Germany
79-577: Qadiriyya Brotherhood Matumbi Ngindo , Ngoni , Yao tribes The Maji Maji Rebellion ( German : Maji-Maji-Aufstand , Swahili : Vita vya Maji Maji ), was an armed rebellion of Africans against German colonial rule in German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania ). The war was triggered by German colonial policies designed to force the indigenous population to grow cotton for export. The war lasted from 1905 to 1907, during which 75,000 to 300,000 died, overwhelmingly from famine. The end of
158-669: A cash crop . Castor oil was the preferred lubricant for rotary engines , such as the Gnome engine after that engine's widespread adoption for aviation in Europe in 1909. It was used almost universally in rotary-engined Allied aircraft in World War I . Germany had to make do with inferior ersatz oil for its rotary engines, which resulted in poor reliability. The methanol -fueled, two-cycle, glow-plug engines used for aeromodelling, since their adoption by model airplane hobbyists in
237-779: A belief that the people of East Africa had been called upon to eliminate the Germans. German anthropologists recorded that he gave his followers war medicine that would turn German bullets into water. This "war medicine" was in fact water ( maji in Kiswahili) mixed with castor oil and millet seeds. Empowered with this new liquid, Bokero's followers began what would become known as the Maji Maji Rebellion. The followers of Bokero's movement were poorly armed with spears and arrows , sometimes poisoned. However, they were numerous and believed that they could not be harmed because
316-483: A cash crop for export. Each village was charged with producing a quota of cotton, despite the fact that the high water requirements of cotton made it impossible to grow in most of the country. The headmen of the village were put in charge of overseeing the production, which set them against the rest of the population. The German government also introduced laws to protect forests and wildlife. While these measures may have been desirable in theory, they led to great hardship for
395-625: A follower. Among his followers were many leaders, rulers, and military and government officials. It was known to everyone that he lived in complete conviction. Because of the example Talibani set as a religious figure, the people's ties to him were solid and strong. After his death, his branch was populated in Turkey, and he was followed by Dede Osman Avni Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Ömer Hüdai Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Muhammed Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Mustafa Hayri Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Haydar Baba Trabzoni and Sheikh Al-Haj Mehmet Baba. The Qadri Noshahi silsila (offshoot)
474-462: A higher price than other seed oils. As an example, in July 2007, Indian castor oil sold for about US$ 0.90/kg ($ 0.41/lb), whereas U.S. soybean , sunflower , and canola oils sold for about $ 0.30/kg ($ 0.14/lb). Castor oil has been used orally to relieve constipation or to evacuate the bowel before intestinal surgery. The laxative effect of castor oil is attributed to ricinoleic acid , which
553-498: A lubricant in jet , diesel , and racing engines. The viscosity of castor oil at 10 °C is 2,420 centipoise , but it tends to form gums in a short time, so its usefulness is limited to engines that are regularly rebuilt, such as racing engines. Lubricant company Castrol took its name from castor oil. Castor oil has been suggested as a lubricant for bicycle pumps because it does not degrade natural rubber seals. Turkey red oil, also called sulphonated (or sulfated) castor oil,
632-459: A precursor to specialized polymer nylon 11 , and heptanal , a component in fragrances. Breakdown of castor oil in strong base gives 2-octanol , both a fragrance component and a specialized solvent, and the dicarboxylic acid sebacic acid . Hydrogenation of castor oil saturates the alkenes, giving a waxy lubricant. Castor oil may be epoxidized by reacting the OH groups with epichlorohydrin to make
711-457: A pupil at the madrasa of Abu Sa'id al-Mubarak , he became the leader of this school after al-Mubarak's death in 1119. Being the new sheikh , he and his large family lived in the madrasa until his death in 1166, when his son, Abdul Razzaq , succeeded his father as sheikh. Abdul Razzaq published a hagiography of his father, adding to his already established reputation as founder of a prestigious Sufi order. The Qadiriyya flourished, surviving
