113-397: Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina GCGH KGCR ( UK : / ˈ k eɪ z ɒ n / , US : / ˈ k eɪ s ɒ n , - s ɔː n , - s oʊ n / , Tagalog: [maˈnwel luˈis ˈkɛson] , Spanish: [maˈnwel ˈlwis ˈkeson] ; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), also known by his initials MLQ , was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, and politician who was president of
226-601: A ₱4 million budget. Upon the recommendation of the National Economic Council, agricultural colonies were established in Koronadal , Malig, and other locations in Mindanao . The government encouraged migration and settlement in the colonies. The Agricultural and Industrial Bank was established to aid small farmers with convenient loans and affordable terms. Attention was paid to soil surveying and
339-475: A "word" in English, and others not willing to limit it to the English concept of a word. Examples from POJ include ⟨sì-cha̍p⟩ "forty", ⟨bé-hì-thôan⟩ "circus", and ⟨hôe-ho̍k⟩ "recover (from illness)". The non-final syllables of a compound typically undergo tone sandhi, but exact rules have not been clearly identified by linguists. A double hyphen ⟨--⟩
452-620: A Government Survey Board to study existing institutions and, in light of changed circumstances, make necessary recommendations. Early results were seen with the revamping of the executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, and others were created. Quezon ordered the transfer of the Philippine Constabulary from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Finance . Other changes were made to
565-506: A Southern Min version of Misplaced Pages in the orthography, there are teaching materials, religious texts, and books about linguistics, medicine and geography. POJ was initially not well supported by word-processing applications due to the special diacritics needed to write it. Support has now improved and there are now sufficient resources to both enter and display POJ correctly. Several input methods exist to enter Unicode -compliant POJ, including OpenVanilla ( macOS and Microsoft Windows ),
678-533: A bicameral legislature, the presidential term (four years, with one re-election, and the establishment of an independent Commission on Elections . The amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Speaker José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the United States to obtain President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's approval, which they received on 2 December 1940. Two days later, Quezon proclaimed
791-459: A cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Resident Commissioner Joaquín Elizalde , Brigadier General Carlos P. Romulo and his cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. After a discussion, the cabinet supported Elizalde's position in favor of the constitution, and Quezon announced his plan to retire in California. After the meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his plan to ask
904-496: A distinct tone, but has long since merged with tone 7 or 2 depending on lexical register). Tones 1 and 4 are both represented without a diacritic , and can be distinguished from each other by the syllable ending, which is a vowel, ⟨-n⟩ , ⟨-m⟩ , or ⟨-ng⟩ for tone 1, and ⟨-h⟩ , ⟨-k⟩ , ⟨-p⟩ , and ⟨-t⟩ for tone 4. Southern Min dialects undergo considerable tone sandhi , i.e. changes to
1017-407: A feature that has been preserved from Middle Chinese . There is some debate as to whether these stops are a tonal feature or a phonemic one, with some authorities distinguishing between ⟨-h⟩ as a tonal feature, and ⟨-p⟩ , ⟨-t⟩ , and ⟨-k⟩ as phonemic features. Southern Min dialects also have an optional nasal property, which is written with
1130-479: A law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants fulfilled their obligations. The act was amended to eliminate this loophole in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Central Luzon were threatened with eviction. Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither. Thousands of tenants in Central Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by
1243-527: A major flaw in the act, however, no petition to apply it was ever presented. The flaw was that it could be used only when the majority of municipal councils in a province petitioned for it. Since landowners usually controlled such councils, no province ever asked that the law be applied. Quezon ordered that the act be mandatory in all Central Luzon provinces. However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in vain for
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#17327724904791356-628: A member of Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other cabinet appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos P. Romulo as Secretary of the Department of Information and Public Relations and Jaime Hernandez as Auditor General. Sitting under a canvas canopy outside the Malinta Tunnel on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat during which President Roosevelt said that the Allied forces were determined to defeat Berlin and Rome, followed by Tokyo. Quezon
1469-496: A message to Roosevelt saying that he and his people had been abandoned by the U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president to stop fighting. MacArthur learned about the message, and ordered Major General Richard Marshall to counterbalance it with American propaganda whose purpose was the "glorification of Filipino loyalty and heroism". On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the United States House of Representatives about
1582-651: A modified Latin alphabet and some diacritics to represent the spoken language. After initial success in Fujian , POJ became most widespread in Taiwan and, in the mid-20th century, there were over 100,000 people literate in POJ. A large amount of printed material, religious and secular, has been produced in the script, including Taiwan 's first newspaper, the Taiwan Church News . During Japanese rule (1895–1945),
1695-698: A plan for a joint commission to study the post-war Philippine economy. Eighteen months later, the United States Congress passed an act creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission. By 1943, the Philippine government in exile was faced with a crisis. According to the 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him as president. Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, and Quezon issued
