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147-475: The Manila Railroad Company ( MRR ) was a Filipino state-owned enterprise responsible for the management and operation of rail transport in the island of Luzon . It was originally established by an Englishman named Edmund Sykes as the private Manila Railway Co., Ltd. on June 1, 1887. British engineer Horace L. Higgins was then assigned at the helm in Manila as its first general manager . On July 7, 1906,

294-558: A cabeza de barangay in 1895 when the Maura Law called for the reorganization of local governments. At the age of 25, Aguinaldo became Cavite el Viejo's first gobernadorcillo capitan municipal (municipal governor-captain) while he was on a business trip in Mindoro . On January 1, 1895, Aguinaldo became a Freemason , joining Pilar Lodge No. 203, Imus, Cavite by the codename "Colon". On March 7, 1895, Santiago Alvarez, whose father

441-572: A commonwealth , and presidential elections were held as part of a ten-year transition to complete independence. Aguinaldo returned to public life and ran for the presidency as the candidate of the National Socialist Party (no relation to the German Nazi Party ) against the highly popular Nacionalista Party candidate Manuel L. Quezon and Republican Party candidate Gregorio Aglipay . However, Aguinaldo's capture by

588-805: A skyscraper in New York City . The Insular Government of the Philippine Islands has proposed to acquire the Manila Railroad system in the midst of World War I . On February 2, 1916, the London-based Manila Railway Company (1906) Limited and the Manila Railroad Company of New Jersey were both acquired by the government and were incorporated into the new state-owned Manila Railroad Company. Higgins stepped down as president and

735-478: A cooling-off period so that eventually the Bonifacio brothers would be forgiven and pardoned. Antonio Luna was a highly regarded general in the revolution who was sometimes at odds with Aguinaldo. On June 2, 1899, Luna received one telegram (he failed to receive two others) sent by Aguinaldo himself, According to Ambeth Ocampo, the message that Aguinaldo sent stated "Felipe Buencamino is detained without ordering

882-560: A decree replacing his dictatorial government with a revolutionary government with himself as president upon the recommendation of his adviser Apolinario Mabini . The decree defined the organization of the central government and the establishment and the election of delegates to the Revolutionary Congress and to prepare the shift from a revolutionary government to a republic. By May 1898, Filipino troops had cleared Cavite of Spanish forces. In late June 1898, Aguinaldo, with

1029-550: A headquarters there in what is now called "Aguinaldo Cave" in Biak-na-Bato National Park . In late October 1897, Aguinaldo convened an assembly of generals at Biak-na-Bato that decided to establish a constitutional republic. A constitution, patterned closely after the Cuban Constitution, was drawn up by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer and provided for the creation of a Supreme Council composed of

1176-614: A minority stake at the Manila Hotel and its revenues were stated in its annual reports. In 1919, the hotel became a subsidiary of the MRR after nationalization. The ownership of the hotel was eventually transferred to the Government Services Insurance System (GSIS) on January 28, 1975 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 645. The hotel was then reprivatized in 1995. The Manila Railroad's maritime branch

1323-609: A much bigger force to march against Silang to take on the Katipuneros from the rear, and he would engage the Filipinos head on. On February 13, 1897, Aguinaldo ordered soldiers to plant dynamite along the bridge and to place pointed bamboo sticks in the river beds below the bridge. Several hours later, 12,000 Spaniards began to cross the bridge. The trap was sprung, and the dynamite was detonated, which killed several Spanish troops and injured many more. The rebels then emerged from

1470-631: A much larger force of 3,000 men. When Spanish troops arrived at the Isabel II Bridge , they were fired upon by the concealed rebels. The Spanish force was routed, withdrawing in disorder with substantial casualties. Among the abandoned Spanish weapons was Aguirre's sword, which was carried by Aguinaldo in future battles. Alarmed by previous siege, led by General Aguinaldo in Imus, in September 1896, Governor-General Ramón Blanco y Erenas ordered

1617-637: A number of Americans handled the post of president and general manager, most notably United States Army colonel and Republican National Committee member for the Philippines Henry Bayard McCoy (1866–1923). This brief period between 1916 and 1923 introduced the Americanization of the MRR. American-built tender locomotives replaced the aging Scottish-built tank locomotives and lighter-built tender locomotives. Annual reports have also adopted American English conventions as

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1764-673: A president, a vice president, a Secretary of War, and a Secretary of the Treasury. Aguinaldo was named president. In March 1897, Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella , the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines , had been encouraging prominent Filipinos to contact Aguinaldo for a peaceful settlement of the conflict. On August 9, the Manila lawyer Pedro Paterno met with Aguinaldo at Biak-na-Bato with

1911-460: A proclamation upon the advice of his war counselor Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista , and Aguinaldo assumed the command of all Philippine forces and established a dictatorial government with himself as titular dictator and power vested upon him to administer decrees promulgated under his sole responsibility. The dictatorial government was provisional in character until peace was established and unrestrained liberty attained. Dean Worcester wrote, "although

2058-457: A proposal for peace based on reforms and amnesty. In succeeding months, Paterno conducted shuttle diplomacy , acting as an intermediary between de Rivera and Aguinaldo. On December 14–15, 1897, Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato under which Aguinaldo effectively agreed to end hostilities and to dissolve his government in exchange for amnesty and "₱800,000 (Mexican)" (Aguinaldo's description of

2205-661: A public objective. For that reason, SOEs primarily operate in the domain of infrastructure (e.g., railway companies), strategic goods and services (e.g., postal services, arms manufacturing and procurement), natural resources and energy (e.g., nuclear facilities, alternative energy delivery), politically sensitive business, broadcasting, banking, demerit goods (e.g., alcoholic beverages ), and merit goods (healthcare). SOEs can also help foster industries that are "considered economically desirable and that would otherwise not be developed through private investments". When nascent or 'infant' industries have difficulty getting investments from

2352-624: A rally in Manila to disrupt Quezon's inauguration and even assassinate him. However, this planned event was never actually carried out. Aguinaldo continued to criticize Quezon throughout the latter's presidency, expressing anti-semitic views when opposing Quezon's plan to shelter Jews fleeing from the Holocaust . In 1939, Aguinaldo vigorously expressed his antisemitism by echoing bigoted notions that Jewish people were "dangerous" and "selfishly materialistic". The two men formally reconciled in 1941, when Quezon moved Flag Day to June 12 to commemorate

2499-495: A regular enterprise, state-owned enterprises are typically expected to be less efficient due to political interference, but unlike profit-driven enterprises they are more likely to focus on government objectives. In Eastern Europe and Western Europe , there was a massive nationalization throughout the 20th century, especially after World War II . In the Eastern Bloc , countries adopted very similar policies and models to

2646-428: A result. Metropolitan, having been a long-time supplier of coaches under Higgins, stopped manufacturing for the country in 1923. American Car and Foundry Company stepped in as their replacement afterwards. McCoy was then succeeded by the agency's first Filipino general manager, Jose B. Paez. The MRR during his term established its own rolling stock manufacturing facility in its Caloocan workshop. Initially tasked with

