , Aberdeenshire , Scotland , with early 12th-century additions in Latin, Old Irish and Scottish Gaelic . Now in the Cambridge University Library . It contains part of an order for the communion of

3864-403: The case of the third order Roman modifications were also introduced. The working of the "Catalogus" seems to imply that the first and second orders were Quartodecimans , but this is clearly not the meaning, or on the same argument the third order must have been partly Sextodecimans – if there were such things – and moreover we have the already mentioned statement of St. Wilfrid , the opponent of

3948-464: The church is fully present sacramentally (by way of a sign) wherever there is a sign of Christ the head, a bishop and those who assist him, and a sign of Christ's body, Christian faithful. Each diocese is therefore considered a particular church . On the worldwide level, the sign of Christ the head is the Pope , and, to be Catholic, particular churches, whether local churches or autonomous ritual churches, must be in communion with this sign of Christ

4032-473: The church's unity. In this sense of "church", the list of churches in the Catholic Church has only one member, the Catholic Church itself (comprising Roman and Eastern Churches). Within the Catholic Church there are local particular churches, of which dioceses are the most familiar form. Other forms include territorial abbacies , apostolic vicariates and apostolic prefectures . The 1983 Code of Canon Law states: "Particular Churches, in which and from which

4116-415: The confession and litany, which also begin the Stowe Missal, a fragment of a Mass of the Dead, a prayer at the Visitation of the Sick, and three forms for the blessing of salt and water. The Basel Fragment is a 9th-century Greek Psalter with a Latin interlinear translation. On a fly-leaf at the beginning are two hymns in honour of Mary and of St. Bridget, a prayer to Mary and to the angels and saints, and

4200-474: The divine office from Alexandria. Archbishop Nuttall also asserted the Eastern origin of the Irish rite. The Catholic Encyclopedia disagreed, asserting (see also Ambrosian Rite ) that the Sarum Rite is "merely a local variety of the Roman, and that the influence of the Gallican Rite upon it is no greater than upon any other Roman variety". A letter from Pope Zachary to St. Boniface (1 May 748, reports that an English synod had forbidden any baptism except in

4284-537: The entire world (the Catholic Church ), or in a certain territory (a particular church). To be a sacrament (a sign) of the Mystical Body of Christ in the world, a church must have both a head and members ( Col. 1:18 ). The sacramental sign of Christ the head is the sacred hierarchy – the bishops , priests and deacons . More specifically, it is the local bishop, with his priests and deacons gathered around and assisting him in his office of teaching, sanctifying and governing ( Mt. 28:19–20 ; Titus 1:4–9 ). Thus,

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4368-712: The equinox, and one tonsure from ear to ear. They received a Mass from the Britons, David of Wales , Gilla ( Gildas ), and Docus ( Cadoc ). The Life of Gildas tells how King Ainmuire mac Sétnai sent for Gildas to restore ecclesiastical order in his kingdom in which the Catholic faith was being laid aside. The third order were priests and a few bishops, 100 in number, living in wildernesses on an ascetic diet ( "qui in locis desertis habitabant et oleribus et aqua et eleemosynis vivebant, propria devitabant" ), evidently hermits and monks. They had different Masses, different rules, and different tonsures, ( "alii enim habebant coronam, alii caesariem" ), and celebrated different Easters, some on

4452-402: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life God Schools Relations with: In Catholic ecclesiology , a church is an assembly of the faithful , hierarchically ordered, both in

4536-479: The first order celebrated a form of Mass introduced by Patrick, who was the pupil of Germanus of Auxerre and Honoratus of Lerins, perhaps a Mass of the Gallican type. The 8th-century tract in Cott. MS. Nero A. II states that St. Germanus taught the "Cursus Scottorum" to St. Patrick. It is clear that the British Mass introduced by David, Gildas, and Cadoc differed from it. The second and third orders used partly Patrick's Mass and partly one of British origin, and in

