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122-405: Line 1 (Blue Line) is a rapid transit metro line of the Mumbai Metro in the city of Mumbai , Maharashtra , India . The 11.40 km (7.08 mi) line is fully elevated and consists of 12 stations from Versova to Ghatkopar . The line connects the eastern and western suburbs of Mumbai. It was built at an estimated cost of ₹ 4,321 crore (US$ 520 million) and is operated by

244-621: A "public vital infrastructure project" and designated the MMRDA as the Project Implementation Agency (PIA). The Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor was chosen as the first line in the master plan to be implemented. The Mumbai Suburban Railway connects Mumbai from north to south. However, east–west connectivity is poor. The Versova-Ghatkopar route had no suburban rail link and was serviced by either BEST buses, autos or taxis. Line 1 provides east–west rail connectivity between

366-606: A 1284-metre steel bridge, modeled on the Howrah Bridge in Kolkata , crossing the Western Line at Andheri . The bridge was constructed in 2012. It cost ₹ 350 million (equivalent to ₹ 660 million or US$ 7.9 million in 2023). The bridge, which was initially planned to be made of concrete, was constructed of steel by Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Company (BBJ), Kolkata, who also fabricated

488-425: A body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service. A study of

610-402: A cable-hauled line using stationary steam engines . As of 2021 , China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world  – 40 in number, running on over 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of track – and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in the 2010s. The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by route length

732-454: A code for its stations. Unlike that of Singapore's MRT, it is mostly numbers. Based on the line number, for example Sinyongsan station, is coded as station 429. Being on Line 4, the first number of the station code is 4. The last two numbers are the station number on that line. Interchange stations can have multiple codes. Like City Hall station in Seoul which is served by Line 1 and Line 2. It has

854-651: A code of 132 and 201 respectively. The Line 2 is a circle line and the first stop is City Hall, therefore, City Hall has the station code of 201. For lines without a number like Bundang line it will have an alphanumeric code. Lines without a number that are operated by KORAIL will start with the letter 'K'. With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when

976-541: A construction site in Andheri (West). In 2009, 4 people were injured, when a steel reinforcement cage and temporary scaffolding of a concrete pillar caved in it Andheri (East). In April 2012, a crane at a construction site in Ghatkopar, veered off a truck and crashed on a portion of the nearby Sarvodaya Hospital. No one was injured as the affected portion of the hospital building was empty at the time. On 5 September 2012,

1098-583: A conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching . There are also some rubber-tired systems that use a central guide rail , such as the Sapporo Municipal Subway and the NeoVal system in Rennes , France. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction of

1220-517: A day. Rapid transit Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on railway tracks . Some systems use guided rubber tires , magnetic levitation ( maglev ), or monorail . The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by

1342-405: A dedicated right-of-way are typically used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier in the urban fabric that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path and have a larger physical footprint. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line

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1464-474: A distance of over 1,400,000 km (869,920 mi). The line carried an average of 263,000 commuters on weekdays. The MMOPL earned a total revenue of ₹ 136 crore (US$ 16 million), and incurred losses of ₹ 191 crore (US$ 23 million). The revenues include ₹ 13.1 crore (US$ 1.6 million) earned through leasing station space to 52 stalls across its 12 stations. The MMOPL said that it incurred an expenditure of ₹ 55 lakh (US$ 66,000) per day to maintain

1586-418: A large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an area of land with a set of lines , which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "L", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross

1708-652: A large part of the network, for example, in outer suburbs, runs at ground level. In most of Britain , a subway is a pedestrian underpass . The terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground . The North East England Tyne and Wear Metro , mostly overground, is known as the Metro . In Scotland , the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway . In Ireland ,

1830-557: A letter to Chief Minister Chavan opposing the Reliance Metro name, and expressing support for the name Mumbai Metro. In February 2014, U.P.S. Madan, metropolitan commissioner of MMRDA, confirmed that RInfra had agreed to rename the project as Mumbai Metro from Reliance Metro. However, even by April 2014, the Reliance Metro logos that had been stuck on trains and stations had not been removed. MMOPL officials said that they had not yet received any new logo design, and were still awaiting

1952-452: A line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency . Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio  – more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to

2074-615: A metro. In Spain, such systems are present in Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Valencia . In Portugal, Lisbon has a metro. The Italian cities of Catania , Genoa , Milan , Naples , Rome and Turin also have metro lines. In Germany and Austria they rapid transit is known as U-Bahn , which are often supported by S-Bahn systems. In Germany, U-Bahn systems exist in Berlin , Hamburg , Munich and Nuremberg , while in Austria such

2196-604: A number of alternative corridors and alignments. This study was updated by the MMRDA in May 2004. Meanwhile, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) prepared the master plan for Mumbai Metro, wherein they recommended extending the Andheri-Ghatkopar section to Versova as part of the master plan and identified it as a priority corridor for implementation. The State Government declared the project as

