Fushimi Castle ( 伏見城 , Fushimi-jō ) , also known as Momoyama Castle ( 桃山城 , Momoyama-jō ) or Fushimi-Momoyama Castle , is a Japanese castle located in Fushimi Ward , Kyoto .
88-640: Fushimi Castle was constructed from 1592 to 1594 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi at the end of the Sengoku period as his retirement residence. Fushimi Castle was destroyed in the 1596 Keichō–Fushimi earthquake and rebuilt before eventually being demolished in 1623 and its site later used for the tomb of Emperor Meiji . The current Fushimi Castle is a replica constructed in 1964 near the original site in Fushimi. The Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japanese history partially takes its name from Fushimi Castle. Construction of
176-525: A manor presided over by a lord or a bishop of the church . Peasants paid rent or labor services to the lord in exchange for their right to cultivate the land. Fallowed land, pastures, forests, and wasteland were held in common. The open field system required cooperation among the peasants of the manor. It was gradually replaced by individual ownership and management of land. The relative position of peasants in Western Europe improved greatly after
264-977: A sword hunt to confiscate arms. The swords were melted down to create a statue of the Buddha . This measure effectively stopped peasant revolts, and ensured greater stability at the expense of freedom of the individual daimyō . In 1590, Hideyoshi carried out the Odawara Campaign against the Hōjō clan in the Kantō region . This was the first battle that involved the alliance between Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu . Hideyoshi's army of 220,000 men surrounded Odawara Castle and its 82,000-strong Hōjō garrison, in what has been called "the most unconventional siege lines in samurai history". The samurai were entertained by everything from concubines, prostitutes, and musicians to acrobats , fire-eaters, and jugglers . The defenders slept on
352-504: A claimant to daimyo of the Nanbu clan , launched a rebellion against his rival Nanbu Nobunao which spread across Mutsu Province. Nobunao was backed by Hideyoshi, who along with sent a large army into the Tōhoku region in mid-1591 which quickly defeated the rebels. Hideyoshi's army arrived at Kunohe Castle in early September. Masazane, outnumbered, surrendered Kunohe Castle and was executed with
440-443: A cultural and political invention. He writes: This divide represented a radical departure from tradition: F. W. Mote and others have shown how especially during the later imperial era ( Ming and Qing dynasties), China was notable for the cultural, social, political, and economic interpenetration of city and countryside. But the term nongmin did enter China in association with Marxist and non-Marxist Western perceptions of
528-558: A final assault. While Hideyoshi's battle at Sacheon led by Shimazu Yoshihiro was a major Japanese victory, all three parties to the war were exhausted. He told his commander in Korea, "Don't let my soldiers become spirits in a foreign land.". Toyotomi Hideyoshi died at Fushimi Castle on September 18, 1598 ( Keichō 3, 18th day of the 8th month). His last words, delivered to his closest daimyō and generals, were "I depend upon you for everything. I have no other thoughts to leave behind. It
616-502: A governmental system that balanced out the most powerful Japanese warlords (or daimyō ). A council was created to include the most influential lords. At the same time, a regent was designated to be in command. Peasant A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to
704-614: A heavy blow. Ieyasu and Hideyoshi never fought against each other in person, but the former managed to check the advance of the latter's allies. After Hideyoshi and Ieyasu heard the news of Ikeda Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi 's deaths, both withdrew their troops. Later, Hideyoshi made peace with Nobukatsu and Ieyasu, ending the pretext for war between the Tokugawa and Hashiba clans. Hideyoshi sent his younger sister Asahi no kata and mother Ōmandokoro to Tokugawa Ieyasu as hostages. Like Oda Nobunaga before him, Hideyoshi never achieved
792-591: A landlord (the hacienda system), most Latin American countries saw one or more extensive land reforms in the 20th century. The land reforms of Latin America were more comprehensive initiatives that redistributed lands from large landholders to former peasants — farm workers and tenant farmers . Hence, many Campesinos in Latin America today are closer smallholders who own their land and do not pay rent to
880-487: A landlord, rather than peasants who do not own land. The Catholic Bishops of Paraguay have asserted that "Every campesino has a natural right to possess a reasonable allotment of land where he can establish his home, work for [the] subsistence of his family and a secure life". In medieval Europe society was theorized as being organized into three estates : those who work, those who pray, and those who fight. The Annales School of 20th-century French historians emphasized