2793-578: A revolutionary government in place of the Katipunan. Though Bonifacio already considered the Katipunan to be a government, he acquiesced and presided over a convention held on March 22, 1897, in Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite. Aguinaldo was elected president, even though he was occupied with military matters in Imus and not in attendance. Mariano Trias was elected as vice-president, Artemio Ricarte as captain-general, Emiliano Riego de Dios as

2940-687: A separate private entity named the Manila Railroad Company of New Jersey was established. The two companies continued to own the Luzon railroad network until February 4, 1916 when the Insular Government acquired both companies and absorbed them into the new Manila Railroad. The MRR was the largest single railroad operator in the Philippines of its time. It owned 1,140 kilometers (710 mi) of track during its peak in

3087-555: A series of skirmishes at Imus that eventually ended in open hostilities against Spanish troops stationed there. On September 1, with the aid of Captain Jose Tagle of Imus, they laid siege against Imus to draw the Spanish out. A Spanish relief column commanded by Brigadier-General Ernesto de Aguirre had been dispatched from Manila to aid the beleaguered Spanish defenders of Imus. Supported only by 100 troops and by cavalry, Aguirre gave

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3234-684: A telegram to Aguinaldo to confirm his arrival. Upon arriving at Cabanatuan on June 5, Luna alone proceeded to the headquarters to communicate with the president. As he went up the stairs, he ran into two men: Felipe Buencamino, Minister of Foreign Affairs and a member of the Cabinet; and Captain Pedro Janolino. The commander of the Kawit Battalion, Janolino was an old enemy whom Luna had disarmed for insubordination, and once threatened with arrest for favoring American autonomy. General Luna

3381-562: Is a viable argument for SOEs is debated. SOEs are also frequently employed in areas where the government wants to levy user fees , but finds it politically difficult to introduce new taxation. Next, SOEs can be used to improve efficiency of public service delivery or as a step towards (partial) privatization or hybridization. SOEs can also be a means to alleviate fiscal stress, as SOEs may not count towards states' budgets. Compared to government bureaucracy, state owned enterprises might be beneficial because they reduce politicians' influence over

3528-764: Is approximately 70% of total employment. State-owned enterprises are thus a major factor behind Belarus's high employment rate and a source of stable employment. In most OPEC countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. A notable example is the Saudi Arabian national oil company , Saudi Aramco , which the Saudi government bought in 1988, changing its name from Arabian American Oil Company to Saudi Arabian Oil Company. The Saudi government also owns and operates Saudi Arabian Airlines , and owns 70% of SABIC as well as many other companies. China's state-owned enterprises are owned and managed by

3675-617: Is highlighted in the predominant local terminology, with SOEs in Canada referred to as a " Crown corporation ", and in New Zealand as a " Crown entity ". The term " government-linked company " (GLC) is sometimes used, for example in Malaysia , to refer to private or public (listed on a stock exchange) corporate entities in which the government acquires a stake using a holding company . The two main definitions of GLCs are dependent on

3822-494: Is marching towards Aguinaldo's rear. On February 15, 1897, the Spaniards launched the powerful Cavite offensive to drive and crush Filipino revolutionaries under Aguinaldo and his Magdalo forces that held numerous victories against the Spanish in the early stages of the revolution. Renewed and fully equipped with 100 cannons, 23,000 Spanish cazadores forces under Major General Jose de Lachambre saw town after town fall back to

3969-489: Is unclear whether municipally owned corporations and enterprises held by regional public bodies are considered state-owned). Next, it is contestable under what circumstances a SOE qualifies as "owned" by a state (SOEs can be fully owned or partially owned; it is difficult to determine categorically what level of state ownership would qualify an entity to be considered as state-owned since governments can also own regular stock , without implying any special interference). Finally,

4116-873: The Auto Lines division, which had the Benguet Auto Line, Luzon Bus Lines, and for a short period, the Mindanao Motor Line. The Manila Railroad's Auto Lines subsidiary became the PNR Motor Services in 1964. It was later merged into the Metro Manila Transit Corporation (MMTC) sometime between 1984 and 1988. The PNR Motor Services in Metro Manila became the Metrobus in 1990 as the bus equivalent of

4263-640: The General Plan for Railroads in the Island of Luzon on August 6 and was approved by the King Alfonso later that month. In 1882, a detailed design was made for the Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan leading to Pangasinan . Bids were laid out on January 26, 1885. The sole bidder was led by Englishman Edmund Hett Sykes' Manila Railway Company, Limited , known to the Spanish as Don Edmundo . His bid

4410-720: The Imperial Japanese Army took control of the Philippines in the midst of World War II . After Paez stepped down from his post as general manager, the Japanese Railway Corps took control of the Manila Railroad on January 1, 1942. The company was then placed under the administration of the Riku′un Kanrikyoku or the Land Transportation Management Bureau. The first train from Manila to San Fernando, Pampanga

4557-536: The London -based Manila Railway Company (1906), Limited and the Manila Railroad Company of New Jersey . That same year, the company managed to acquire its first tender locomotives in the form of the Manila Railway 100 class . The Philippine entity has been renamed into the Manila Railroad Company soon after. Before 1913, the MRR's American board of directors transferred from New Jersey to 45 Nassau Street ,

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4704-508: The Metrotren . However, this service was short-lived as the MMTC became bankrupt in 1995, splitting into four companies. One of the four companies that emerged from the split, DCOMMP Transport, was acquired by HM Transport in 2017. The MRR hosted hospital trains in the 1930s which used older rolling stock including a 70 class locomotive No. 79 and an express coach. The MRR initially had

4851-524: The Moro people , where he served as an engineer in what is now Tukuran , Zamboanga del Sur . Construction began on July 31, 1887. Rolling stock acquisition began almost immediately with the five Manila class light-duty tank locomotives built in 1885 and 1886, though its operations were initially handed over to the Manila Tranvías . Soon after, the first mainline locomotives were ordered in

4998-492: The North–South Commuter Railway project. During the early 20th century, passenger trains had flatcars which carried carriages and early cars as some sort of a proto- autorack . State-owned enterprise The terminology around the term state-owned enterprise is murky. All three words in the term are challenged and subject to interpretation. First, it is debatable what the term "state" implies (e.g., it

5145-649: The Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain in his own mansion house in Cavite El Viejo, believing that declaration would inspire the Filipino people to eagerly rise against the Spaniards. On June 18, he issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government in which he also provided the organization of the local government and the establishment and the composition of the Revolutionary Congress. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued

5292-572: The Philippine–American War (1899–1901). Though he was not recognized as president outside of the revolutionary Philippines , he is regarded in the Philippines as having been the country's first president during the period of the First Philippine Republic . Aguinaldo is known as a national hero in the Philippines. However, he is also known to be somewhat controversial in the country due to his alleged involvement in