2318-459: A portion of the roof of Maheshwar Temple near Jagruti Nagar station that still needed to be demolished. Both impediments were resolved in October 2012 and the MMRDA finally obtained 100% right of way along the entire alignment of Line 1. By October 2011, the majority of the corridor's track-support pillars and girders had been laid, and the 12 individual stations were 70% complete, with most of

2440-400: A press statement on 2 January 2014, blaming the MMRDA for having "failed to provide any guidance on this subject during the bidding stage and/or during the implementation stage". Republican Party of India (Athavale) workers protested the name Reliance Metro on 8 January 2014 by blackening boards with Reliance's logo at Chakala metro station . On 11 January, Shiv Sena MLA Subhash Desai sent

2562-643: A rapid transit setting. Airport Road metro station Airport Road is an elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the Blue Line 1 of Mumbai Metro in Andheri , Mumbai . It was opened to the public on 8 June 2014. Upon the metro line being commissioned for passengers, the BEST launched a special bus service Metro Pheri 1 which brings commuters from a distance to the closest of

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2684-451: A slab collapsed at the under-construction Subhash Nagar metro station in Andheri , killing one construction worker and injuring 16 people. Following the incident, construction work on the metro was suspended. MMOPL fined the contractor, Hindustan Construction Company , ₹ 10 lakh (equivalent to ₹ 19 lakh or US$ 23,000 in 2023). On 11 September 2012, MMOPL appointed Geneva-based SGS Consultants as independent safety consultants for

2806-565: A specialized transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying. Some subway systems, such as the Beijing Subway , which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the "World's Safest Rapid Transit Network" in 2015, incorporates airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as

2928-608: A system exists in Vienna . In addition, the small, car-free town of Serfaus in the Austrian state of Tyrol also features a short U-Bahn line. There are no U-Bahn systems in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, but the city of Lausanne has its own, small metro system. In Zurich, Switzerland's largest city, a project for a U-Bahn network was stopped by a referendum in the 1970s and instead its S-Bahn system

3050-399: A technical glitch. This in turn caused some other trains to also be delayed by 20–30 minutes. MMOPL announced a special introductory fare of ₹ 10, regardless of distance, for the first 30 days of service. The authority also announced that children under the age of 12 years and/or up to four feet tall, and accompanied by their parents, could travel for free on opening weekend. On opening day,

3172-487: Is 39 metres above the ground at its highest point. Construction on the bridge started in mid-2009 and was completed on 24 August 2012. The bridge was built by MMOPL, with Switzerland-based VSL International Limited as its partners. On 1 October 2012, Xylem , a water technology provider based in the United States, announced that it had been awarded a contract to develop wastewater treatment and recycling systems for

3294-801: Is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area . Rapid transit systems such as the Washington Metrorail , Los Angeles Metro Rail , the Miami Metrorail , and the Montreal Metro are generally called the Metro . In Philadelphia , the term "El" is used for the Market–Frankford Line which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term "subway" applies to the Broad Street Line which is almost entirely underground. Chicago 's commuter rail system that serves

3416-608: Is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile. A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport. Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms , elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables . Maps help users understand

3538-412: Is available inside the metro stations. The MMRDA widened footpaths below metro stations. Parking for bikes and motorbikes is available at all stations. Eight accidents occurred during the construction of Line 1. In total, 2 people were killed and 21 injured during the construction of the line. The first accident occurred in May 2008 when 1 person was killed and another injured, when a pile rig collapsed at

3660-506: Is built. Most rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars. Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains. Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires . The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use

3782-476: Is cleaned daily in an automated washing plant utilizing eco-friendly technology. MMOPL initially used a Wheel Flange Lubrication (WFL) system to reduce wear and tear of rolling stock wheels. The agency invested ₹ 30 crore (US$ 3.6 million) to introduce a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chip based system to accomplish the task. The MMOPL said that the RFID system provides even longer lifespan for wheels, and

Line 1 (Mumbai Metro) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3904-725: Is made of lightweight stainless steel, with fire resistant metal doors. Coaches have metallic silver colour exteriors, and can be covered with vinyl sheets to display advertisements. The interior features anti-skid floors, and longitudinal seats with dedicated space to accommodate wheelchairs. Trains on Line 1 are fitted with the VTS Firetide 7010 video transmission system. Coaches are also fitted with LED displays showing dynamic route map, and LCD TVs for entertainment, information and advertising. Windows in coaches are made of double glazed laminated glass to shut out noise. Each coach has eight externally hung, sliding bi-parting doors except

4026-416: Is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller loading gauge from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services. Most rapid transit systems use conventional standard gauge railway track . Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to rain , snow , or other forms of precipitation , they are often fixed directly to

4148-555: Is referred to simply as "the subway", despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term "L" or "El" is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The "L" train or L (New York City Subway service) refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains. Similarly, the Toronto Subway is referred to as "the subway", with some of its system also running above ground. These are

