Ethan A. Nadelmann (born March 13, 1957) is the founder of the Drug Policy Alliance , a New York City-based non-profit organization working to end the War on Drugs . He is a supporter of the legalization of marijuana in America .
99-730: Nadelmann was born in New York City and raised in Westchester, New York in a Jewish family; his father, Ludwig Nadelmann, was a rabbi and a "leading figure in the Jewish Reconstructionist movement." He earned B.A. , J.D. , and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University and a M.Sc in international relations from the London School of Economics . Nadelmann began to see the flaws in American drug policy as
198-420: A Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent . Suu Kyi discussed the motives behind human rights violations and said that they cannot be addressed unless "we know what can be done to prevent" people from dehumanizing one another. The Forum brought attention to a number of human rights issues, and other attendees included Manal al-Sharif , a Saudi woman who challenged her country's ban on women driving by coordinating
297-559: A prisoner of conscience and a political prisoner According to HRF Llori was imprisoned on trumped up terrorism charges by the government. She was sent to El Inca prison where she remained for about ten months. HRF filed a communication with the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, pleading that it activate its urgent action procedure and send an appeal to the government of Ecuador for the immediate release of political prisoner Guadalupe Llori. HRF visited her in prison. She
396-631: A "Women2Drive" protest via YouTube , and the spokesman of jailed Russian punk band Pussy Riot . In November 2014, the Oslo Freedom Forum curated a session at the Sime MIA conference in Miami. The conference featured HRF president Thor Halvorssen, Jordanian cartoonist Suleiman Bakhit , and North Korean refugee Yeonmi Park . Following the 2009 Honduran coup d'état that deposed President Manuel Zelaya , HRF requested all member states of
495-407: A Westchester Parks Department run beach and park, was one of the first amusement parks in the country serving as a summer resort at the turn of the twentieth century; Huckleberry Island is largely undeveloped, and has one of the largest rookeries in western Long Island Sound; Echo Island is owned and used by a private yacht club ; Execution Rocks is the site of a 19th-century lighthouse listed on
594-736: A brief time, the Princeton Group was the most dynamic de facto drug-reform think tank in the United States." After Barack Obama won the presidential election, Matt Elrod, the director of the drug policy reform group DrugSense, filed an internet petition for Ethan Nadelmann as the new Drug Czar . Although any hopes in getting Nadelmann appointed were downplayed, "this petition will at least encourage President-elect Obama to think twice about his choice of drug czar." Drug Policy Alliance never lobbied for Nadelmann, but once media reports alleged that James Ramstad (R-MN) would be appointed to
693-679: A college student. His academic interests initially focused on Middle East politics before he devoted himself to the issue of drug policy and the internationalization of crime law enforcement. In 1984-85, while pursuing his Ph.D., Nadelmann "got a security clearance and worked as a consultant to the State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs," then called the Bureau of International Narcotics Matters. Nadelmann's dissertation, based in part on "hundreds of DEA and foreign drug-enforcement officials" in 19 countries,
792-471: A manufacturing base, particularly along the Hudson River and Nepperhan Creek . In 1874, the western portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County, and in 1895 the remainder of the present Bronx County was also transferred to New York County. These would later split from Manhattan to form a county. During the 20th century, the rural character of Westchester would transform into
891-644: A performance art piece in the center of Havana. In July 2014, HRF submitted a petition to the UN Special Rapporteur requesting an appeal to the government of Cuba on the assault of Roberto de Jesus Guerra Perez, a Cuban journalist and founder of Centro de Informacion Hablemos Press. The Sugar Babies : The Plight of the Children of Agricultural Workers in the Sugar Industry (2007) is a feature-length documentary film about exploitation in
990-825: A piece in Foreign Policy in April 1988 called "U. S. Drug Policy: A Bad Export." In the article, Nadelmann argued that U.S. drug policy strained relationships with Latin American countries, and Nadelmann "analyzed legalization as an alternative." The article brought Nadelmann media attention alongside Kurt Schmoke, a Baltimore Mayor who advocated for drug decriminalization. Nadelmann appeared on TV shows including Nightline , where he and Schmoke debated Charles Rangel on drugs, and Larry King Live . Nadelmann then "authored similar articles Science, The Public Interest, and New Republic ," which were often quoted in op-ed articles about drug policy. Nadelmann's scholarly work provided
1089-621: A public letter, the minister referred to HRF as "right wing". In the same month, eighteen Latin America scholars signed an opinion piece in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten criticizing the Oslo Freedom Forum for focusing criticism only on Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador, three countries with leftist governments. The scholars praised the group for putting "the spotlight on key global issues", but also stated that Cuban human rights activist and HRF then-chairman Armando Valladares had defended