790-475: A relatively high dielectric constant (4.7), highly refined and dried castor oil is sometimes used as a dielectric fluid within high-performance, high-voltage capacitors . Vegetable oils such as castor oil are typically unattractive alternatives to petroleum -derived lubricants because of their poor oxidative stability. Castor oil has better low-temperature viscosity properties and high-temperature lubrication than most vegetable oils, making it useful as
869-511: A second column of 1,200 men advanced from the east. Some of these attackers were able to get within three paces of the firing line before they were killed. While this was the apex of the uprising, the Ngoni people decided to join in the revolt with a force of 5,000. The Gwangara Ngoni were relatively recent arrivals in the region, descendants of a remnant of the Ndwandwe confederation defeated by
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#1732787156770948-434: A unified movement but rather a series of revolts conducted for a wide range of reasons, including religion. The Ngoni chiefs were offered Christian baptism before execution. Many people in the area itself saw the revolt as one part of a longer series of wars continuing since long before the arrival of Germans in the region. They cite the alliance of some groups with the Germans to further their own agendas. The role of Islam in
1027-542: A variety of uses. Castor oil and its derivatives are used in the manufacturing of soaps , lubricants , hydraulic and brake fluids , paints , dyes , coatings , inks , cold-resistant plastics , waxes and polishes, nylon , and perfumes . The name probably comes from a confusion between the Ricinus plant that produces it and another plant, the Vitex agnus-castus . An alternative etymology, though, suggests that it
1106-426: Is a colourless or pale yellow liquid with a distinct taste and odor. Its boiling point is 313 °C (595 °F) and its density is 0.961 g/cm . It includes a mixture of triglycerides in which about 90 percent of fatty acids are ricinoleates . Oleic acid and linoleic acid are the other significant components. Some 270,000–360,000 tonnes (600–800 million pounds) of castor oil are produced annually for
1185-516: Is a pilgrimage site in which congregational prayers, known as "Khoja-Digar" are held in honor of Baha-ul-Din on his death anniversary the 3rd Rabi ul Awwal of the Islamic lunar calendar. This practice including the "Khatm Muazzamt" is a practice that goes back to Mahmud and his son Moinuddin The Kashmiri population venerate Mahmud and his family as they are regarded them as the revivers of
1264-490: Is also used in the food industries. In India , Pakistan , and Nepal , food grains are preserved by the application of castor oil. It stops rice , wheat , and pulses from rotting. For example, the legume pigeon pea is commonly available coated in oil for extended storage. Castor oil has been used in cosmetic products included in creams and as a moisturizer . It is often combined with zinc oxide to form an emollient and astringent , zinc and castor oil cream, which
1343-480: Is because of this that Mahmud claims direct spiritual connection to his ancestor Baha-u-din . Furthermore Mahmud had a significant amount of nobles as disciples, highlighting his popular influence in the Mughal Empire . His main emphasis was to highlight orthodox Sunni teachings . Mahmud's son Moinuddin lies buried in their Khanqah together with his wife who was the daughter of a Mughal Emperor. It
1422-613: Is commonly used to treat infants for nappy rash . According to the American Cancer Society , "available scientific evidence does not support claims that castor oil on the skin cures cancer or any other disease." There is no high-quality research proving that ingestion of castor oil results in cervical ripening or induction of labor ; there is, however, evidence that taking it causes nausea and diarrhea. A systematic review of "three trials, involving 233 women, found there has not been enough research done to show
1501-622: Is made by adding sulfuric acid to vegetable oils, most notably castor oil. It was the first synthetic detergent after ordinary soap . It is used in formulating lubricants , softeners, and dyeing assistants . Castor oil, like currently less expensive vegetable oils, can be used as feedstock in the production of biodiesel . The resulting fuel is superior for cold winters, because of its exceptionally low cloud point and pour point . Initiatives to grow more castor for energy production, in preference to other oil crops, are motivated by social considerations. Tropical subsistence farmers would gain