4270-412: Is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in

4392-741: Is the Shanghai Metro . The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total) is the New York City Subway . The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, Tokyo subway system , Seoul Metro and the Moscow Metro . The term Metro is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. Rapid transit systems may be named after

4514-415: Is the inability of MMRDA to provide 100 per cent unencumbered RoW, which was contractually committed by MMRDA to be handed over to MMOPL on or before September 2007. The increase in fares is necessitated due to an increase in operating costs, owing to a steep increase in all economic indices; inflation, interest rate, foreign exchange, etc. These factors have also increased the estimated project cost." However,

4636-575: Is the service provider. There are no parking facilities available on Line 1. The MMRDA said that this was because there was no space available. The Ghatkopar station is connected with the western side of the Ghatkopar railway station through a 12-metre (39 ft) wide foot-over-bridge. Under sponsorship agreements, the MMOPL rebranded the Andheri and WEH stations as the Bank of Baroda Andheri station and

4758-466: The 2014 general elections . The MMRDA had to obtain approval for the locomotives from the railway board. The MMOPL approached the Railway Board for approval of rolling stock (including the rakes and wheels) on 22 April. MMRDA and MMOPL officials said that the line would open within 7 days of receiving approval from the Railway Board. Despite the MMOPL submitting the necessary paperwork on 22 April,

4880-627: The Dublin Area Rapid Transit is despite the name considered a commuter rail due to usage of mainline railways. In France, large cities, such as Paris , Marseille and Lyon , feature a Métro . Also the smaller cities of Lille Rennes have a light metro. Furthermore, Brussels in Belgium, and Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands have metro systems in place. Several Southern European contries also have

5002-588: The Eastern and Western suburbs of Mumbai. It facilitates interchange between the Mumbai Suburban Railway and Mumbai Metro at Andheri and Ghatkopar stations. The line significantly reduces the journey time from Versova to Ghatkopar from 90–120 minutes to 21 minutes, and bypasses about 45 traffic signals. It also provides rail connectivity to the MIDC and SEEPZ . The concession agreement for

Line 1 (Mumbai Metro) - Misplaced Pages Continue

5124-752: The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad K-series cars from 1958, the New York City Subway R38 and R42 cars from the late-1960s, and the Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series , Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series and MTR M-Train EMUs from the 1970s, were generally only made possible largely due to the relatively generous loading gauges of these systems and also adequate open-air sections to dissipate hot air from these air conditioning units. Especially in some rapid transit systems such as

5246-740: The Metropolitan Railway opened publicly in London in 1863. High capacity monorails with larger and longer trains can be classified as rapid transit systems. Such monorail systems recently started operating in Chongqing and São Paulo . Light metro is a subclass of rapid transit that has the speed and grade separation of a "full metro" but is designed for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller loading gauges, lighter train cars and smaller consists of typically two to four cars. Light metros are typically used as feeder lines into

5368-578: The Montreal Metro (opened 1966) and Sapporo Municipal Subway (opened 1971), their entirely enclosed nature due to their use of rubber-tyred technology to cope with heavy snowfall experienced by both cities in winter precludes any air-conditioning retrofits of rolling stock due to the risk of heating the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot for passengers and for train operations. In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub-networks may not often be connected by track, in cases when it

5490-471: The Mumbai Metro . The value of the contract was undisclosed. The system will incorporate a 1.2-million-litre-capacity sewage treatment plant with wastewater recycling capabilities; trials of the plant were expected to be commissioned by late November 2012. The plant will be equipped with Xylem's Sanitaire wastewater treatment technology, which is expected to help save up to 1.2 million litres of water

5612-529: The Prague Metro . The London Underground and Paris Métro are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its lines converging on The Loop , the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro 's Koltsevaya Line and Beijing Subway 's Line 10 . The capacity of

5734-685: The Singapore MRT , Changi Airport MRT station has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations have at least two codes, for example, Raffles Place MRT station has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line. The Seoul Metro is another example that utilizes

5856-450: The deep tube lines . Historically, rapid transit trains used ceiling fans and openable windows to provide fresh air and piston-effect wind cooling to riders. From the 1950s to the 1990s (and in most of Europe until the 2000s), many rapid transit trains from that era were also fitted with forced-air ventilation systems in carriage ceiling units for passenger comfort. Early rapid transit rolling stock fitted with air conditioning , such as

5978-409: The linear motor for propulsion. Some urban rail lines are built to a loading gauge as large as that of main-line railways ; others are built to a smaller one and have tunnels that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the London Underground , which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on

6100-400: The "Majhi Metro" festival and requested art and architecture students to enter a contest, where the winners were awarded the opportunity to design and style a metro station, based on the theme "Mumbai". On 3 July 2013, MMOPL announced that Wi-Fi services were enabled at all 12 stations on the line. The facility is expected to be available on moving trains by the end of the month. You Broadband