1808-420: A press release and wrote to Osmeña that a change in leadership would be unwise at that time. Osmeña then requested the opinion of U.S. Attorney General Homer Cummings , who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent with the law. Quezon remained adamant, and sought President Roosevelt's decision. Roosevelt remained aloof from the controversy, suggesting that the Philippine officials resolve the impasse. Quezon convened
1921-470: A sacred part of Chinese culture. Taking the other side, Thomas Barclay believed that literacy in POJ should be a goal rather than a waypoint : Soon after my arrival in Formosa I became firmly convinced of three things, and more than fifty years experience has strengthened my conviction. The first was that if you are to have a healthy, living Church it is necessary that all the members, men and women, read
2034-727: A small printing press to the local church, which Thomas Barclay learned how to operate in 1881 before founding the Presbyterian Church Press in 1884. Subsequently, the Taiwan Prefectural City Church News , which first appeared in 1885 and was produced by Barclay's Presbyterian Church of Taiwan Press, became the first printed newspaper in Taiwan, marking the establishment of POJ in Taiwan, giving rise to numerous literary works written in POJ. As other authors made their own alterations to
2147-565: A superscript ⟨ⁿ⟩ and usually identified as being part of the vowel. Vowel nasalisation also occurs in words that have nasal initials (⟨m-⟩, ⟨n-⟩, ⟨ng-⟩), however in this case superscript ⟨ⁿ⟩ is not written, e.g. 卵 nūi ( [nuĩ] ). The letter ⁿ appears at the end of a word except in some interjections, such as haⁿh ( [hãʔ] ), however more conservative users of Pe̍h-ōe-jī write such words as hahⁿ . A valid syllable in Hokkien takes
2260-784: A synergy of power" after removing his term limits as president and turning the Senate into an extension of the executive through constitutional amendments. In 2015, the Board of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and the people of the Philippines for reaching out to victims of the Holocaust from 1937 to 1941. President Benigno Aquino III and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña,
2373-806: A vote of 181 to 107 on 10 November 1943. He was inaugurated for the third time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C. The oath of office was administered by US Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter . Quezon had developed tuberculosis and spent his last years in hospitals, including a Miami Beach Army hospital in April 1944. That summer, he was at a cure cottage in Saranac Lake, New York . Quezon died there at 10:05 a.m. ET on 1 August 1944, at age 65. His remains were initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery , but his body
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#17327724904792486-604: Is an orthography used to write variants of Hokkien Southern Min , particularly Taiwanese and Amoy Hokkien , and it is widely employed as one of the writing systems for Southern Min. During its peak, it had hundreds of thousands of readers. Developed by Western missionaries working among the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia in the 19th century and refined by missionaries working in Xiamen and Tainan , it uses
2599-767: Is an order of the Philippines . Created by Executive Order No. 40-A issued by President Ramon Magsaysay on June 21, 1954, the Golden Heart Presidential Award was upgraded to the Order of the Golden Heart by Executive Order No. 236 issued by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on September 19, 2003. The Order of the Golden Heart gives official recognition to Filipino or foreign citizens who have rendered distinguished services or given noteworthy monetary or other material aid, encouragement to
2712-571: Is largely disassociated from its former religious purpose. The term "romanization" is also disliked by some, who see it as belittling the status of pe̍h-ōe-jī by identifying it as a supplementary phonetic system instead of a standalone orthography. The history of pe̍h-ōe-jī has been heavily influenced by official attitudes towards the Southern Min vernaculars and the Christian organizations that propagated it. Early documents point to
2825-515: Is often abbreviated in POJ itself to Kàu-lô . ( 教羅 ; Jiàoluō ) There is some debate on whether " pe̍h-ōe-jī " or "Church Romanization" is the more appropriate name. Objections to " pe̍h-ōe-jī " are that it can refer to more than one system and that both literary and colloquial register Southern Min appear in the system and so describing it as "vernacular" writing might be inaccurate. Objections to "Church Romanization" are that some non-Christians and some secular writing use it. POJ today
2938-467: Is used when POJ is deployed as an orthography (rather than as a transcription system) to indicate that the following syllable should be pronounced in the neutral tone. It also marks to the reader that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi, as it would were the following syllable non-neutral. Morphemes following a double hyphen are often (but not always) grammatical function words. Some authors use an interpunct ⟨·⟩ in place of
3051-554: The 1st Philippine Legislature , where he was majority floor leader and chairman of the committees on rules and appropriations. Quezon told the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion of the Jones Bill that he received most of his primary education at the village school established by the Spanish government as part of the Philippines' free public-education system. Months before his term ended, he gave up his seat at
3164-715: The Civil Guard ). According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinese mestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros ) in Paco, Manila . He spoke Spanish in the Civil Guard and married María, who was a Spanish mestiza born of Spanish priest Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena , Cáceres Province , Spain in 1847 as
3277-779: The Colegio de San Juan de Letran , where he graduated from secondary school in 1894. In 1899, Quezon left his law studies at the University of Santo Tomas to join the Filipino war effort, and joined the Republican army during the Philippine–American War . He was an aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo . Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. After surrendering in 1900, he returned to university and passed