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#17327717765821188-715: A report called "The facts and the law behind the democratic crisis in Honduras 2009", in which it concluded that the Organization of American States had acted correctly in activating the Inter-American Democratic Charter , and incorrectly in its diplomatic actions to revert the military coup. The report also concludes that the OAS behaved as an agent of Zelaya prior to the coup d'état and that Zelaya had been eroding Honduran democracy. In July 2011,
1287-556: A strong advocate of less restrictive cannabis laws in the United States including legalizing the use of cannabis for medical purposes , regulating recreational usage, and imposing civil rather than criminal penalties for those who are caught using or possessing small amounts of cannabis . In 2013, Nadelmann joined Richard Branson , founder of the Virgin Group ; George Papandreou , former prime minister of Greece; David Marlon, Las Vegas -based addiction recovery advocate, to discuss
1386-594: A total of 25,276 cases, 838 deaths, and 9,371 recoveries. As of May 22, 2020, there were between 30 and 35,000 cases going both by COVID-19 testing and serological samples, constituting the highest number of highest per capita infections in the world: 3% out of 1 million residents. On May 26, 2020, the area started their first phase of reopening after being placed on lockdown for two months. Westchester County has six cities , 19 towns , and 23 villages . Cities in Westchester have many well established sub-areas within
1485-633: A totalitarian system". It was reported that in October 2012 Urban Outfitters removed the merchandise in response to the outrage. In May 2013, HRF awarded the Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent to The Ladies in White (Las Damas de Blanco). In 2015, the award was given to Danilo Maldonado, El Sexto, a Cuban graffiti artist and activist who was arrested in December 2014 for trying to stage
1584-636: A vile dictator." Following the 2010 earthquake that took place in Haiti, HRF began a fundraising campaign for a food program devoted to the children of the St Clare's community of Port-au-Prince. The program was started in 2000 by American author Margaret Trost and by Gérard Jean-Juste , a former Amnesty International prisoner of conscience who served as the priest of the St. Clare's community. The campaign aimed at providing 160,000 meals for children. In 2015,
1683-533: A walkway along the Hudson River of 51.5 miles (80 km) which will provide pedestrian access between New York City and Putnam County. 32.9 miles of the route are complete and accessible. At 987 feet (301 m), the highest elevation in the county is a U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey benchmark known as "Bailey" in Mountain Lakes Park near the Connecticut state line. The lowest elevation
1782-641: Is "an initiative that unites activists in Korea with technologists and campaigners in the West." In 2014, HRF hosted the world's first hackathon for North Korea at Code for America 's offices in San Francisco. According to the Wall Street Journal , "about 100 hackers, coders and engineers gathered in San Francisco to brainstorm ways to pierce the information divide that separates North Korea from
1881-634: Is Russian opposition activist Yulia Navalnaya , and Javier El-Hage is the current chief legal officer. The foundation's head office is in the Empire State Building in New York City . HRF's website states that it adheres to the definition of human rights as put forth in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976), believing that all individuals are entitled to the right to speak freely ,
1980-703: Is a marketing name for the eastern part of New York State, including the Hudson Valley and the Capital District . The term originated in 1998 to promote the Greater Albany metropolitan area as a competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley and Boston . It has since grown to represent the counties in New York between IBM 's Westchester County plants in the south and the Canada–U.S. border to
2079-892: Is an annual HRF conference in Oslo, Norway, supported by several grant-giving institutions in Scandinavia and the United States through HRF. Donors include Fritt Ord , the City of Oslo, the Thiel Foundation , the Norwegian Helsinki Committee , the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Amnesty International Norway, Plan Norway, the Brin Wojcicki Foundation , Human Rights House Foundation , and Ny Tid . The forum
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#17327717765822178-520: Is bordered on the west side by the Hudson River and on the east side by the Long Island Sound and Fairfield County, Connecticut . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 500 square miles (1,300 km ), of which 430 square miles (1,100 km ) is land and 69 square miles (180 km ) (14%) is water. Where Pelham Manor meets Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx,
2277-439: Is borderline humid subtropical and humid continental (Köppen: Cfa/Dfa ). Winters are cold, wet, and occasionally snowy throughout the county, with more snow inland in higher elevations. Summers are hot inland but cooler towards the coast, with a relative dryness in the early summer. Precipitation is plentiful and in some elevated areas reaches over 50 inches. Snowfall is more common in Westchester than in New York City, with
2376-401: Is completely separate from the city of Rye. Pelham is the name of a town and also of a village in the town. The village of Mamaroneck is located partially in the town of Mamaroneck and partially in the town of Rye, but has nothing to do with the city of Rye. ZIP Codes in Westchester often are not coterminous with the actual municipality borders, causing mailing addresses to sometimes differ from