6222-432: The 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it. Rapid transit operators have often built up strong brands , often focused on easy recognition – to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities – combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority. In many cities, there

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6344-488: The 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack and the 2005 " 7/7 " terrorist bombings on the London Underground. Some rapid transport trains have extra features such as wall sockets, cellular reception, typically using a leaky feeder in tunnels and DAS antennas in stations, as well as Wi-Fi connectivity. The first metro system in the world to enable full mobile phone reception in underground stations and tunnels

6466-574: The 2 km (1.2 mi) stretch to Airport road metro station by 7:05pm, according to MMRDA additional commissioner S.V.R. Srinivas, who was on board the train. Trial runs had been conducted for the past month, the most notable being the trial run on 1 May 2013, that was officially flagged off by the Chief Minister. However, trials prior to the 3 June trial, were restricted to the 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) between Versova and Azad Nagar stations on JP Road. Several tests were conducted before

6588-532: The 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a rapid transit system . Rapid transit is used for local transport in cities , agglomerations , and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency . The extent of

6710-805: The 250 million mark on 11 February, or within 957 days, the fastest time in which any metro in India has reached the milestone. In 2017, Mumbai Metro One partnered with Google to integrate metro details into Google Maps . This collaboration enabled users to access authentic timetables and geographic information for the Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar route. Trip timings, with frequencies of four minutes during peak hours and eight minutes during non-peak hours, were provided. Google Maps also displayed facilities like stairs, escalators, and ticket counters, helping commuters plan their journeys more efficiently. The original estimated cost of constructing Line 1

6832-560: The August 2013 fares were final stating, "There is already a fare notification in place about metro, which is final. The notification was issued recently with a revision in ticket prices. The fare notification is final and binding." Anil Galgali, an RTI activist and chairman of the Mumbai-based NGO Athak Seva Sangh, wrote a letter to the Chief Minister on 2 May 2014, urging him to use his special powers to prevent

6954-897: The Chief Minister had the sole power to decide fare revisions. In a letter to the state government dated 7 February, the Urban Development Ministry said, "MMOPL can fix the fare afresh after obtaining the recommendation of the Fare Fixation Committee (FFC). However, no FFC recommendation is necessary to fix the initial fare." Fare fixation is governed by relevant provisions of the Metro Railways (operations and maintenance) Act, 2002. The Ministry's notification permits initial fare fixation without an FFC recommendation, but makes it mandatory for subsequent fare revisions. In an interview with DNA published on 9 May, MMRDA Commissioner U.P.S. Madan declared that

7076-635: The Howrah Bridge. The steel girders were pre-fabricated at BBJ's Heavy Plant Yard in Kolkata . The bridge was then disassembled and transported over the course of a week to the site. Another notable bridge on Line 1 is the 175-metre-long cable-stayed bridge over the Andheri Flyover on the Western Express Highway . The Andheri flyover is 13 metres above ground level, and the metro line travels 6.5 metres above it. The bridge

7198-595: The MMOPL said that the metro would commence operations in December 2013, regardless of whether or not the fare increase was granted. The Union Urban Department Ministry brought the Mumbai Metro under the Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act of 1978 on 18 November 2013, thereby granting MMOPL the authority to fix fares. Prior to this notification, Line 1 was under the Indian Tramways Act, 1886, and

7320-594: The MMRDA denied the request stating that the cost escalation of the project and the fare hike demand were separate issues. An MMRDA official told Business Standard , "There is no question of any fare hike right now, as the issue will be considered after the service is started by MMOPL. The rise in capital expenditure will not impact fares immediately." MMOPL completed the refinancing of project borrowings, achieving substantial benefits through extension of maturity and reduction of interest costs in June 2015. With this refinancing,

7442-431: The MMRDA had only freed up 20% of required land. The lack of maps of underground utilities made the task more difficult. As per the contract between the MMOPL and the MMRDA, the MMRDA was supposed to hand over complete right of way to the MMOPL by mid-2008. The MMOPL eventually received nearly 100% of the land required for the project in December 2011, with the exceptions of the minaret of a mosque near Andheri station and

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7564-527: The Magicbricks WEH station in August 2016 and February 2017 respectively. The MMRDA said that MMOPL cannot re-brand station's without its permission. In March 2017, the Union ministry of urban development clarified that MMOPL was permitted to rebrand stations. The revenue earned by MMOPL through the rebranding is not shared with the MMRDA, nor passed on to commuters through lower ticket fares. As part of

7686-555: The Metro One Operation Pvt Ltd (MOOPL) on a 5-year contract. This special purpose vehicle, namely, Mumbai Metro One Private Limited (Mumbai Metro 1) was incorporated for the implementation of the project. Reliance Infrastructure holds 69% of the equity share capital of MMOPL, 26% is with Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA), and the remaining 5% stake with Veolia Transport. The Mumbai Metro 1 Blue Line started operations on 8 June 2014. It has