4620-417: The fourteenth, some on the sixteenth, of the moon "with hard intention" ( "cum duris intentionibus" ) which perhaps means "obstinately". These lasted from the reign of Áed Sláine to that of his two sons Diarmait and Blathmac (c. 599–665). The "unam celebrationem" of the first order and the "diversas regulas" of the second and third probably both refer to the Divine Office. The meaning seems to be that

4704-409: The fragments of the Irish Rite in the books of private devotion, such as the Book of Cerne , Harley MS 7653, and Royal MS 2 A XX, which are either Irish or have been composed under Irish influence, is still under discussion. The Turin Fragment and the Antiphonary of Bangor contain for the most part pieces that are either not found elsewhere or are only found in other Irish books. The Book of Cerne

4788-409: The gospels of Luke and John. The Book of Mulling is a manuscript of the late 8th century. It contains the four Gospels, an office for the unction and communion of the sick, and a fragmentary directory or plan of a service. Dr. Lawlor thought the latter a plan of a daily office used morning and evening but the editors of the Liber Hymnorum took it as a special penitential service and compared it with

4872-606: The grant of mutual recognition by distinct ecclesial bodies, the Catholic Church considers itself a single church (" full communion , "one Body") composed of a multitude of particular churches, each of which, as stated, is an embodiment of the fullness of the one Catholic Church. For the particular churches within the Catholic Church, whether autonomous ritual churches (e.g., Coptic Catholic Church , Melkite Catholic Church , Armenian Catholic Church , etc.) or dioceses (e.g., Archdiocese of Birmingham , Archdiocese of Chicago , etc.), are seen as not simply branches, divisions or sections of

4956-451: The head of Saint George to the church of San Giorgio al Velabro . After Venetian merchants bought many slaves in Rome to sell to the Muslims of Africa , Zachary forbade such traffic and then paid the merchants their price, giving the slaves their freedom. Pope Zachary died around 15 March 752 (it may also have been the 12th or 14th) and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica . His elected successor, Stephen , died within days, and Zachary

5040-437: The head. Through this full communion with Saint Peter and his successors the church becomes a universal sacrament of salvation to the end of the age ( Mt. 28:20 ). The word "church" is applied to the Catholic Church as a whole, which is seen as a single church: the multitude of peoples and cultures within the church, and the great diversity of gifts, offices, conditions and ways of life of its members, are not opposed to

5124-590: The hymns are found in the Antiphonary of Bangor, the Leabhar Breac , and the Book of Cerne. There are two manuscripts of this collection, not agreeing exactly, one in Trinity College, Dublin, of the 11th century, and one in the Franciscan Convent at Dublin, of somewhat later date. In the "Liber Hymnorum" there are hymns by Patrick, Columba, Gildas , Sechnall , Ultan , Cummaim of Clonfert , Muging , Coleman mac Ui Clussaigh , Colman Mac Murchan , Cuchuimne , Óengus of Tallaght , Fiacc , Broccan , Sanctam , Scandalan Mor , Mael-Isu ua Brolchain , and Ninine , besides

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5208-420: The intercessions inserted in the Intercession for the Living in the Stowe Missal and in Witzel's extracts from the Fulda Manuscript. There are also some fragments in Irish. The Piacenza Fragment consists of four pages (of which the two outer are illegible) in an Irish hand, possibly of the 10th century. The two inner pages contain parts of three Masses, one of which is headed " ordo missae sanctae mariae ". In

5292-404: The late 8th or early 9th century in the Library of Karlsruhe contain parts of three Masses, one of which is "pro captivis" . The arrangement resembles that of the Bobbio Missal, in that the Epistles and Gospels seem to have preceded the other variables under the title of lectiones ad misam . Another four pages in an Irish hand probably of the 9th century contain fragments of Masses and a variant of

5376-445: The lax Gallican clergy, who tried to get them discouraged. At a council at Macon, in 623, certain charges brought by one Agrestius were considered. Among them is the following: "In summâ quod a caeterorum ritu ac norma desciscerent et sacra mysteria sollemnia orationum et collectarum multiplici varietate celebrarent". There has been more than one interpretation of this phrase, some holding, with Pope Benedict XIV , that it refers to