1580-416: Is no data on the potential toxicity of castor oil for nursing mothers. Since children commonly strongly dislike the taste of castor oil, some parents punished children with a dose of it. Physicians recommended against the practice because they did not want medicines associated with punishment. A heavy dose of castor oil could be used as a humiliating punishment for adults. Colonial officials used it in
1659-400: Is produced by hydrolysis in the small intestine . Use of castor oil for simple constipation is medically discouraged because it may cause violent diarrhea . In the food industry, food-grade castor oil is used in food additives, flavorings, candy (e.g., polyglycerol polyricinoleate in chocolate ), as a mold inhibitor, and in packaging. Polyoxyethylated castor oil (e.g., Kolliphor EL )
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#17327871567701738-528: Is reacted with an isocyanate (usually polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate ) and a cement and construction aggregate . This is applied fairly thickly as a slurry, which is self-levelling. This base is usually further coated with other systems to build a resilient floor. Castor oil is not a drying oil , meaning that it has a low reactivity with air compared with oils such as linseed oil and tung oil . However, dehydration of castor oil yields linoleic acids, which do have drying properties. In this process,
1817-679: Is still Tarsusi, who has gone one to established centers of the order in several countries. It was founded in 1738 by the Indian Muslim Sheykh Seyfullah Efendi El Hindi in Selamsız , and became the Romani people in Turkey Tariqa. Castor oil Castor oil is a vegetable oil pressed from castor beans , the seeds of the plant Ricinus communis . The seeds are 40 to 60 percent oil. It
1896-406: Is the little description of Main exercise of Sarwari Qadiri. "Focus on ISM ALLAH ( الله ) and meditate and write it throughout your body; specially on heart and five senses organs by your right index finger using sunlight as inkpot. Also, ISM Muhammad ( محمد ) inside chest using moon light Spiritual Book . " Its mainstream philosophy is contemplation of belovedness towards God. This branch of
1975-412: Is unusual in that it has a hydroxyl functional group on the 12th carbon atom. This functional group causes ricinoleic acid (and castor oil) to be more polar than most fats. The chemical reactivity of the alcohol group also allows chemical derivatization that is not possible with most other seed oils. Because of its ricinoleic acid content, castor oil is a valuable chemical in feedstocks, commanding
2054-543: The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology stated that castor oil's physiological effect is poorly understood but "given gastrointestinal symptomatology, a prostaglandin mediation has been suggested but not confirmed." According to Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk (2008), castor oil should not be ingested or used topically by pre-term pregnant women. There
2133-683: The British Raj (India) to deal with recalcitrant servants. Belgian military officials prescribed heavy doses of castor oil in Belgian Congo as a punishment for being too sick to work. Castor oil was also a tool of punishment favored by the Falangist and later Francoist Spain during and following the Spanish Civil War . Its use as a form of gendered violence to repress women was especially prominent. This began during
2212-715: The Kunta family , born in the region of the Noun river , d. 1504 in Akka ) established a Qadiri zawiya ( Sufi residence) in Walata . In the sixteenth century the family spread across the Sahara to Timbuktu , Agades , Bornu , Hausaland , and other places, and in the eighteenth century large numbers of Kunta moved to the region of the middle Niger where they established the village of Mabruk. Sidi Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti (1728–1811) united
2291-665: The Mongolian conquest of Baghdad in 1258 , and remained an influential Sunni institution. After the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate , the legend of Gilani was again found in many texts such as The Joy of the Secrets in Abdul-Qadir's Mysterious Deeds ( Bahjat al-asrar fi ba'd manaqib 'Abd al-Qadir ) attributed to Nur al-Din 'Ali al-Shattanufi, who reminded that Gilani was the ultimate channel of divine grace and helped
2370-692: The Safavid dynasty 's rule of Baghdad from 1508 to 1534, the sheikh of the Qadiriyya was appointed chief Sufi of Baghdad and the surrounding lands. Shortly after the Ottoman Empire conquered Baghdad in 1534, Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned a dome to be built on the mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani , establishing the Qadiriyya as his main allies in Iraq . Khawaja Abdul-Allah, a sheikh of