7808-661: The Mumbai Metro ran trains at a headway of almost 4 minutes. Oscillation trials were completed in early 2014. However, the submission of the report by the RDSO to the Chief Commissioner of Railway Safety was delayed a public interest litigation (PIL) filed in Maharashtra High Court on the height of Mumbai Suburban Railway station platforms. The RDSO had to divert its resources to inspecting the suburban railway platforms, because passengers were falling into

7930-517: The Railway Board did not grant approve until late May 2014. According to railway officials, this was because the rakes and wheels used in the metro were "of a new kind, with newer dimensions". Another reason given for the delay was the change of government at the Centre following the 2014 general elections. The newly appointed Railway Minister D.V. Sadananda Gowda gave the final approval on 5 June. MMOPL Chief Executive Abhay Mishra announced on 7 June that

8052-667: The Station Area Traffic Improvement Scheme (SATIS), the MMRDA moved all bus and taxi stands to a distance of about 40–50 metres away from the stations. The MMRDA believes that the previous location of the stands just next the stations resulted in traffic congestion and restricted the movement of pedestrians. Congestion issues were resolved after the implementation of SATIS at all stations on the line. Six international firms - Siemens , Bombardier , Alstom , Rotem-Hyundai , CNR Changchun , and Nippon Sharyo - were shortlisted to provide rolling stock for

8174-521: The Versova–Andheri–Ghatkopar corridor was signed with Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL), a joint venture company owned by Reliance Infrastructure (69%), Veolia Transport (5%) and the MMRDA (26%), in March 2007. SSRI Creative Infrastructure (Choksi Group) was the main technical contractor. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh laid the foundation stone on 21 June 2006. The work order for the project

8296-409: The agency states that it will recover the ₹ 30 crore investment within 2 years through savings on maintenance costs. The ABB Group was awarded the contract for supplying power systems to Line 1 on 31 July 2008. The line is electrified using 25 kV AC at 50 Hz via overhead catenary . In early 2017, MMOPL completed the installation of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting at all metro stations,

8418-478: The beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. In 1890, the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing

8540-411: The construction of Line 1. Construction resumed on 25 September 2012, under the supervision of SGS Consultants, after the consultant submitted its preliminary report to the MMOPL. The consultant remained with the project until the completion of Line 1 to help prevent future accidents. According to SVR Srinivas, then additional metropolitan commissioner at MMRDA, "The accident was basically due to voids in

8662-443: The deadline for completion of the project - July and September 2010, July 2011, March and November 2012, September 2013 (Phase 1: Versova to Airport Road ) and December 2013 (Phase 2: Airport Road to Ghatkopar), and 31 March 2014. The MMOPL blamed the delay in construction on the MMRDA. RInfra officials said that the MMRDA had to acquire land along the route and provide right of way to the MMOPL by December 2008. As of August 2008,

8784-529: The depot, and administrative buildings to reduce electricity consumption. The MMOPL also began a project under the Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) model to install rooftop solar panels at all stations and the metro depot. Under the model, a private company will bear the cost of setting and operating the panels, and will sell the generated power to the MMOPL at a rate of ₹ 5.1 per unit. A total of 2.30 MWp will be generated by

8906-414: The display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center. Some systems assign unique alphanumeric codes to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line. For example, on

9028-480: The eighth highest passenger density of any metro line in the world. The Blue Line has the steepest curve of any metro line in India. There are a total of 64 curves on the line, with the steepest curve being 107 meters. The Government of Maharashtra through the MMRDA, in order to improve the traffic and transportation scenario in Mumbai and to cater to the future travel needs in the next 2-3 decades began exploring

9150-611: The entire metropolitan area is called Metra (short for Met ropolitan Ra il), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the "L" . Boston's subway system is known locally as "The T". In Atlanta , the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority goes by the acronym "MARTA." In the San Francisco Bay Area , residents refer to Bay Area Rapid Transit by its acronym "BART". The New York City Subway

9272-444: The fare formula of 1.5 times the BEST fare, provided for an 11% hike after every three years. On 6 June 2013, the MMRDA said that MMOPL had asked for the fares for Line 1 be increased by more than 50%, even though the metro had not yet been opened. On 5 September 2013, the Chief Minister approved a revision of fares to between ₹ 9 and ₹ 13. The notification allowed for fares to be raised by 11% every four years. On 11 September 2013,

9394-479: The fare hike. Galgali said, "The Maharashtra state government should use its special powers and stop the new fares from being implemented. The delay in project and increase in cost is not the fault of Mumbai's citizens. It is the responsibility of the Maharashtra state government to act against MMOPL's demands." He further accused the MMOPL of "blackmailing the government and playing with citizens". MMOPL announced