968-419: A landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free slaves , semi-free serfs , and free tenants . Peasants might hold title to land outright ( fee simple ), or by any of several forms of land tenure , among them socage , quit-rent , leasehold , and copyhold . In some contexts, "peasant" has a pejorative meaning, even when referring to farm laborers. As early as in 13th-century Germany,
SECTION 10
#17327726396171056-614: A long relationship with tea master Sen no Rikyū , which eventually soured leading to Hideyoshi ordering Sen no Rikyū to commit suicide. The exact reason is disputed. Inspired by the dazzling Golden Pavilion in Kyoto , he had the Golden Tea Room constructed, which was covered with gold leaf and lined inside with red gossamer. Using this mobile innovation, he was able to practice the tea ceremony wherever he went, displaying his power and status at all times. Politically, he set up
1144-647: A secret route into Mount Inaba , after which much of the local garrison surrendered. In 1564, Hideyoshi found success as a negotiator. He managed to convince a number of Mino warlords to desert the Saitō clan , mostly with liberal bribes. This included the Saitō clan's strategist, Takenaka Shigeharu . Nobunaga's easy victory at the siege of Inabayama Castle in 1567 was largely due to Hideyoshi's efforts, and despite his peasant origins, in 1568 Hideyoshi became one of Nobunaga's most distinguished generals, eventually taking
1232-674: A sense of French nationhood was weak in the provinces. Weber then looked at how the policies of the Third Republic created a sense of French nationality in rural areas. The book was widely praised, but some argued that a sense of Frenchness existed in the provinces before 1870. Farmers in China have been sometimes referred to as "peasants" in English-language sources. However, the traditional term for farmer, nongfu ( 农夫 ), simply refers to "farmer" or "agricultural worker". In
1320-648: A sign of goodwill. In 1582, Hideyoshi began construction of Osaka Castle . Built on the site of the temple Ishiyama Hongan-ji , which was destroyed by Nobunaga , construction was completed in 1597. The castle would become the last stronghold of the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. In late 1582, Hideyoshi was in a very strong position. He summoned the powerful daimyō to Kiyosu Castle so that they could determine Nobunaga's heir. Oda Nobukatsu and Oda Nobutaka quarreled, causing Hideyoshi to instead choose Nobunaga's infant grandson Oda Hidenobu . Having won
1408-506: A vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu . In 1600, the castle fell in a famous and significant siege by Ishida Mitsunari . Torii, in a celebrated act of honor and bravery, defended the castle for eleven days, delaying Ishida's forces and allowing his lord Tokugawa time to build his own army. This had a profound effect on the Battle of Sekigahara that came soon afterwards, and which marked the final victory of Tokugawa Ieyasu over all his rivals. In 1623,
1496-570: Is called a "Bauer" in German and "Bur" in Low German (pronounced in English like boor ). In most of Germany, farming was handled by tenant farmers who paid rents and obligatory services to the landlord—typically a nobleman. Peasant leaders supervised the fields and ditches and grazing rights, maintained public order and morals, and supported a village court which handled minor offenses. Inside
1584-399: Is commonly used in a non-pejorative sense as a collective noun for the rural population in the poor and developing countries of the world. Via Campesina , an organization claiming to represent the rights of about 200 million farm-workers around the world, self-defines as an "International Peasant's Movement" as of 2019 . The United Nations and its Human Rights Council prominently uses
1672-600: Is known for certain about Toyotomi Hideyoshi before 1570, when he begins to appear in surviving documents and letters. His autobiography starts in 1577, but in it, Hideyoshi spoke very little about his past. According to tradition, Hideyoshi was born on 16 February 1537 according to the lunar Japanese calendar (17 March 1537 according to the Julian calendar ; 27 March 1537 ( Proleptic Gregorian calendar )) in Nakamura , Owari Province (present-day Nakamura Ward , Nagoya ), in
1760-544: Is particularly famous for its Golden Tea Room , in which both the walls and the implements were covered in gold leaf . The castle was intended to be the site for Hideyoshi's peace talks with Chinese diplomats seeking an end to the Seven-Year War in Korea , but an earthquake destroyed the castle entirely only two years after its completion. It was rebuilt soon afterwards, and came to be controlled by Torii Mototada ,
1848-587: Is sad to part from you." His death was kept secret by the Council of Five Elders to preserve morale, and they ordered Japanese forces in Korea to return to Japan. According to the Tokugawa Jikki record, Hideyoshi held a secret meeting with Koide Hidemasa and Katagiri Katsumoto where he shared his regret of launching invasions of Korea. Hideyoshi also instructed Hidemasa and Katsumoto to guide Hideyori into making an alliance with Ieyasu, as he predicted