5439-561: The State Railway of Thailand to purchase their own version of the 2000 class during the mid-1960s during the transition period from MRR to PNR. While both versions featured a shovelnose design due to the shape of the cowcatcher , the Thai UM12Cs instead had a dual-cab layout with a cab-over design similar to other railroads in mainland Asia compared to the more Americanized cab used by the MRR. These UM12Cs remain in service into

5586-715: The State-owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) . China's state-owned enterprises generally own and operate public services, resource extraction or defense. As of 2017 , China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies. China's SOEs perform functions such as: contributing to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes, supporting urban employment, keeping key input prices low, channeling capital towards targeted industries and technologies, supporting sub-national redistribution to poorer interior and western provinces, and aiding

5733-571: The Tejeros Convention , Aguinaldo was voted in absentia as president of the reorganized revolutionary government. Colonel Vicente Riego de Dios was sent by the assembly to fetch Aguinaldo, who was in Pasong Santol. Aguinaldo refused to come and Crispulo Aguinaldo , his older brother, was sent to talk to him. Crispulo greeted and talked to his brother and explained his purpose, but Aguinaldo was hesitant to leave his post because of

5880-773: The Treaty of Paris had been signed; it transferred the Philippines from Spain to the United States for the sum of $ 20 million. The First Philippine Republic was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 21, 1899, in Malolos , Bulacan and endured until capture of Aguinaldo by the American forces on March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela , which effectively dissolved

6027-547: The United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands , with Major-General Wesley Merritt as the first American Military Governor . On the night of February 4, 1899, a Filipino was shot by an American sentry. That incident was considered to be the beginning of the Philippine–American War and culminated in the 1899 Battle of Manila between American and Filipino forces. Superior American military technology drove Filipino troops away from

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6174-835: The "Supreme Council of the Nation". On April 25, the Spanish–American War began. The war mostly focused on Cuba, but the US Navy 's Asiatic Squadron was in Hong Kong and, commanded by Commodore George Dewey , it sailed for the Philippines. On May 1, 1898, in the Battle of Manila Bay , the squadron engaged attacked and destroyed the Spanish Army and Navy's Pacific Squadron and proceeded to blockade Manila. Several days later, Dewey agreed to transport Aguinaldo from Hong Kong to

6321-417: The $ MXN800,000 amount) as an indemnity. The documents were signed on December 14–15, 1897. On December 23, Aguinaldo and other revolutionary officials departed for Hong Kong to enter voluntary exile . MXN$ 400,000, representing the first installment of the indemnity, was deposited into Hong Kong banks. In exile, Aguinaldo reorganized his revolutionary government into the "Hong Kong Junta" and enlarged it into

6468-569: The 1962 Independence Day observances. On August 4, 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 officially proclaimed June 12 to be Philippine Independence Day and renamed the Fourth of July holiday as "Philippine Republic Day". On January 1, 1896, he married his first wife, Hilaria del Rosario (1877–1921). They had five children: Carmen Aguinaldo-Melencio, Emilio "Jun" R. Aguinaldo Jr., Maria Aguinaldo-Poblete, Cristina Aguinaldo-Suntay, and Miguel Aguinaldo. Hilaria died of pulmonary tuberculosis on March 6, 1921, at

6615-473: The 2020s unlike the 2000 class which were scrapped altogether in the 1990s until 2000. Despite after almost 150 years since the first plans were submitted, the original proposed network for the Manila Railroad in Luzon never managed to reach its full extent and was never expanded from there. Several of the initial lines remained in proposal stage to this day such as the Cagayan Valley extension becoming

6762-469: The 4th Battalion of Cazadores from Spain to aid him in quelling the rebellion in Cavite. On November 3, 1896, the battalion arrived carrying a squadron of 1,328 men and some 55 officers. Also, Blanco ordered about 8,000 men who recently came from Cuba and Spain to join in suppressing the rebellion. Prior to the land attacks, Spanish naval raids were conducted on the shores of Cavite, where cannons bombarded

6909-494: The Americans in 1901 as well as his allegations in the deaths of Bonifacio and Luna had since made him an unpopular figure among the Filipino people, and he lost to Quezon in a landslide, gaining only 17.5% of the popular vote. Despite his decisive defeat, however, Aguinaldo refused to accept the results of the election, believing it to be rigged against him. In Cavite, the only province he had won, Aguinaldo's supporters plotted

7056-621: The Aringay line were scrapped during the Americans' northward advance. The nameplate belonging to No. 306 Mirador was rescued from the rubble and was restored much later in the California State Railroad Museum . The Luzon Military Railway, the temporary name of the Manila Railroad during the Philippines Campaign, was renamed back to the Manila Railroad in 1946. At the same time, Sergio Bayan filled

7203-660: The Cagayan Valley line. Prior to 1961, the extent of the line that was already completed became the San Jose branch of the North Main Line. On July 15, the MRR started work on the Cagayan line. A book was published which also contains the intentions to expand the existing MRR network to Mindanao and Eastern Visayas with ferries connecting all of them. Macapagal defeated Garcia for the presidential bid in 1961. His administration hosted visits of two Asian monarchs in 1962 and 1963. MRR readily involved in transporting these heads of state and their spouses outside of Manila. Crown Prince Akihito of Japan and Princess Michiko also visited

7350-448: The Cavite rebels won major victories in carefully planned and well-timed set-piece battles and temporarily drove the Spanish out of their area. On August 31, 1896, Aguinaldo started the assault by beginning as a skirmish to the full-blown revolt Kawit Revolt . He marched with his army of bolomen to the town center of Kawit. Prior to the battle, Aguinaldo strictly ordered his men not to kill anyone in his hometown. Upon his men's arrival at

7497-410: The Crown. Starting the offensive at Pamplona, Cavite, and Bayungyungan, Batangas, Lachambre's men later marched deep into the heart of Aguinaldo's home province. Having just won the Battle of Zapote Bridge , Aguinaldo turned his attention at the new Spanish threat and was determined to recapture most of Cavite. Aguinaldo decided to deploy his forces at Pasong Santol, a bottleneck of Perez Dasmariñas on

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7644-540: The Empire of Japan and as a result, Aguinaldo's charges were dropped and his trial was never held. On July 4, 1946, after the end of World War II and Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the U.S. recognized the Philippines as an independent and sovereign nation. In 1950, President Elpidio Quirino appointed Aguinaldo as a member of the Philippine Council of State , where he served a full term. He returned to retirement soon afterward and dedicated his time and attention to veteran soldiers' "interests and welfare." He

7791-447: The First Republic. Aguinaldo wrote in Tarlac during the First Republic the Tagalog manuscript of his autobiographical work, which would later be translated by Felipe Buencamino into Spanish and released as Reseña Veridica de la Revolucion Filipina (in English, True Account of the Philippine Revolution ). On August 13, 1898, American forces had captured Manila during the "mock" Battle of Manila and on August 14, 1898, established

