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116-760: By design, the Manggahan Floodway is capable of handling 2,400 cubic meters per second of water flow, although the actual flow is about 2,000 cubic meters per second. To complement the floodway, the Napindan Hydraulic Control System (NHCS) was built in 1983 at the confluence of the Marikina River and the Napindan Channel of the Pasig River to regulate the tidal flow of saline water between Manila Bay and

232-677: A day were similar, but at springs the tides rose 7 feet (2.1 m) in the morning but 9 feet (2.7 m) in the evening. Pierre-Simon Laplace formulated a system of partial differential equations relating the ocean's horizontal flow to its surface height, the first major dynamic theory for water tides. The Laplace tidal equations are still in use today. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin , rewrote Laplace's equations in terms of vorticity which allowed for solutions describing tidally driven coastally trapped waves, known as Kelvin waves . Others including Kelvin and Henri Poincaré further developed Laplace's theory. Based on these developments and

348-523: A few days after (or before) new and full moon and are highest around the equinoxes, though Pliny noted many relationships now regarded as fanciful. In his Geography , Strabo described tides in the Persian Gulf having their greatest range when the moon was furthest from the plane of the Equator. All this despite the relatively small amplitude of Mediterranean basin tides. (The strong currents through

464-564: A flow of about 3000 m/s (106,000 ft/s), and the head of the UP National Hydraulic Research Center stated that the floodway could have handled this flow without overflowing if there were no settlers on its banks. Consequently, in February 2010, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo revoked Proclamation 160 that reserved 20 parcels of land along the floodway for 6700 urban poor families, and ordered

580-505: A given day are typically not the same height (the daily inequality); these are the higher high water and the lower high water in tide tables . Similarly, the two low waters each day are the higher low water and the lower low water . The daily inequality is not consistent and is generally small when the Moon is over the Equator . The following reference tide levels can be defined, from

696-612: A likewise revolutionary constitution . Consequently, this government is today officially considered to be the proper "first republic" and is also called the Malolos Republic , after its capital Malolos in Bulacan ; its congress (formally "National Assembly") and constitution are commonly known as the Malolos Congress and Malolos Constitution as well. Like all of its predecessors and would-be successors until

812-529: A mark of cultural respect. The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office: "I, (name), do solemnly swear [or affirm], that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to

928-569: A national Tagalog Republic, and Malvar continued the Philippine Republic which was the culmination of several governments headed by Emilio Aguinaldo that superseded Bonifacio's, Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo's capture. Nevertheless, there are still calls, including from a descendant of Bonifacio, to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president. In 1993, historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before

1044-516: A smooth sphere covered by a sufficiently deep ocean under the tidal force of a single deforming body is a prolate spheroid (essentially a three-dimensional oval) with major axis directed toward the deforming body. Maclaurin was the first to write about the Earth's rotational effects on motion. Euler realized that the tidal force's horizontal component (more than the vertical) drives the tide. In 1744 Jean le Rond d'Alembert studied tidal equations for

1160-526: A system of pulleys to add together six harmonic time functions. It was "programmed" by resetting gears and chains to adjust phasing and amplitudes. Similar machines were used until the 1960s. The first known sea-level record of an entire spring–neap cycle was made in 1831 on the Navy Dock in the Thames Estuary . Many large ports had automatic tide gauge stations by 1850. John Lubbock was one of

1276-455: Is a useful concept. Tidal stage is also measured in degrees, with 360° per tidal cycle. Lines of constant tidal phase are called cotidal lines , which are analogous to contour lines of constant altitude on topographical maps , and when plotted form a cotidal map or cotidal chart . High water is reached simultaneously along the cotidal lines extending from the coast out into the ocean, and cotidal lines (and hence tidal phases) advance along

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1392-422: Is at once cotidal with high and low waters, which is satisfied by zero tidal motion. (The rare exception occurs when the tide encircles an island, as it does around New Zealand, Iceland and Madagascar .) Tidal motion generally lessens moving away from continental coasts, so that crossing the cotidal lines are contours of constant amplitude (half the distance between high and low water) which decrease to zero at