2475-886: Is funded in part by the municipality of Oslo, the Norwegian Ministry of affairs, and the Fritt ord Foundation. During the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests , the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights documented more than 450 cases of torture and ill-treatment of detainees, as well as reports of sexual abuse and rape. At the end of 2020, the Viasna Human Rights Centre documented 1,000 testimonies of torture victims. HRF sent letters to fifteen officers of law enforcement agencies of Belarus and officials of
2574-489: Is in a transitional period, converting from primarily industrial uses to mixed residential, commercial, retail, and recreational uses. This transformation is most notable in Yonkers, Hastings-on-Hudson , Dobbs Ferry , Irvington , Tarrytown, Sleepy Hollow, Ossining , and Peekskill , where redevelopment projects are in various stages of design and completion. In 2004, the county began a project to create Westchester RiverWalk,
2673-708: Is sea level, along both the Hudson and Long Island Sound. Westchester County is divided into six primary drainage basins or watersheds: the Upper and Lower Long Island Sound; and the Bronx, Upper Hudson, Lower Hudson, and Croton River basins. Within these primary drainage basins are approximately 60 smaller basins, or subwatersheds. The principal streams draining the southern part of the county include Beaver Swamp Brook, Blind Brook , Bronx River , Hutchinson River , Mamaroneck River , Saw Mill River , Sheldrake River, Stephenson Brook and Tibbetts Brook . The primary streams draining
2772-493: Is to legalize drug use in the United States," likely referring to the efforts of Nadelmann and Soros. Nadelmann influenced public figures to rethink their views on drug policy. The New York Times cited "former Secretary of State George P. Shultz; the economist Milton Friedman, who has received the Nobel Prize; William F. Buckley, the conservative columnist, and Mayor Kurt Schmoke of Baltimore" as public figures that are making
2871-672: The Amawalk Reservoir , and the Muscoot Reservoir . Other major reservoirs are the Kensico and Byram Lake Reservoir, while there are a number of smaller reservoirs throughout the county. The Westchester County Department of Planning divides the county into North, Central and South sub-regions. The rock that underlies Manhattan and Westchester is chiefly gneiss and mica - schist , with layers of dolomitic marble and serpentine . The climate of Westchester County
2970-581: The Delaware and Hudson Rivers . Several different tribes occupied the area, including The Manhattans, and the Weckquaesgeek and Siwanoy bands of the Wappinger in the south, and Tankiteke, Sintsink and Kitchawank Wappinger in the north. The first European explorers to visit the Westchester area were Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and Henry Hudson in 1609. Dutch settlers began arriving in
3069-655: The Dominican Republic drew protest from the Fanjul brothers , one of the largest beneficiaries of the human trafficking depicted in the film. In March 2008 HRF wrote to Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa asking for the release of the imprisoned governor of the province of Orellana, Guadalupe Llori , implying that the charges against her were politically motivated. Later in March Amnesty International declared that governor Llori may be
Ethan Nadelmann - Misplaced Pages Continue
3168-607: The International Science and Engineering Fair and similar STEM -based academic awards. At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Native American inhabitants of present-day Westchester County were part of the Algonquian peoples , whose name for themselves was Lenape , meaning the people . They called the region Lenapehoking , which consisted of the area around and between
3267-693: The Kensico Reservoir are important components of the New York City water supply system. The system is a series of interconnected reservoirs and lakes in northern Westchester and Putnam Counties that provide 10% of New York City's water under normal conditions and up to 30% in times of drought. The components of the system include the New Croton Reservoir , the Cross River Reservoir , the Titicus Reservoir ,
3366-716: The Long Island Sound to its east and the Hudson River on its west. The county is the seventh most populous county in the State of New York and the most populous north of New York City . According to the 2020 United States Census , the county had a population of 1,004,456, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 55,344 (5.8%) from the 949,113 counted in 2010 . Westchester covers an area of 450 square miles (1,200 km ), consisting of six cities, 19 towns, and 23 villages. Established in 1683, Westchester
3465-514: The National Register of Historic Places ; Columbia , Pea , and Goose Islands are undeveloped; Clifford, Harrison and Tank Islands are part of the "Five Islands Park" and nature preserve; while Oak and Pine Islands are used as private residences. The widest section of the Hudson River, at 3.6 miles (6 km), is found between the Westchester and Rockland County shorelines immediately north of Croton Point. In Colonial times, this area
3564-470: The New York Times , HRF "has helped smuggle activists out of repressive countries, provided many with broader exposure and connected others with prominent financiers and technologists". On 1 July 2024, Navalnaya was announced as the chairperson of Human Rights Foundation, succeeding Garry Kasparov . The foundation had net assets of approximately US$ 34 million in 2022. The Oslo Freedom Forum
3663-577: The Organization of American States to adhere to the Inter-American Democratic Charter . HRF also advocated for the suspension of the government that ousted President Zelaya. HRF chairman Armando Valladares resigned on July 2, 2009, in response to the HRF position on the Honduran coup. The new chairman of the organization was poet and former Czech president Václav Havel. In November 2009, HRF published
