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60-717: In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII decreed a revision of the Julian calendar , creating a new system, now called, after him, the Gregorian calendar . The Roman Martyrology was first published in 1583. A second edition was published in the same year. The third edition, in 1584, was made obligatory wherever the Roman Rite was in use. The main source was the Martyrology of Usuard , completed by the Dialogues of Pope Gregory I and

120-594: A Lovefeast on Good Friday as they receive Holy Communion on Maundy Thursday . Communicants of the Moravian Church practice the Good Friday tradition of cleaning gravestones in Moravian cemeteries . Also called Black Saturday, is a vigil service that is held after nightfall on Holy Saturday, or before dawn on Easter Sunday, in commemoration Jesus' death, sabbath rest , and harrowing of Hell . Many of

180-558: A fever on 5 April 1585 and on 7 April said his usual private Mass, still in ill health. He seemed to recover enough that he was able to conduct meetings throughout 8 and 9 April, although it was observed he did not feel well. But a sudden change on 10 April saw him confined in his bed and it was observed that he had a cold sweat and a weak pulse; he received Extreme Unction moments before he died. Paschal Triduum The Paschal Triduum or Easter Triduum ( Latin : Triduum Paschale ), Holy Triduum (Latin: Triduum Sacrum ), or

240-853: A period of great difficulty between them and enabling the former to become a significant religious order in the Catholic Church. Gregory XIII was a generous patron of the Jesuit colleges in Rome. The Roman College of the Jesuits grew substantially under his patronage, and became the most important centre of learning in Europe for a time. It is now named the Pontifical Gregorian University . Pope Gregory XIII also founded numerous seminaries for training priests, beginning with

300-684: A powerful feudatary through the acquisition of the Duchy of Sora , on the border between the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples . To raise funds for his endeavours, Gregory confiscated a large proportion of the houses and properties throughout the states of the Church. This measure enriched his treasury for a time, but alienated a great body of the nobility and gentry, revived old factions, and created new ones, and caused economic and social chaos in

360-434: A practice called Seven Churches Visitation , which may also be done on Good Friday. The Mass included no washing of the feet, which could instead be done in a separate ceremony later in the day. The Mass itself concluded with a ritual stripping of all altars except the altar of repose, leaving only the cross and candlesticks. In the present form as revised in 1955, the altar is stripped bare without ceremony at some time after

420-546: A procession of the Blessed Sacrament to the altar of repose . This is usually followed by the stripping of the altars. Eucharistic adoration is encouraged after this, but if continued after midnight should be done without outward solemnity. In the form of the Roman Rite in use before 1965, Mass was celebrated in the morning. Some faithful travelled to several churches to pray at each one's Altar of Repose,

480-531: A servant in the employ of his sister-in-law Laura Ferro. The future Pope explains in detail the circumstances of the boy's conception, which took place in 1547 in Bologna after the Council of Trent had moved to that city; his motive was to assure his inheritance rights following the death (in 1546) of his father Cristoforo Boncompagni." He also served as a legate to Philip II of Spain (1556–1598), being sent by

540-584: A ship and an army of 800 men to land in Ireland to aid the Catholics against the Protestant plantations. To his dismay, Stukeley joined his forces with those of King Sebastian of Portugal against Sultan Abdul Malik of Morocco instead. Another papal expedition sailed to Ireland in 1579 with a mere 50 soldiers under the command of Fitzmaurice, accompanied by Sanders as papal legate . They took part in

600-629: A year or two. Austria and Hungary followed in 1587. However, more than a century passed before Protestant Europe accepted the new calendar. Denmark-Norway , the remaining states of the Dutch Republic, and the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire and Switzerland adopted the Gregorian reform in 1700–01. By that time, the calendar trailed the seasons by 11 days. Great Britain , its American colonies and Ireland adopted

660-733: Is not celebrated on Good Friday and the communion distributed at the Celebration of the Lord's Passion is consecrated on Holy Thursday, hence the pre-1955 name "Mass of the Presanctified". In Anglican churches, there is no prayer of consecration on Good Friday, and the Reserved Sacrament is distributed at services on that day. Also in Catholicism, images of saints may, in accordance with local custom, be veiled throughout

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720-549: Is recommended, but the reading may also be done otherwise: in seminaries and similar institutes, it has been traditional to read it after the main meal of the day. Prior to the Second Vatican Council , and where the 1962 liturgical books are used as authorised by Summorum Pontificum , the Martyrology is read at the canonical Hour of Prime . If the Martyrology is read in the post-Vatican II form, this