1508-457: Is called the spring tide . It is not named after the season , but, like that word, derives from the meaning "jump, burst forth, rise", as in a natural spring . Spring tides are sometimes referred to as syzygy tides . When the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter, the Sun and Moon are separated by 90° when viewed from the Earth (in quadrature ), and the solar tidal force partially cancels

1624-609: Is considered to be the 16th president. While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States' jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War ; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate. Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States when they gave

1740-594: Is limited to a single six-year term. No one who has served more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again. The current president of the Philippines is Bongbong Marcos , who was sworn in on June 30, 2022, at the National Museum of Fine Arts (formerly the Legislative Building). The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of

1856-446: Is never time for the fluid to "catch up" to the state it would eventually reach if the tidal force were constant—the changing tidal force nonetheless causes rhythmic changes in sea surface height. When there are two high tides each day with different heights (and two low tides also of different heights), the pattern is called a mixed semi-diurnal tide . The changing distance separating the Moon and Earth also affects tide heights. When

1972-408: Is not necessarily when the Moon is nearest to zenith or nadir , but the period of the forcing still determines the time between high tides. Because the gravitational field created by the Moon weakens with distance from the Moon, it exerts a slightly stronger than average force on the side of the Earth facing the Moon, and a slightly weaker force on the opposite side. The Moon thus tends to "stretch"

2088-461: Is not the case due to the free fall of the whole Earth, not only the oceans, towards these bodies) a different pattern of tidal forces would be observed, e.g. with a much stronger influence from the Sun than from the Moon: The solar gravitational force on the Earth is on average 179 times stronger than the lunar, but because the Sun is on average 389 times farther from the Earth, its field gradient

2204-930: Is proposing to build 2 bridges connecting the east and west bank sides along the floodway. The 2 proposed bridges are both located at the area of Pasig-Rizal Province boundary. By carrying flood waters to Laguna de Bay, the Manggahan Floodway lessens flood conditions in Metro Manila but contributes to flooding of the coastal areas of Taguig, Taytay, and other towns in Laguna and Rizal along the lake. Incidents of severe floods became more frequent and lasted longer in these areas since its construction. An unusual large flood occurred in October/November 1986, lasting for 2 months and resulting in high mortality and morbidity rates due to gastroenteritis and other water-borne diseases. Furthermore, pollution and sediments carried by

2320-402: Is shorter than average, and stronger tidal currents than average. Neaps result in less extreme tidal conditions. There is about a seven-day interval between springs and neaps. Tidal constituents are the net result of multiple influences impacting tidal changes over certain periods of time. Primary constituents include the Earth's rotation, the position of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth,

2436-601: Is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . The president is directly elected by the citizens of the Philippines and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the vice president of the Philippines . However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation. Filipinos generally refer to their president as pangulo or presidente in their local language. The president

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2552-419: Is the time required for the Earth to rotate once relative to the Moon. Simple tide clocks track this constituent. The lunar day is longer than the Earth day because the Moon orbits in the same direction the Earth spins. This is analogous to the minute hand on a watch crossing the hour hand at 12:00 and then again at about 1: 05 + 1 ⁄ 2 (not at 1:00). The Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction as

2668-604: Is weaker. The overall proportionality is President of the Philippines This is an accepted version of this page The president of the Philippines ( Filipino : pangulo ng Pilipinas , sometimes referred to as presidente ng Pilipinas ) is the head of state , head of government and chief executive of the Philippines . The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and

2784-606: The Coriolis effect , is generally clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. The difference of cotidal phase from the phase of a reference tide is the epoch . The reference tide is the hypothetical constituent "equilibrium tide" on a landless Earth measured at 0° longitude, the Greenwich meridian. In the North Atlantic, because the cotidal lines circulate counterclockwise around

2900-561: The EDSA Revolution of 2001 that removed Joseph Estrada from office. The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed Filipiniana . Ladies must wear baro't saya (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don the barong tagalog . Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as

