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113-630: Motability is a scheme run by a private company called Motability Operations Ltd , intended to enable disabled people, their families and their carers to lease a new car, scooter or powered wheelchair, using their disability benefit . It is overseen by the charity called the Motability Foundation in the United Kingdom . According to its response to a UK Government inquiry in 2019 into enhancing mobility for disabled citizens, Motability Ltd had over 620,000 customers. In 2022 it made

226-485: A "first step" to making best use of its "vast sums." Motability was founded in 1977 by Lord Sterling of Plaistow and the late Lord Goodman and the Motability Scheme was launched at Earl's Court , London , on 25 July 1978. It was initially targeted at motorists aged 16–19 years, with some 220 applications being processed at the beginning of the scheme. It is a partnership between the charitable sector,

339-438: A car but disabled people were underrepresented. Only those who could drive themselves received any government help with transport, usually in the form of a blue trike which was unable to take passengers. The Mobility Allowance – now called the mobility component of PIP, formerly Disability Living Allowance – introduced by the government in 1976 was formulated to give people help regardless of ability to drive. It also signalled

452-477: A car either have a physical disability or long term health condition. In 2018, the National Audit Office praised the customer satisfaction rates for the service, but criticised the profit and reserve levels the charity held. They also noted criticised its governance and "executive remuneration." A response to a 2019 parliamentary committee to release £343 million of its £2.5bn reserve was greeted as

565-429: A disability can impact people's identities. Which style of language used varies between different countries, groups and individuals. Identity-first language describes the person as "disabled". Some people prefer this and argue that this fits the social model of disability better than people-first language, as it emphasizes that the person is disabled not by their body, but by a world that does not accommodate them. This

678-561: A disability community—such as with art, social media, and sports. Contemporary understandings of disability derive from concepts that arose during the scientific Enlightenment in the west; prior to the Enlightenment, physical differences were viewed through a different lens. There is evidence of humans during prehistory that looked after people with disabilities. At the Windover Archeological Site , one of

791-628: A disability". This style is reflected in major legislation on disability rights, including the Americans with Disabilities Act and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities . "Cerebral Palsy: A Guide for Care" at the University of Delaware describes people-first language: The American Psychological Association style guide states that, when identifying a person with

904-426: A disability, the person's name or pronoun should come first, and descriptions of the disability should be used so that the disability is identified, but is not modifying the person. Acceptable examples included "a woman with Down syndrome " or "a man who has schizophrenia ". It also states that a person's adaptive equipment should be described functionally as something that assists a person, not as something that limits

1017-405: A feature that creates an impairment, restriction, or limitation from reaching the social definition of health, the individual is labeled as disabled. Under this idea, disability is not defined by the physical features of the body but by a deviance from the social convention of health. The social construction of disability would argue that the medical model of disability 's view that a disability

1130-587: A garden at the Chelsea Flower Show . The garden included a Motability car, an adapted Renault Clio , to symbolize disabled people gaining access to the remotest parts of the countryside. In October 2006, the Scheme hit the two million vehicles mark and Jeffrey Sterling commented: "Family life revolves around the disabled person so if you make someone mobile you don't help two million, it's more like six to eight million." The late Lord Goodman described

1243-528: A good-quality car from any participating manufacturer, fully insured, serviced, and with breakdown assistance. Motability was set up as a charity so it could also raise funds and make grants, in order to provide customers with a complete mobility package even if their allowance would not cover the type of car and adaptations that they needed. On 25 July 1978, ten young people attended the first Motability Scheme vehicle handover at Earls Court in London and received

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1356-400: A matter of the full integration of individuals into society . In this model, disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, created by the social environment. The management of the problem requires social action and it is the collective responsibility of society to create a society in which limitations for disabled people are minimal. Disability

1469-594: A narrow set of criteria—however, disabilities are not binary and can be present in unique characteristics depending on the individual. A disability may be readily visible, or invisible in nature. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines disability as including: long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder [a person's] full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. Disabilities have been perceived differently throughout history, through

1582-506: A negative connotation that they are considered to be slurs. A current point of contention is whether it is appropriate to use person-first language (i.e. a person who is disabled) or identity-first language (i.e. a disabled person) when referring to disability and an individual. Due to the marginalization of disabled people, there have been several activist causes that push for equitable treatment and access in society. Disability activists have fought to receive equal and equitable rights under

1695-434: A new car every three years or a wheelchair-accessible vehicle every five years. More than 20 manufacturers currently offer cars through the scheme, with premium manufacturers such as Audi becoming popular alternatives to more mainstream suppliers such as Ford and Vauxhall . Insurance for up to three approved drivers, vehicle excise duty, servicing with a free replacement vehicle, tyres and breakdown cover are all included in

1808-657: A new disability benefit, the Personal Independence Payment (PIP), which will gradually replace the Disability Living Allowance for disabled people aged between 16 and 64. Customers have started to be reassessed and as a result in some cases no longer receive an allowance that entitles them to access the Motability Scheme. Motability Operations have worked with Motability to devise a package of transitional support that pays up to £2000 to those customers who have lost their allowance as