SECTION 20
#17327726396171936-474: Is today Saga Prefecture , on Kyūshū , Hideyoshi memorised the shite (lead role) parts of ten Noh plays, which he then performed, forcing various daimyō to accompany him onstage as the waki (secondary, accompanying role). He even performed before the emperor. The Kunohe rebellion , an insurrection that occurred in Mutsu Province from 13 March to 4 September 1591, began when Kunohe Masazane ,
2024-485: The de facto leader of Japan and acquired the prestigious positions of daijō-daijin and kampaku by the mid-1580s. Hideyoshi launched the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592 to initial success, but eventual military stalemate damaged his prestige before his death in 1598. Hideyoshi's young son and successor Toyotomi Hideyori was displaced by Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 which would lead to
2112-472: The Anegakōji clan of Hida while Hideyoshi carried out the siege of Toyama Castle. The Toyama Castle garrison of 20,000, led by Hideyoshi's former ally Sassa Narimasa , tried to defend against Hideyoshi's 100,000 soldiers; in the end, Narimasa's defense was shattered, opening the way for Toyotomi's supremacy over Etchū Province and Hida Province . In 1586 Hideyoshi conquered Kyūshū , wresting control from
2200-573: The Battle of Anegawa to lay siege to two fortresses of the Azai and Asakura clans, and Hideyoshi was assigned to lead Oda troops into open battle for the first time. In 1573, after victorious campaigns against the Azai and Asakura, Nobunaga appointed Hideyoshi daimyō of three districts in the northern part of Ōmi Province . Initially, Hideyoshi stayed at the former Azai headquarters at Odani Castle , but moved to Kunitomo town and renamed it " Nagahama " in tribute to Nobunaga. Hideyoshi later moved to
2288-643: The Battle of Nagashino against the Takeda clan . In 1576, he took part in the Siege of Mitsuji , part of the eleven-year Ishiyama Hongan-ji War . Later, Nobunaga sent Hideyoshi to Himeji Castle to conquer the Chūgoku region from the Mori clan . Hideyoshi then fought in the Battle of Tedorigawa (1577), the siege of Miki (1578), the siege of Tottori (1581) and the siege of Takamatsu (1582). On June 21, 1582, during
2376-480: The Battle of Shizugatake in the following year, Hideyoshi destroyed Katsuie's forces. Hideyoshi had thus consolidated his own power, dealt with most of the Oda clan, and now controlled some 30 provinces. In 1584, Nobukatsu allied himself with Tokugawa Ieyasu , and the two sides fought at the inconclusive Battle of Komaki and Nagakute . This ultimately resulted in a stalemate, although Hideyoshi's forces were delivered
2464-499: The Black Death had reduced the population of medieval Europe in the mid-14th century, resulting in more land for the survivors and making labor more scarce. In the wake of this disruption to the established order, it became more productive for many laborers to demand wages and other alternative forms of compensation, which ultimately led to the development of widespread literacy and the enormous social and intellectual changes of
2552-657: The Enlightenment . The evolution of ideas in an environment of relatively widespread literacy laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution , which enabled mechanically and chemically augmented agricultural production while simultaneously increasing the demand for factory workers in cities, who became what Karl Marx called the proletariat . The trend toward individual ownership of land, typified in England by Enclosure , displaced many peasants from
2640-565: The Hōjō clan and the Uesugi clan invaded Kai and Shinano province when they heard of Nobunaga's death, beginning the Tenshō-Jingo war . When the Oda clan learned of the defeat of Takigawa Kazumasu at the Battle of Kanagawa by the Hōjō clan, Hideyoshi sent a letter to Ieyasu on July 7 giving him authorization to lead military operations to secure the two provinces from the Hōjō and Uesugi clans. As
2728-424: The Sengoku period , it had become common for peasants to become warriors, or for samurai to farm due to the constant uncertainty caused by the lack of centralised government and always tentative peace. Upon taking control, Hideyoshi decreed that all peasants be disarmed completely. Conversely, he required samurai to leave the land and take up residence in the castle towns. This solidified the social class system for
Fushimi Castle - Misplaced Pages Continue
2816-618: The Shimazu clan . Toyotomi Hidenaga , Hideyoshi's half-brother, landed to the south of Bungo province on Kyūshū's eastern coast. Meanwhile, Hideyoshi took his own forces down a more western route, in Chikuzen province . Later that year, with a total of 200,000 soldiers against the 30,000 men of the Shimazu forces, the two brothers met in Satsuma province . They besieged Kagoshima castle ,
2904-652: The Siege of Takamatsu , Oda Nobunaga and his eldest son and heir Nobutada were both killed in the Honnō-ji incident . Their assassination ended Nobunaga's quest to consolidate centralised power in Japan under his authority. Hideyoshi, seeking vengeance for the death of his lord, made peace with the Mōri clan and thirteen days later met Akechi Mitsuhide and defeated him at the Battle of Yamazaki , avenging his Nobunaga and taking Nobunaga's authority and power for himself. Meanwhile,