3390-472: The Commonwealth era . As a result of prolonged debate between proponents and opponents of women's suffrage, the constitution provided that the issue be resolved by women in a plebiscite . If at least 300,000 women voted for the right to vote, it would be granted. The plebiscite was held on 30 April 1937; there were 447,725 affirmative votes, and 44,307 opposition votes. The Philippines' national language
3503-478: The Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 until his death in 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines and is considered the second president of the Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in the 1935 presidential election . He is often regarded as the greatest President of The Philippines, and the quintessential Filipino statesman. Known as "The Father of The National Language", and "The Father of
Manuel L. Quezon - Misplaced Pages Continue
3616-533: The Nacionalista Party . He received nearly 68 percent of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay . Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935, is recognized as the second President of the Philippines . In January 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia ( Oriental Mindoro – 1st ) filed a bill seeking to declare General Miguel Malvar the second Philippine President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901. Under
3729-653: The National Defense , Agriculture and Commerce , Public Works and Communications , and Health and Public Welfare departments. New offices and boards were created by executive order or legislation. Among these were the Council of National Defense , the Board of National Relief , the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Service Board of Appeals. Pledging to improve the conditions of
3842-708: The Pacific War Council , signed the United Nations declaration against the Axis powers and wrote The Good Fight , his autobiography. To conduct government business in exile, Quezon hired the entire floor of one wing of the Shoreham Hotel to accommodate his family and his office. Government offices were established at the quarters of Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became
3955-534: The Sino-Japanese War , was passed in 1940. Since the law affected foreign relations, it required the approval of the U.S. president. When the 1939 census was published, the National Assembly updated the apportionment of legislative districts; this became the basis for the 1941 elections . On 7 August 1939, the United States Congress enacted a law in accordance with the recommendations of
4068-508: The Taiwanese Romanization System ( Tâi-lô ), a government-sponsored successor based on pe̍h-ōe-jī , was released. Despite this, native language education, and writing systems for Taiwanese, have remained a fiercely debated topic in Taiwan. POJ laid the foundation for the creation of new literature in Taiwan. Before the 1920s, many people had already written literary works in POJ, contributing significantly to
4181-613: The United States , assuring protection of the rights of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled the Philippines' inclination to remain neutral in the event of a Japanese-American conflict if the U.S. disregarded the country's concerns. In 1938, Quezon expanded the Council of State in Executive Order No. 144. This highest of advisory bodies to the president would be composed of
4294-602: The cross-platform Tai-lo Input Method released by the Taiwanese Ministry of Education , and the Firefox add-on Transliterator, which allows in-browser POJ input. When POJ was first used in word-processing applications it was not fully supported by the Unicode standard, thus necessitating work-arounds. One employed was encoding the necessary characters in the "Private Use" section of Unicode, but this required both
4407-589: The initial , a consonant or consonant blend which appears at the beginning of the syllable, secondly the final , consisting of a medial vowel (optional), a nucleus vowel , and an optional ending ; and finally the tone, which is applied to the whole syllable. In terms of the non-tonal (i.e. phonemic) features, the nucleus vowel is the only required part of a licit syllable in Chinese varieties. Unlike Mandarin but like other southern varieties of Chinese, Taiwanese has final stop consonants with no audible release ,
4520-532: The 1930s, with a few minor exceptions (detailed below). There is a fair degree of similarity with the Vietnamese alphabet , including the ⟨b/p/ph⟩ distinction and the use of ⟨ ơ ⟩ in Vietnamese compared with ⟨ o͘ ⟩ in POJ. POJ uses the following letters and combinations: Chinese phonology traditionally divides syllables in Chinese into three parts; firstly
4633-534: The 1970s, a POJ New Testament translation known as the "Red Cover Bible" ( Âng-phoê Sèng-keng ) was confiscated and banned by the Nationalist regime. Official moves against native languages continued into the 1980s, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of the Interior decided in 1984 to forbid missionaries to use "local dialects" and romanizations in their work. It was not until the late 1980s, with
Manuel L. Quezon - Misplaced Pages Continue
4746-516: The Amoy Dialect , published in 1853. The manual can therefore be regarded as the first presentation of a pre-modern POJ, a significant step onwards from Medhurst's orthography and different from today's system in only a few details. From this point on various authors adjusted some of the consonants and vowels, but the system of tone marks from Doty's Manual survives intact in modern POJ. John Van Nest Talmage has traditionally been regarded as
4859-499: The Christian church, much of the material in the script is religious in nature, including several Bible translations, books of hymns, and guides to morality. The Tainan Church Press, established in 1884, has been printing POJ materials ever since, with periods of quiet when POJ was suppressed in the early 1940s and from around 1955 to 1987. In the period to 1955, over 2.3 million volumes of POJ books were printed, and one study in 2002 catalogued 840 different POJ texts in existence. Besides
4972-581: The Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II, Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term ) and then to the Visayas and Mindanao. At the invitation of the U.S. government, he was evacuated to Australia, and then to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth government in exile , with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. He was a member of