5460-447: The name of the Trinity and declared that whoever omits the Name of any Person of the Trinity does not truly baptise. Henry Spelman and Wilkins put this synod at London in 603, the time of St. Augustine while Mansi makes its date the first year of Theodore of Tarsus , 668. The possibility of priests, presumably Irish, having been invalidly baptized was considered in the "Poenitentiale Theodori" (Lib. II, cap. iii, 13), and in cap. ix of

5544-431: The number of psalms to be recited at each hour, in the Turin fragment and the Antiphonary of Bangor, which gives the text of canticles, hymns, collects, and antiphons, in the 8th century tract in Cott. MS. Nero A. II., which gives what was held in the 8th century to be the origin of the "Cursus Scottorum" ( Cursus psalmorum and Synaxis are terms used for the Divine Office in the Rule of St. Columbanus) and in allusions in

5628-434: The one and only Catholic Church exists, are principally dioceses. Unless the contrary is clear, the following are equivalent to a diocese: a territorial prelature, a territorial abbacy, a vicariate apostolic, a prefecture apostolic and a permanently established apostolic administration." A list of Catholic dioceses, of which on 31 December 2011 there were 2,834, is given at List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical) . Within

5712-443: The others are contained the Prefaces of two of the Sunday Masses in the Bobbio Missal, one of which is used on the eighth Sunday after the Epiphany in the Mozarabic. The St. Gall Fragments are 8th- and 9th-century fragments in Manuscripts 1394 and 1395 in the Library of St. Gallen . The first book (1394) contains part of an ordinary of the Mass which, as far as it goes, resembles that in the Stowe Missal. The second (1395) contains

5796-414: The particular churches espouse the same beliefs and faith, their distinction lies in their varied expression of that faith through their traditions, disciplines, and canon law . All are in communion with the Holy See . For this kind of particular church, the 1983 Code of Canon Law uses the unambiguous phrase "autonomous ritual Church" (Latin: Ecclesia ritualis sui iuris ). The 1990 Code of Canons of

5880-444: The penitential office sketched out in the Second Vision of Adamnan in the Speckled Book , which, as interpreted by them, it certainly resembles. The service plan in the Book of Mulling is: This is a collection of forty hymns in Latin and Irish, almost all of Irish origin, with canticles and "ccclxv orationes quas beatus Gregorius de toto psalterio congregavit" . There are explanatory prefaces in Irish or Latin to each hymn. Some of

5964-444: The request of the Exarchate of Ravenna , Zachary persuaded Liutprand to abandon a planned attack on Ravenna and to restore territory seized from the city. Zachary corresponded with Archbishop Boniface of Mainz , counseling him about dealing with disreputable prelates such as Milo, bishop of Reims and Trier . "As for Milo and his like, who are doing great injury to the church of God, preach in season and out of season, according to

6048-465: The rest of the first part of the Gelasian Canon. This may represent an Irish Mass as it was before the Gelasian interpolation. In the other two Masses this is not shown. An 8th-century Irish pocket gospel book originally from the Abbey of Roscrea, County Tipperary, Ireland. The Book of Dimma contains the four gospels and has an order for the unction and communion of the sick inserted between

6132-426: The saints of Ireland into three orders covering about 225 years from the coming of St. Patrick in 440 in the reign of Laoghaire MacNeil to the reign of Blathmac and Diarmait sons of Áed Sláine in 665. Each order is stated to have lasted for the reigns of four kings - symmetry is attained by omitting about six intervening reigns, but the outside dates of each period are clear enough, and the document relates customs of

6216-509: The same book, after ordering the reordination of those ordained by Scottish and British bishops "who are not Catholic in their Easter and tonsure" and the asperging of churches consecrated by them. It has been conjectured that the British Church resembled the Hispanic in baptizing with a single immersion. This form had been allowed by Rome in the case of Iberia. The Irish, the English, and