3762-484: The Revolutionary War devastated the county, recovery after the war was rapid. In 1788, five years after the end of the war, the county was divided into 20 towns. In 1798, the first federal census recorded a population of 24,000 for the county. Two developments in the first half of the 19th century—the construction of the first Croton Dam and Aqueduct , and the coming of the railroad—had enormous impacts on
3861-763: The southern border of Westchester is just under 11 miles (18 km) from Columbus Circle in Manhattan . At over 2,700 acres (11 km ), Pelham Bay Park is the largest of New York City's parks, forming a substantial buffer between suburban Westchester and the urban Bronx, while Van Cortlandt Park to the west acts as a similar buffer. Westchester's Long Island Sound shore is generally rocky, interspersed with tidal mud flats , marshes and wetlands , as well as several natural and artificially-maintained sand beaches. Municipal and county owned parks provide access to beaches, nature preserves and passive and active waterfront recreational facilities. Several large harbors lie along
3960-541: The 1620s, followed by settlers from England in the 1640s. Westchester County was one of the original twelve counties of the Province of New York , created by an act of the New York General Assembly in 1683. At the time it included present-day Bronx County , and abutted then- Dutchess County to the north. By 1775, Westchester was the richest and most populous county in the colony of New York. Although
4059-569: The 1990s and 2000s. The three major funders were Peter Lewis, Soros, and John Sperling—the Washington Post calling them "a trio of enormously wealthy businessmen who are united behind one idea: that the war on drugs is a failure." In A New Leaf , Alyson Martin and Nushin Rashidan wrote, "[Nadelmann's] skills as a closer complemented his ability to connect very different and very influential individuals who cared about drug policy." In 1998,
Ethan Nadelmann - Misplaced Pages Continue
4158-890: The Center and the Drug Policy Foundation were merged into the Drug Policy Alliance , with the Center being renamed The Lindesmith Library. The Drug Policy Foundation was a non-profit organization whose focus was public policy, advocating for harm reduction , sentencing reform for non-violent drug offenses, and the legal access to medical marijuana . Through the Drug Policy Alliance, the Lindesmith Library continues to distribute materials to community organizations seeking science-based information about drug use and misuse. The center
4257-526: The Honduran Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CVR-H), led by Eduardo Stein, published its final report on the events. The CVR-H based its main conclusions on HRF's report. Thor Halvorssen participated in National Review symposium on the death of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet , and was noted as the only one of the six commentators to condemn Pinochet. After the HRF criticized the Bolivian government and specifically government minister Sacha Sergio Llorenti Soliz for alleged human rights violations in
4356-570: The Hudson River to its west. Westchester was the first suburban area of its scale in the world to develop, due mostly to the upper-middle-class development of entire communities in the late 19th century and the subsequent rapid population growth. Westchester County has numerous road and mass transit connections to New York City, and the county is home to the headquarters of large multinational corporations including IBM , Mastercard , PepsiCo , and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals . Westchester County high school students often feature prominently as winners of
4455-430: The Human Rights Foundation has helped to organize and bankroll a balloon drop of 10,000 copies of an edited version of the movie The Interview over North Korea. Previously, the HRF "has financed balloon drops of pamphlets, TV shows, books and movies over a course of several years, though nothing as high-profile and crudely belittling to Kim Jong Un as is The Interview ." According to Wired , HRF's North Korea program
4554-475: The Stanford alumni study" Nadelmann's 1989 Science article, "Drug Prohibition in the United States: Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives," calling it "bold" and "informative". As more and more prominent figures voiced support for drug legalization starting in the late 1980s, Nadelmann became "the de facto spokesman for advocates of legalization." In 2021, Nadelmann launched Psychoactive, a podcast on drug policy, drug use, and drugs research. Nadelmann has been
4653-551: The United Nations General Assembly held a special session on combatting drug use. The Lindesmith Center, led by Nadelmann, published a two-page public letter to Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan "asserting that the global war on drugs is causing more harm than drug abuse itself." The letter urged Annan "to initiate a truly open and honest dialogue regarding the future of global drug control policies—one in which fear, prejudice and punitive prohibitions yield to common sense, science, public health and human rights." The letter
4752-530: The United States' incarceration rates, which are at 743 people per 100,000 inhabitants, and how America's drug policies are affecting that number. Nadelmann founded the Lindesmith Center in 1994, a drug policy institute created with the support of George Soros . In Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire , Michael T. Kaufman wrote of Nadelmann and Soros's relationship, which formed after Soros read Nadelmann's Spring 1988 piece in Foreign Policy, "U.S. Drug Policy: A Bad Export" as Soros had also published