2449-406: The humiliation of the laxative effects resulting from excessive consumption of the oil. Castor oil is used as a biobased polyol in the polyurethane industry. The average functionality (number of hydroxyl groups per triglyceride molecule) of castor oil is 2.7, so it is widely used as a rigid polyol and in coatings. One particular use is in a polyurethane concrete where a castor-oil emulsion
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2528-416: The triglycidyl ether of castor oil which is useful in epoxy technology. This is available commercially as Heloxy 505. The production of lithium grease consumes a significant amount of castor oil. Hydrogenation and saponification of castor oil yields 12-hydroxystearic acid, which is then reacted with lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate to give high-performance lubricant grease. Since it has
2607-494: The "varnish" created by using castor oil in small percentages can improve the pneumatic seal of the sleeve valve, improving such an engine's performance over time. The castor seed contains ricin , a toxic lectin . Heating during the oil extraction process denatures and deactivates the lectin. Harvesting castor beans, though, may not be without risk. The International Castor Oil Association FAQ document states that castor beans contain an allergenic compound called CB1A. This chemical
2686-399: The 1880s, Germany reinforced its hold on several formal African colonies. These were German East Africa (Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and part of Mozambique), German Southwest Africa (present-day Namibia), Cameroon, and Togoland (today split between Ghana and Togo). The Germans had a relatively weak hold on German East Africa. However, they maintained a system of forts throughout the interior of
2765-488: The 1940s, have used varying percentages of castor oil as lubricants. It is highly resistant to degradation when the engine has its fuel-air mixture leaned for maximum engine speed. Gummy residues can still be a problem for aeromodelling powerplants lubricated with castor oil, however, usually requiring eventual replacement of ball bearings when the residue accumulates within the engine's bearing races. One British manufacturer of sleeve valved four-cycle model engines has stated
2844-490: The African population, not least because of an increase in wild pigs, which did enormous damage to food crops. The German policies were very unpopular, as they had serious effects on the lives of local peoples. The social fabric of society was rapidly changing: as the roles of men and women were being changed, they had to adapt for the communities. Since men were forced away from their homes to work, women had to take on some of
2923-455: The German cantonment, which was defended by Lieutenant Theodor von Hassel with sixty native soldiers, a few hundred loyal tribesmen, and two machine guns . The two attacking tribes disagreed on when to attack and were unable to co-ordinate. The first attack was met with gunfire from 1000 meters; the tribesmen stood firm for about fifteen minutes, then broke and retreated. After the first attack,
3002-487: The German government. Kaiser Wilhelm immediately ordered two cruisers with their Marine complements to the troubled colony. Reinforcements also arrived from as far away as New Guinea. When 1,000 regular soldiers from Germany arrived in October, Götzen felt he could go on the offensive and restore order in the south. Three columns moved into the rebellious South. They destroyed villages, crops, and other food sources used by
3081-404: The Germans' bullets would turn to water. They marched from their villages wearing millet stalks around their foreheads. Initially, they attacked small outposts and damaged cotton plants. On 31 July 1905, Matumbi tribesmen marched on Samanga and destroyed the cotton crop as well as a trading post. Kinjikitile was arrested and hanged for treason. Before his execution, he declared that he had spread
3160-550: The Khanquah-e-Barakatiyah. Silsila -e-Qadriyah Barkaatiyah Razviyah was founded by Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati along with Khanqah E Razviyah, When Ahmed Raza became the Mureed of Shah Aale Rasool Marehrawi, who is descendant (great - great-grandson) of Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi in year 1294 AH (1877 CE ), When Khan became Mureed at the same time his Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat in