6300-529: The sick, with a Gaelic rubric. The origin of the book is uncertain. In 590 St. Columbanus and his companions travelled to the Continent and established monasteries throughout France, South Germany, Switzerland, and North Italy, of which the best known were Luxeuil, Bobbio, St. Galen, and Ratisbon. It is from the Rule of St. Columbanus that we know something of a Celtic Divine Office. Irish missionaries, with their very strict rule, were not altogether popular among

6384-488: The story from St. Germanus onwards may possibly be founded in fact. The other part is not so probable as it does not follow that what St. Columbanus carried to Gaul was the same as that which St. Patrick had brought from Gaul in an earlier age. The Bobbio and Stowe Missals contain the Irish ordinary of a daily Mass in its late Romanized form. Many of the variables are found in the Bobbio book and portions of some Masses are in

6468-534: The supreme authority of the Church is in this Code called an autonomous Church." There are 24 such autonomous Catholic churches: One Latin Church (i.e., Western ) and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches ", a distinction by now more historical than geographical. Although each of them has its own specific heritage, they are all in full communion with the Pope in Rome . Unlike "families" or "federations" of churches formed through

6552-603: The time of Abbot Cronan (680–91), this so-called "antiphonary" is now in the Ambrosian Library at Milan. It contains a large collection of canticles, hymns, collects, and antiphons, all, with very few exceptions, relating to the Divine Office. All but two of the twenty-one pieces in the Turin fragment are found in this manuscript also. A manuscript of the 7th century found by Mabillon at Bobbio in North Italy, now in

6636-567: The use of many collects before the Epistle, instead of the one collect of the then Roman Missal, others that it implies a multiplicity of variables in the whole Mass, analogous to that existing in the Hispano-Gallican Rite. The Columbanian monasteries gradually drifted into the Benedictine Order. The general conclusion seems to be that, while the Irish were not above borrowing from other Western nations, they originated

6720-464: The word "rite", the list of rites within the Catholic Church is identical with that of the autonomous churches, each of which has its own heritage, which distinguishes that church from others, and membership of a church involves participation in its liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage. However, "church" refers to the people, and "rite" to their heritage. Pope Zachary Pope Zachary ( Latin : Zacharias ; 679 – March 752)

6804-635: The word of the Apostle, that they cease from their evil ways." At Boniface's request, Zachary confirmed three newly established bishoprics of Würzburg , Büraburg , and Erfurt . In 742 he appointed Boniface as papal legate to the Concilium Germanicum , hosted by Carloman , one of the Frankish mayors of the Palace . In a later letter Zachary confirmed the metropolitans appointed by Boniface to Rouen , Reims , and Sens . In 745 Zachary convened

6888-559: Was discovered abroad, in the 18th century, by John Grace of Nenah, from whom it passed to the Duke of Buckingham's library at Stowe . It was bought by the Earl of Ashburnham in 1849, and from his collection it went to the Royal Irish Academy. It contains part of the Gospel of St. John, probably quite unconnected with what follows, bound up with the Ordinary and Canon of the Mass , three Masses,

6972-493: Was finally succeeded by Stephen II . The letters and decrees of Zachary are published in Jacques Paul Migne , Patrolog. lat. lxxxix. p. 917–960. Church historian Johann Peter Kirsch said of Zachary: "In a troubled era Zachary proved himself to be an excellent, capable, vigorous, and charitable successor of Peter." Peter Partner called Zachary a skilled diplomat, "perhaps the most subtle and able of all

7056-552: Was the bishop of Rome from 28 November 741 to his death. He was the last pope of the Byzantine Papacy . Zachary built the original church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva , forbade the traffic of slaves in Rome , negotiated peace with the Lombards , and sanctioned Pepin the Short 's usurpation of the Frankish throne from Childeric III . Zachary is regarded as a capable administrator and a skillful and subtle diplomat in

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