4851-410: The War on Drugs within the U.S. borders, and cannabis' involvement in policy, incarceration , and addiction prevention. The Lindesmith Center was an Open Society Institute project which has conducted research related to drug reform . It was founded in 1994 by Ethan Nadelmann with financial support from George Soros . The Center conducted some NIDA -funded studies on harm reduction. In 2000,
4950-405: The abuses committed by their respective governments. In May 2009, with support from the city of Oslo and the John Templeton Foundation, HRF organized the Oslo Freedom Forum . During the conference, democracy and human rights activist toell their stories and express their views about human rights in the world. The forum holds an annual event in Oslo, along with satellite events organized across
5049-454: The actual municipal location in which a property resides. For instance, the ZIP Codes for Bronxville , Larchmont , Rye , and Scarsdale contain large areas that lie outside of those municipalities. All of the towns have justice courts , and some of the villages do as well. The towns are listed as follows: Due to its proximity to New York City, many Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in Westchester county, including: Tech Valley
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#17327717765825148-526: The age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. Of all households 25.7% were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.21. Age distribution was 25% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 14% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
5247-416: The argument for drug decriminalization or legalization and added, "Legalization has been promoted most vigorously by Ethan A. Nadelmann, who teaches at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and who has been credited by public figures with opening their minds to the idea. In a 1989 speech to a group of alumni of the Stanford Business School, Shultz "recommended that
5346-402: The best in New York State and the United States. Public schools in the county are largely funded by local property taxes, and the median annual property tax bill for Westchester County residents was $ 13,842 in 2013, the highest in the United States. According to the 2018 rankings provided by the education website Niche , taking into account public comments, 28 of the top 100 school districts in
5445-404: The bioscience center, a public-private partnership, is anticipated to create 12,000 new jobs and include over 2.25 million square feet of biotechnology research space. Westchester County contains 48 public school districts , nearly 120 private college-preparatory and parochial schools, and 14 colleges and universities. Many public and private high schools are continuously ranked among
5544-435: The border between Ossining town and Mount Pleasant, and Mamaroneck village straddles the boundary between Mamaroneck town and Rye town. With the exception of the towns of Rye, Pelham, Harrison, Mount Kisco, and Scarsdale, all the towns contain area and residents which do not belong to any village. These areas may contain communities referred to as hamlets , or "unincorporated areas". Hamlets have no legal status and depend upon
5643-423: The center's mission as seeking "harm reduction", which he defined as "an alternative approach to drug policy and treatment that focuses on minimizing the adverse effects of both drug use and drug prohibition." Six years later the Center merged with the Drug Policy Foundation and the two became the Drug Policy Alliance , an advocacy group for drug policies "grounded in science, compassion, health and human rights." As
5742-399: The central part of the county include Byram River , Kisco River, Mianus River , Mill River, Pocantico River and Silvermine River. The principal streams draining the northern part of the county include Dickey Brook, Furnace Brook, Hallocks Mill Brook, Hunter Brook, Muscoot River, Peekskill Hollow Brook, and Titicus River . The county contains several major reservoirs; The Croton system and
5841-450: The cities is in a town. A town may have from zero to multiple villages. The largest city in the county by population is Yonkers with over 211,000 residents. The city with the highest population density is Mount Vernon with a density of 15,564 individuals per square mile. The towns of Harrison, Mount Kisco, and Scarsdale are coterminous with the village of the same name. Two villages are split between two towns: Briarcliff Manor crosses
5940-562: The coast. As of 2010, there were 949,113 residents at an average density of 807 per square mile (312/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 57.4% non-Hispanic White, 15.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, 5.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 7.6% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.8% of the population. 71.7% spoke only English at home, while 14.4% spoke Spanish , 3.5% Italian , 1.1% Portuguese and 1.1% French at home. There were 337,142 households, of which 34% had children under
6039-551: The county are: The former Edwin H. Armstrong House is the only delisted National Historic Landmark in Westchester. Westchester County is served by the Westchester Library System, established in 1958. The system comprises 38 public libraries and 25 college and special libraries in the county. The Westchester Library Association is an organization which advocates on behalf of libraries and their personnel and support systems within Westchester County. There are 14 sites on Westchester County's African American Heritage Trail . The Trail