3239-735: The Kunta factions by successful negotiation, and established an extensive confederation. Under his influence the Maliki school of Islamic law was reinvigorated and the Qadiriyyah order spread throughout Mauritania , the middle Niger region, Guinea , the Ivory Coast , Futa Toro , and Futa Jallon . Kunta colonies in the Senegambian region became centers of Muslim teaching. Sheikh Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817) from Gobir popularized
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3318-1001: The Naqshbandiyya in Kashmir . Mahmud was succeeded by his son Moinuddin and their progeny until the line died out in the eighteenth century. However this line was revived again by a descendant of Mahmud in the 8th generation called Sayyid Mir Jan Kabuli , who centered Mahmud's cult in Lahore. Sayyid Mir Jan is buried next to Mahmud in his mausoleum in Lahore. The Halisa offshoot was founded by Abdurrahman Halis Talabani (1212 – 1275 Hijra) in Kerkuk, Iraq. Hungry and miserable people were fed all day in his Tekke without regard for religion. Ottomans donated money and gifts to his Tekke in Kerkuk. Sultan Abdul-Majid Khan's (Khalife of İslam, Sultan of Ottoman Empire) wife Sultana Hatun sent many gifts and donations to his Tekke as
3397-430: The OH group on the ricinoleic acid along with a hydrogen from the next carbon atom are removed, forming a double bond which then has oxidative cross-linking properties and yields the drying oil. It is considered a vital raw material. Castor oil can react with other materials to produce other chemical compounds that have numerous applications. Transesterification followed by steam cracking gives undecylenic acid ,
3476-482: The Qadiri order flourish far beyond Baghdad at that time as it always did to some extent since the time of its great founder. By the end of the fifteenth century, the Qadiriyya had distinct branches and had spread to Morocco . Spain, Turkey, India, Ethiopia , Somalia , and present-day Mali . Established Sufi sheikhs often adopted the Qadiriyya tradition without abandoning leadership of their local communities. During
3555-463: The Qadiri teachings in Nigeria . He was well educated in classical Islamic science, philosophy, and theology. He also became a revered religious thinker. In 1789 a vision led him to believe he had the power to work miracles, and to teach his own mystical wird , or litany. His litanies are still widely practiced and distributed in the Islamic world. Dan Fodio later had visions of Abdul Qadir Gilani ,
3634-961: The Qadiriyya Harariya tariqa was the Hadhrami sharif, Abu Bakr bin 'Abd Allah 'Aydarus and his shrine is located in Harar City, Ethiopia. Other notable sheikhs have shrines scattered around the environs of Harar itself. The current shaykh is a Somali named Mohamed Nasrudin bin Shaykh Ibrahim Kulmiye. The tariqa spread in Djibouti, Somaliland, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Notable Harariya Qadiriyya leaders include, Uways Al-Barawi , Sheikh Madar , Al-Zaylaʽi and Abadir Umar ar-Rida . Founded by Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi, (26th Jumada al-Thani 1070 AH or June 1660 CE – tenth Muharram 1142 AH or October 1729 CE ),
3713-658: The Qadiriyya and a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , is reported to have entered China in 1674 and traveled the country preaching until his death in 1689. One of Abdul-Allah's students, Qi Jingyi Hilal al-Din, is said to have permanently rooted Qadiri Sufism in China. He was buried in Linxia City , which became the center of the Qadiriyya in China. By the seventeenth century the Qadiriyya had also reached Ottoman -ruled areas of Europe. Sultan Bahu contributed to
3792-591: The Qadiriyya came into being in the eighteenth century resulting from a revivalist movement led by Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti , a Sufi of the western Sahara who wished to establish Qadiri Sufism as the dominant religion in the region. In contrast to other branches of the Qadiriyya that do not have a centralized authority, the Mukhtariyya brotherhood was highly centralized. Its leaders focused on economic prosperity as well as spiritual well-being, sending their disciples on trade caravans as far away as Europe. The founder of
3871-611: The Zulus in 1818 (other Ngoni states were formed in Malawi, Zambia, and north-central Tanzania). German troops, armed with machine guns, departed from Mahenge to the Ngoni camp, which they attacked on 21 October. The Ngoni soldiers retreated, throwing away their bottles of war medicine and crying, "The maji is a lie!" Upon the outbreak of the fighting, Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen , governor of German East Africa, had requested reinforcements from