5085-765: The Joint Preparatory Commission on Philippine Affairs. Because the new law required an amendment of the Ordinance appended to the Constitution, a plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939. The amendment received 1,339,453 votes in favor, and 49,633 against. Quezon had established the Institute of National Language (INL) to create a national language for the country. On 30 December 1937, in Executive Order No. 134 , he declared Tagalog
5198-691: The Nacionalistas. José Yulo , Quezon's Secretary of Justice from 1934 to 1938, was elected speaker. The Second National Assembly intended to pass legislation strengthening the economy, but the Second World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the First National Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities. A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit of 50 immigrants per country, primarily affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping
5311-472: The National Economic Council was created. It advised the government about economic and financial questions, including the promotion of industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, tariffs , taxation, and formulating an economic program in preparation for eventual independence. The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and the National Rice and Corn Company (NARIC) was created with
5424-682: The Philippine Assembly upon being appointed as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners . Serving two terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the passage of the Philippine Autonomy Act (the Jones Law ). Quezon returned to Manila in 1916, and was elected senator from the Fifth Senatorial District . He was later elected Senate President and served continuously until 1935 (19 years),
5537-412: The Philippine working class and inspired by the social doctrines of Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius XI and treatises by the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of social justice introduced with executive measures and legislation by the National Assembly . A court for industrial relations was established to mediate disputes, minimizing the impact of strikes and lockouts. A minimum-wage law
5650-417: The Philippines' national language; it was taught in schools during the 1940–1941 academic year. The National Assembly later enacted Law No. 570, making the national language an official language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946, with the establishment of the Philippine Republic. With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments to the constitution about
5763-460: The President, Vice President , Senate President , House Speaker , Senate President pro tempore , House Speaker pro tempore , the majority floor leaders of both chambers of Congress , former presidents, and three to five prominent citizens. The elections for the Second National Assembly were held on 8 November 1938 under a new law which allowed block voting and favored the governing Nacionalista Party . As expected, all 98 assembly seats went to
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#17327724904795876-424: The Reorganization Act, Quezon was given the power to appoint the first all-Filipino cabinet in 1935. From 1901 to 1935, a Filipino was chief justice but most Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved with the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace the American justices. Membership in
5989-427: The Scriptures for themselves; second, that this end can never be attained by the use of the Chinese character; third, that it can be attained by the use of the alphabetic script, this Romanised Vernacular. A great boon to the promotion of POJ in Taiwan came in 1880 when James Laidlaw Maxwell , a medical missionary based in Tainan , started promoting POJ for writing the Bible, hymns, newspapers, and magazines. He donated
6102-428: The Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and ten associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each. To meet the demands of the newly-established government and comply with the Tydings-McDuffie Act and the Constitution , Quezon, – true to his pledge of "more government and less politics," – initiated a reorganization of the government . He established
6215-554: The Taiwanese tongue, these being intended for newly arrived government officials from outside Taiwan as well as local Taiwanese. The first government action against native languages came in 1953, when the use of Taiwanese or Japanese for instruction was forbidden. The next move to suppress the movement came in 1955, when the use of POJ for proselytizing was outlawed. At that point in time there were 115,000 people literate in POJ in Taiwan, Fujian, and southeast Asia. Two years later, missionaries were banned from using romanized bibles, and
6328-421: The United States Congress to suspend the constitutional provisions for presidential succession until after the Philippines had been liberated; this legal way out was agreeable to Quezon and his cabinet, and steps were taken to carry out the proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings and Congressman Bell, the resolution was unanimously approved by the Senate on a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives by
6441-459: The United States. Indicating the Philippine government's cooperation with the war effort, he offered the U.S. Army a Philippine infantry regiment which was authorized by the War Department to train in California. Quezon had the Philippine government acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Philippine officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in the war. In early November 1942, Quezon conferred with Roosevelt on
6554-552: The Xiamen tongue meant that the missionaries in Taiwan could begin proselytizing immediately, without the intervening time needed to write those materials. Missionary opinion was divided on whether POJ was desirable as an end in itself as a full-fledged orthography, or as a means to literacy in Chinese characters . William Campbell described POJ as a step on the road to reading and writing the characters, claiming that to promote it as an independent writing system would inflame nationalist passions in China, where characters were considered