3016-722: The Euripus Strait and the Strait of Messina puzzled Aristotle .) Philostratus discussed tides in Book Five of The Life of Apollonius of Tyana . Philostratus mentions the moon, but attributes tides to "spirits". In Europe around 730 AD, the Venerable Bede described how the rising tide on one coast of the British Isles coincided with the fall on the other and described the time progression of high water along

3132-530: The North Sea . Much later, in the late 20th century, geologists noticed tidal rhythmites , which document the occurrence of ancient tides in the geological record, notably in the Carboniferous . The tidal force produced by a massive object (Moon, hereafter) on a small particle located on or in an extensive body (Earth, hereafter) is the vector difference between the gravitational force exerted by

3248-867: The Office of the President . The president also exercises general supervision over local government units. The president has the power to give executive issuances , which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue, as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987: executive orders, administrative orders, proclamations, memorandum orders, memorandum circulars, and general or special orders. The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment. The president can grant amnesty with

3364-675: The Tejeros Convention in Tejeros, Cavite . The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan . It variously called itself the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: Republica Filipina ), "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas ) and "Government of All Tagalogs" or "Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation/People" (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan ). Months later, Aguinaldo

3480-627: The Treaty of Paris of 1898 , signed in December of that year. The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldo's government. His government effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March. The current government of the Republic of the Philippines considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be

3596-745: The United States Navy sailed for the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy . Aguinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel and renewed the revolution. He formed a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898, and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898. During this brief period he took

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3712-440: The lunar theory of E W Brown describing the motions of the Moon, Arthur Thomas Doodson developed and published in 1921 the first modern development of the tide-generating potential in harmonic form: Doodson distinguished 388 tidal frequencies. Some of his methods remain in use. From ancient times, tidal observation and discussion has increased in sophistication, first marking the daily recurrence, then tides' relationship to

3828-578: The lunitidal interval . To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time. Gauges ignore variations caused by waves with periods shorter than minutes. These data are compared to the reference (or datum) level usually called mean sea level . While tides are usually the largest source of short-term sea-level fluctuations, sea levels are also subject to change from thermal expansion , wind, and barometric pressure changes, resulting in storm surges , especially in shallow seas and near coasts. Tidal phenomena are not limited to

3944-447: The vice president takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During Quezon 's inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start. Custom has enshrined three places as

4060-469: The "freedom constitution" that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution. This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means. Proclamation No. 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution, including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime, which gave the president legislative powers, as well as the unicameral legislature called

4176-514: The 1898 Declaration of Independence). The president of the Philippines , being the chief executive, serves as both the head of state and head of government of the Philippines . The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including the Cabinet and all executive departments . There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under

4292-489: The 1935 Commonwealth of the Philippines , the First Philippine Republic was short-lived and never internationally recognized , and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic, though it (and they) claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people. The Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by

4408-475: The 50-mph " Tropical Storm Ketsana " (called "Ondoy" in the Philippines) hit Metro Manila and dumped one month's rainfall in less than 24 hours, causing the Marikina River system, including the Manggahan Floodway, to burst its banks very rapidly. It is thought that blocked pipes and a poorly maintained sewer system, along with uncollected domestic waste, were major contributory factors in the speed with which

4524-547: The Batasang Pambansa (literally National Legislature in Filipino). The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights. This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987, by the present constitution. Both Bonifacio and Aguinaldo might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon

4640-426: The Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day—about 24 hours and 50 minutes—for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky. During this time, it has passed overhead ( culmination ) once and underfoot once (at an hour angle of 00:00 and 12:00 respectively), so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is the above-mentioned, about 12 hours and 25 minutes. The moment of highest tide

4756-419: The Earth slightly along the line connecting the two bodies. The solid Earth deforms a bit, but ocean water, being fluid, is free to move much more in response to the tidal force, particularly horizontally (see equilibrium tide ). As the Earth rotates, the magnitude and direction of the tidal force at any particular point on the Earth's surface change constantly; although the ocean never reaches equilibrium—there

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4872-586: The Earth's accumulated dynamic tidal response to the applied forces, which response is influenced by ocean depth, the Earth's rotation, and other factors. In 1740, the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris offered a prize for the best theoretical essay on tides. Daniel Bernoulli , Leonhard Euler , Colin Maclaurin and Antoine Cavalleri shared the prize. Maclaurin used Newton's theory to show that