7938-473: The Kawit Battalion. Janolino swung his bolo at Luna, wounding him in the head. Janolino's men fired at Luna while others started stabbing him even as he tried to fire his revolver at one of his attackers. He staggered out into the plaza where Román and Rusca were rushing to his aid, but as he lay dying, they too were set upon and shot, with Román being killed and Rusca being severely wounded. Luna received more than 30 wounds and uttered "Traitors! Assassins!" He

8085-421: The MRR one of the first customers of the new GE Universal Series diesel locomotives. In August 1956, the remaining steam locomotives were retired from all its flagship services regardless of their age. Asides from GE, the agency also ordered several passenger cars from Japanese manufacturers. Carlos P. Garcia succeeded Magsaysay as the president in March 1957 after the latter died in a plane crash and continued

8232-461: The MRR, only three were saved while only one pre-war railcar and a few post-war steel coaches remain. All tender were scrapped in the remaining years of the 20th century. The last remaining diesel locomotive from this era, Manila Railroad No. 4010 was transferred to the Victorias Milling Company as No. 41, although this locomotive has already been shelved as of 2022. The Manila Railroad also expanded its business beyond rail transport. The MRR also had

8379-463: The Manila Railway. Additionally, the remaining serviceable stock were rebuilt from 1946 and became the 4, 5, and 6 series coaches. A number of ex-US Army locomotives were also acquired such as the 800 class USA and the 8500 class diesel switchers. The first steel-bodied cars, marked 7C, were acquired from the Pullman Car Company in 1948. A purchase of seven 4-8-2 locomotives followed in 1949 to replace Manila Railroad 170 class units destroyed by

8526-506: The Mindanao railroad system, it succeeded in modernizing the Manila Railroad's rolling stock , acquiring more steel passenger cars and the dieselization of its fleet. In 1953, Magsaysay was elected as President of the Philippines and continued the construction of the Cagayan Valley line during his term. The following year, general manager Salvador Villa started the MRR dieselization program as previously proposed by De Leuw. He ordered 40 locomotives from GE Transportation which in turn made

8673-434: The Minister of Finance II, the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of the Economic Planning Unit, the Chief Secretary to the Government, Secretary General of Treasury and the heads of each of the GLICs (the Employees Provident Fund, Khazanah Nasional Berhad , Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (the armed forces pension fund), Lembaga Tabung Haji and Permodalan Nasional Berhad . Khazanah Nasional Berhad provided

8820-442: The North Long Haul East while the line to San Fernando and the proposed extension to Laoag becoming the North Long Haul West, the original 1936 plans for the expansion to Mindanao becoming the Mindanao Railway , and the reconstruction of the old southern line became the PNR South Long Haul project. Lastly, most of the traces of the Manila Railroad were lost to history. Out of the hundreds of locomotives and railcars that entered

8967-437: The North Main Line to La Union was reopened on July 21, 1942. The South Main Line was the last to reopen, having been reopened in March 1943. The Japanese then extended Main Line North from San Fernando, La Union to Sudipen near the border with Ilocos Sur . The extension held its groundbreaking ceremony on April 6, 1943 and the line was opened by the Riku′un Kanrikyoku in January 1944. The extension from Bacnotan to Sudipen

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9114-432: The Philippines Basilio Augustín , who refused them initially since he believed that more Spanish troops would be sent to lift the siege. As the combined forces of Filipinos and Americans were closing in, Augustín realized that his position was hopeless, secretly continued to negotiate with Aguinaldo, and even offered ₱1 million, but Aguinaldo refused. When the Spanish Cortes learned of Augustín's attempt to negotiate

9261-417: The Philippines aboard the USS McCulloch , which left Hong Kong with Aguinaldo on May 16 and arrived in Cavite on May 19. Aguinaldo promptly resumed the command of revolutionary forces and besieged Manila. Aguinaldo had brought with him the draft constitution of Mariano Ponce for the establishment of federal revolutionary republic upon his return to Manila, but on May 24, 1898, in Cavite, Aguinaldo issued

9408-446: The Philippines nonetheless charged Aguinaldo with 11 counts of treason for his "wholehearted" support for and collaboration with the Empire of Japan. Aguinaldo was 77 when the US government recognized Philippine independence in the Treaty of Manila on July 4, 1946, in accordance with the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934. On January 28, 1948, Philippine president Manuel Roxas granted amnesty to all Filipinos who had collaborated with

9555-466: The RMC class from 1955. By the mid and late 1950s, steam locomotives were being phased out in favor of diesel. Starting on August 12, 1956, the MRR was one of the first to retire its steam locomotives from flagship passenger operations. The last regular run of steam locomotives happened in 1963 while the last special operation happened during the filming of the war film Harimao in 1989. Electrification and standard-gauge specifications were proposed for

9702-849: The USSR. Governments in Western Europe, both left and right of centre, saw state intervention as necessary to rebuild economies shattered by war. Government control over natural monopolies like industry was the norm. Typical sectors included telephones , electric power , fossil fuels , iron ore , railways , airlines , media , postal services , banks , and water . Many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including, among many others: British Steel Corporation , Equinor , and Águas de Portugal . A state-run enterprise may operate differently from an ordinary limited liability corporation. For example, in Finland, state-run enterprises ( liikelaitos ) are governed by separate laws. Even though responsible for their own finances, they cannot be declared bankrupt ;

9849-408: The United States, formally ending the First Republic and recognizing the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines. He published a manifesto in which he acknowledged that most of the Filipino people had united around the United States, declaring "unmistakably in favor of peace", said, "a complete termination of hostilities and lasting peace are not only desirable, but absolutely essential to

9996-443: The United States... And the Spaniards made way for me and treated me as their brother on that significant day..." On May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal changed the celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 to honor Aguinaldo and the Revolution of 1898, rather than the establishment of the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands by the United States. Although in poor health by that point, Aguinaldo attended

10143-412: The West. The company was criticized for having light-duty locomotives and a cramped first-class railcars and boxcars that were unfit for long-distance travel. The trains also ran slowly at a top speed of 32 km/h (20 mph). It was not until the mid-1900s when the Manila Railway started acquiring tender locomotives and longer railcars. The introduction of American technology to the Philippines boosted

10290-424: The assassination of Luna. During the American period, Aguinaldo largely retired from public life, though continued to support groups that advocated for immediate independence and helped veterans of the struggle. He organized the Asociación de los Veteranos de la Revolución ( Association of Veterans of the Revolution ) to secure pensions for its members and made arrangements for them to buy land by installments from

10437-422: The assembly of railcars or coaches, the MRR soon started manufacturing its own stock. In 1929, the MRR started manufacturing the country's first multiple unit train. No. 65, the twenty-first 45 class locomotive, was assembled in 1932. Not long after in 1936, then-Philippine president Manuel L. Quezon initiated plans for what would become the Mindanao Railway , an electrified standard-gauge railway compared to

10584-588: The bushes, fought hand to hand, and repelled consecutive waves of enemy troops charging across the river. Edilberto Evangelista was shot in the head and died. Cavite Province gradually emerged as the Revolution's hotbed, and the Aguinaldo-led Katipuneros had a string of victories there. After the battle, the demoralized Spanish soldiers retreated towards Muntinlupa. While Polavieja was poised to strike at Zapote, another Spanish contingent