2992-606: The Toyotomi clan castellan Ishida Mitsunari in power. He held the generals in contempt, and they sided with Ieyasu. Hideyori lost the power his father once held, and Ieyasu's power was consolidated when his Eastern Army defeated the Mitsunari's Western Army at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu, who was appointed as a shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate , attacked Osaka Castle twice in 1614 and 1615 (the Siege of Osaka ), forcing Hideyoshi's concubine Yodo-dono and Hideyori to commit suicide, destroying
3080-537: The Toyotomi clan . It is now believed that Hideyoshi's loss of all his adult heirs, leaving only the five-year-old Hideyori as his successor, was the primary reason for the weakening of the Toyotomi regime and its eventual downfall. Toyotomi Hideyoshi changed Japanese society in many ways. These include the imposition of a rigid class structure, restrictions on travel, and surveys of land and production. Class reforms affected commoners and warriors. During
3168-582: The Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan . They included five European Franciscan missionaries , one Mexican Franciscan missionary, three Japanese Jesuits and seventeen Japanese laymen including three young boys. They were tortured, mutilated, and paraded through towns across Japan. On February 5, they were executed in Nagasaki by public crucifixion . After several years of negotiations, broken off because envoys of both sides falsely reported that
3256-589: The Wanli Emperor of Ming China sent an army under general Li Rusong to block the planned Japanese invasion of China and recapture the Korean peninsula. On January 7, 1593, the Ming relief forces recaptured Pyongyang and surrounded Seoul , but Kobayakawa Takakage , Ukita Hideie , Tachibana Muneshige and Kikkawa Hiroie were able to win the Battle of Byeokjegwan north of Seoul, in modern day Goyang City. At
3344-507: The "great tradition" and the "little tradition" in the work of Robert Redfield . In the 1960s, anthropologists and historians began to rethink the role of peasant revolt in world history and in their own disciplines. Peasant revolution was seen as a Third World response to capitalism and imperialism. The anthropologist Eric Wolf , for instance, drew on the work of earlier scholars in the Marxist tradition such as Daniel Thorner , who saw
3432-588: The "imposition of the historically burdened Western contrasts of town and country, shopkeeper and peasant, or merchant and landlord, serves only to distort the realities of the Chinese economic tradition". In Latin America, the term "peasant" is translated to "Campesino" (from campo —country person), but the meaning has changed over time. While most Campesinos before the 20th century were in equivalent status to peasants—they usually did not own land and had to make payments to or were in an employment position towards
3520-455: The "peasant," thereby putting the full weight of the Western heritage to use in a new and sometimes harshly negative representation of China's rural population. Likewise, with this development Westerners found it all the more "natural" to apply their own historically derived images of the peasant to what they observed or were told in China. The idea of the peasant remains powerfully entrenched in
3608-460: The 18th and 19th centuries. Serfdom was abolished in Russia in 1861, and while many peasants would remain in areas where their family had farmed for generations, the changes did allow for the buying and selling of lands traditionally held by peasants, and for landless ex-peasants to move to the cities. Even before emancipation in 1861, serfdom was on the wane in Russia. The proportion of serfs within
Fushimi Castle - Misplaced Pages Continue
3696-421: The 19th century, Japanese intellectuals reinvented the Chinese terms fengjian ( 封建 ) for "feudalism" and nongmin ( 农民 ), or "farming people", terms used in the description of feudal Japanese society. These terms created a negative image of Chinese farmers by making a class distinction where one had not previously existed. Anthropologist Myron Cohen considers these terms to be neologisms that represented
3784-575: The Imperial Court. He built a lavish palace in 1587, the Jurakudai , and entertained the reigning Emperor Go-Yōzei the following year. Also in 1585, Hideyoshi launched the siege of Negoro-ji and subjugated Kii Province . The Negoro-gumi , the warrior monks of Negoro-ji , were allied with the Ikkō-ikki and with Tokugawa Ieyasu , whom they supported in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute
3872-541: The Latin pagus , or outlying administrative district. Peasants typically made up the majority of the agricultural labour force in a pre-industrial society . The majority of the people—according to one estimate 85% of the population—in the Middle Ages were peasants. Though "peasant" is a word of loose application, once a market economy had taken root, the term peasant proprietors was frequently used to describe