4988-427: The Moon and its phases. Bede starts by noting that the tides rise and fall 4/5 of an hour later each day, just as the Moon rises and sets 4/5 of an hour later. He goes on to emphasise that in two lunar months (59 days) the Moon circles the Earth 57 times and there are 114 tides. Bede then observes that the height of tides varies over the month. Increasing tides are called malinae and decreasing tides ledones and that

5104-459: The Moon is closest, at perigee , the range increases, and when it is at apogee , the range shrinks. Six or eight times a year perigee coincides with either a new or full moon causing perigean spring tides with the largest tidal range . The difference between the height of a tide at perigean spring tide and the spring tide when the moon is at apogee depends on location but can be large as a foot higher. These include solar gravitational effects,

5220-462: The Moon on the particle, and the gravitational force that would be exerted on the particle if it were located at the Earth's center of mass. Whereas the gravitational force subjected by a celestial body on Earth varies inversely as the square of its distance to the Earth, the maximal tidal force varies inversely as, approximately, the cube of this distance. If the tidal force caused by each body were instead equal to its full gravitational force (which

5336-457: The Moon's altitude (elevation) above the Earth's Equator, and bathymetry . Variations with periods of less than half a day are called harmonic constituents . Conversely, cycles of days, months, or years are referred to as long period constituents. Tidal forces affect the entire earth , but the movement of solid Earth occurs by mere centimeters. In contrast, the atmosphere is much more fluid and compressible so its surface moves by kilometers, in

5452-449: The Moon's tidal force. At these points in the lunar cycle, the tide's range is at its minimum; this is called the neap tide , or neaps . "Neap" is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "without the power", as in forðganges nip (forth-going without-the-power). Neap tides are sometimes referred to as quadrature tides . Spring tides result in high waters that are higher than average, low waters that are lower than average, " slack water " time that

5568-449: The Moon. Abu Ma'shar discussed the effects of wind and Moon's phases relative to the Sun on the tides. In the 12th century, al-Bitruji (d. circa 1204) contributed the notion that the tides were caused by the general circulation of the heavens. Simon Stevin , in his 1608 De spiegheling der Ebbenvloet ( The theory of ebb and flood ), dismissed a large number of misconceptions that still existed about ebb and flood. Stevin pleaded for

5684-712: The National Historical Institute (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines ) to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan's first Supremo , but rather Deodato Arellano . In 2013, the Manila City Council passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as

5800-684: The Northumbrian coast. The first tide table in China was recorded in 1056 AD primarily for visitors wishing to see the famous tidal bore in the Qiantang River . The first known British tide table is thought to be that of John Wallingford, who died Abbot of St. Albans in 1213, based on high water occurring 48 minutes later each day, and three hours earlier at the Thames mouth than upriver at London . In 1614 Claude d'Abbeville published

5916-606: The Parañaque spillway project was never implemented due to budget restraint despite increases in its budget allocation in 1976. The floodway has only 4 bridges. The 3 bridges within Pasig are Manggahan Bridge (near Marikina River), Ortigas Bridge (carries Ortigas Avenue Extension) and F.B. Legaspi Bridge. Barkadahan Bridge is the last and only nearest bridge to the lakeshore of Laguna de Bay located at Taytay, Rizal. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Secretary Mark Villar

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6032-628: The Philippine nation and people as the "Sovereign Tagalog Nation/People" or more precisely "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Filipino: Haring Bayang Katagalugan ), in effect a synonym of "Tagalog Republic" or more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People". According to Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo , including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar should also be included, as Sakay continued Bonifacio's concept of

6148-758: The Philippines independence through the Tydings–McDuffie Act . He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election. During the Second World War , the Philippines had two presidents heading two governments. One was Quezon and the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington, D.C. , and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic. Notably, Laurel

6264-496: The Philippines." Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the president of the tagalog provinces, while he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo ; Filipino : Kataas-taasang Pangulo ) of the Katipunan , a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against