1921-845: A number of Australians were entitled to the style as members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . Appointment to the Australian equivalent of the Privy Council, the Federal Executive Council , does not entitle a person to the style. Typical appointees to the Imperial Privy Council included senior politicians and judges at state and federal level. Malcolm Fraser in 1976 was the most recent prime minister to accept appointment to

2034-433: A person's capability to perform the activities of daily life. As Marta Russell and Ravi Malhotra argue, "The ' medicalization ' of disablement and the tools of classification clearly played an important role in establishing divisions between the 'disabled' and the 'able-bodied. ' " This positions disability as a problem to be solved via medical intervention, which hinders our understanding about what disability can mean. For

2147-413: A person's efforts to go to school, work, socialize, and more. Some examples of invisible disabilities include intellectual disabilities , autism spectrum disorder , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , fibromyalgia , mental disorders , asthma , epilepsy , allergies , migraines , arthritis , and chronic fatigue syndrome . Employment discrimination is reported to play a significant part in

2260-614: A person, for example, "a woman who uses a wheelchair" rather than "a woman in/confined to a wheelchair". People-first terminology is used in the UK in the form "people with impairments" (such as "people with visual impairments"). However, in the UK, identity-first language is generally preferred over people-first language. The use of people-first terminology has given rise to the use of the acronym PWD to refer to person(s) (or people) with disabilities (or disability). However other individuals and groups prefer identity-first language to emphasize how

2373-492: A political construction is also widely used by international organizations of disabled people, such as Disabled Peoples' International . Using the identity-first language also parallels how people talk about other aspects of identity and diversity. For example: In the autism community, many self-advocates and their allies prefer terminology such as 'Autistic,' 'Autistic person,' or 'Autistic individual' because we understand autism as an inherent part of an individual's identity –

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2486-429: A pre-tax profit of £1.1bn. According to Citizen's Advice , access to the scheme is dependent on eligibility relative to mobility conditions in government schemes, including: Disability Living Allowance (DLA), Personal Independence Payment (PIP), Armed Forces Independence Payment (AFIP) or War Pensioners’ Mobility Supplement. Motability's 2019/2020 audit document reported 94% of persons using Motability's scheme to buy

2599-451: A problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health conditions which therefore requires sustained medical care in the form of individual treatment by professionals. In the medical model, management of the disability is aimed at a "cure", or the individual's adjustment and behavioral change that would lead to an "almost-cure" or effective cure. The individual, in this case, must overcome their disability by medical care. In

2712-538: A result of the introduction of PIP. Motability Operations have donated £175m to Motability (the charity) to ensure that the cost of this package is supported. Despite the introduction of PIP and the expectation that the number of customers on the Scheme would reduce as a result of the change, Motability customer numbers have stayed broadly static – only 25,000 customers left the scheme due to loss of their allowance in FY16, while 68,000 new customers joined. On 7 December 2018

2825-472: A single monthly payment. This payment is made automatically by the Department for Work and Pensions or Veterans UK to Motability Operations under the authority of a CP50 form signed by the hirer. At the end of the contract period, the customer can choose to lease another brand new vehicle, or leave the scheme. While some vehicles do not require the customer to pay anything above their Mobility allowance,

2938-510: A societally-created limitation on individuals who do not have the same ability as the majority of the population. Although the medical model and social model are the most common frames for disability, there are a multitude of other models that theorize disability. There are many terms that explain aspects of disability. While some terms solely exist to describe phenomena pertaining to disability, others have been centered around stigmatizing and ostracizing those with disabilities. Some terms have such

3051-552: A society) that help overcome or remove a disability. The first recorded example of the use of a prosthesis dates to at least 1800 BC. The wheelchair dates from the 17th century. The curb cut is a related structural innovation. Other examples are standing frames , text telephones , accessible keyboards , large print , braille , and speech recognition software . Disabled people often develop adaptations which can be personal (e.g. strategies to suppress tics in public) or community (e.g. sign language in d/Deaf communities). As

3164-502: A variety of different theoretical lenses. There are two main models that attempt to explain disability in our society: the medical model and the social model . The medical model serves as a theoretical framework that considers disability as an undesirable medical condition that requires specialized treatment. Those who ascribe to the medical model tend to focus on finding the root causes of disabilities, as well as any cures—such as assistive technology. The social model centers disability as

3277-491: A vehicle through the scheme. Due to the weekly difference of £8.80 per week extra between War Pensioners' Mobility Supplement and DLA/PIP/AFIP/Scottish Higher rate mobility component of Child/Adult Disability Payment mobility components, the Motability advance payments for War Pensioners Mobility Supplement customers are roughly £1350 lower to ensure that over the course of the full 3-year lease all customers will pay exactly