6667-451: The amendments. Quezon was originally barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. In 1940, however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him to serve a second term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential election , Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82 percent of the vote. He was inaugurated on December 30, 1941 at the Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor . The oath of office
6780-543: The application of consistent tone markings (influenced by contemporary linguistic studies of Sanskrit , which was becoming of more mainstream interest to Western scholars). Medhurst was convinced that accurate representation and reproduction of the tonal structure of Southern Min was vital to comprehension: Respecting these tones of the Chinese language, some difference of opinion has been obtained, and while some have considered them of first importance, others have paid them little or no intention. The author inclines decidedly to
6893-407: The bar examination in 1903. Quezon worked for a time as a clerk and surveyor, entering government service as treasurer for Mindoro and (later) Tayabas. He became a municipal councilor of Lucena , and was elected governor of Tayabas in 1906. Quezon was elected in 1907 to represent Tayabas 's 1st district in the first Philippine Assembly (which later became the House of Representatives) during
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#17327724904797006-658: The campaign for the amelioration and improvement of the moral, social, and economic conditions of the Filipino masses, and for volunteerism in the service of the Filipino masses. The Order of the Golden Heart shall be composed of the following ranks: The following names were based on the roster of recipients from the Malacañang Protocol Office: Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB Pe̍h-ōe-jī ( Taiwanese Hokkien: [pe˩ˀ o̯e̞˩ d͡ʑi˧] , English approximation: / p eɪ w eɪ ˈ dʒ iː / pay-way- JEE ; abbr. POJ ; lit. ' vernacular writing ' ), sometimes known as Church Romanization ,
7119-509: The characters in your country are so difficult only a few people are literate. Therefore, we have striven to print books in pe̍h-ōe-jī to help you to read... don't think that if you know Chinese characters you needn't learn this script, nor should you regard it as a childish thing. Thomas Barclay, Tâi-oân-hú-siâⁿ Kàu-hōe-pò , Issue 1 Quanzhou and Zhangzhou are two major varieties of Southern Min, and in Xiamen they combined to form something "not Quan, not Zhang" – i.e. not one or
7232-433: The chief proponent of major changes in the orthography devised by Morrison and adapted by Medhurst. Through personal communication and letters and articles printed in The Chinese Repository a consensus was arrived at for the new version of POJ, although Williams' suggestions were largely not followed. The first major work to represent this new orthography was Elihu Doty 's Anglo-Chinese Manual with Romanized Colloquial in
7345-422: The citation tone and the sandhi tone to assist the learner. There is some debate as to the correct placement of tone marks in the case of diphthongs and triphthongs , particularly those which include ⟨oa⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ . Most modern writers follow six rules: A single hyphen is used to indicate a compound. What constitutes a compound is controversial, with some authors equating it to
7458-439: The conventions laid down by Medhurst and Doty, pe̍h-ōe-jī evolved and eventually settled into its current form. Ernest Tipson 's 1934 pocket dictionary was the first reference work to reflect this modern spelling. Between Medhurst's dictionary of 1832 and the standardization of POJ in Tipson's time, there were a number of works published, which can be used to chart the change over time of pe̍h-ōe-jī : Competition for POJ
7571-446: The country and opening many more. There were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 intermediate schools, 133 secondary and special schools, and five junior colleges by this time. Total enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021). Private schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office of Adult Education was created. Quezon initiated women's suffrage during
7684-406: The daughter of the former president, were informed of this recognition. Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the district of El Príncipe, then the capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora ). His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893). Both were primary-school teachers, although his father was a retired sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of
7797-423: The disposition of public land. When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimum standards. The act provided a better tenant-landlord relationship, a 50–50 sharing of the crop, regulation of interest at 10 percent per agricultural year, and protected against arbitrary dismissal by the landlord. Because of
7910-450: The early 1940s, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever. During the Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted. This motivated the government to incorporate a social-justice principle into the 1935 Constitution . Dictated by the government's social-justice program, expropriation of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) began an orderly settlement of public agricultural lands. At
8023-450: The early 19th century, China was closed to Christian missionaries , who instead proselytized to overseas Chinese communities in South East Asia . The earliest origins of the system are found in a small vocabulary first printed in 1820 by Walter Henry Medhurst , who went on to publish the Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms in 1832. This dictionary represents
8136-470: The field, usually after a sojourn in Xiamen to acquire the rudiments of the language. Khó-sioh lín pún-kok ê jī chin oh, chió chió lâng khòaⁿ ē hiáu-tit. Só͘-í góan ū siat pa̍t-mih ê hoat-tō͘, ēng pe̍h-ōe-jī lâi ìn-chheh, hō͘ lín chèng-lâng khòaⁿ khah khòai bat... Lâng m̄-thang phah-sǹg in-ūi i bat Khóng-chú-jī só͘-í m̄-bián o̍h chit-hō ê jī; iā m̄-thang khòaⁿ-khin i, kóng sī gín-á só͘-tha̍k--ê. Because