6380-612: The Philippines." The title in Filipino is Pangulo ( cognate of Malay penghulu "leader", "chieftain"). In the other major languages of the Philippines such as the Bisayan languages , presidente is more common when Filipinos are not actually code-switching with the English word. The honorific for the president is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency." During his tenure, President Rodrigo Duterte broke precedent by not using

6496-668: The Spanish colonial government in August 1896, he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as "President of the Sovereign Nation/People" (Filipino: Pangulo ng Haring Bayan ). While the term Katipunan (and the title "Supreme President") remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: República Tagala ; Filipino: Republika ng Katagalugan ), and

6612-531: The Sun and moon. Pytheas travelled to the British Isles about 325 BC and seems to be the first to have related spring tides to the phase of the moon. In the 2nd century BC, the Hellenistic astronomer Seleucus of Seleucia correctly described the phenomenon of tides in order to support his heliocentric theory. He correctly theorized that tides were caused by the moon , although he believed that

6728-643: The Supreme Assembly), or Pangulo ng Haring Bayan (President of the Sovereign Nation/People), as evidenced by his own writings. Although the word Tagalog refers to the Tagalog people , a specific ethno-linguistic group mostly in southern Luzon , Bonifacio used the term "Tagalog" in "Tagalog Republic" to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of Filipinos , which had colonial origins, referring to his concept of

6844-403: The Two Chief World Systems , whose working title was Dialogue on the Tides , gave an explanation of the tides. The resulting theory, however, was incorrect as he attributed the tides to the sloshing of water caused by the Earth's movement around the Sun. He hoped to provide mechanical proof of the Earth's movement. The value of his tidal theory is disputed. Galileo rejected Kepler's explanation of

6960-418: The United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946. On the same day, Manuel A. Roxas , the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines, also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines. A new Constitution ratified on January 17, 1973, under

7076-408: The United States to establish a government in exile in the United States. On August 17, 1945, two days after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, Laurel officially dissolved the republic. The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II, with Vice President Sergio Osmeña becoming president due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944. It remained in effect after

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7192-423: The amphidromic point, the high tide passes New York Harbor approximately an hour ahead of Norfolk Harbor. South of Cape Hatteras the tidal forces are more complex, and cannot be predicted reliably based on the North Atlantic cotidal lines. Investigation into tidal physics was important in the early development of celestial mechanics , with the existence of two daily tides being explained by the Moon's gravity. Later

7308-429: The amphidromic point. For a semi-diurnal tide the amphidromic point can be thought of roughly like the center of a clock face, with the hour hand pointing in the direction of the high water cotidal line, which is directly opposite the low water cotidal line. High water rotates about the amphidromic point once every 12 hours in the direction of rising cotidal lines, and away from ebbing cotidal lines. This rotation, caused by

7424-408: The atmosphere which did not include rotation. In 1770 James Cook 's barque HMS Endeavour grounded on the Great Barrier Reef . Attempts were made to refloat her on the following tide which failed, but the tide after that lifted her clear with ease. Whilst she was being repaired in the mouth of the Endeavour River Cook observed the tides over a period of seven weeks. At neap tides both tides in

7540-423: The board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in

7656-410: The coast. Semi-diurnal and long phase constituents are measured from high water, diurnal from maximum flood tide. This and the discussion that follows is precisely true only for a single tidal constituent. For an ocean in the shape of a circular basin enclosed by a coastline, the cotidal lines point radially inward and must eventually meet at a common point, the amphidromic point . The amphidromic point

7772-442: The commonwealth according to Justice George A. Malcolm . Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the Imperial Japanese Army on May 2, 1942. On October 14, 1943, José P. Laurel became president under a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupation . Laurel, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines , had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to Corregidor and then to

7888-437: The concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Congress . The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. The president has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain . The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and

8004-417: The consent of the Commission on Appointments , the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials. The members of the Supreme Court and lower courts are also appointed by the president, but only from