3950-418: The causes of the rebellion. Sunseri has summarised the results of the inquiry as follows: Ultimately members of the commission disagreed on the nature of the uprising, dividing between those who saw it as an irrational movement spawned by sorcerers and headmen making use of maji water medicine, disgruntled because they had been steadily losing influence since the advent of colonial rule, and those who dismissed
4029-427: The colony. The attack on Ifakara, on 16 August, destroyed the small German garrison and opened the way to the key fortification at Mahenge . Though the southern garrison was quite small (there were but 458 European and 588 native soldiers in the entire area), their fortifications and modern weapons gave them an advantage. At Mahenge, several thousand Maji Maji warriors (led by another spirit medium; not Bokero) marched on
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#17327871567704108-435: The cotton scheme which the author had initiated," and he calls it "an account of atavistic conspiracy." The insurgents turned to magic to drive out the German colonizers and used it as a unifying force in the rebellion. A spirit medium named Kinjikitile Ngwale , who practiced folk Islam that incorporated animist beliefs , claimed to be possessed by a snake spirit called Hongo. Ngwale began calling himself Bokero and developed
4187-474: The effects of castor oil on ripening the cervix or inducing labour or compare it to other methods of induction. The review found that all women who took castor oil by mouth felt nauseous. More research is needed into the effects of castor oil to induce labour." Castor oil is still used for labor induction in environments where modern drugs are not available; a review of pharmacologic, mechanical, and " complementary " methods of labor induction published in 2024 by
4266-663: The founder of the Qadiri tariqah, an ascension to heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and the spiritual lineage of Muhammad. His theological writings dealt with concepts of the mujaddid "renewer" and the role of the Ulama in teaching history, and other works in Arabic and the Fula language . The Hazrat Ishaans and their followers the Naqshbandis substantiate their leadership as rightful successors of Muhammad on
4345-466: The leaders of German troops in the colony, Captain Wangenheim, wrote to von Götzen, "Only hunger and want can bring about a final submission. Military actions alone will remain more or less a drop in the ocean." Germany's tactics have been described as genocidal by scholars such as A. Dirk Moses and Klaus Bachmann . Not until August 1907 were the last embers of rebellion extinguished. In its wake,
4424-626: The medicine of the rebellion throughout the region. On 14 August 1905, Ngindo tribesmen attacked a small party of missionaries on a safari; all five, including Bishop Spiss (the Roman Catholic Bishop of Dar es Salaam ) were speared to death. Soon the Yao tribes started participating and throughout August the rebels moved from the Matumbi Hills in the southern part of what is now Tanzania and attacked German garrisons throughout
4503-476: The occasion of a certain biological line of prediction from Muhammad over leading Saints, so called Ghaus or Aqtab reaching Sayyid Mir Jan as the promised Khwaja-e-Khwajagan-Jahan, meaning "Khwaja of all Khwajas of the world". This line is also considered the line of the Qadiri Imamate. They all are descending from each other. Khwaja Khawand Mahmud Al Alavi , known by his followers as " Hazrat Ishaan "
4582-501: The rebellion as "Tanzania's most spectacular manifestation of the rejection of colonial rule" but which had only a "slight chance of success". Qadiriyya The Qadiriyya ( Arabic : القادرية ) or the Qadiri order ( Arabic : الطريقة القادرية , romanized : al-Ṭarīqa al-Qādiriyya ) is a Sufi mystic order ( tariqa ) founded by Shaiykh Syed Abdul Qadir Gilani Al-Hassani (1077–1166, also transliterated Jilani ), who
4661-583: The rebellion had left 15 Germans, 73 askaris, 316 ruga ruga , and tens or even hundreds of thousands of insurgents and local civilians dead. The Abushiri revolt of 1888–1889 and the Wahehe Rebellion of 1891–1898 are viewed by historians as precursors of the Maji Maji uprising. The suppression of the Maji Maji people changed the history of southern Tanzania . Tens, perhaps hundreds, of thousands of people died or were displaced from their homes. In