3960-588: The Modernization of Rural France, 1880–1914 (1976), historian Eugen Weber traced the modernization of French villages and argued that rural France went from backward and isolated to modern and possessing a sense of French nationhood during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He emphasized the roles of railroads, republican schools, and universal military conscription. He based his findings on school records, migration patterns, military-service documents and economic trends . Weber argued that until 1900 or so
4048-689: The Shimazu clan's home. The Shimazu surrendered, and Hideyoshi was able to return his attention to the Hōjō clan of Kantō , the last major clan to oppose him. Later in 1587, Hideyoshi banished Christian missionaries from Kyūshū, either to exert greater control over the Kirishitan daimyō or to prohibit human trafficking. Around that time, at least 50,000 Japanese people were sold overseas as slaves, mainly by Portuguese merchants. However, since he did much trade with Europeans, individual Christians were unofficially overlooked. In 1588, Hideyoshi forbade ordinary peasants from owning weapons and started
4136-475: The Western perception of China to this very day. Writers in English mostly used the term "farmers" until the 1920s, when the term peasant came to predominate, implying that China was feudal, ready for revolution, like Europe before the French Revolution. This Western use of the term suggests that China is stagnant, "medieval", underdeveloped, and held back by its rural population. Cohen writes that
4224-467: The adopted daughter of Asano Nagakatsu , a descendant of Minamoto no Yorimitsu . Hideyoshi carried out repairs on Sunomata Castle with his younger half-brother, Hashiba Koichirō , along with Hachisuka Masakatsu , and Maeno Nagayasu . Hideyoshi's efforts were well-received because Sunomata was in enemy territory, and according to legend Hideyoshi constructed a fort in Sunomata overnight and discovered
4312-491: The aesthetics of the tea ceremony that had a lasting influence over many aspects of Japanese culture. Even after Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi is said to have built his many construction projects based upon aesthetics promoted by Rikyū. Following Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi turned his attention from tea ceremony to Noh , which he had been studying since becoming Imperial Regent. During his brief stay in Nagoya Castle in what
4400-514: The basis for systematic taxation. In 1590, Hideyoshi completed construction of the Osaka Castle , the largest and most formidable in all Japan, to guard the western approaches to Kyoto . In that same year, Hideyoshi banned "unfree labour" or slavery in Japan , but forms of contract and indentured labour persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labour . Hideyoshi also influenced
4488-739: The castle defenders. The Kunohe rebellion was the final battle in Hideyoshi's campaigns during the Sengoku period and completed the unification of Japan. The future stability of the Toyotomi dynasty after Hideyoshi's eventual death was put in doubt with the death of his only son, three-year-old Tsurumatsu, in September 1591. When his half-brother Hidenaga died of illness shortly after, Hideyoshi named his nephew Hidetsugu his heir, adopting him in January 1592. Hideyoshi resigned as kampaku to take
SECTION 50
#17327726396174576-420: The castle was dismantled, and many of its rooms and buildings were incorporated into castles and temples across Japan. Several temples in Kyoto , such as Yōgen-in ( 養源院 ), Genkō-an ( 源光庵 ), and Hōsen-in ( 宝泉院 ), have a blood-stained ceiling that had been the floor of a corridor at Fushimi Castle where survivors of Torii's garrison had committed seppuku after the castle's defenses were breached. In 1912,
4664-583: The complexities of the French Revolution, especially the fast-changing scene in Paris, reached isolated areas through both official announcements and long-established oral networks. Peasants responded differently to different sources of information. The limits on political knowledge in these areas depended more on how much peasants chose to know than on bad roads or illiteracy. Historian Jill Maciak concludes that peasants "were neither subservient, reactionary, nor ignorant." In his seminal book Peasants into Frenchmen:
4752-485: The concept of "peasant" could imply "rustic" as well as "robber", as the English term villain / villein . In 21st-century English, the word "peasant" can mean "an ignorant, rude, or unsophisticated person". The word rose to renewed popularity in the 1940s–1960s as a collective term, often referring to rural populations of developing countries in general, as the "semantic successor to 'native', incorporating all its condescending and racial overtones". The word peasantry
4840-468: The empire had gradually decreased "from 45–50 percent at the end of the eighteenth century, to 37.7 percent in 1858." In Germany, peasants continued to center their lives in the village well into the 19th century. They belonged to a corporate body and helped to manage the community resources and to monitor community life. In the East they had the status of serfs bound permanently to parcels of land. A peasant