8120-426: The daily tides were explained more precisely by the interaction of the Moon's and the Sun's gravity. Seleucus of Seleucia theorized around 150 BC that tides were caused by the Moon. The influence of the Moon on bodies of water was also mentioned in Ptolemy 's Tetrabiblos . In De temporum ratione ( The Reckoning of Time ) of 725 Bede linked semidurnal tides and the phenomenon of varying tidal heights to

8236-518: The first president of the Philippines-based specifically on his presidency of the Malolos Republic, not any of his various prior governments. Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as presidents by

8352-676: The first president of the Tagalog Republic, attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines. A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine President Benigno Aquino III to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president. In the same year, representatives of the Philippine House of Representatives passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as

8468-548: The first president. A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016. According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP, the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio's status as the first president. In March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of a new revolutionary government at

8584-538: The first to map co-tidal lines, for Great Britain, Ireland and adjacent coasts, in 1840. William Whewell expanded this work ending with a nearly global chart in 1836. In order to make these maps consistent, he hypothesized the existence of a region with no tidal rise or fall where co-tidal lines meet in the mid-ocean. The existence of such an amphidromic point , as they are now known, was confirmed in 1840 by Captain William Hewett, RN , from careful soundings in

8700-484: The flood waters were able to engulf the surrounding area. The illegal settlers especially were blamed for flooding since their houses reduce the effective width and blocked the flow of the floodway. The flooding was exacerbated by cancellation of the Paranaque Spillway Project that should have dumped excess water in Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay. During the height of the storm, the Marikina River had

8816-440: The floodway will jeopardize the existing and potential uses of the lake. The sedimentation rate of the lake is estimated at 1.5 million m/year with the Marikina River as a major contributor of silt to the lake through the Manggahan Floodway. Additional pollution and siltation come from the shoreline settlers, living in slums up to 5 rows deep, whose waste goes directly into the floodway. On September 26, 2009, at about 6:00 pm PST,

8932-569: The forcible relocation of the illegal settlers whose houses were blocking the waterway to Laguna de Bay. Tide Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon (and to a much lesser extent, the Sun ) and are also caused by the Earth and Moon orbiting one another. Tide tables can be used for any given locale to find

9048-517: The government. Between 1898 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American military governors-general and eleven civil governors-general. In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines , which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under a constitution ratified on May 14 of that year. During its first five years,

9164-420: The highest level to the lowest: The semi-diurnal range (the difference in height between high and low waters over about half a day) varies in a two-week cycle. Approximately twice a month, around new moon and full moon when the Sun, Moon, and Earth form a line (a configuration known as a syzygy ), the tidal force due to the Sun reinforces that due to the Moon. The tide's range is then at its maximum; this

9280-456: The honorific, opting to drop the title in all official communications, events or materials. The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used under Japanese occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-president José P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government-in-exile under President Manuel L. Quezon . The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and

9396-415: The idea that the attraction of the Moon was responsible for the tides and spoke in clear terms about ebb, flood, spring tide and neap tide , stressing that further research needed to be made. In 1609 Johannes Kepler also correctly suggested that the gravitation of the Moon caused the tides, which he based upon ancient observations and correlations. Galileo Galilei in his 1632 Dialogue Concerning

9512-468: The interaction was mediated by the pneuma . He noted that tides varied in time and strength in different parts of the world. According to Strabo (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to link tides to the lunar attraction, and that the height of the tides depends on the moon's position relative to the Sun. The Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder collates many tidal observations, e.g., the spring tides are

9628-421: The lake, and to prevent the intrusion of polluted water into the lake. It has a fully gated diversion dam at its head and was designed with a width of 260 meters (850 ft). Over 40,000 households are situated along the floodway's banks and these shoreline slums have reduced its effective width to 220 meters (720 ft). Kangkong is cultivated extensively in the floodway as well. The Manggahan Floodway

9744-816: The list of nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council . Such appointments do not need the approval of the Commission on Appointments . As per Article 6, Section 1 of the Constitution, the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameral Congress , which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives . However, the president has some legislative power. The president has the power to veto any bill passed by Congress. Article 6, Section 27 requires that every legislation passed by Congress shall be presented to

9860-534: The manner provided by law. The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately. The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally,