10731-466: The cathedral for the surprise of the Spaniards. And they asked me why I had come to the funeral of the King of Spain against whom I rose up in rebellion... And, I told them that he is still my King because under Spain we were always Spanish subjects, or citizens, but now, under the United States, we are only a consumer market for their exports, if not pariahs, because they never made us citizens of any state of

10878-479: The city's liberation. The Magdalo faction of the Katipunan, which also operated in Cavite under Gen. Aguinaldo, used flags similar to those used by the Magdiwang faction and featuring a white sun with a red baybayin symbol for Ka . The symbol has recently been revived by a breakaway group of army officers to show the end of war with Spain after the peace agreement. The flag became the first official banner of

11025-437: The city, and Aguinaldo's government had to move from one place to another as defeats mounted. At the Battle of Marilao River , Aguinaldo himself took command in a desperate attempt to prevent American crossings. The Americans gained superiority in the battle only after severe fighting and the use of gunboats in the river that "made great execution" of Filipino soldiers. On November 13, 1899, Aguinaldo issued an order disbanding

11172-625: The company after Aguinaldo completed his escape. Despite being initially in Filipino hands, the American occupation of the Manila Railway and the Tranvía became instrumental in accelerating the decline of the First Philippine Republic and eventual capture of Aguinaldo in Isabela. Insurgencies came afterwards for the remaining Filipino forces during the war. American forces marked the rolling stock with various military company insignia until

11319-543: The competitiveness of the new Manila Railroad. The MRR acquired Meyer locomotives from Kitson and Company in 1914. These 2-6-0+0-6-2 locomotives are the first of its kind in Asia and the only operators of the type in the Far East region. In comparison, other railroads operated other forms of articulated locomotives such as Mallets and Garratts for steep inclines. By the 1920s, the Manila Railroad became involved in

11466-549: The construction and assembly of their own rolling stock with designs from Metropolitan, American Car and Foundry, among others. The MRR's Caloocan Workshops built the Rail Motor Car (RMC) class starting in 1929 to replace the remaining tank locomotives on local services. After an accident in 1940, these were rebuilt with diesel engines and became instrumental for the dieselization of the MRR later on. The company then assembled its twenty-first 45 class locomotive in 1932. No. 65

11613-463: The country and amidst a looming financial crisis caused by Garcia's tight currency controls and the Filipino First policy , the Manila Railroad became the present-day Philippine National Railways by the virtue of Republic Act 4156 on June 20, 1964. This name change was patterned after its Japanese counterpart , who also provided railcars for the MRR. In Thailand, the King's visit influenced

11760-406: The country between November 5 and 10, 1962. While their visit continued, the proposed Imperial Train to carry the couple to Baguio was cancelled. A year later on July 9 to 14, King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit of Thailand visited the Philippines and traveled to Bauang , La Union on a 2000 class -hauled royal train operated by the MRR. Not long after the two monarchs' visits to

11907-547: The deaths of the revolutionary leader Andrés Bonifacio and general Antonio Luna , and for his collaboration with the Japanese Empire during their occupation of the Philippines in World War II . Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was born on March 22, 1869 in Cavite el Viejo (present-day Kawit ) in the province of Cavite to Carlos Aguinaldo y Jamir and Trinidad Famy y Villanueva , a couple that had eight children,

12054-492: The director of war, and Andres Bonifacio as director of the interior. The results were questioned by Daniel Tirona for Bonifacio's qualifications for that position. Bonifacio was insulted and declared, "I, as chairman of this assembly, and as President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved." Regardless of

12201-495: The first Mindanao Railway in the late 1930s. Satre (1999) also stated that the Cagayan Valley line tunnels had allowances for electrification in its design due to pollution concerns within the tunnels. However, these never materialized for the rest of the Manila Railroad's days, instead opting for conversion to diesel power. The Philippine National Railways eventually realized this goal in the 2020s, instead focusing in modern-day Mega Manila by rebuilding its existing network as part of

12348-507: The form of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). The Malaysian government launched a GLC Transformation Programme for its linked companies and linked investment companies ("GLICs") on 29 July 2005, aiming over a ten-year period to transform these businesses "into high-performing entities". The Putrajaya Committee on GLC High Performance ("PCG"), which oversaw this programme, was chaired by the Prime Minister , and membership included

12495-551: The form of 30 Dagupan class locomotives from Scotland . Passenger cars were also ordered from the Metropolitan Carriage Company, later Metro-Cammell . These initial sets were quite short compared to those used in Europe and only accommodated first- and second-class passengers with 24 seats each, the remaining third-class passengers were put into modified boxcars . During the Philippine–American War ,

12642-641: The formation of the case. I await your reply to my previous telegram where I request the basis for your accusation. Beseech urgency." Luna wrote to Arcadio Maxilom , military commander of Cebu , to stand firm in the war. Luna set off from Bayambang , first by train, then on horseback, and eventually in three carriages, to Nueva Ecija with 25 of his men. During the journey, two of the carriages broke down and so he proceeded with just one carriage with Colonel Francisco Román and Captain Eduardo Rusca, having earlier shed his cavalry escort. On June 4, Luna sent

12789-682: The government. Displaying the Philippine flag was declared illegal by the Sedition Act of 1907, but it was amended on October 30, 1919. Then, Aguinaldo transformed his home in Kawit into a monument to the flag, the revolution, and the Declaration of Independence. After Aguinaldo's death, the government declared the mansion as a National Shrine in June 1964. In 1935, the Philippines became

12936-438: The help of American allies, who were now landing in Cavite, was now preparing to drive the Spaniards out of Manila. The first contingent of American troops arrived in Cavite on June 30, the second under General Francis V. Greene on July 17, and the third under General Arthur MacArthur Jr on July 30. By then, 12,000 US troops had landed in the Philippines. Aguinaldo had presented surrender terms to Spanish Governor-General of

13083-453: The impression that he had been sent out to suppress a minor disturbance. Aguinaldo and his men counterattacked but suffered heavy losses that almost cost his own life. Despite the success, Aguirre did not press the attack, felt the inadequacy of his troops, and hastened back to Manila to get reinforcements. During the lull in the fighting, Aguinaldo's troops reorganized and prepared for another Spanish attack. On September 3, Aguirre came back with

13230-475: The insurgencies in Luzon ended in the mid-1900s. The negative sentiment of foreign journalists regarding the rolling stock urged the Manila Railway to order more proper railcars. In 1900, Delaware -based Harlan and Hollingsworth and Jackson and Sharp Company provided the first long coaches in the country. Metropolitan also provided their own stock soon after. By 1904, there were 120 passenger cars and 556 freight cars. Two new entities were then formed in 1906,