8249-594: The first major reference work in POJ, although the romanization within was quite different from the modern system, and has been dubbed Early Church Romanization by one scholar of the subject. Medhurst, who was stationed in Malacca , was influenced by Robert Morrison's romanization of Mandarin Chinese , but had to innovate in several areas to reflect major differences between Mandarin and Southern Min. Several important developments occurred in Medhurst's work, especially
8362-438: The foreign stranglehold on Philippine trade and commerce, proposals for land reform, and opposing graft and corruption within the government. He established a government in exile in the U.S. with the outbreak of World War II and the threat of Japanese invasion . Scholars have described Quezon's leadership as a " de facto dictatorship " and described him as "the first Filipino politician to integrate all levels of politics into
8475-553: The form (initial) + (medial vowel) + nucleus + (stop) + tone , where items in parentheses indicate optional components. The initials are: Vowels: Coda endings: POJ has a limited amount of legitimate syllables, although sources disagree on some particular instances of these syllables. The following table contains all the licit spellings of POJ syllables, based on a number of sources: In standard Amoy or Taiwanese Hokkien there are seven distinct tones , which by convention are numbered 1–8, with number 6 omitted (tone 6 used to be
8588-537: The former opinion; having found, from uniform experience, that without strict attention to tones, it is impossible for a person to make himself understood in Hok-këèn . The system expounded by Medhurst influenced later dictionary compilers with regard to tonal notation and initials, but both his complicated vowel system and his emphasis on the literary register of Southern Min were dropped by later writers. Following on from Medhurst's work, Samuel Wells Williams became
8701-527: The founder of POJ among the community which uses the orthography, although it now seems that he was an early promoter of the system, rather than its inventor. In 1842 the Treaty of Nanking was concluded, which included among its provisions the creation of treaty ports in which Christian missionaries would be free to preach. Xiamen (then known as Amoy) was one of these treaty ports, and British, Canadian and American missionaries moved in to start preaching to
8814-548: The highest since 1929. Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 in 2021), compared to the 1935 revenue of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 in 2021). Government companies, except for the Manila Railroad Company , earned profits. Gold production increased about 37 percent, iron nearly doubled, and cement production increased by about 14 percent. The government had to address some economic problems, however, and
8927-592: The increasing militarization of Japan and the Kōminka movement encouraging Taiwanese people to " Japanize ", there were a raft of measures taken against native languages, including Taiwanese. While these moves resulted in a suppression of POJ, they were "a logical consequence of increasing the amount of education in Japanese, rather than an explicit attempt to ban a particular Taiwanese orthography in favor of Taiwanese kana ". The Second Sino-Japanese War beginning in 1937 brought stricter measures into force, and along with
9040-479: The lifting of martial law, that POJ slowly regained momentum under the influence of the native language movement. With the ending of martial law in 1987, the restrictions on "local languages" were quietly lifted, resulting in growing interest in Taiwanese writing during the 1990s. For the first time since the 1950s, Taiwanese language and literature was discussed and debated openly in newspapers and journals. There
9153-586: The local inhabitants. These missionaries, housed in the cantonment of Gulangyu , created reference works and religious tracts, including a bible translation . Naturally, they based the pronunciation of their romanization on the speech of Xiamen, which became the de facto standard when they eventually moved into other areas of the Hokkien Sprachraum , most notably Taiwan. The 1858 Treaty of Tianjin officially opened Taiwan to western missionaries, and missionary societies were quick to send men to work in
9266-493: The longest tenure in history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada 's four consecutive terms (24 years, from 1947 to 1972). Quezon headed the first independent mission to the U.S. Congress in 1919, and secured passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934. In 1922, he became leader of the Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista. In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national presidential election under
9379-478: The modern Republic of The Philippines". He was also known as "One of the Finest Statesmen in the world" during his time. During his presidency, Quezon tackled the problem of landless peasants. Other major decisions included the reorganization of the islands' military defense, approval of a recommendation for government reorganization, the promotion of settlement and development in Mindanao , dealing with
9492-567: The national language would become effective in two years. With presidential approval, the INL began work on a Tagalog grammar text and dictionary. As Imperial Japan encroached on the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American nor the Japanese officials. He travelled twice to Japan as president, from 31 January to 2 February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with government officials. Quezon emphasized that he would remain loyal to
9605-474: The native language movements after the end of martial law, took a "divide and conquer" approach by promoting Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet (TLPA), an alternative to POJ, which was at the time the choice of the majority within the nativization movement. Native language education has remained a fiercely debated topic in Taiwan into the 21st century and is the subject of much political wrangling. The current system of pe̍h-ōe-jī has been stable since
9718-521: The necessity of relieving the Philippine front. He did the same to the Senate, urging the senators to adopt the slogan "Remember Bataan ". Despite his declining health, Quezon traveled across the U.S. to remind the American people about the Philippine war. Quezon broadcast a radio message to Philippine residents in Hawaii, who purchased ₱4 million worth of war bonds , for his first birthday celebration in