3390-401: A wheelchair, multiple sclerosis , muscular dystrophy , obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), spina bifida , and schizophrenia . This is not an exhaustive list and many injuries and medical problems cause disability. Some causes of disability, such as injuries, may resolve over time and are considered temporary disabilities . An acquired disability

3503-469: Is always pronounced. According to the British government , the following persons are entitled to be styled Right Honourable : Privy counsellors are appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister, and remain members for life unless they resign or are expelled. In practice, membership of the privy council is granted to: A large proportion of the former and current prominent politicians of

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3616-415: Is an adjectival phrase which gives information about a person. As such, it is not considered correct to apply it in direct address, nor to use it on its own as a title in place of a name; but rather it is used in the third person along with a name or noun to be modified. Right may be abbreviated to Rt , and Honourable to Hon. , or both. The is sometimes dropped in written abbreviated form, but

3729-432: Is an impairment, restriction, or limitation is wrong. Instead what is seen as a disability is just a difference in the individual from what is considered "normal" in society. People-first language is one way to talk about disability which some people prefer. Using people-first language is said to put the person before the disability. Those individuals who prefer people-first language would prefer to be called, "a person with

3842-407: Is both cultural and ideological in creation. According to the social model, equal access for someone with an impairment/disability is a human rights concern. The social model of disability has come under criticism. While recognizing the importance played by the social model in stressing the responsibility of society, scholars, including Tom Shakespeare , point out the limits of the model and urge

3955-458: Is defined as the execution of a task or action. The ICF lists nine broad domains of functioning which can be affected: In concert with disability scholars, the introduction to the ICF states that a variety of conceptual models have been proposed to understand and explain disability and functioning, which it seeks to integrate. These models include the following: The medical model views disability as

4068-439: Is especially true in the UK, where it is argued under the social model that while someone's impairment (for example, having a spinal cord injury ) is an individual property, "disability" is something created by external societal factors such as a lack of accessibility. This distinction between the individual property of impairment and the social property of disability is central to the social model . The term "disabled people" as

4181-417: Is experienced differently based on the other multi-faceted identities of the individual is one often pointed out by disabled self-advocates. The ostracization of disability from mainstream society has created the opportunity for a disability culture to emerge. While disabled activists still promote the integration of disabled people into mainstream society, several disabled-only spaces have been created to foster

4294-437: Is permitted and subject to certain constraints on vehicle choice, additional drivers can include anyone from age 17 upwards (subject to the vehicle's insurance group for drivers under 25 years of age) provided they live with the disabled customer. Drink-driving convictions require five years from conviction date to be eligible for insurance on a Motability car. On 1 September 2023, Direct Line replaced RSA as insurance provider to

4407-753: Is the current practice of the House of Lords and the College of Arms to apply the style Right Honourable to privy counsellors only. All holders of a substantive peerage below the rank of marquess are entitled to be styled Right Honourable , as are their wives and widows. However, a peer's heir who uses a courtesy title is not accorded the corresponding style. Peers above the rank of earl are entitled to different styles: dukes and duchesses are styled The Most Noble or His or Her Grace , and marquesses and marchionesses are styled as The Most Honourable . In order to differentiate peers who are also members of

4520-492: Is the idea that disability is constructed by social expectations and institutions rather than biological differences. Highlighting the ways society and institutions construct disability is one of the main focuses of this idea. In the same way that race and gender are not biologically fixed, neither is disability. Around the early 1970s, sociologists, notably Eliot Friedson, began to argue that labeling theory and social deviance could be applied to disability studies. This led to

4633-403: Is the result of impairments that occur suddenly or chronically during the lifespan, as opposed to being born with the impairment. Invisible disabilities may not be obviously noticeable. The medical model focuses heavily on finding treatments, cures, or rehabilitative practices for disabled people. Assistive technology is a generic term for devices and modifications (for a person or within

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4746-780: Is usually joked during informal discussions about the use of the word "Honourable" to differentiate senior and less senior government dignitories. It can also be spelled in English as The Rt. Hon’ble . In South Korea , the President , Prime Minister , Speaker of the National Assembly and Chief Justice can use the Right Honourable style. In Australia, the lords mayor of Adelaide , Brisbane , Hobart , Melbourne , Perth and Sydney are entitled to be styled Right Honourable while in office. Historically,

4859-599: The Imperial War Cabinet , or due to their prominence in the Canadian Cabinet . These included all but three of Canada's early prime ministers ( Alexander Mackenzie , John Abbott , and Mackenzie Bowell ), who governed before the title was used domestically. Previously in New Zealand the prime minister and some other senior cabinet ministers were customarily appointed to the Privy Council of

4972-546: The King's Privy Council for Canada (chiefly cabinet ministers, as well as other figures such as party leaders or provincial premiers who may be appointed from time to time). The title may also be granted for life by the Governor General to eminent Canadians who have not held any of the offices that would otherwise entitle them to the style. This has been done on two occasions: to eight prominent political figures to mark