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#17327717765826138-492: The county lived below the poverty line from 2014 to 2018. According to the 2020 American Community Survey , the county's Latino population was: 5.12% Puerto Rican , 4.46% Dominican , 4.14% Mexican , 2.73% Ecuadorian , 1.73% Guatemalan , 1.26% Colombian . As of 2000, several different expatriate populations lived in Westchester County. Notable French communities are located in Larchmont , Mamaroneck , and New Rochelle ; while Scarsdale , Tarrytown and Bronxville are
6237-530: The exception of the southeast of the county where snowfall is often between 20 and 25 inches. In January, inland areas have a low of 21–26 °F and a high of 34–37 °F while coastal areas have a low of 27–30 °F and a high of 38–41 °F. In the summer, this effect is much milder. Coastal areas, including Mamaroneck, New Rochelle, Rye, and Port Chester have highs of 81–83 °F and lows of 68–73 °F, while inland highs will be 84–87 °F and lows will be 65–70 °F. Winds can be heavy, especially by
6336-559: The executive director, Nadelmann takes a public health - rather than a criminal justice - approach to the War on Drugs , advocating for the application of harm reduction principles. He has been criticized for his libertarian position on drugs. Nadelmann stepped down as executive director in 2017. Starting with Proposition 215 in California in 1996, Nadelmann raised the funds and oversaw the campaigns to legalize medical marijuana and lessen penalties for non-violent drug possession charges (e.g. Proposition 200 in Arizona in 1996) throughout
6435-406: The fifth-highest in New York (after Nassau , Putnam , Suffolk , and Rockland counties) and the 47th highest in the United States. By 2021, the county's median household income had risen to $ 105,387. Westchester County ranks second in the state after New York County for median income per person, with a higher concentration of incomes in smaller households. Simultaneously, Westchester County had
6534-400: The government of the country, in which it called on them to voluntarily resign and warned them of responsibility for the crimes against humanity . In 2011, HRF announced its membership in the International Committee to Support Liu Xiaobo. The committee consists of a "coalition composed of six Nobel Peace Prize winners and 15 non-governmental organizations," formed to defend, and advocate for
6633-440: The growth of Westchester. The Croton Dam and Aqueduct was begun in 1837 and completed in 1842; now a National Historic Landmark , the Croton Aqueduct is considered one of the great engineering achievements of the 19th century. In the 1840s, the first railroads were built in Westchester, and included the New York and Harlem Railroad , the Hudson River Railroad, and the New York and New Haven Railroad . The railroads often determined
6732-470: The growth of a town, and the population shifted from Northern to Southern Westchester . By 1860, the total county population was 99,000, with the most populated city being Yonkers. The period following the American Civil War enabled entrepreneurs in the New York area to create fortunes, and many built large estates , such as Lyndhurst , in Westchester. During the latter half of the 19th century, Westchester's transportation system and labor force attracted
6831-452: The highest property taxes of any county in the United States in 2013. Westchester County is one of the centrally located counties within the New York metropolitan area . The county is positioned with New York City, plus Nassau and Suffolk counties (on Long Island , across the Long Island Sound), to its south; Putnam County to its north; Fairfield County, Connecticut , to its east; and Rockland County and Bergen County, New Jersey , across
6930-508: The intellectual foundation for the legalization effort, and it was responsible for the cross-pollination of varying views on legalization, from libertarian arguments to ones concerning the fiscal burden of the War on Drugs . Nadelmann formed the Princeton Working Group on the Future of Drug Use and Alternatives to Drug Prohibition. The group included eighteen scholars including Lester Grinspoon , Andrew Weil , and Alexander T. Shulgin . Martin Torgoff wrote in Can't Find my Way Home that "for
7029-418: The municipal boundaries. Many of these are similar to hamlets and date back to as early as the late 1600s such as Cooper's Corners in New Rochelle. These areas also include some of the first planned communities in the country such as New Rochelle's Residence Park , Rochelle Park and Heights and Sutton Manor . The six cities in the county are: Any land area in the county that is not contained in one of
7128-526: The north. Westchester County has also developed a burgeoning biotechnology sector in the 21st century, with over $ 1 billion in planned private investment as of 2016, spurring Westchester Magazine to nickname the county Biochester . In April 2017, county officials unveiled plans for an 80-acre, 3 million square-foot biotechnology hub to be built with US$ 1.2 billion in private investment on vacant land adjacent to Westchester Medical Center in Valhalla ;
7227-534: The piece "After Black Monday" in the same issue: "Soros was so impressed with the drug policy piece that he contacted its author, Ethan Nadelmann. By 1993, with Soros's financial backing, Nadelmann established the Lindesmith Center, a policy institute named after Alfred E. Lindesmith, a sociologist who in the 1930s and 1940s had opposed harsh policies of drug prohibition in favor of medical treatment of addicts. Nadelmann, both brash and persuasive, identified
7326-564: The population were below the poverty line , including 26.53% of those under age 18 and 7.60% of those age 65 or over. At the American Community Survey 's 2018 estimates 967,612 people inhabited the county, up 18,499 from 2010's census. 53.1% of the county was non-Hispanic white , 16.6% Black or African American , 1.0% American Indian or Alaska Native , 6.4% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.5% from two or more races , and 25.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25.6% of