9976-412: The month is divided into four parts of seven or eight days with alternating malinae and ledones . In the same passage he also notes the effect of winds to hold back tides. Bede also records that the time of tides varies from place to place. To the north of Bede's location ( Monkwearmouth ) the tides are earlier, to the south later. He explains that the tide "deserts these shores in order to be able all

10092-514: The more to be able to flood other [shores] when it arrives there" noting that "the Moon which signals the rise of tide here, signals its retreat in other regions far from this quarter of the heavens". Later medieval understanding of the tides was primarily based on works of Muslim astronomers , which became available through Latin translation starting from the 12th century. Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d. circa 886), in his Introductorium in astronomiam , taught that ebb and flood tides were caused by

10208-664: The oath of office in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. , and the next day held the first cabinet meeting in Butuan . She broke with precedent, reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines: Luzon , Visayas , and Mindanao . Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on January 20, 2001, during

10324-420: The obliquity (tilt) of the Earth's Equator and rotational axis, the inclination of the plane of the lunar orbit and the elliptical shape of the Earth's orbit of the Sun. A compound tide (or overtide) results from the shallow-water interaction of its two parent waves. Because the M 2 tidal constituent dominates in most locations, the stage or phase of a tide, denoted by the time in hours after high water,

10440-426: The oceans, but can occur in other systems whenever a gravitational field that varies in time and space is present. For example, the shape of the solid part of the Earth is affected slightly by Earth tide , though this is not as easily seen as the water tidal movements. Four stages in the tidal cycle are named: Oscillating currents produced by tides are known as tidal streams or tidal currents . The moment that

10556-409: The power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government. However, there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power: Article 3, Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. With

10672-411: The predicted times and amplitude (or " tidal range "). The predictions are influenced by many factors including the alignment of the Sun and Moon, the phase and amplitude of the tide (pattern of tides in the deep ocean), the amphidromic systems of the oceans, and the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry (see Timing ). They are however only predictions, the actual time and height of

10788-479: The presidency: Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos. The Constitution also provides term limits where

10904-531: The president could serve for a six-year term that cannot be renewed. It was later amended in 1940 to limit a president to serving no more than two four-year terms. When the administration of President Quezon exiled to the United States after the Philippines fell to the Empire of Japan in World War II , Quezon appointed Chief Justice José Abad Santos as his delegate, which in effect the acting president of

11020-451: The president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case of Joseph Estrada who was elected president in 1998 , deposed in 2001 , and again ran for the presidency in 2010 , the Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election" remains unclear as his case

11136-480: The president takes the oath of office, a 21-gun salute is fired to salute the new head of state, and the presidential anthem " We Say Mabuhay " is played. The president delivers his inaugural address, and then proceeds to Malacañang Palace to climb the Grand Staircase, a ritual which symbolizes the formal possession of the palace. The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of

11252-407: The president, after which the president can either sign the bill into law within thirty days, veto the bill, or take no action within the timeframe, in which the bill will pass as if it had been signed. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a two-thirds vote of both houses. The president can also veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but

11368-408: The problem from the perspective of a static system (equilibrium theory), that provided an approximation that described the tides that would occur in a non-inertial ocean evenly covering the whole Earth. The tide-generating force (or its corresponding potential ) is still relevant to tidal theory, but as an intermediate quantity (forcing function) rather than as a final result; theory must also consider

11484-617: The proposed Marikina Dam. The Manggahan Floodway was conceived during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos . In the mid-1970s, the Marcos administration had outlined three projects that aimed to divert excess water from the Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay ; these were the Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, the Manggahan Floodway, and the Parañaque spillway. The first two projects were completed in 1983 and 1986 (1988, according to JICA ), respectively; however,

11600-620: The rule of Ferdinand Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government. Marcos instituted himself as prime minister while serving as president in 1978. Marcos later appointed César Virata as prime minister in 1981, although, he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos. The 1973 Constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Aquino . On March 25, 1986, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 or

11716-448: The sense of the contour level of a particular low pressure in the outer atmosphere. In most locations, the largest constituent is the principal lunar semi-diurnal , also known as the M2 tidal constituent or M 2 tidal constituent . Its period is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes, exactly half a tidal lunar day , which is the average time separating one lunar zenith from the next, and thus