5085-506: The Middle Ages , disabled people were still able to play significant roles in the rural production based economy, allowing them to make genuine contributions to daily economic life. The Industrial Revolution and the advent of capitalism made it so that people were no longer tied to the land and were then forced to find work that would pay a wage in order to survive. The wage system, in combination with industrialized production, transformed

5198-658: The Privy Council of Ireland were entitled to be styled Right Honourable , even after the Privy Council ceased to have any functions or to meet on the creation of the Irish Free State in December 1922. Nevertheless, the Lord Mayor of Dublin , like some of his counterparts in Great Britain, retained the use of the honorific style as a result of its having been conferred separately by legislation; in 2001 it

5311-493: The World Health Organization , distinguishes between body functions (physiological or psychological, such as vision) and body structures (anatomical parts, such as the eye and related structures). Impairment in bodily structure or function is defined as involving an anomaly, defect, loss or other significant deviation from certain generally accepted population standards, which may fluctuate over time. Activity

5424-616: The personal computer has become more ubiquitous, various organizations have formed to develop software and hardware to make computers more accessible for disabled people. Some software and hardware, such as Voice Finger , Freedom Scientific 's JAWS , the Free and Open Source alternative Orca etc. have been specifically designed for disabled people while other software and hardware, such as Nuance 's Dragon NaturallySpeaking , were not developed specifically for disabled people, but can be used to increase accessibility. The LOMAK keyboard

5537-515: The "right honorable" title. The country's founding president Jomo Kenyatta who was the first prime minister of Kenya and Raila Amolo Odinga , who served as the country's second prime minister between 2008 and 2013. Raila Odinga also known as Baba (Political father and Enigma) is a towering icon in Africa, well known for his Pan-Africanism and championing for good governance.The prime ministers of Namibia and Uganda are both currently styled with

5650-456: The 125th anniversary of Canadian Confederation in 1992, and to longtime Member of Parliament Herb Gray upon his retirement in 2002. Over the years, a number of prominent Canadians became members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus were entitled to use the style Right Honourable , either because of their services in Britain (e.g. serving as envoys to London) or as members of

5763-484: The 1830s of l'homme moyen – the average man. Quetelet postulated that one could take the sum of all people's attributes in a given population (such as their height or weight) and find their average and that this figure should serve as a statistical norm toward which all should aspire. This idea of the statistical norm threads through the rapid take-up of statistics gathering by Britain, the United States, and

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5876-549: The Ancient Greeks may not have viewed persons with disability all that differently from more able-bodied individuals as terms describing them in their records appear to be very vague. As long as the disabled person in question could still contribute to society, the Greeks appeared to tolerate them. During the Middle Ages , madness and other conditions were thought to be caused by demons. They were also thought to be part of

5989-799: The Federal Court and MPs who are titled Tun are styled as Right Honourable (Malay: Yang Amat Berhormat, Yang Amat Arif for judges) at the federal level. For the state level, all the Menteris Besar, Chief Ministers and Premier along with their deputies are also styled Right Honourable . In Nepal, the president , vice president speaker of the House of Representatives, prime minister and chief justice are formally styled Right Honourable ( Nepali : सम्माननीय , romanized:  Sammānanīya ). Ministers, members of parliament (Lower and Upper Houses and provincial parliaments) and Chief ministers of provinces are styled "Honourable" only. It

6102-401: The Motability Scheme, including: Motability Operations has the exclusive contract for administering the scheme. According to the charity, any profits are reinvested in the Scheme or donated to the Motability charity. In the financial year ending 30 September 2016, Motability Operations reported post-tax profits of £130m net of a donation to Motability (the charity) of £45m. In 2021, the donation

6215-519: The Motability scheme. Breakdown cover is provided exclusively by the RAC . Adaptations are supplied and fitted by independent specialists who are accredited to Motability. Customers apply via accredited main car dealerships. The Wheelchair and Scooter Scheme was operated by Route2mobility until June 2010, when it was taken over by Motability Operations. In 2013, the Government started to introduce

6328-472: The National Audit Office published its report on Motability which upheld many criticisms of executive pay and reserves policy. It also found that Motability had charged customers more than £390 million more than necessary for car leases over the past ten years and that the then CEO was entitled to further payments beyond those that had already been disclosed. Disabled Disability is

6441-448: The Privy Council and thus to be styled Right Honourable . Of his 21 predecessors, only four were not members of the Privy Council – Alfred Deakin (declined appointment), Chris Watson (never offered), Arthur Fadden (accepted after leaving office), and Gough Whitlam (declined appointment). The last Governor-General to be entitled to the style was Sir Ninian Stephen , who left office in 1988. The last active politician to be entitled to

6554-597: The Privy Council), they are referred to as such in the chamber. Further embellishments are traditionally applied to clergy ( reverend ), military officers ( gallant ) and barristers ( learned ), a practice recommended to be abolished following a 2010 report of the Modernisation Committee but in practice continued. In summary: Right Honourable is added as a prefix to the name of various collective entities, including: In Canada, occupants of only