9516-522: The final repayment of ₹ 1,650 crore (US$ 200 million) on the loans has been extended to the year 2037. The interest rate stands reduced from 13% to 11.75% per annum, and the average maturity period of loans has almost doubled to 14 years. The state government announced in 2004 that the fare as per 2003-04 levels was fixed as ₹ 6 up to 3 km (1.9 mi), ₹ 8 for 3–8 km (1.9–5.0 mi) and ₹ 10 beyond 8 km (5.0 mi). The originally agreed tariff hike schedule until 2042–43, based on

9638-516: The floor rather than resting on ballast , such as normal railway tracks. An alternate technology, using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel roll ways , was pioneered on certain lines of the Paris Métro and Mexico City Metro , and the first completely new system to use it was in Montreal , Canada. On most of these networks, additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and

9760-453: The gap between the platform and the trains. The MMOPL was granted a "speed certificate" from the RDSO on 2 April. MMRDA and MMOPL authorities jointly applied to the CMRS for safety certification on 4 April. Then CMRS for the western circle P.S. Baghel began physically inspecting the line on 18 April, and completed it on 28 April. The CMRS required certain minor improvements to access areas before

9882-449: The inauguration came despite the fact that he had threatened to boycott the ceremony the previous day to protest RInfra's decision to raise fares. The line was scheduled to open to the public at 12:10pm, with the first service departing from Ghatkopar station. This was delayed by 10 minutes and departed at 12:20 pm. The train was further delayed by nearly half an hour, as it had to halt beyond the planned dwell time at certain stations due to

10004-439: The interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the interchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify

10126-408: The line ran for 11 hours, and carried 2.40 lakh commuters. The second day, which saw the line operated for its entire 18.5-hour schedule, saw 2.97 lakh commuters use the line. Line 1 had transported 1 million passengers by 4:30 p.m. on 11 June or within 59 operating hours; reaching the milestone quicker than any other Indian metro system. In the first week of operations, 21.56 lakh commuters travelled on

10248-551: The line, at an average of 3.08 lakh daily. Within days of the metro's opening, many commuters switched from using BEST buses and autos. Authorities estimated a 25% reduction in BEST commuters along the route as a result of the metro. Ticket sales on BEST Bus Route Number 340, the most popular bus route between Andheri and Ghatkopar, dropped by ₹ 1.5 lakh in the first three days of Line 1's opening. In its first year of operation, from June 2014 to June 2015, Line 1 transported over 92 million commuters, and made over 130,000 trips, covering

10370-402: The line, but CSR Puzhen was ultimately chosen to supply rolling stock. CSR Puzhen was awarded a contract in May 2008 to supply 16 trains of 4 cars each for a total fee of ₹ 6 billion (equivalent to ₹ 17 billion or US$ 200 million in 2023). The first rake was shipped from Shanghai on 23 March 2010, and the last rake arrived at Mumbai port by the end of February 2014. Line 1

10492-602: The lines of the Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway , while the Carmelit , in Haifa, is an underground funicular . For elevated lines, another alternative is the monorail , which can be built either as straddle-beam monorails or as a suspended monorail . While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as Chongqing Rail Transit 's monorail lines which are widely used in

10614-557: The main rapid transit system. For instance, the Wenhu Line of the Taipei Metro serves many relatively sparse neighbourhoods and feeds into and complements the high capacity metro lines. Some systems have been built from scratch, others are reclaimed from former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section. Ground-level alignments with

10736-600: The medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts ; the use of tunnels inspires names such as subway , underground , Untergrundbahn ( U-Bahn ) in German, or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish. The use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated ( L or el ), skytrain , overhead , overground or Hochbahn in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if

10858-405: The metro could begin operations. The CMRS also said that he would travel to Lucknow to discuss the inspection with RDSO officials and then cross check all the other necessary approvals, including rolling stocks, from the Railway Board. The line received safety clearance from the CMRS on 2 May 2014. The Congress-NCP government had wanted to open the line by 24 April 2014, the voting day in Mumbai for

10980-495: The metro opened to the public. According to the information given by the MMRDA to a Right to Information (RTI) query filed by activist Anil Galgali, around 5% of the civil works of the line were still pending as of December 2013. The reply to the RTI query said that Versova, D.N. Nagar, Azad Nagar, Chakala and Airport Road stations were 99% complete as of December 2013. Andheri, Saki Naka, Marol and Western Express Highway stations were in

11102-539: The metro would open the following day. A key proposal of the Station Area Traffic Improvement Scheme (SATIS) was the integration of the metro rail system with the BEST . The BEST and the BMC jointly worked towards relocating existing bus stops. BEST bus feeder routes were created along the metro corridor. Bus stops have electronic indicators displaying the expected arrival time of the next train, and information about bus schedules