13377-461: The islands from American occupation. In January 1942, Aguinaldo met with General Masami Maeda at the former's Cavite residence to discuss the creation of a pro-Japanese provisional government. On February 1, Aguinaldo delivered a radio address calling upon General Douglas MacArthur and all American and Filipino troops fighting in the Battle of Bataan to surrender to the Japanese army. Following

13524-456: The lake around Dalahican was strategic by connecting to the interior of Cavite. Apart from defending Binakayan, the Magdalo soldiers also kept the lower part of Dagatan up to Cavite's border near Manila province . Between the barrios of Binakayan and Dalahican, the Spanish forces lost decisively since the Filipino rebels, led by Aguinaldo and Alvarez, routed them back to Cavite Nuevo in which

13671-447: The late 1930s, approximately one-fifth of all the rail network in the country by 1939. It also had various types of rolling stock from the early tank locomotives and boxcars of the 1890s to the diesel-electric GE Universal Series and Japanese-built steel-bodied railcars of the 1950s. Asides from rail transport, the railroad also invested in buses, the water transportation industry and the hospitality industry . The Manila Railroad

13818-412: The leading application of the incomplete contract theory to the issue of state-owned enterprises. These authors compare a situation in which the government is in control of a firm to a situation in which a private manager is in control. The manager can invest to come up with cost-reducing and quality-enhancing innovations. The government and the manager bargain over the implementation of the innovations. If

13965-638: The long-overdue extension of railroad services to the Cagayan Valley , dubbed the Cagayan Valley Railway Extension Project . In 1952, American consultancy firm De Leuw, Cather and Company also made a feasibility study for the construction of a railroad in the island of Mindanao , succeeding Quezon's proposal of 1936 and predating the Mindanao Railway of the present day. While it failed to construct

14112-592: The negotiations fail, the owner can decide about the implementation. It turns out that when cost-reducing innovations do not harm quality significantly, then private firms are to be preferred. Yet, when cost-reductions may strongly reduce quality, state-owned enterprises are superior. Hoppe and Schmitz (2010) have extended this theory in order to allow for a richer set of governance structures, including different forms of public-private partnerships . SOEs are common with natural monopolies , because they allow capturing economies of scale while they can simultaneously achieve

14259-468: The normal population of about 10,000 was now 70,000. Realizing that it was only a matter of time before the city fell and fearing vengeance and looting if the city fell to Filipino revolutionaries, Jáudenes, suggested to Dewey, through the Belgian consul, Édouard André , for the city to be surrendered to the Americans after a short, "mock" battle. Dewey had initially rejected the suggestion because he lacked

14406-430: The nullification, Aguinaldo traveled surreptitiously to San Francisco de Malabon where, on the evening of March 23, he took an oath assuming the office to which he had been elected as Generalissimo of the Philippine Islands. The Spanish Army launched an attack that forced the revolutionary forces under Aguinaldo into a retreat. On June 24, 1897, Aguinaldo arrived at Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan , and established

14553-634: The pending attack of the Spanish in Dasmariñas. Crispulo took over Aguinaldo's leadership in the battle, which had been stalemated since March 7, and Aguinaldo traveled to San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias , Cavite) to take his oath as president. Conflict within the ranks of the Katipunan factions, specifically between the Magdalo and Magdiwang , led to the Imus assembly in Cavite Province, presided over by Bonifacio. The rebels of Cavite were rumored to have made overtures to establish

14700-520: The present-day PNR network. The Manila Railroad is one of the oldest continuous rail operators in Asia through its successor, the Philippine National Railways. In Southeast Asia, the MRR was only second to Indonesia 's Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij which opened in 1873. However, the early days of the Manila Railway era lagged considerably in terms of rail technology compared to countries like Japan , India or

14847-415: The previously vacant spot of general manager and finished Paez's 1941 report. According to a 1952 report, 75 percent of all MRR rolling stock were destroyed during the war. The agency adopted so-called zombie cars as a result to augment passenger coaches destroyed by the war. These were gondola cars and flatcars with trapal tents placed on top to provide cover akin to reused boxcars during the early days of

14994-399: The private sector (perhaps because the good that is being produced requires very risky investments, when patenting is difficult, or when spillover effects exist), the government can help these industries get on the market with positive economic effects. However, the government cannot necessarily predict which industries would qualify as such 'infant industries', and so the extent to which this

15141-449: The proclamation of Philippine independence. On December 8, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded the Philippines . The invasion came ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor that had brought the United States into World War II. Aguinaldo, a longtime admirer of the Japanese Empire , sided with them, as he had previously supported groups that demanded the immediate independence of the Philippines, and entrusted that Japan would free

15288-428: The proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. One definition purports that a company is classified as a GLC if a government owns an effective controlling interest (more than 50%), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a GLC. The act of turning a part of government bureaucracy into a SOE is called corporatization . In economic theory ,

15435-451: The question of whether a firm should be owned by the state or by the private sector is studied in the theory of incomplete contracts developed by Oliver Hart and his co-authors. In a world in which complete contracts were feasible, ownership would not matter because the same incentive structure that prevails under one ownership structure could be replicated under the other ownership structure. Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny (1997) have developed

15582-414: The railroads were rather neutral having supported both Filipino and American forces. Most notably, the Manila Railway was the primary route of escape for then-president Emilio Aguinaldo and his cabinet from the advancing American forces towards Central Luzon. Higgins himself was also involved in the sabotage of a bridge during the Battle of Calumpit . Not long after, the American forces also took control of

15729-464: The remaining Spanish troops would eventually surrender. The successful defenses of Binakayan and Dalahican was considered to be the first major victory of the Filipinos over a colonial power. Newly appointed Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja , was now fully aware that the main weight of the revolution was in Cavite and so decided to launch a two-pronged assault to defeat the revolutionaries, led by Aguinaldo. He ordered General José de Lachambre with

15876-425: The remnants of the Filipino national army; in the same order, he formulated a strategy of guerrilla warfare . Aguinaldo subsequently fled to Northern Luzon , where he continued to exercise command. On March 23, 1901, with the aid of Macabebe Scouts forces led by General Frederick Funston , Aguinaldo was captured in his headquarters in Palanan, Isabela . On April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to

16023-641: The retreat of American forces, Aguinaldo continued his collaboration with the Japanese. He was appointed as a member of both the provisional Council of State as well as the Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence , which was tasked with creating a new constitution for a Japanese puppet state in the Philippines. Aguinaldo also played a key role in the Kenpeitai's campaign to suppress anti-Japanese resistance , urging guerrilla fighters to lay down their arms and surrender to Japan. Aguinaldo

16170-404: The revolution, forced Aguinaldo to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity. According to Aguinaldo, in his two books "Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan" and "A Second Look at America", he stated that his withdrawal of the commutation order/exile did not mean immediate implementation of the death verdict, that Noriel had misconstrued this and acted hastily. He says he wanted a little more time for

16317-484: The revolutionary forces and was blessed in a crowd celebrated at Imus. Aguinaldo referred to this flag in his proclamation of October 31, 1896: "Filipino people!! The hour has arrived to shed blood for the conquest of our liberty. Assemble and follow the flag of the Revolution – it stands for Liberty, Equality and Fraternity." In August 1896, as coordinated attacks broke out and sparked the revolution beginning in Manila. Aguinaldo marched from Kawit with 600 men and launched