9831-488: The other, but rather a fusion, which became known as Amoy Dialect or Amoy Chinese . In Taiwan, with its mixture of migrants from both Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, the linguistic situation was similar; although the resulting blend in the southern city of Tainan differed from the Xiamen blend, it was close enough that the missionaries could ignore the differences and import their system wholesale. The fact that religious tracts, dictionaries, and teaching guides already existed in
9944-502: The outbreak of the Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) had been established. With his Executive Order No. 19, dated 19 February 1936, Quezon created the National Council of Education. Rafael Palma , former president of the University of the Philippines , was its first chairman. Funds from the early Residence Certificate Law were devoted to maintaining public schools throughout
10057-413: The outlawing of romanized Taiwanese, various publications were prohibited and Confucian-style shobō ( Chinese : 書房 ; pinyin : shūfáng ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : su-pâng ) – private schools which taught Classical Chinese with literary Southern Min pronunciation – were closed down in 1939. The Japanese authorities came to perceive POJ as an obstacle to Japanization and also suspected that POJ
10170-506: The parish priest. Quezon is Chinese mestizo surname originally from a Spanish romanization of Hokkien Chinese , possibly from the Hokkien word, Chinese : 雞孫 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : ke-sun / koe-sun , with Chinese : 雞 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : ke meaning "outer city" or "strongest" and Chinese : 孫 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : sun meaning "grandson"; many Filipino surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are of Chinese origin, Hispanized version of 孫 ( sun ). He later boarded at
10283-609: The preservation of Southern Min vocabulary since the late 19th century. On October 14, 2006, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan announced the Taiwanese Romanization System or Tâi-lô based on POJ as the standard spelling system for Southern Min. The name pe̍h-ōe-jī ( Chinese : 白話字 ; pinyin : Báihuà zì ) means "vernacular writing", written characters representing everyday spoken language. The name vernacular writing could be applied to many kinds of writing, romanized and character-based, but
10396-463: The purpose of the creation of POJ as being pedagogical in nature, closely allied to educating Christian converts . The first people to use a romanized script to write Southern Min were Spanish missionaries in Manila in the 16th century. However, it was used mainly as a teaching aid for Spanish learners of Southern Min, and seems not to have had any influence on the development of pe̍h-ōe-jī . In
10509-725: The second hyphen. In addition to the standard syllables detailed above, there are several regional variations of Hokkien which can be represented with non-standard or semi-standard spellings. In the Zhangzhou -type varieties, spoken in Zhangzhou , parts of Taiwan (particularly the northeastern coast around Yilan City ), and parts of Malaysia (particularly in Penang ), there is a final ⟨-uiⁿ⟩ , for example in "egg" ⟨nūi⟩ and "cooked rice" ⟨pūiⁿ⟩ , which has merged with ⟨-ng⟩ in mainstream Taiwanese. Zhangzhou-type varieties may also have
10622-476: The spread of the romanization. In 1964, use of Taiwanese in schools or official settings was forbidden, and transgression in schools was punished with beatings, fines and humiliation. The Taiwan Church News (printed in POJ) was banned in 1969, and only allowed to return a year later when the publishers agreed to print it in Chinese characters . In the 1970s, the Nationalist government in Taiwan completely prohibited
10735-460: The subdivided estates to increase their income. Quezon desired to follow the constitutional mandate on the promotion of social justice. When the Commonwealth was created, its economy was stable and promising. With foreign trade peaking at ₱ 400 million , the upward trend in business resembled a boom. Export crops were generally good and, except for tobacco, were in high demand. The value of Philippine exports reached ₱320,896,000 ,
10848-610: The term pe̍h-ōe-jī is commonly restricted to the Southern Min romanization system developed by Presbyterian missionaries in the 19th century. The missionaries who invented and refined the system used, instead of the name pe̍h-ōe-jī , various other terms, such as "Romanized Amoy Vernacular" and "Romanized Amoy Colloquial." The origins of the system and its extensive use in the Christian community have led to it being known by some modern writers as "Church Romanization" ( 教會羅馬字 ; Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī ; Jiàohuì Luōmǎzì ) and
10961-419: The tone depending on the position of the syllable in any given sentence or utterance. However, like pinyin for Mandarin Chinese , POJ always marks the citation tone (i.e. the original, pre-sandhi tone) rather than the tone which is actually spoken. This means that when reading aloud the reader must adjust the tone markings on the page to account for sandhi. Some textbooks for learners of Southern Min mark both
11074-620: The use of pe̍h-ōe-jī was suppressed and Taiwanese kana encouraged; it faced further suppression during the Kuomintang martial law period (1947–1987). In Fujian, use declined after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949) and by the early 21st century the system was not in general use there. However, Taiwanese Christians , non-native learners of Southern Min, and native-speaker enthusiasts in Taiwan are among those that continue to use pe̍h-ōe-jī . Full computer support
11187-399: The use of "native languages" (i.e. Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka, and the non-Sinitic Formosan languages ) in church work became illegal. The ban on POJ bibles was overturned in 1959, but churches were "encouraged" to use character bibles instead. Government activities against POJ intensified in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when several publications were banned or seized in an effort to prevent