11224-576: The minimum and maximum fares on the line as ₹ 10 and ₹ 40 respectively in early May 2014. However, MMOPL later announced a special introductory fare of ₹ 10, regardless of distance, for the first 30 days of service, i.e. from 8 June to 8 July. On 9 June 2014, the MMRDA filed a case in the Bombay High Court seeking appointment of an arbitrator for the fare. There are 12 stations on Line 1. All stations have three levels that are accessed via stairs, escalators, and elevators. Trains leave from

11346-418: The network map "readable" by illiterate people, this system has since become an "icon" of the system. Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations , with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce

11468-402: The next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest. Mexico City Metro uses a unique pictogram for each station. Originally intended to help make

11590-958: The occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments . Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system. High platforms , usually over 1 meter / 3 feet, are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger. Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes , such as pickpocketing and baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes , as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms. Security measures include video surveillance , security guards , and conductors . In some countries

11712-603: The only two North American systems that are primarily called "subways". In most of Southeast Asia and in Taiwan , rapid transit systems are primarily known by the acronym MRT . The meaning varies from one country to another. In Indonesia , the acronym stands for Moda Raya Terpadu or Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode in English. In the Philippines , it stands for Metro Rail Transit . Two underground lines use

11834-494: The operation of station equipment such as lighting, air-conditioning, lifts, escalators and pumps. Line 1 features an advanced signaling system, including an automatic train protection system (ATPS) and automated signaling to control train movements. Siemens supplied the signalling and train control systems required for the project, while Thales supplied the communication systems. The network's signaling and train control systems are based on LZB 700M technology. Line 1 contains

11956-587: The outset. Budapest , Chicago , Glasgow , Boston and New York City all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro , which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems. In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities

12078-442: The pilot cabin which has only 2. Doors are broad to enable wheelchair access. The maximum gap between the station platform and the doors is 85 mm (3.3 in). Trains are outfitted with a number of features for safety and convenience, first-aid kits, fire-fighting equipment and intercom systems permitting communication with the train driver. Each coach contains a black box to assist in accident investigations. The rolling stock

12200-423: The range of 95-98%. Construction work at Ghatkopar was 90% complete, Asalfa and Jagruti Nagar stations were 80% and 85% complete respectively. The MMRDA sent a letter to RInfra on 31 December 2013, asking them to change the name of the metro system from Reliance Metro to Mumbai Metro. The MMRDA pointed out that the original concession agreement said that the project would be named as the Mumbai Metro. RInfra issued

12322-908: The rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies. Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear. Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as trolleybuses , regular buses , trams , or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops. Each rapid transit system consists of one or more lines , or circuits. Each line

12444-542: The rubber tires. However, they have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro and limiting it on the Sapporo Municipal Subway, but not rubber-tired systems in other cities. Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies in their metros. One of

12566-451: The same public transport authorities . Some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives , and now forms part of the London Underground . In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway , initially

12688-540: The same in future also". On 6 February 2014, RInfra announced that construction was complete, and that some of the regulatory approvals were in place. However, the construction of approach roads to stations such as Jagruti Nagar and Asalfa Road had not been completed, although this work was to be undertaken by the MMRDA, and not MMOPL. A comprehensive fire drill was undertaken by the Fire Brigade , Mumbai Police , and MMOPL in March 2014. During trials in mid-March 2014,

12810-401: The same. On 30 April 2014 The MMOPL unveiled a new logo, which uses the name "Mumbai Metro" but also includes the MMRDA and Reliance Infrastructure. The new name was also confirmed by Chavan at a press conference at Vidhan Bhawan on 14 June 2014. When asked about RInfra posting its "Reliance Metro" branding at some metro stations, he said, "It is 'Mumbai Metro' and we will ensure that it remains

12932-465: The second floor, which is the Platform level. There is a maximum gap of 85 mm (3.3 in) between the platform and train doors. There are 100 staircases (minimum 4 in each station), 45 elevators and 95 escalators on the 12 stations of Line 1. Platforms have polycarbonate roofs which allow them to be naturally lit. Stations feature murals created by university students. Metro authorities organised

13054-532: The stations rising above platform level. However, land acquisition and right-of-way issues, along with problems with the construction of a Metro-related viaduct, delayed the line's predicted completion to summer 2012. In May 2012, the Indian Bank restructured the Mumbai Metro's ₹ 1.08 billion (US$ 13 million) loan account, citing the project's land use problems. On 1 May 2013, a successful 2 km (1.2 mi) trial run from Versova to Azad Nagar stations

13176-663: The suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro , the Milan Metro , the Oslo Metro , the Istanbul Metro and the New York City Subway . Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in

13298-599: The support. The support weakened due to rain and utilities underneath created voids. So, it was basically due to loosening of the soil due to construction activity and its erosion due to heavy rain that the support weakened. If because of any reason a part of the support settles, stress increases on the staging and causes it to fail leading to a cascading effect". The first metro service was flagged off by Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan, along with Reliance Infra Chairman Anil Ambani and wife Tina Ambani, on 8 June 2014 at 10:10 am from Versova station. Chavan's appearance at