780-628: Is usually done after the concluding prayer of Lauds , the Hour that preceded Prime. If the Martyrology is read outside of the Liturgy of the Hours, as for instance in the refectory , the reading begins with the mention of the date, followed, optionally, by mention of the phase of the moon . Then the actual text of the Martyrology entry is read, ending with the versicle taken from Psalm 116 : Pretiosa in conspectu Domini – Mors Sanctorum eius ("Precious in

840-677: The Ascension is on the fortieth day of Easter, which is always a Thursday, although it may be observed on the following Sunday. Pentecost (or Whitsun ) is the fiftieth day. The Easter season extends from the Easter Vigil through Pentecost Sunday on the Roman Catholic, Anglo-Catholic and Protestant calendars. In the pre-1970 Roman Catholic calendar the octave of Pentecost is included in Eastertide, which thus ends at None of

900-822: The Catholic Church and in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of Anglicanism, in the Mass of the Lord's Supper , during the Gloria in Excelsis Deo , all church bells may be rung and the organ played; afterwards, bells and organ are silenced until the Gloria of the Easter Vigil. After the homily or sermon of the Mass, "where a pastoral reason suggests it", a ritual washing of the feet follows. The Mass concludes with

960-681: The Council of Trent . In the year 1552, Ugo Boncompagni confirmed the paternity of his son Giacomo (or Jacopo). As stated in the online Archivio Digitale Boncompagni Ludovisi: "One of the most valuable items to emerge from the new archival finds from the Villa Aurora is an autograph declaration in Latin and Italian dated 22 December 1552 by Ugo Boncompagni (1502–1585, from 1572 Pope Gregory XIII). Here Ugo confirms his paternity of Giacomo (or Jacopo) Boncompagni (1548–1612) by Maddalena de' Fucchinis,

1020-640: The Council of Trent . He mandated that cardinals reside in their sees without exception, and designated a committee to update the Index of Forbidden Books . Gregory XIII was also the patron of a new and greatly improved edition of the Corpus juris canonici . In a time of considerable centralization of power, Gregory XIII abolished the Cardinals Consistories , replacing them with Colleges and appointing specific tasks for these colleges to work on. He

1080-793: The Exsultet is intoned. After the Exsultet, everyone is seated and listens to seven readings from the Old Testament and seven psalms and canticles . At least three of these readings and associated psalms and canticles must be read, which must include the account of the deliverance of the Israelites at the Red Sea from the Book of Exodus , a central event of the first Passover . Pastoral conditions are taken into account when deciding on

1140-655: The German College at Rome , and put them in the charge of the Jesuits. In 1575, he gave official status to the Congregation of the Oratory , a community of priests without vows, dedicated to prayer and preaching (founded by Saint Philip Neri ). In 1580 he commissioned artists, including Ignazio Danti , to complete works to decorate the Vatican and commissioned The Gallery of Maps . Gregory also transformed

1200-532: The Roman Martyrology authorises the recognition of saints in the following ways: Such commemorations in honour of a person who has only been beatified are only permitted in the diocese or religious order where the cult of that person is authorised, unless special permission is obtained from the Holy See . The entry for each date in the Martyrology is to be read on the previous day. Reading in choir

1260-712: The Second Desmond Rebellion . All of the soldiers and sailors on board, as well as the women and children who accompanied them, were beheaded or hanged on landing in Kerry in the Smerwick Massacre . In 1580, he was persuaded by English Jesuits to moderate or suspend the Bull Regnans in Excelsis (1570), which had excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England. Catholics were advised to obey

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1320-682: The Three Days , is the period of three days that begins with the liturgy on the evening of Maundy Thursday , reaches its high point in the Easter Vigil , and closes with evening prayer on Easter Sunday . It is a moveable observance recalling the Passion , Crucifixion , Death , burial , and Resurrection of Jesus , as portrayed in the canonical Gospels . In the Anglican , Lutheran , Methodist , Moravian and Reformed traditions,

1380-435: The 2001 edition and added 117 people canonized or beatified between 2001 and 2004, as well as a considerable number of ancient saints not included in the previous edition. "The updated Martyrology contains 7,000 saints and blesseds currently venerated by the Church, and whose cult is officially recognized and proposed to the faithful as models worthy of imitation." As an official list of recognised saints and beati, inclusion in

1440-635: The Dominican studium founded in the 13th century at Rome into the College of St. Thomas in 1580, as recommended by the Council of Trent. This college was the precursor of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas Angelicum . Pope Gregory XIII is best known for commissioning the Gregorian calendar , initially authored by the physician/astronomer Aloysius Lilius and aided by Jesuit priest/astronomer Christopher Clavius , who made