4928-990: The end of the first campaign, Japan's entire navy was destroyed by Admiral Yi Sun-sin of Korea, whose base was located in a part of Korea the Japanese could not control. This destroyed Japan's ability to resupply their troops in Seoul, effectively ending the invasion. The birth of Hideyoshi's second son in 1593, Hideyori , created a potential succession problem. To avoid it, Hideyoshi exiled his nephew and current heir Hidetsugu to Mount Kōya for suspected rebellion, and then ordered him to commit suicide in August 1595. Hidetsugu's family members who did not follow his example, including 31 women and several children, were then murdered in Kyoto . In January 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had twenty-six Christians arrested as an example to Japanese who wanted to convert to Christianity . They are known as
5016-449: The family the patriarch made all the decisions, and tried to arrange advantageous marriages for his children. Much of the villages' communal life centered on church services and holy days. In Prussia, the peasants drew lots to choose conscripts required by the army. The noblemen handled external relationships and politics for the villages under their control, and were not typically involved in daily activities or decisions. Information about
5104-579: The founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate . Hideyoshi's rule covers most of the Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japan, partially named after his castle, Momoyama Castle . Hideyoshi left an influential and lasting legacy in Japan, including Osaka Castle , the Tokugawa class system , the restriction on the possession of weapons to the samurai, and the construction and restoration of many temples, some of which are still visible in Kyoto . Very little
5192-407: The importance of peasants. Its leader Fernand Braudel devoted the first volume—called The Structures of Everyday Life —of his major work, Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century to the largely silent and invisible world that existed below the market economy. Other research in the field of peasant studies was promoted by Florian Znaniecki and Fei Xiaotong , and in the post-1945 studies of
5280-463: The land and compelled them, often unwillingly, to become urban factory-workers, who came to occupy the socio-economic stratum formerly the preserve of the medieval peasants. This process happened in an especially pronounced and truncated way in Eastern Europe. Lacking any catalysts for change in the 14th century, Eastern European peasants largely continued upon the original medieval path until
5368-467: The leader of the warrior class, was because he was of peasant origin. Hideyoshi rose from a peasant background as a retainer of the prominent lord Oda Nobunaga to become one of the most powerful men in Japanese history. Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga after the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582 and continued Nobunaga's campaign to unite Japan that led to the closing of the Sengoku period. Hideyoshi became
SECTION 60
#17327726396175456-488: The material culture of Japan . He lavished time and money on the Japanese tea ceremony , collecting implements, sponsoring lavish social events, and patronizing acclaimed masters. As interest in the tea ceremony rose among the ruling class, so too did the demand for fine ceramic implements, and during the course of the Korean campaigns, not only were large quantities of prized ceramic ware confiscated but many Korean artisans were forcibly relocated to Japan. Hideyoshi also had
5544-453: The middle of the chaotic Sengoku period under the collapsed Ashikaga Shogunate . Hideyoshi had no traceable samurai lineage, and his father Kinoshita Yaemon was an ashigaru – a peasant employed by the samurai as a foot soldier. Hideyoshi had no surname, and his childhood given name was Hiyoshi-maru ( 日吉丸 ) ("Bounty of the Sun") although variations exist. Yaemon died in 1543 when Hideyoshi
5632-518: The name Hashiba Hideyoshi ( 羽柴 秀吉 ) . The new surname included two characters, one each from Oda's right-hand men Ni wa Nagahide ( 丹 羽 長秀 ) and Shiba ta Katsuie ( 柴 田 勝家 ) , and the new given name included characters from Akechi Mitsu hide ( 明智 光 秀 ) and Mori Yoshi nari ( 森 吉 成 ) . In 1570, Hideyoshi protected Nobunaga's retreat from Azai - Asakura forces at Kanegasaki . Later, in June 1570, Nobunaga allied with Tokugawa Ieyasu at
5720-403: The next 300 years. Furthermore, he ordered comprehensive surveys and a complete census of Japan. Once this was done and all citizens were registered, he required all Japanese to stay in their respective han (fiefs) unless they obtained official permission to go elsewhere. This ensured order in a period when bandits still roamed the countryside and peace was still new. The land surveys formed