7425-429: The population were foreign-born. 4.2% of the population was West Indian . From 2014 to 2018 there were 375,852 housing units and 347,332 households. The owner-occupied housing rate was 61.3% and the median monthly owner costs of a house were $ 3,398 with a mortgage and $ 1,426 without. The median gross rent in 2018 was $ 1,493, up $ 517 from the monthly owner cost without a mortgage. The average persons per household in 2018
7524-544: The post, the organization urged people to oppose the appointment due to his opposition to medical marijuana and needle exchange among other things. Seattle's police chief Gil Kerlikowske became the next head of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). On September 28, 2012, Nadelmann spoke at the Human Rights Foundation 's San Francisco Freedom Forum. He discussed
7623-513: The preferred locations for Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans . In March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States , the state government ordered a one square mile "containment zone" in the northern part of the city of New Rochelle . Part of New Rochelle is adjacent to the Bronx , where the majority of New York State's COVID-19 positive cases were (as of May 8, 350,000 out of 20 million residents). As of April 22 there were
7722-540: The release of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Liu Xiaobo and his wife Liu Xia, both detained in China. In September 2012, HRF founder Thor Halvorssen wrote an open letter to Ted Marlow, CEO of Urban Outfitters , urging him to reconsider Urban Outfitters' sale of Che Guevara emblazoned merchandise "for the sake of the thousands who perished in the Cuban revolution, and for the sake of the 11 million Cubans who still endure
7821-492: The rest of the world." In 2016, the HRF smuggled USB flash drives with films and television shows to expose North Koreans to popular culture from overseas. The flash drives were called "flash drives for freedom". In 2014, HRF invited Swazi human rights lawyer Thulani Maseko to speak at the Oslo Freedom Forum. He was later jailed for "defaming the King's justice system". After a sustained media international campaign, Maseko
7920-501: The right to worship in the manner of their choice, the right to freely associate with those of like mind, the right to acquire and dispose of property , the right to leave and enter their country, the right to equal treatment and due process under law, the right to be able to participate in the government of their country, freedom from arbitrary detainment or exile , freedom from slavery and torture , and freedom from interference and coercion in matters of conscience . According to
8019-549: The shore including Milton Harbor in Rye , Mamaroneck Harbor , Larchmont Harbor , and Echo Bay , and the upper and lower harbors in southern New Rochelle . A number of islands can be found off the Long Island Sound shore, most of which are located in New Rochelle. Davids Island , the former location of the U.S. Army's Fort Slocum , is currently unoccupied but is slated for use as passive parkland; Glen Island , currently
8118-637: The speakers one-on-one and during a question and answer session. In November 2012 and 2013, HRF co-hosted an event at the United Nations headquarters in New York with the Geneva-based organization UN Watch. The events focused on raising awareness of the election of competitive authoritarian and fully authoritarian regimes to the UN Human Rights Council. HRF brought human rights activists from different countries to testify about
8217-754: The state of New York were located in Westchester County. The Timothy Knapp House , built around 1670, is the oldest standing building in Westchester. Philipse Manor Hall and the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow are also among the oldest, built around 1682 and 1685 respectively. Philipse Manor Hall is located in Getty Square , Yonkers, and is operated by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation . Current National Historic Landmarks in
8316-501: The suburban county known today. The Bronx River Parkway , completed in 1925, was the first modern, multi-lane limited-access roadway in North America. The development of Westchester's parks and parkway systems supported existing communities and encouraged the establishment of new ones, transforming the development pattern for Westchester. With the need for homes expanding after World War II , multistory apartment houses appeared in
8415-518: The sugar plantations of the Dominican Republic. The film, narrated by Edwidge Danticat , suggests that the descendants of African slaves, brought over from Haiti, live and work in unfair conditions akin to "modern day slavery". HRF produced and provided the funding for the documentary film The Sugar Babies . It was first screened at Florida International University on June 27, 2007. The documentary about human trafficking of Haitians in
8514-413: The town for all municipal government and services. There are also areas called census-designated places (CDPs), which are defined by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes only. A CDP may or may not correspond to a hamlet. Because some municipalities have the same name, it is often necessary to indicate whether one is referring to the city, town, village, or hamlet. For example, the town of Rye