1500-736: The Gregorian calendar and has been almost universally adopted. Much of the populace bitterly opposed this reform; they feared it was an attempt by landlords to cheat them out of a week and a half's rent. However, the Catholic countries of Spain , Portugal , Poland-Lithuania , and the Italian states complied. France , some states of the Dutch Republic and various Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire and Switzerland (both countries were religiously split) followed suit within

1560-508: The Lord's Supper and the Easter Vigil were celebrated on the morning of Thursday and Saturday respectively, and Holy Week and Lent were seen as ending only on the approach of Easter. In the Roman Rite , after the Gloria in excelsis Deo in the Mass of the Lord's Supper, all church bells are silenced (sometimes replaced by a crotalus ) and the organ is not used. This period that lasted from Thursday morning to before Easter Sunday began what

1620-644: The Papal States. The pope canonized four saints during his pontificate and in 1584 beatified his predecessor Pope Gregory VII . During his pontificate, the pope created 34 cardinals in eight consistories; this included naming his nephew Filippo Boncompagni to the cardinalate in the pope's first consistory in 1572. Gregory XIII also named four of his successors as cardinals all in 1583: Giovanni Battista Castagna (Urban VII), Niccolò Sfondrati (Gregory XIV), Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti (Innocent IX), and Alessandro de' Medici (Leo XI). The pope suffered from

1680-712: The Paschal Triduum straddles the two liturgical seasons of Lent and Easter in the Church calendar ( Holy Saturday is the last day of Lent, with the Easter Vigil being the first liturgy of Eastertide). In the Roman Catholic tradition since the 1955 reform by Pope Pius XII , the Easter Triduum has been more clearly distinguished as a separate liturgical period. Previously, all these celebrations were advanced by more than twelve hours. The Mass of

1740-680: The Pope to investigate the Archbishop of Toledo Bartolomé Carranza . He formed a lasting and close relationship with the Spanish king, which aided his foreign policy aims as Pope. After Pope Pius V (1566–1572) died, the conclave chose Cardinal Boncompagni, who assumed the name of Gregory XIII in homage to Gregory the Great , a 6th-century reforming pope. It was a very brief conclave, lasting less than 24 hours. Many historians have attributed this to

1800-405: The Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglo-Catholic rites, a cross or crucifix (not necessarily the one that stands on or near the altar on other days of the year) is ceremonially unveiled. (In pre-1955 services, other crucifixes were to be unveiled, without ceremony, after the Good Friday service.) In the Catholic ritual, clergy traditionally begin the service prostrate in front of the altar. Mass

1860-522: The Sacraments of Christian initiation ( Baptism , Confirmation , and the Holy Eucharist ). In Catholic and Anglican tradition, the Easter Vigil is an especially appropriate day for Holy Baptism. In current practice, the use of lighting to signify the emergence from sin and the resurrection of Jesus varies, from the use of candles held by parishioners as well as candelabra lit throughout

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1920-761: The Vatican. In Rome, Gregory XIII built the Gregorian chapel in the Basilica of St. Peter and extended the Quirinal Palace in 1580. He also turned the Baths of Diocletian into a granary in 1575. He appointed his illegitimate son Giacomo , born to his mistress at Bologna before his papacy, castellan of Sant'Angelo and Gonfalonier of the Church ; Venice , anxious to please the Pope, enrolled his son among its nobles, and Philip II of Spain appointed him general in his army. Gregory also helped his son to become

1980-422: The addition of the names of newly canonized saints. The Second Vatican Council decreed: "The accounts of martyrdom or the lives of the saints are to accord with the facts of history." This required years of study, after which a fully revised edition of the Roman Martyrology was issued in Latin (entitled Martyrologium Romanum ) in 2001, followed in 2004 by a revision that corrected some typographical errors in

2040-651: The blood of Jesus Christ, but in the pre-1970 form of the Roman Missal the priest wears black, changing to violet for the communion part of the service. In Anglican services, black vestments are sometimes used. In the United Methodist Church , black is the liturgical colour used on Good Friday. In the Lutheran churches, there is no liturgical color on Good Friday. Altars remain stripped and clergy wear no vestments on this day. Moravians hold

2100-408: The calculations by nearly all Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Churches and is accepted even by Latin Church Catholics in countries such as Ethiopia and Greece . In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Julian Calendar's 21 March corresponds to 3 April in the Gregorian Calendar , the calendar used for civil purposes in most countries. The earliest possible date for Easter is 22 March, and