4740-575: The rebellion is a matter for debate. In a recent review of the evidence, Jörg Haustein concludes that the contention that Islam was a factor "is not warranted by historical sources and established scholarship about the Maji Maji War." John Iliffe interprets the rebellion as a "mass movement [which] originated in peasant grievances, was then sanctified and extended by prophetic religion, and finally crumbled as crisis compelled reliance on fundamental loyalties to kin and tribe". Patrick Redmond describes
4819-858: The rebels. They made effective use of their firepower to break up rebel attacks. A successful ambush of a German column crossing the Rufiji River by the Bena kept the rebellion alive in the southwest, but the Germans were not denied for long. By April 1906, the southwest had been pacified. However, elsewhere the fighting was bitter. A column under Lieutenant Gustav von Blumenthal (1879–1913, buried at Lindi ) consisting of himself, one other European and 46 Askaris fell under continuous attack as it marched in early May 1906, from Songea to Mahenge. The Germans decided to concentrate at Kitanda, where Major Kurt Johannes , Lieutenants von Blumenthal and Friedrich Wilhelm von Lindeiner-Wildau eventually gathered. Von Blumenthal
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#17327871567704898-410: The region has never been successfully rebuilt." Later Tanzanian nationalists used it as an example of the first stirrings of Tanzanian nationalism, a unifying experience that brought together all the different peoples of Tanzania under one leader, in an attempt to establish a nation free from foreign domination. Later historians have challenged that view and claimed that the rebellion cannot be seen as
4977-408: The role of spirit mediums and emphasized the burdens created by German administration. The governor's circle cultivated the image of an atavistic, superstitious movement rooted in traditional beliefs so as to insulate their policies from close scrutiny. In 1909 Götzen published a history of the rebellion. John Iliffe has said of this work that it is "remarkable for containing no reference whatever to
5056-757: The several Sufi Silsilas Founded by Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati Noori (1892–1981), He is the younger son Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati , an Indian Muslim scholar, jurist, poet, author, leader of the Sunni Barelvi movement and Grand Mufti of India of his time, He is Mureed (disciple) and Khalifa of Abul Hussain Ahmad Noori Marehrawi, who is descendant (great - great - great-grandson) of Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi, He got Khilafat and I'jaazat of Silsila Qadriyah Barkaatiyah from his Murshid along with Silsila E Chishti, Naqshbandi, Suharwardi, and Madaari. Muhammad Ansari
5135-530: The spread of Qadiriyya in western India. His method of spreading the teachings of the Sufi doctrine of Faqr was through his Punjabi couplets and other writings, which numbered more than 140. He granted the method of dhikr and stressed that the way to reach divinity through selfless love carved out of annihilation in God, which he called fana . Sheikh Sidi Ahmad al-Bakka'i ( Arabic : الشيخ سيدي أحمد البكاي بودمعة of
5214-809: The tekke and headed the Qadiri Rifai Tariqa there from 1915 until his death. Ansari was succeeded by his son Muhyiddin Ansari, who started a tariqa in his own name called the Tariqat-i Ansariya or Ansari Tariqa. Before Muhyiddin died, he appointed Shaykh Taner Vargonen Tarsusi to establish the order in the United States. Today the Sufi Order is known as the Ansari Qadiri Rifai Tariqa, and the living leader
5293-403: The territory and were able to exert some control over it. Since their hold on the colony was weak, they resorted to using violently repressive tactics to control the population. Germany levied head taxes in 1898 and relied heavily on forced labour to build roads and accomplish various other tasks. In 1902, governor of German East Africa, Gustav Adolf von Götzen ordered villages to grow cotton as
5372-437: The traditional male roles. Also, the men's absence strained the resources of the village, and the people's ability to deal with their environment and remain self-sufficient. In 1905, a drought threatened the region. All that, as well as opposition to the government's agricultural and labour policies, led to open rebellion against the Germans in July. In the aftermath of the rebellion, Governor von Götzen initiated an inquiry into
5451-444: The victims. This technique was said to have been originated by Gabriele D'Annunzio or Italo Balbo . This form of torture was potentially deadly, as the administration of the castor oil was often combined with nightstick beatings, especially to the rear , so that the resulting diarrhea would not only lead to dangerous dehydration but also infect the open wounds from the beatings. However, even those victims who survived had to bear