5808-401: The nobility class. He was the first person in history to become a Kampaku who was not born a noble. He then passed the position and title of Kampaku to his nephew, Toyotomi Hidetsugu . He remained in power as Taikō ( 太閤 ) , the title of retired Kampaku , until his death. It is believed, but not certain, that the reason he refused or could not obtain the title of shogun ( 征夷大将軍 ) ,
5896-587: The opposition had surrendered, Hideyoshi appointed Kobayakawa Hideaki to lead a renewed invasion of Korea. This invasion met with less success than the first; Japanese troops remained pinned down in Gyeongsang Province , and although the Japanese forces turned back several Chinese offensives in Suncheon and Sacheon in June 1598, they were unable to make further progress as the Ming army prepared for
5984-409: The original Fushimi Castle begun in 1592, the year after Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's retirement from the regency , and was completed in 1594. Twenty provinces provided workers for the construction, which numbered between 20,000 and 30,000. Though bearing the external martial appearance of a castle, the structure was intended as a retirement palace for Hideyoshi, and was furnished and decorated as such. It
6072-462: The port at Imahama on Lake Biwa , where he began work on Imahama Castle and took control of the nearby Kunitomo firearms factory that had been established some years previously by the Azai and Asakura. Under Hideyoshi's administration, the factory's output of firearms increased dramatically. Later, Hideyoshi participated in the 1573 siege of Nagashima . In 1574, Hideyoshi and Araki Murashige captured Itami Castle , and later in 1575, he fought in
6160-459: The power of the Tokugawa clan would grow unchecked after his death, and only solution for the Toyotomi clan to survive was to not oppose Ieyasu. After Hideyoshi's death, the other members of the Council of Five Elders were unable to keep Ieyasu's ambitions in check. Two of Hideyoshi's top generals , Katō Kiyomasa and Fukushima Masanori , had fought bravely during the war but returned to find
6248-521: The previous year. After attacking a number of other outposts in the area, Hideyoshi's forces attacked Negoro-ji from two sides. Many of the Negoro-gumi had already fled to Ōta Castle by this time, which Hideyoshi later besieged . The complex was set aflame, beginning with the residences of the priests, and Hideyoshi's samurai cut down monks as they escaped the blazing buildings. In the 1585 invasion of Shikoku , Toyotomi forces seized Shikoku island,
6336-404: The ramparts with their arquebuses and armor; despite their smaller numbers, they discouraged Hideyoshi from attacking. Hideyoshi had Ishigakiyama Ichiya Castle secretly constructed in a nearby forest, and then had the forest chopped down, giving the impression it have been built overnight. This demoralized the defenders, leading to their surrender three months after the start of the siege. During
6424-527: The rulers of his home province of Owari , now headed by the ambitious Oda Nobunaga . Hideyoshi soon became Nobunaga's sandal-bearer , a position of relatively high status. According to his biographers, Hideyoshi also supervised the repair of Kiyosu Castle , a claim described as " apocryphal ", and managed the kitchen. After Nobunaga noticed his talents at the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, when Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto , he became one of Nobunaga's trusted retainers. In 1561, Hideyoshi married One ,
6512-531: The rural population as a key element in the transition from feudalism to capitalism . Wolf and a group of scholars criticized both Marx and the field of Modernization theorists for treating peasants as lacking the ability to take action . James C. Scott 's field observations in Malaysia convinced him that villagers were active participants in their local politics even though they were forced to use indirect methods. Many of these activist scholars looked back to
6600-427: The siege of Ichinomiya Castle , which lasted for 26 days. Chōsokabe made a half-hearted attempt to relieve his castle from the siege, but eventually surrendered. He was allowed to keep Tosa Province , while the rest of Shikoku was divided among Hideyoshi's generals. During the late summer of August 1585, Hideyoshi launched an attack on Etchū Province and Hida Province . He dispatched Kanamori Nagachika to destroy
6688-445: The siege, Hideyoshi offered Ieyasu the eight Hōjō-ruled provinces in the Kantō region , in exchange for the submission of Ieyasu's five provinces, which Ieyasu accepted. In February 1591, Hideyoshi ordered Sen no Rikyū to commit suicide, likely in one of his angry outbursts. Rikyū had been a trusted retainer and master of the tea ceremony under both Hideyoshi and Nobunaga. Under Hideyoshi's patronage, Rikyū made significant changes to
6776-470: The smallest of Japan's four main islands, from Chōsokabe Motochika . Toyotomi's forces arrived 113,000 strong under Toyotomi Hidenaga , Toyotomi Hidetsugu , Ukita Hideie and the Mōri clan 's "Two Rivers", Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu . Opposing them were 40,000 men of Chōsokabe's. Despite the overwhelming size of Hideyoshi's army, and the suggestions of his advisors, Motochika chose to fight to defend his territories. The battles culminated in