8613-737: The urbanized areas of the county, while the market for single-family houses continued to expand. By 1950, the total county population was 625,816. Major interstate highways were constructed in Westchester during the 1950s and 1960s. The establishment of these roadways, along with the construction of the Tappan Zee Bridge , led to further growth in the county. Westchester County is located in the New York metropolitan area and Downstate New York , north of New York City and south of Upstate New York . It shares its southern boundary with New York City and its northern border with Putnam County . It
8712-608: The war on drugs, this gives the book an odd character, quite as if the Rev. Pat Robertson were to attempt a detached scientific analysis of the production values in Last Tango in Paris." Nadelmann then began to focus on the "harms created by drug prohibition" as he taught politics and public affairs at Princeton University from 1987 to 1994. While he was at Princeton, Nadelmann lectured and wrote extensively on drug policy , starting with
8811-482: The world. In October 2012 the Human Rights Foundation hosted the first San Francisco Freedom Forum, which was described as "a unique convergence of-pro freedom voices." The event was supported by Peter Thiel 's charitable foundation, Sergey Brin 's foundation, and Anne Wojcicki . Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi , on her first trip to the United States since 1971, was presented with
8910-406: Was 2.71 and 33.3% of residents spoke a language other than English at home. 21.9% of Westchester was under 18 and 17.1% were aged 65 and older. Westchester County's median income was $ 92,758 and the per capita income was $ 54,572. The Census Bureau reported 65.4% of the county's residents aged 16 and older were employed in the civilian labor force, and 59.5% of women worked in the labor force. 8.3% of
9009-420: Was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.30 males. According to census data, the per capita income for the county in 1999 was $ 36,726. The American Community Survey lists Westchester in 2011 with the median household income of $ 77,006, the 47th highest in the country. The U.S. Census Bureau reports that 6.4% of families and 8.7% (2003) of
9108-825: Was called the Tappan Zee or Sea. The Hudson River is tidal and brackish through Westchester and contains a small number of estuarine marshes. Two bridges span the Hudson in Westchester: the Bear Mountain Bridge crosses at Cortlandt and the Tappan Zee Bridge at Tarrytown . Municipal, county and state-owned parks provide access to waterfront landmarks and sites, including Croton Point in Croton, Kingsland Point in Sleepy Hollow and JFK Memorial Marina in Yonkers. The Hudson River waterfront in Westchester
9207-486: Was created in 2004. Human Rights Foundation The Human Rights Foundation ( HRF ) is a non-profit organization that focuses on promoting and protecting human rights globally, with an emphasis on closed societies. HRF organizes the Oslo Freedom Forum . The Human Rights Foundation was founded in 2005 by Thor Halvorssen Mendoza , a Venezuelan film producer and human rights advocate. The current chairman
9306-555: Was eventually freed after an intense international campaign and credited HRF with her release. In August 2012, HRF called for former US President Bill Clinton , who according to tax documents is the "honorary chairman" of the Leon H Sullivan Foundation, to revoke the foundation's decision to allow Teodoro Obiang to host their Sullivan Summit. Of Clinton, Halvorssen said "Mr Clinton's wife is US Secretary of State...It seems perplexing that he would allow himself to be so closely associated with
9405-511: Was eventually freed. In 2014, HRF hosted Hack North Korea, a gathering of Bay Area technologists, investors, engineers, designers, activists and North Korean defectors that aimed to spark new ideas for getting information into North Korea. The College Freedom Forum (CFF) is a series of one-day events designed to educate and enlighten students about individual rights and democracy around the world. Each CFF features presentations and an opportunity for students and audience members to interact with
9504-423: Was named after Alfred R. Lindesmith (1905–1991), a professor of sociology at Indiana University, who was a prolific writer on drug use and policy. This article about an organization in the United States is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Westchester County, New York Westchester County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of New York , bordering
9603-463: Was named after the city of Chester, England . The county seat is the city of White Plains , while the most populous municipality in the county is the city of Yonkers , with 211,569 residents per the 2020 census. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state. The annual per capita income for Westchester was $ 67,813 in 2011. The 2011 median household income of $ 77,006 was
9702-664: Was signed by "hundreds of prominent people around the world" according to the New York Times, including Soros, Javier Perez de Cuellar , George P. Shultz , Oscar Arias , Walter Cronkite , Alan Cranston , Claiborne Pell , and Helen Suzman . Barry McCaffrey, the Clinton Administration's director of national drug policy, criticized the letter, saying it represented ''a 1950's perception'' of drug policy. He later referenced "a carefully camouflaged, exorbitantly funded, well-heeled elitist group whose ultimate goal
9801-513: Was subsequently published as " Cops Across Borders: The Internationalization of U.S. Criminal Law Enforcement ." Reviewing the book in Foreign Affairs , David C. Hendrickson called it a "pioneering and prodigiously researched work." Hendrickson commented on how Nadelmann didn't criticize drug policies in the book, writing, "The work contains little in the way of normative judgments or policy prescriptions. Given Nadelmann's known objections to
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