11300-583: The use of POJ, causing it to decline. In 1974, the Government Information Office banned A Dictionary of Southern Min , with a government official saying: "We have no objection to the dictionary being used by foreigners. They could use it in mimeographed form. But we don't want it published as a book and sold publicly because of the Romanization it contains. Chinese should not be learning Chinese through Romanization." Also in
11413-582: The vowel / ɛ /, written as ⟨ɛ⟩ or ⟨e͘ ⟩ (with a dot above right, by analogy with ⟨o͘ ⟩ ), which has merged with ⟨e⟩ in Taiwanese. Goân-khí-thâu Siōng-tè chhòng-chō thiⁿ kap tōe. Tōe sī khang-khang hūn-tūn; chhim-ian ê bin-chiūⁿ o͘-àm; Siōng-tè ê Sîn ūn-tōng tī chúi-bīn. Siōng-tè kóng, Tio̍h ū kng, chiū ū kng. Siōng-tè khòaⁿ kng, sī hó; Siōng-tè chiong kng àm pun-khui. Siōng-tè kiò hit ê kng chòe Ji̍t, kiò àm chòe Mî. Ū ê-hng ū chá-khí sī thâu chi̍t-ji̍t. Genesis 1:1–5 Due to POJ's origins in
11526-460: The writer and the reader to have the correct custom font installed. Another solution was to replace troublesome characters with near equivalents, for example substituting ⟨ä⟩ for ⟨ā⟩ or using a standard ⟨o⟩ followed by an interpunct to represent ⟨ o͘ ⟩ . With the introduction into Unicode 4.1.0 of the combining character U+0358 ◌͘ COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT in 2004, all
11639-520: Was a threat to the country. Quezon and McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families on Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees on Polillo . Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Refugee Committee of land adjacent to his family home in Marikina to house homeless refugees in Marikina Hall (the present-day Philippine School of Business Administration ), which was dedicated on 23 April 1940. After
11752-601: Was achieved in 2004 with the release of Unicode 4.1.0, and POJ is now implemented in many fonts , input methods , and is used in extensive online dictionaries. Versions of pe̍h-ōe-jī have been devised for other Southern Chinese varieties , including Hakka and Teochew Southern Min . Other related scripts include Pha̍k-oa-chhi for Gan , Pha̍k-fa-sṳ for Hakka , Bǽh-oe-tu for Hainanese , Bàng-uâ-cê for Fuzhou , Pe̍h-ūe-jī for Teochew , Gṳ̿ing-nǎing Lô̤-mǎ-cī for Northern Min , and Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍ for Pu-Xian Min . In 2006,
11865-674: Was administered by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines José Abad Santos . Corregidor was chosen as the venue of the inauguration and temporary seat of the government in-exile to take refuge from the uninterrupted Japanese bombing raids during the Japanese invasion . As crises mounted in the Pacific, the Philippines prepared for war. Youth military training under General Douglas MacArthur
11978-591: Was also support from the then opposition party, the Democratic Progressive Party , for writing in the language. From a total of 26 documented orthographies for Taiwanese in 1987 (including defunct systems), there were a further 38 invented from 1987 to 1999, including 30 different romanizations, six adaptations of bopomofo and two hangul -like systems. Some commentators believe that the Kuomintang, while steering clear of outright banning of
12091-502: Was another constitutional question. After a one-year study, the Institute of National Language recommended that Tagalog be the basis for a national language. The proposal was well-received, despite the fact that director Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray , this is because Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is a native Tagalog-speaking area. In December 1937, Quezon issued a proclamation approving the institute's recommendation and declaring that
12204-502: Was being used to hide "concealed codes and secret revolutionary messages". In the climate of the ongoing war the government banned the Taiwan Church News in 1942 as it was written in POJ. Initially the Kuomintang government in Taiwan had a liberal attitude towards "local dialects" (i.e. non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese). The National Languages Committee produced booklets outlining versions of Zhuyin fuhao for writing
12317-676: Was brought by former Governor-General and High Commissioner Frank Murphy aboard the USS ; Princeton and re-interred in the Manila North Cemetery on 17 July 1946. Those were then moved to a miniature copy of Napoleon's tomb at the Quezon Memorial Shrine in Quezon City , on 1 August 1979. Order of the Golden Heart (Philippines) The Order of the Golden Heart ( Orden ng Gintong Puso )
12430-509: Was enacted, as well as a law providing an eight-hour workday and a tenancy law for Filipino farmers. The position of public defender was created to assist the poor. Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots and homes at a nominal cost and under terms affordable by their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate. He also began a cooperative system of agriculture among owners of
12543-575: Was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur and asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; if not, Quezon would return to Manila and allow himself to become a prisoner of war. MacArthur replied that if the Filipinos fighting the Japanese learned that he returned to Manila and became a Japanese puppet, they would consider him a turncoat. Quezon then heard another broadcast by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his fellow Filipino officials to yield to superior Japanese forces. Quezon wrote
12656-738: Was intensified. The first blackout practice was held on the night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First aid was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon established the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, with branches in provinces and towns. Air-raid drills were also held. In cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt , Quezon facilitated the entry into the Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe and took on critics who were convinced by propaganda that Jewish settlement
12769-408: Was introduced during the Japanese era in Taiwan (1895–1945) in the form of Taiwanese kana , a system designed as a teaching aid and pronunciation guide, rather than an independent orthography like POJ. During the Japanese rule period, the Japanese government began suppressing POJ, banning classes, and forcing the cessation of publications like the Taiwan Church News . From the 1930s onwards, with
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