5530-469: The wake of the war, the imperial government instituted administrative reforms under the governorship of Albrecht von Rechenberg . The rebellion became a focal point in the history of the region. Journalist John Gunther noted in 1953 that "even today the Southern Province of Tanganyika , the 'Cinderella Province,' has not fully recovered from the German terror half a century ago. The economy of
5609-591: The war was followed by a period of famine , known as the Great Hunger ( ukame ), caused in large part by the scorched-earth policies used by governor von Götzen to suppress the rebellion. These tactics have been described by scholars as genocidal . The name may have been the origin of the term for the 'Mau Mau rebellion' in Kenya five decades later. After the Scramble for Africa among the major European powers in
5688-770: The war where Nationalist forces would specifically target Republican-aligned women, both troops and civilians, who lived in Republican -controlled areas. The forced drinking of castor oil occurred alongside sexual assault, rape, torture and murder of these women. Its most notorious use as punishment came in Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini . It was a favorite tool used by the Blackshirts to intimidate and humiliate their opponents. Political dissidents were force-fed large quantities of castor oil by fascist squads so as to induce bouts of extreme diarrhea in
5767-535: Was a Hanbali scholar from Gilan , Iran. The order relies strongly upon adherence to the fundamentals of Sunni Islamic law. The order, with its many offshoots, is widespread and can be found in India, Bangladesh, China, Turkey, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Balkans , Russia, Palestine . and East and West Africa . The founder of the Qadiriyya, Abdul Qadir Gilani , was a scholar and preacher. Having been
5846-568: Was a descendant of both Abdul Qadir Geylani and Ahmed er Rifai and a shaykh of the Rifai Tariqa. He moved to Erzincan in northeastern Turkey in the early 1900s, where he met Shaykh Abdullah Hashimi of the Qadiri order. After working together for many years, Hashimi sent Ansari to Istanbul to establish the Qadiri Rifai Tariqa and revive the Ayni Ali Baba Tekke. With permission from Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Ansari and his wife rebuilt
5925-577: Was an Islamic scholar, jurist, Sufi , at the time of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb , Shah Also founded Khanquah-e-Barkaatiya , Marehra Shareef , of Etah district in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India. Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi died on tenth Muharram 1142 AH or October 1729 CE and He is buried in Dargah-e-Barakatiyah in Marehra Shareef , Syed Muhammad Ameen Mian Qadri is the present custodian ( Sajjada Nashin ) of
6004-643: Was directed by his Pir Ishaq Wali Dahbidi to spread the Naqshbandiyya in Mughal India . His influence mostly remained in the Kashmir valley , whereupon Baqi Billah has expanded the order in other parts of India. Mahmud is a significant Saint of the order as he is a direct blood descendant in the 7th generation of Baha-ul-din Naqshband , the founder of the order and his son in law Ala-ul-din Atar It
6083-433: Was established by Syed Muhammad Naushah Ganj Bakhsh of Gujrat , Punjab, Pakistan, in the late sixteenth century. Also known as Qadiriya Sultaniya, the order was started by Sultan Bahu in the seventeenth century and spread in the western part of Indian subcontinent . Hence, it follows most of the Qadiriyya approach. In contrast, it does not follow a specific dress code or require seclusion or other lengthy exercises here
6162-505: Was then sent along the Luwegu River, partly by boat. The southeast campaign degenerated into a guerrilla war that brought with it a devastating famine. The German scorched earth policy deliberately caused famine among the population. Von Götzen was willing to pardon the common soldiers who gave up their weapons, leaders and traditional healers. However, he also needed to flush out the remaining rebels and so chose famine. In 1905, one of
6241-448: Was used as a replacement for castoreum . Use of castor oil as a laxative is attested to in the c. 1550 BCE Ebers Papyrus , and it was in use several centuries earlier. Midwifery manuals from the 19th century recommended castor oil and 10 drops of laudanum for relieving "false pains." Castor oil is well known as a source of ricinoleic acid , a monounsaturated , 18-carbon fatty acid . Among fatty acids, ricinoleic acid
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