16464-609: The revolutionary fortifications in Bacoor, Noveleta, Binakayan, and Cavite Viejo. The most fortified locations in Noveleta were the Dalahican and Dagatan shores, defended by Magdiwang soldiers commanded by General Santiago Alvarez , and the adjacent fishing village of Binakayan in Kawit was fortified by Magdalo under General Aguinaldo. Spanish naval operations were determined to crush the fortifications in these areas, mainly because

16611-498: The revolutionary government. On April 25, 1897, several complaints were sent to Aguinaldo, notably by Severino de las Alas, a known supporter and loyalist of Bonifacio, along with Jose Coronel, and many others, that Bonifacio and his men ransacked, pillaged and burned the town of Indang , stealing the carabaos and other work animals by force and killed them for food and terrorized the townspeople for being unable to give enough supplies and other provisions due to poor harvest. Aguinaldo

16758-573: The secretariat to the PCG and managed the implementation of the programme, which was completed in 2015. As of 2024, Philippines Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) is the most profitable state-owned enterprise in the Philippines. It is the third largest contributor to government revenues, following taxes and customs. Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy QSC CCLH PMM KGCR ( Spanish: [eˈmiljo aɣiˈnaldoj ˈfami] : March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964)

16905-469: The service. Conversely, they might be detrimental because they reduce oversight and increase transaction costs (such as monitoring costs, i.e., it is more difficult and costly to govern and regulate an autonomous SOE than it is the public bureaucracy). Evidence suggests that existing SOEs are typically more efficient than government bureaucracy, but that this benefit diminishes as services get more technical and have less overt public objectives. Compared to

17052-546: The seventh of whom was Emilio. He was baptized and raised in Roman Catholicism . The Aguinaldo family was quite well-to-do as his father, Carlos Aguinaldo, was the community's appointed gobernadorcillo (municipal governor) in the Spanish Viceregal administration. He studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran , but could not finish his studies because of an outbreak of cholera in 1882. He became

17199-465: The state answers for the liabilities. Stocks of the corporation are not sold and loans have to be government-approved, as they are government liabilities. State-owned enterprises are a major component of the economy of Belarus . The Belarusian state-owned economy includes enterprises that are fully state-owned, as well as others which are joint-stock companies with partial ownership by the state. Employment in state-owned or state-controlled enterprises

17346-497: The state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability. China's SOEs are at the forefront of global seaport-building, and most new ports constructed by them are done within the auspices of the Belt and Road Initiative . As of at least 2024, an Ethiopian SOE is Africa's largest and most profitable airline, as well as Ethiopia's largest earner of foreign exchange. In India , government enterprises exist in

17493-415: The steam-powered 3 ft 6 in gauge railways of the Manila Railroad during that time. Construction began immediately, but the project never went past track bed construction when it was abandoned in 1940. Aside from rolling stock, National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture Pablo S. Antonio designed several of the stations. Paez's term with the Manila Railroad then ended on December 31, 1941, when

17640-569: The surrender of his army to Filipinos under Aguinaldo, it was furious and relieved Augustín of his duties effective July 24. He was replaced by Fermin Jáudenes . On June 16, warships departed Spain to lift the siege, but they altered course for Cuba where a Spanish fleet was imperiled by the US Navy. In August 1898, life in Intramuros , the walled center of Manila, had become unbearable, and

17787-657: The term "enterprise" is challenged, as it implies statutes in private law which may not always be present, and so the term "corporations" is frequently used instead. Thus, SOEs are known under many other terms: state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, government-owned company, government controlled company, government controlled enterprise, government-owned corporation, government-sponsored enterprise , commercial government agency, state-privatised industry public sector undertaking, or parastatal, among others. In some Commonwealth realms , ownership by The Crown

17934-570: The title of 'president' was assumed by Aguinaldo, as more likely to be favourably considered in the United States than 'dictator', the tendency of his followers who had not been educated in Europe was to speak of and to regard him not as a president, but as an overlord holding all power in his hands." On May 28, 1898, Aguinaldo gathered a force of about 18,000 troops and fought against a small garrison of Spanish troops in Alapan , Imus, Cavite. The battle lasted from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. After

18081-477: The town center, the guards, armed with Remingtons and unaware of the preceding events, were caught completely by surprise and surrendered immediately. The guns there were captured and armed by the Katipuneros, and the revolt was a major success for Aguinaldo and his men. Later that afternoon, they raised the Magdalo flag at the town hall to a large crowd of people from Kawit that had assembled after it heard of

18228-425: The troops to block Filipino revolutionary forces, which numbered 40 000, but when Merritt's troops became available, he sent a message to Jáudenes, agreeing to the mock battle. A bloodless mock battle had been planned, but Spanish troops opened fire in a skirmish that left six Americans and forty-nine Spaniards dead after Filipino revolutionaries, thinking that the attack was genuine, joined advancing US troops. Besides

18375-443: The unplanned casualties, the battle went according to plan. The Spanish surrendered the city to the Americans, and it did not fall to the Filipino revolutionaries, who felt betrayed. By the end of September, Aguinaldo's forces had captured over 9,000 Spanish prisoners, who were relieved of their weapons. They were generally free to move around but remained within the control of Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo did not know that on December 10, 1898,

18522-678: The victory at Alapan, Aguinaldo unfurled the Philippine flag for the first time and hoisted it at the Teatro Caviteño in Cavite Nuevo (present-day Cavite City) in front of Filipino revolutionaries and more than 300 captured Spanish troops. A group of American sailors of the US Asiatic Squadron also witnessed the unfurling. Flag Day is celebrated every May 28 to honor the battle. On June 12, Aguinaldo promulgated

18669-480: The war, numbered the 100 class. Japanese company Nippon Sharyo also provided the JNR Class D51 locomotives in 1951 as part of war reparations, numbered the 300 class. This would be the last steam locomotive order of the MRR. That same year, then-Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay was briefly appointed by Elpidio Quirino to the position of general manager. His 2 month short term as general manager realized

18816-467: The way to Imus, which rendered the Spanish immobile and served the revolutionaries by its natural defensive positions. On February 19, Silang fell to the Spanish juggernaut despite attempts by Filipino forces to defend and then to recover it. Nine days later, Spanish forces marched into Dasmariñas to reclaim the town. A week later, Spanish troops used artillery pieces well to attack again as they moved towards Aguinaldo's capital, Imus. Meanwhile, on March 22 at

18963-562: The welfare of the Philippine Islands." In this manifesto, he acknowledged and accepted U.S. sovereignty throughout the Philippines. Bonifacio refused to recognize the revolutionary government that was elected in the Tejeros Convention and reasserted his authority via the Acta de Tejeros and the Naic Military Agreement . He accused the Magdalo faction of treason and issued orders that are contradictory and contravention to