11832-810: The service of the Nation. So help me God." [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.] The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of Fidel V. Ramos , Joseph Estrada , Benigno Aquino III , and Bongbong Marcos reads: "Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos." (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.) As soon as

11948-549: The subsequent independence of the Philippines restored the title of "President of the Philippines" enacted in the 1935 constitution. The 1973 constitution, though generally referring to the president as "President of the Philippines", Article XVII, Section 12 once used the term, "President of the Republic." In the text of Proclamation No. 1081 that placed the country under martial law in September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos consistently referred to himself as "President of

12064-630: The term haring bayan or haringbayan as an adaptation and synonym of "republic", from its Latin roots as res publica . Since Presidente Supremo was shortened to Supremo in contemporary historical accounts of other people, he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography, which by itself was thus understood to mean "Supreme Leader" in contrast to the later "Presidents". However, as noted by Filipino historian Xiao Chua , Bonifacio did not refer himself as Supremo but rather as Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President), Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan (President of

12180-443: The tidal current ceases is called slack water or slack tide . The tide then reverses direction and is said to be turning. Slack water usually occurs near high water and low water, but there are locations where the moments of slack tide differ significantly from those of high and low water. Tides are commonly semi-diurnal (two high waters and two low waters each day), or diurnal (one tidal cycle per day). The two high waters on

12296-399: The tide is affected by wind and atmospheric pressure . Many shorelines experience semi-diurnal tides—two nearly equal high and low tides each day. Other locations have a diurnal tide—one high and low tide each day. A "mixed tide"—two uneven magnitude tides a day—is a third regular category. Tides vary on timescales ranging from hours to years due to a number of factors, which determine

12412-494: The tides. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) was the first person to explain tides as the product of the gravitational attraction of astronomical masses. His explanation of the tides (and many other phenomena) was published in the Principia (1687) and used his theory of universal gravitation to explain the lunar and solar attractions as the origin of the tide-generating forces. Newton and others before Pierre-Simon Laplace worked

12528-471: The title "Dictator" and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such. On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a revolutionary government and became known as "President" again. On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo was then elected president of the " Philippine Republic " (Spanish: Republica Filipina ), a new government constituted by a revolutionary congress under

12644-597: The traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony: Barasoain Church in Malolos City , Bulacan ; in front of the old Legislative Building (now part of the National Museum ) in Manila; or at Quirino Grandstand , where most have been held. Some presidential have broken precedent, either due to extraordinary circumstances or In 2004, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered her pre-inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took

12760-467: The veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. By exerting their influence on Congress, the president can shape legislation and be involved in the legislative process. The State of the Nation Address also gives the president an opportunity to outline their priority legislative agenda. Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding

12876-480: The work " Histoire de la mission de pères capucins en l'Isle de Maragnan et terres circonvoisines ", where he exposed that the Tupinambá people already had an understanding of the relation between the Moon and the tides before Europe. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) led the first systematic harmonic analysis of tidal records starting in 1867. The main result was the building of a tide-predicting machine using

12992-652: Was again elected president at Biak-na-Bato , Bulacan in November, leading a reorganized "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas ), commonly known today as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato . Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897. In April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out, and afterwards, the Asiatic Squadron of

13108-472: Was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon. Laurel and Aguinaldo were not formally recognized as Philippine presidents until Diosdado Macapagal's administration. Their inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of the Philippines' independence from the United States) to June 12 (the anniversary of

13224-476: Was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as president. The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May. The latest election was held in 2022 . The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by

13340-483: Was supposed to function together with the proposed Paranaque Spillway Project, a spillway that would direct flood waters from Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay. However the spillway project was cancelled in 1977 due to budget issues. Ever since the onslaught of 2009's Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy) , and consistently-reoccurring flooding in the metropolis, the Paranaque Spillway project is now being revived, together with

13456-416: Was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one, while Roxas was the first president of an independent Philippines. The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors. Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous. For instance, Rodrigo Duterte,

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