2160-456: The church. If statues and images have been veiled during the last two weeks of Lent, they are unveiled, without ceremony, before the Easter Vigil service begins. (In the 1962 Catholic missal and earlier missals, they are unveiled during the "Gloria in Excelsis" of the Easter Vigil Mass.) Color of vestments and hangings: white, often together with gold, with yellow and white flowers often in use in many parishes. Easter Masses are held throughout

2220-412: The commemoration of saints: Pope Gregory XIII Pope Gregory XIII ( Latin : Gregorius XIII ; Italian : Gregorio XIII ; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 May 1572 to his death in April 1585. He is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar , which remains

2280-436: The dangers of the Protestants . He encouraged the plans of Philip II to dethrone Elizabeth I of England (reigned from 1558 to 1603), resulting in English Protestants suspecting Catholics as potential traitors and subversives. In 1578, to further the plans of exiled English and Irish Catholics such as Nicholas Sanders , William Allen , and James Fitzmaurice FitzGerald , Gregory outfitted adventurer Thomas Stukeley with

2340-404: The day and are similar in content to the Easter Vigil Mass. The date of Easter varies from year to year . It occurs on the first Sunday after the first full moon on or after 21 March, a date taken, in accordance with an ancient ecclesiastical tradition, to be that of the spring equinox, but which does not always correspond to the astronomical equinox. The Julian Calendar is taken as the basis of

2400-419: The details that follow hold for Anglican and Evangelical Lutheran churches as well as Catholic worship. The ceremony of darkness and light is held at the beginning of the Easter Vigil Mass. The paschal candle , whose lighting symbolizes the resurrection of Christ from the dead, is lit from the new Easter fire. The solemn procession to the altar with the Paschal candle is formed. Once everyone has processed in,

2460-424: The evening Mass. The liturgical colour for the Mass vestments and other ornaments is white in the Catholic and Anglican Churches. In the Lutheran Church, the liturgical colour for Maundy Thursday is white. In the Reformed tradition , white or gold may be used. In the United Methodist Church , black is used as the liturgical colour. On Good Friday, Christians recall the passion and crucifixion of Jesus. In

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2520-419: The final modifications. This calendar is more accurate than the Julian calendar , which treats each year as 365 days and 6 hours in length, even though the actual length of a year is slightly less (365 days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes). As a result, the date of the vernal equinox had slowly, over the course of 13 centuries, slipped to 10 March, while the computus (calculation) of the date of Easter still followed

2580-458: The following Monday, unless they occur on Palm Sunday or on Sunday of the Lord's Resurrection. "The Solemnity of Saint Joseph, where it is observed as a Holy day of Obligation, should it fall on Palm Sunday of the Lord's Passion, is anticipated on the preceding Saturday, 18 March. Where, on the other hand, it is not observed as a Holy day of Obligation, it may be transferred by the Conference of Bishops to another day outside Lent." The solemnity of

2640-408: The influence and backing of the Spanish king. Charles Borromeo and the cardinals wishing reform accepted Boncompagni's candidature and so supported him in the conclave, while the Spanish faction also deemed him acceptable due to his success as a nuncio in Spain. Once in the chair of Saint Peter , Gregory XIII dedicated himself to reform of the Catholic Church. He implemented the recommendations of

2700-541: The internationally accepted civil calendar to this day. Ugo Boncompagni was born the son of Cristoforo Boncompagni (10 July 1470 – 1546) and of his wife, Angela Marescalchi, in Bologna , where he studied law and graduated in 1530. He later taught jurisprudence for some years, and his students included notable figures such as Cardinals Alexander Farnese , Reginald Pole and Charles Borromeo . He had an illegitimate son after an affair with Maddalena Fulchini, Giacomo Boncompagni , but before he took holy orders, making him

2760-440: The last Pope to have left issue. At the age of 36 he was summoned to Rome by Pope Paul III (1534–1549), under whom he held successive appointments as first judge of the capital, abbreviator , and vice-chancellor of the Campagna e Marittima . Pope Paul IV (1555–1559) attached him as datarius to the suite of Cardinal Carlo Carafa . Pope Pius IV (1559–1565) made him Cardinal-Priest of San Sisto Vecchio and sent him to

2820-553: The last two weeks of Lent. Votive lights before these images are not lit. Crucifixes that are movable are hidden, while those that are not movable are veiled until after the Good Friday service. Catholic faithful typically venerate the crucifix by kissing the feet of the corpus. Veneration of a simple wooden cross is common in Anglican worship, with the faithful touching or kissing it. Colors of vestments (and hangings, if kept) vary: no colour, red, or black are used in different traditions. The Catholic Church uses red vestments, symbolic of