6667-480: The Privy Council. The living New Zealanders holding the style Right Honourable as a result of membership of the Privy Council are: The living New Zealanders holding the style The Right Honourable for life as a result of the 2010 changes are: During the periods of its existence, the Prime Minister of Kenya post was styled Right Honourable . In post-independence Kenya two people have been styled with

6780-507: The Privy Council—and therefore entitled to a style in both capacities—from peers who are not, the post-nominal letters PC can be used to identify the privy counsellors. This applies to peers of all rank, as a holder of a dukedom or marquessate who becomes a Privy Counsellor retains their higher style and so could not be identified without the letters. In practice, in contexts where there might be confusion, official publications use

6893-472: The UK government, leading banks, and the motor and insurance industries. Since 1978, over three million cars, scooters and powered wheelchairs have been provided to help disabled people with their mobility needs. Queen Elizabeth II had been the Chief Patron of Motability since its foundation. She was succeeded by King Charles III in 2024. By the mid-1970s, over 40% of households in the country owned

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7006-715: The UK'. Around two-thirds of Motability's customers drive their own vehicle, but non-drivers can get a car as a passenger. Similarly, parents and caregivers can also apply on behalf of a disabled child from the age of three. Once their application has been accepted, the customer uses all, or part, of their allowance to pay for their vehicle for the period of the contract hire agreement. As of 10 April 2024, 125 cars are currently available to lease with no advance payment (with 318 nil advance payment cars for WPMS recipients). Larger or more expensive models may incur additional cost via an advance payment. The largest fleet operator in Europe and

7119-407: The UK. Since the Scheme started, over four million cars have been supplied. The organisational structure of the scheme can be broken into two parts: Motability, which is a registered charity, and Motability Operations (formerly Motability Finance Ltd), a public limited company owned by four clearing banks which operates the car and powered wheelchair leasing scheme on behalf of Motability. Splitting

7232-592: The United Kingdom and thus styled Right Honourable . Helen Clark did not recommend the appointment of any new privy counsellors during her tenure as Prime Minister, from 1999 to 2008. In 2009 it was announced that her successor, John Key , had decided not to make any further recommendations to the Crown for appointments to the Privy Council. In August 2010, the Queen of New Zealand announced that, with immediate effect, individuals who hold, and those persons who after

7345-496: The United Kingdom are thus entitled to be styled Right Honourable . No new appointments have been made to the Privy Council of Northern Ireland since 1971, but surviving appointed members remain entitled to the style. Non-British Commonwealth-citizen judges appointed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council are also entitled to the style, although the appellation may be ignored in the judge's home country. It

7458-632: The War Pensioners' Mobility Supplement. From 8 April 2024, the amount payable for HRDLA, the Enhanced Mobility rate of PIP , Armed Forces Independence Payment and Scottish Higher rate Mobility Component of Child/Adult Disability Payment is £75.75 per week and War Pensioners Mobility Supplement is £84.55 per week. New customers wishing to lease through Motability must have at least twelve months' award length remaining when they apply. The Care Component of DLA/PIP etc cannot be used to fund

7571-466: The Western European states during this time period, and it is tied to the rise of eugenics . Disability, as well as the concepts of abnormal, non-normal, and normalcy, came from this. The circulation of these concepts is evident in the popularity of the freak show , where showmen profited from exhibiting people who deviated from those norms. With the rise of eugenics in the latter part of

7684-542: The adaption(s) due to the War Pensionable disability/condition. Almost 648,000 customers currently choose Motability for their mobility needs equating to more than 200,000 vehicles purchased per year by Motability Operations. Overall customer satisfaction is independently measured at 98%. In autumn 2015 Motability Operations was judged by the Institute for Customer Service to offer the 'highest customer service in

7797-524: The chamber of the House of Commons , members are not permitted to address each other directly, nor to name other members, but must instead address the speaker and refer to other members indirectly. This practice is intended to enforce a polite tone to maintain order and good honour. Only the occupant of the Chair addresses Members by name. Members generally refer to one another as "my honourable friend" if in

7910-430: The creation of the social construction of disability theory. The social construction of disability is the idea that disability is constructed as the social response to a deviance from the norm. The medical industry is the creator of the ill and disabled social role. Medical professionals and institutions, who wield expertise over health, have the ability to define health and physical and mental norms. When an individual has

8023-420: The customer may choose to opt for a higher-specified model on payment of an Advance Payment which is non-returnable. Motability pricing is independently assessed as being more than 40% cheaper than retail lease agreements, which is possible because of the unique VAT concessions that the Motability Scheme enjoys. In addition, means-tested grants are available from the Motability charity for those who, because of

8136-425: The date of the signing of these rules are appointed to, the following offices are awarded the style Right Honourable for life: This change was made because the practice of appointing New Zealanders to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom had ceased. However, the change had little immediate effect, as all but two of the holders or living former holders of the offices granted the style had already been appointed to