13420-412: The system and car depot. On 4 June 2015, metro authorities announced that Line 1 had transported 100 million passengers since operations began. Mumbai Metro One announced that Line 1 had transported more than 150 million passengers since operations began, crossing the milestone on 26 January 2016, India's 67th Republic Day. Line 1 transported 200 million passengers within 786 days of operations. It crossed

13542-419: The system, of which about 2 MWp is generated by the station's rooftop solar panels and 0.30 MWp is generated by the depot's solar panels. The LED lighting system and solar panels are estimated to reduce Line 1's carbon emissions by 2,430 tons per year. The MMOPL said that 30% of the total annual non-traction power requirement of approximately 11 MW would be met using solar power from May 2017. Solar energy powers

13664-714: The term subway . In Thailand , it stands for Metropolitan Rapid Transit , previously using the Mass Rapid Transit name. Outside of Southeast Asia, Kaohsiung and Taoyuan, Taiwan , have their own MRT systems which stands for Mass Rapid Transit , as with Singapore and Malaysia . In general rapid transit is a synonym for "metro" type transit, though sometimes rapid transit is defined to include "metro", commuter trains and grade separated light rail . Also high-capacity bus-based transit systems can have features similar to "metro" systems. The opening of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked

13786-467: The term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into London Underground . The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset. The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe , the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from

13908-601: The use of communications-based train control : the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 passengers per hour per direction . However, much higher capacities are attained in East Asia with ranges of 75,000 to 85,000 people per hour achieved by MTR Corporation 's urban lines in Hong Kong. Rapid transit topologies are determined by

14030-499: The viability of various alternative mass transit systems which are efficient, economically viable and environment friendly. In this context, a detailed feasibility study was carried out under Indo-German technical co-operation by entrusting the consultancy work to Tewet in association with DE-Consult GmbH and Tata Consultancy Services , during 1997–2000. The study recommended a mass transit corridor from Andheri to Ghatkopar as potentially bankable and economically viable, after examining

14152-410: Was ₹ 2,356 crore (equivalent to ₹ 71 billion or US$ 850 million in 2023) when the contract was signed in March 2007. However, delays increased the cost by 84% over six years, and the project cost was ₹ 4,321 crore (US$ 520 million). To offset the escalation, RInfra-led MMOPL asked for a 130-150% increase in fares. An MMOPL spokesperson said, "The principal reason for an increase

14274-559: Was Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, which launched its first underground mobile phone network using AMPS in 1989. Many metro systems, such as the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and the Berlin U-Bahn, provide mobile data connections in their tunnels for various network operators. The technology used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since

14396-447: Was allotted 64 coaches. Fourteen trains (of four cars) are in service during rush hour, and seven or eight in non-peak hours. All coaches are air-conditioned and have humidity control , and are designed to reduce noise and vibration. Each coach is approximately 2.9 metres (9 ft 6 in) wide and has 48 seats. A coach has a capacity of 375 passengers, and a single four car train has a total capacity of 1500 passengers. The coach body

14518-591: Was conducted on Line 1 in the presence of Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan , who said that the line would open to the public from September 2013. However, MMRDA officials told Business Standard in August 2013 that the metro would be delayed further as it had not received approval from the Central Railway Safety Commissioner, and some of the facilities remained incomplete. The first major trial run on Blue Line, began at 6:45pm IST on 3 June 2013 from Versova metro station , and covered

14640-899: Was developed further. Other Central European countries also have metro lines, for example in the cities of Budapest (Hungary), Prague (Czech Republic) and Warsaw (Poland). In Eastern Europe , metro systems are in operation in Minsk (Belarus), Kyiv (Ukraine), Riga (Latvia), Vilnius (Lithuania) and Moscow (Russia). In Southeastern European countries, there are metro systems in Athens and Thessaloniki (Greece), Belgrade (Serbia), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Istanbul (Turkey). In Northern Europe , rapid transit systems exist in Copenhagen (Denmark), Oslo (Norway), Stockholm (Sweden) and Helsinki (Finland). Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around North America . The term metro

14762-480: Was issued on 21 January 2008, and work began on 8 February 2008. In September 2011, MMOPL officials claimed that trial runs on the first section of the corridor, the 3 km (1.9 mi) Versova– D.N. Nagar – Azad Nagar stretch, would start by February 2012, with a view to opening the stretch to commuters by March or April 2012. The deadline for completion of Blue line has been shifted several times. The following months have all, at some point of time, been announced as

14884-702: Was low and suburbs tended to spread out . Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne , has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity. Melbourne had tunnels and stations developed in the 1970s and opened in 1980. The first line of the Sydney Metro was opened in 2019. Since the 1960s, many new systems have been introduced in Europe , Asia and Latin America . In

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