6864-517: The support of the other two Oda clan elders, Niwa Nagahide and Ikeda Tsuneoki , Hideyoshi was able to distribute Nobunaga's provinces among the generals and form a council of four generals to help Hidenobu govern. Shibata Katsuie initially supported Hideyoshi's decision, but later supported Nobunaga's third son Nobutaka, for whom Katsuie had performed the genpuku ritual. He allied with Nobutaka and Takigawa Kazumasu against Hideyoshi. Tension quickly escalated between Hideyoshi and Katsuie, and at
6952-585: The term "peasant" in a non-pejorative sense, as in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas adopted in 2018. In general English-language literature, the use of the word "peasant" has steadily declined since about 1970. The word "peasant" is derived from the 15th-century French word païsant , meaning one from the pays , or countryside; ultimately from
7040-465: The title of shōgun . Instead, he arranged to have himself adopted by Konoe Sakihisa , one of the noblest men belonging to the Fujiwara clan , and secured a succession of high court titles. These included Chancellor ( Daijō-daijin ), and in 1585, the prestigious position of Imperial Regent ( kampaku ). Also in 1585, Hideyoshi was formally given the new clan name Toyotomi (instead of Fujiwara ) by
7128-412: The title of taikō (retired regent), and Hidetsugu succeeded him as kampaku . Hideyoshi adopted Oda Nobunaga 's dream of a Japanese conquest of China , and launched the conquest of the Ming dynasty by way of Korea (at the time known as Koryu or Joseon ). In 1592, Hideyoshi began an invasion of Korea with the intent of conquering Korea and eventually Ming China. Hideoyoshi's explicit war goal
7216-727: The tomb of Emperor Meiji was built on the original site of the castle. The castle was not rebuilt until 1964, when a replica was created very nearby and primarily in concrete. The new structure served as a museum of the life and campaigns of Hideyoshi, and as the main attraction of a small theme park called "Castle Land", but was closed to the public in 2003. The castle grounds, however, were reopened in 2007. 34°56′15″N 135°46′52″E / 34.937534°N 135.781194°E / 34.937534; 135.781194 Toyotomi Hideyoshi Toyotomi Hideyoshi ( 豊臣 秀吉 , 17 March 1537 – 18 September 1598) , otherwise known as Kinoshita Tōkichirō ( 木下 藤吉郎 ) and Hashiba Hideyoshi ( 羽柴 秀吉 ) ,
7304-448: The traditional rural population in countries where smallholders farmed much of the land. More generally, the word "peasant" is sometimes used to refer pejoratively to those considered to be "lower class", perhaps defined by poorer education and/or a lower income. The open field system of agriculture dominated most of Europe during medieval times and endured until the nineteenth century in many areas. Under this system, peasants lived on
7392-635: The war turned in Ieyasu's favor and Sanada Masayuki defected to the Tokugawa side, the Hōjō clan negotiated a truce. Hōjō Ujinobu and Ii Naomasa were the Hōjō and Tokugawa representatives for the preliminary meetings. Representatives from the Oda clan such as Oda Nobukatsu , Oda Nobutaka , and Hideyoshi himself mediated the negotiation until the truce officially took effect in October with both Ieyasu and Hōjō Ujinao exchanging family members as hostages as
7480-458: Was a Japanese samurai and daimyō ( feudal lord) of the late Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan . Although he came from a peasant background, his immense power earned him the rank and title of Kampaku ( 関白 , Imperial Regent) and Daijō-daijin ( 太政大臣 , Chancellor of the Realm) , the highest official position and title in
7568-624: Was for Japan to replace China at the top of the international order. Hideyoshi wrote to his adopted son Hidetsugu that "it is not Ming China alone that is destined to be subjugated by us, but India, the Philippines, and many islands in the South Sea will share a like fate." In the first campaign, Hideyoshi appointed Ukita Hideie as field marshal, and had him go to the Korean peninsula in April 1592. Konishi Yukinaga occupied Seoul , which
7656-474: Was seven years old. Many legends describe Hideyoshi being sent to study at a temple as a young man, but he rejected temple life and went in search of adventure. Under the name Kinoshita Tōkichirō ( 木下 藤吉郎 ) , he first joined the Imagawa clan as a servant to a local ruler named Matsushita Yukitsuna [ ja ] ( 松下之綱 ) . In 1558, Hideyoshi became an ashigaru for the powerful Oda clan ,
7744-592: Was the capital of the Joseon dynasty of Korea, on June 19. After Seoul fell, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Seoul and determined targets of subjugation called Hachidokuniwari literally, Eight(八) Route(道), Country(国) Division(割) . Each targeted province was attacked by one of the army's eight divisions: Within four months, Hideyoshi's forces had a route into Manchuria and had occupied much of Korea. The Korean king Seonjo of Joseon escaped to Uiju and requested military intervention from China. In 1593,
#616383