8249-682: The establishment of Motability in 1977 as "the most successful achievement of my career and the most fortunate thought that ever came into my head". The scheme is open to anyone in receipt of the Higher Rate Mobility Component of Disability Living Allowance , the Enhanced Mobility Component of Personal Independence Payment , the Scottish Higher rate mobility component of Child or Adult Disability Payment, an Armed Forces Independence Payment or

8362-435: The experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive , developmental , intellectual , mental , physical , sensory , or a combination of multiple factors. Disabilities can be present from birth or can be acquired during a person's lifetime. Historically, disabilities have only been recognized based on

8475-412: The field include Marta Russell , Robert McRuer , Johanna Hedva , Laura Hershey , Irving Zola , and many more. Prominent disability scholar Lennard J. Davis notes that disability studies should not be considered a niche or specialized discipline, but instead is applicable to a wide range of fields and topics. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), produced by

8588-720: The gods. In Ancient Egypt , staffs were frequently used in society. A common usage for them was for older persons with disabilities to help them walk. Provisions that enabled individuals with impaired mobility to access temples and healing sanctuaries were made in ancient Greece. Specifically, by 370 B.C., at the most important healing sanctuary in the wider area, the Sanctuary of Asclepius at Epidaurus , there were at least 11 permanent stone ramps that provided access to mobility-impaired visitors to nine different structures; evidence that people with disabilities were acknowledged and cared for, at least partly, in ancient Greece. In fact,

8701-540: The government's commitment to giving disabled people choice in the form of a cash allowance, rather than imposing certain types of vehicles on them. The War Pensioners' Mobility Supplement pre-dates the Mobility Allowance by a number of years. However, when the government subsequently introduced the Mobility Allowance they set it at a lower weekly rate than the prevailing War Pensioners Mobility Supplement. This difference continues as both are increased annually by

8814-690: The groups targeted by the Nazi regime in Germany, resulting in approximately 250,000 disabled people being killed during the Holocaust . At the end of the Second World War , with the example of Nazi eugenics , eugenics faded from public discourse , and increasingly disability cohered into a set of attributes to which medicine could attend – whether through augmentation, rehabilitation, or treatment. In both contemporary and modern history, disability

8927-470: The high rate of unemployment among those with a diagnosis of mental illness. People with health conditions such as arthritis , bipolar disorder , HIV , or multiple sclerosis may have periods of wellness between episodes of illness. During the illness episodes people's ability to perform normal tasks, such as work, can be intermittent. Rt Hon Right in this context is an adverb meaning 'very' or 'fully'. Grammatically, The Right Honourable

9040-459: The keys to their new vehicles from then Chairman Lord Goodman. Julie Newport, disabled by polio , was one of the ten to receive her keys and commented: "I think it's marvellous," saying the Scheme gave disabled people the freedom and independence they really wanted. Also present were Rt Hon Lord Morris, Rt Hon Lord Jenkin, Allan Beard and Jeffrey Sterling, the present Chairman of Motability. In 2003, Motability celebrated its 25th anniversary with

9153-476: The largest supplier of used cars in the trade, Motability Operations is owned by four major clearing banks – Barclays, Lloyds Banking Group, HSBC and NatWest Group. Motability Operations' annual turnover is around £4.2bn. Any surpluses are continually reinvested in the business or donated to the Motability charity. Motability Operations sells over 200,000 used cars a year and the company's car purchases account for approximately ten percent of total new car sales in

9266-508: The law—though there are still political issues that enable or advance the oppression of disabled people. Although disability activism serves to dismantle ableist systems, social norms relating to the perception of disabilities are often reinforced by tropes used by the media. Since negative perceptions of disability are pervasive in modern society, disabled people have turned to self-advocacy in an attempt to push back against their marginalization. The recognition of disability as an identity that

9379-588: The matter was consequently raised in parliament. The Lord Mayor of Bristol at present still uses the style Right Honourable , without official permission. In guidance issued in June 2003, the Crown Office recommended that the lord provosts of Aberdeen and Dundee be styled Right Honourable in the same manner as those of Edinburgh and Glasgow. The Chairman of the London County Council (LCC)

9492-408: The medical approach to disability. Due to this work, physical barriers to access were identified. These conditions functionally disabled them, and what is now known as the social model of disability emerged. Coined by Mike Oliver in 1983, this phrase distinguishes between the medical model of disability – under which an impairment needs to be fixed – and the social model of disability – under which

9605-562: The medical model, medical care is viewed as the main issue, and at the political level, the principal response is that of modifying or reforming healthcare policy. The medical model focuses on finding causes and cures for disabilities. There are many causes of disability that often affect basic activities of daily living , such as eating, dressing, transferring, and maintaining personal hygiene ; or advanced activities of daily living such as shopping, food preparation, driving, or working. However, causes of disability are usually determined by