19110-403: Was a Capitan Municipal (Mayor) of Noveleta , encouraged Aguinaldo to join the " Katipunan ", a secret organization led by Andrés Bonifacio that was dedicated to the expulsion of the Spanish and the independence of the Philippines through armed force. Aguinaldo joined the organization and used the nom de guerre Magdalo in honor of Mary Magdalene . The local chapter of Katipunan in Cavite

19257-536: Was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who was the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and became the first president of the Philippines and of an Asian constitutional republic. He led the Philippine forces first against Spain in the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), then in the Spanish–American War (1898), and finally against the United States during

19404-694: Was appointed as head of the National Distribution Corporation (NADISCO), placing him in charge of rationing prime commodities for the Japanese war effort. After US forces returned to the Philippines in October 1944, Aguinaldo went into hiding in order to avoid being captured and potentially killed. During the Battle of Manila , however, members of the Marking Guerrillas resistance force were able to track his whereabouts, and arrested him on February 8, 1945. Aguinaldo

19551-484: Was awarded on June 1, 1887 but Sykes transferred the ownership of the consortium to Carlos Bertadano on July 8. English engineer Horace L. Higgins was assigned as the overall general manager in the Philippines . Spanish officer José Gago y Palomo was also invited to oversee the overall security operations during the construction of the line. However, Palomo refused and instead joined the expeditionary forces of Governors-General Valeriano Weyler and Ramon Blanco against

19698-466: Was conferred an honorary Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa, by the University of the Philippines in 1953. In 1958, when asked by the Filipino journalist Guillermo Gómez Rivera if he regretted anything in his life, Emilio Aguinaldo stated: "Yes. I am regretful in large part for having risen up against Spain and, that is why, when the funerals were held in Manila of King Alfonso of Spain, I appeared at

19845-595: Was established and named Sangguniang Magdalo , and Aguinaldo's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo was appointed leader. The Katipunan-led Philippine Revolution against the Spanish began in the last week of August 1896 in San Juan del Monte (now part of Metro Manila ). However, Aguinaldo and other Cavite rebels initially refused to join in the offensive for lack of arms. Bonifacio and other rebels were forced to resort to guerrilla warfare , but Aguinaldo and

19992-484: Was eventually merged into the Philippine Ports Authority sometime after its last known lawsuit on July 9, 1976. The Manila Railroad operated steam and diesel locomotives until the 1960s. The last Manila Railroad locomotive to be retired was the 2000 class, which were retired in 1999 and the last unit was scrapped in 2000. Some of the Manila Railroad coaches are still stored in various locations in

20139-458: Was hurriedly buried in the churchyard , and Aguinaldo relieved Luna's officers and men from the field, including General Venacio Concepción , whose headquarters in Angeles, Pampanga , Aguinaldo besieged the same day that Luna was assassinated. Immediately after Luna's death, confusion reigned on both sides. The Americans even thought that Luna had taken over to replace Aguinaldo. Luna's death

20286-623: Was inaugurated on February 15. The most notable event during its brief takeover was its involvement during the Bataan Death March to transfer prisoners of war from San Fernando, Pampanga to Capas , Tarlac in April of that year. Aside from deaths from starvation on the way to San Fernando, there were also accounts of prisoners of war dying on the train cars. Services were returned on the Cabanatuan branch on May 14. The entirety of

20433-837: Was made from parts belonging to the other 20 units. In 1949, parts of 2-8-2 Mikado -type locomotives were acquired from the War Assets Administration and became the two 630 class units, the only locomotives assembled by the Caloocan Workshops. Dieselization of the MRR began with the conversion of the RMC class in 1940, just before World War II. After a 1952 recommendation, the Manila Railroad began by ordering sixty diesel-electric locomotives from General Electric , including GE Universal Series locomotives, and steel cars from Japanese suppliers. Diesel multiple units from Daiichi Bussan Kaisha also started replacing

20580-560: Was present at the inauguration ceremony of the Second Philippine Republic on October 14, 1943, raising the flag with Artemio Ricarte, who had returned to the Philippines from Japan at the request of Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo . The Japanese had considered making Aguinaldo president of the republic, a proposal which was supported by Aguinaldo himself, but he was ultimately passed up in favor of former Supreme Court justice Jose P. Laurel . Nonetheless, Aguinaldo

20727-478: Was publicly declared only by June 8, and a circular providing details of the event released by June 13. Investigations were supposedly made concerning Luna's death, but not one person was convicted . Later, General Pantaleon García said in 1921 that he was verbally ordered by Aguinaldo to conduct the assassination of Luna at Cabanatuan. His sickness then prevented his participation in the assassination. Aguinaldo would be firm in his stand that he had nothing to do with

20874-857: Was the MRR Maritime Fleet. This division owned steamship ferries to places around the country that were not connected to the MRR network. Additionally, it also handled train ferries to the Legazpi Division on what is now the PNR South Main Line until it was connected to the rest of the Main Line South on May 8, 1938. In the late 1950s, the Maritime Fleet became the Manila Port Service. The Manila Port Service continued its operations until it

21021-694: Was then dismantled in 1945 to reconstruct the lines destroyed during the war. Even then, passenger trains terminated at San Fernando with only freight trains continuing north to Bacnotan. In 1945, amidst the Second Philippines Campaign , the Manila Railroad became the Luzon Military Railway under the United States Army . Around that same year, the Manila Railroad 300 class rack locomotives used on

21168-664: Was then forced to order the arrest of Bonifacio. After the trials, Andrés and his brother, Procopio, were ordered by the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) to be executed by firing squad under the command of Major Lazaro Macapagal on May 10, 1897, near Mount Nagpatong, Mount Buntis, Mount Pumutok, and Maragondon, Cavite . Aguinaldo had pardoned the Bonifacio brothers and that they should be exiled in Pico de Loro, but Pío del Pilar and Mariano Noriel , both former supporters and loyalist of Bonifacio, along with other high-ranking generals of

21315-555: Was then placed under house arrest as the US Army's Counterintelligence Corps investigated his collaboration with the Japanese. Despite his claims that he had secretly remained loyal to the US throughout the war, and that he, as well as other Axis collaborators, had only been forced to collaborate with Japan under great duress and should therefore all be granted amnesty, the People's Court of

21462-697: Was then reorganized into the Philippine National Railways on June 20, 1964. The first proposals for a railroad system in the Philippines was enacted by King Alfonso XII of Spain on June 20, 1875. It directed the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the Philippines to submit a layout for future railroads in Luzon, the largest island in the Spanish East Indies . Public works chief Eduardo Lopez Navarro then submitted

21609-534: Was told that Aguinaldo had left for San Isidro in Nueva Ecija . (He had actually gone to Bamban in Tarlac.) Enraged, Luna asked why he had not been told that the meeting had been canceled. The general and the captain exchanged heated words as Luna was about to depart. In the plaza , a rifle shot rang out. Still outraged and furious, Luna rushed down the stairs and met Janolino, accompanied by some elements of

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