9718-590: The name of the office, not the personal name of the office-holder, e.g. "The Right Honourable Lord Mayor of London" or "The Right Honourable the Lord Provost of the City of Edinburgh". Other lord mayors may be styled Right Worshipful , and other lord provosts do not use a style. By the 1920s, a number of city mayors, including the Lord Mayor of Leeds, were unofficially using the style Right Honourable , and

9831-556: The natural order, especially during and in the fallout of the Black Death , which wrought impairments throughout the general population. In the early modern period there was a shift to seeking biological causes for physical and mental differences, as well as heightened interest in demarcating categories: for example, Ambroise Pare, in the sixteenth century, wrote of "monsters", "prodigies", and "the maimed". The European Enlightenment 's emphases on knowledge derived from reason and on

9944-558: The nature of their disability, have no option but to choose a vehicle which attracts an advance payment, or who may need special adaptations not already funded through the scheme. Many adaptations, such as push/pull brake/accelerator levers, are now also funded directly through the scheme so that the customer may not have to pay extra. There are separate non-means tested grants for adaptations, including an automatic transmission grant of up to £660, paid by Veterans UK, for those in receipt of War Pensioners' Mobility Supplement, subject to needing

10057-457: The need for a new model that will overcome the "medical vs. social" dichotomy. The limitations of this model mean that often the vital services and information persons with disabilities face are simply not available, often due to limited economic returns in supporting them. Some say medical humanities is a fruitful field where the gap between the medical and the social model of disability might be bridged. The social construction of disability

10170-493: The nineteenth century, such deviations were viewed as dangerous to the health of entire populations. With disability viewed as part of a person's biological make-up and thus their genetic inheritance, scientists turned their attention to notions of weeding such as "deviations" out of the gene pool. Various metrics for assessing a person's genetic fitness were determined and were then used to deport , sterilize, or institutionalize those deemed unfit. People with disabilities were one of

10283-541: The organisation is intended to provide for checks and balances and ensure accountability for the administration of public funds. Salaries paid to Motability Operations Group PLC management have attracted negative publicity, with former CEO Mike Betts taking home total remuneration of £948,243 in 2016, as reported in Motability Operations Group PLC's accounts. Betts quit in 2018. Motability is a registered charity and has overall responsibility for

10396-578: The purposes of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 , the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities: amputation , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism , bipolar disorder , blindness , cancer , cerebral palsy , deafness , diabetes , epilepsy , HIV/AIDS , intellectual disability , major depressive disorder , mobility impairments requiring

10509-555: The same party , and "the honourable gentleman/lady/member" otherwise. If needed, constituencies ("the honourable member for   ...") or ministerial offices (e.g. "my right honourable friend the Prime Minister") can be used for clarity. Referring to one another as honourable is merely a courtesy used within the House, and is not a style used outside the chamber. However, when a member is in fact entitled to be styled Right Honourable (in practice always through membership of

10622-486: The same amount for the same vehicle on the scheme. Should a War Pensioners' Mobility Supplement Motability customer enter into an extended lease beyond the standard 3-year lease period (or 5 years for Wheelchair Accessible Vehicles) this £8.80 per week is returned to the War Pensioner by Motability Operations. This is again to ensure all customers pay exactly the same during an extended lease period. Customers choose

10735-575: The same honorific. The speaker and deputy speaker of the Parliament of Uganda are also entitled to the style. The prime ministers of Barbados , Grenada , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago are styled as Right Honourable . The West Indies Federation prime minister was also styled as such during that office's short existence. In Malaysia, only the Prime Minister , his or her deputy , four of judges of

10848-441: The same metric. It soon became clear that, despite good intentions, the Mobility Allowance was not large enough to buy and run even the smallest car. The then Secretary of State for Health and Social Services invited the late Lord Goodman and (now Lord) Jeffrey Sterling to consider how disabled people could use this allowance to affordably obtain a vehicle. Thus, Motability was born in 1977 to enable disabled people to afford

10961-655: The same way one refers to 'Muslims,' 'African-Americans,' 'Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender/Queer,' 'Chinese,' 'gifted,' 'athletic,' or 'Jewish.' Similarly, Deaf communities in the US reject people-first language in favor of identity-first language. In 2021, the US Association on Higher Education and Disability (AHEAD) announced their decision to use identity-first language in their materials, explaining: "Identity-first language challenges negative connotations by claiming disability directly. Identity-first language references

11074-486: The skeletons was a male about 15 years old who had spina bifida . The condition meant that the boy, probably paralyzed below the waist, was taken care of in a hunter-gatherer community. Disability was not viewed as a means of divine punishment and therefore disabled individuals were neither exterminated nor discriminated against for their impairments. Many were instead employed in different levels of Mesopotamian society including working in religious temples as servants of

11187-461: The society that limits a person needs to be fixed. Like many social categories, the concept of "disability" is under heavy discussion amongst academia, the medical and legal worlds, and the disability community. The academic discipline focused on theorizing disability is disability studies , which has been expanding since the late twentieth century. The field investigates the past, present, and future constructions of disability, along with advancing

11300-401: The style Right Honourable exclusively to identify privy counsellors. The lord mayors of London, Cardiff, Belfast and York; and the lord provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow are all entitled to be styled Right Honourable while in office. The lord mayors of Belfast and Cardiff are so entitled by an explicit grant from the sovereign, and the others through ancient custom. The style is used with

11413-572: The style of Right Honourable for life: The Right Honourable is not to be confused with His or Her Excellency , used by governors general during their term of office, or The Honourable , used only while in office (except in Nova Scotia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, where honorary members of the Executive Council enjoy the title permanently) by provincial premiers and cabinet ministers, and for life by senators and members of

11526-406: The style was Ian Sinclair , who retired in 1998. The few Australian recipients of British peerages were also entitled to the style. Present-day Australian governments no longer recommend Australians for elevation to the peerage or appointment to the Privy Council. However, some present-day Australian citizens either hold hereditary peerages (e.g. Malcolm Murray, 12th Earl of Dunmore ). Members of

11639-528: The three most senior public offices are styled as Right Honourable ( Le/La très honorable in French). Formerly, this was by virtue of their appointment to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . However, Canadian appointments to the British Privy Council were ended by the government of Lester Pearson . Currently, individuals who hold, or have held, one of the following offices are awarded

11752-416: The value of natural science to human progress helped spawn the birth of institutions and associated knowledge systems that observed and categorized human beings; among these, the ones significant to the development of today's concepts of disability were asylums , clinics , and prisons . Contemporary concepts of disability are rooted in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century developments. Foremost among these

11865-511: The variety that exists in how our bodies and brains work with a myriad of conditions that exist, and the role of inaccessible or oppressive systems, structures, or environments in making someone disabled." Invisible disabilities, also known as Hidden Disabilities or Non-visible Disabilities (NVD), are disabilities that are not immediately apparent, or seeable. They are often chronic illnesses and conditions that significantly impair normal activities of daily living. Invisible disabilities can hinder

11978-446: The vehicle manufacturers on a quarterly basis. Insurance is provided exclusively by Direct Line Motability (since 1 September 2023) who have a dedicated Motability division. Direct Line require any persons wishing to be one of the three named drivers to have no or possibly some minor endorsements on their driving licence in the last five years. The excess for any claims has recently increased but remains competitive at £100. A third driver

12091-439: The viewpoint that disability is a complex social identity from which we can all gain insight. As disabilities scholar Claire Mullaney puts it, "At its broadest, disability studies encourages scholars to value disability as a form of cultural difference". Scholars of the field focus on a range of disability-related topics, such as ethics, policy and legislation, history, art of the disability community, and more. Notable scholars from

12204-528: The way bodies were viewed as people were increasingly valued for their ability to produce like machines. Capitalism and the industrial revolution effectively solidified this class of "disabled" people who could not conform to the standard worker 's body or level of work power. As a result, disabled people came to be regarded as a problem, to be solved or erased. In the early 1970s, the disability rights movement became established, when disability activists began to challenge how society treated disabled people and

12317-510: Was designed in New Zealand specifically for persons with disabilities. The World Wide Web consortium recognized a need for International Standards for Web Accessibility for persons with disabilities and created the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). As at Dec 2012 the standard is WCAG 2.0 (WCAG = Web Content Accessibility Guidelines). The social model of disability sees "disability" as a socially created problem and

12430-685: Was granted the style in 1935 as part of the celebrations of the silver jubilee of King George V . The Chairman of the Greater London Council (GLC), the body that replaced the LCC in 1965, was similarly granted the style until the GLC was abolished in 1986. Right Honourable is also used as a style by the Lord Lyon King of Arms in office, preceding his title rather than his personal name, as with other applications ex officio. In

12543-476: Was often viewed as a by-product of incest between first-degree relatives or second-degree relatives . Disability scholars have also pointed to the Industrial Revolution , along with the economic shift from feudalism to capitalism , as prominent historical moments in the understanding of disability. Although there was a certain amount of religious superstition surrounding disability during

12656-538: Was the development of clinical medical discourse, which made the human body visible as a thing to be manipulated, studied, and transformed. These worked in tandem with scientific discourses that sought to classify and categorize and, in so doing, became methods of normalization . The concept of the "norm" developed in this time period, and is signaled in the work of the Belgian statistician , sociologist , mathematician , and astronomer Adolphe Quetelet , who wrote in

12769-454: Was £170 million. The National Audit Office in 2018 and a parliamentary committee of 2019 challenged how this reinvestment was being used, both in terms of its reserves (over £2.5bn) and executive reward "at near maximum" levels. Motability Operations also set and monitors the standards of service provided by the dealer network, adaptations suppliers, breakdown company and the insurance company. Motability Operations also negotiates pricing with

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