2880-502: The latest 25 April. These dates in the Julian Calendar now correspond to the Gregorian Calendar's 4 April and 8 May. During the Easter octave (and also during Holy Week) no other feast is celebrated. If Easter is very early, the solemnity of the Annunciation (25 March) may fall within the octave or Holy Week and is then transferred to the Monday after the octave. The Sundays of Advent, Lent, and Easter have precedence over all feasts and solemnities, solemnities being then transferred to

2940-409: The lights of the Church have been previously left off, they are turned on as the Gloria begins. The Paschal candle is used to bless the baptismal font to be used in the celebration of the sacrament. The Great Alleluia is sung before the Gospel is read, Alleluia being used for the first time since before Lent. People receiving full initiation in the Church, who have completed their training, are given

3000-424: The number of readings. These readings account salvation history, beginning with Creation. In Anglican worship, there are nine possible readings from the Old Testament , and a minimum of two must be read, which must include the account of Israel's deliverance at the Red Sea. In Catholic practice, during the Gloria at the Mass, the organ and church bells are used in the liturgy for the first time in two days. If

3060-420: The queen outwardly in all civil matters until such time as a suitable opportunity presented itself for her overthrow. After the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacres of Huguenots in France in 1572, Pope Gregory signaled his approval and celebrated a Te Deum mass. Three frescoes in the Sala Regia hall of the Vatican depicting the events were commissioned and painted by Giorgio Vasari . A commemorative medal

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3120-446: The reformed calendar in 1752, where Wednesday 2 September 1752 was immediately followed by Thursday 14 September 1752; they were joined by the last Protestant holdout, Sweden , on 1 March 1753. The Gregorian calendar was not accepted in eastern Christendom for several hundred years, and then only as the civil calendar. Though he feared the invasion of Europe by the Turks , Gregory XIII's attentions were more consistently directed to

3180-405: The same form is used, but without the optional scripture reading. Reading of the Martyrology is completely omitted during the Paschal Triduum : Holy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday (in which no saints of Good Friday, Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday are commemorated). On certain dates of the liturgical year, the Martyrology prescribes special announcements to be made before or after

3240-403: The sight of the Lord – Is the death of his Saints"). A short Scripture reading may follow, which the reader concludes with Verbum Domini ("The word of the Lord"), to which those present respond: Deo gratias ("Thanks be to God"). A prayer, for which texts are given in the Martyrology, is recited, followed by a blessing and dismissal. If the Martyrology is read within the Liturgy of the Hours,

3300-456: The sources on which he drew, and in 1630 Pope Urban VIII issued a new edition. 1748 saw the appearance of a revised edition by Pope Benedict XIV , who personally worked on the corrections: he suppressed some names, such as those of Clement of Alexandria and Sulpicius Severus , but kept others that had been objected to, such as that of Pope Siricius . Subsequent changes until the edition of 2001 were minor, involving some corrections, but mainly

3360-408: The traditional date of 21 March. Clavius verified this phenomenon. Gregory subsequently decreed, by the papal bull Inter gravissimas of 24 February 1582, that the day after Thursday, 4 October 1582 would be the fifteenth, not the fifth, of October. The new calendar replaced the Julian calendar, which had been used since 45 BC. Because of Gregory's involvement, the new calendar came to be known as

3420-568: The works of some of the Fathers, and for the Greek saints by the catalogue known as the Menologion of Sirlet. Its origins can be traced back to the Martyrologium Hieronymianum , which was originally based on calendars of Roman, African and Syrian provenance, but to which were gradually added names of many saints from other areas, resulting in a number of duplications, fusions of different saints into one, and other mistakes. Very soon, in 1586 and again in 1589, revised editions were published with corrections by Caesar Baronius along with indications of

3480-413: Was issued with Gregory's portrait and on the obverse a chastising angel, sword in hand and the legend UGONOTTORUM STRAGES ("Overthrow of the Huguenots"). Gregory XIII was visited by the Tenshō embassy of Japan, becoming the first Pope to have received such an embassy. On behalf of the Japanese ruler Oda Nobunaga , they gifted him with the so-called Azuchi Screens , which were put on display within

3540-446: Was once referred to in Anglo-Saxon times as "the still days". Weddings in the Catholic Church were once prohibited throughout Lent and certain other times of the year as well, and are still forbidden during the Triduum. Lutherans still discourage weddings during the entirety of Holy Week, inclusive of the Easter Triduum. In some Protestant denominations, the Triduum begins with an evening worship service on Maundy Thursday . In

3600-449: Was renowned for fierce independence; some confidants noted that he neither welcomed interventions nor sought advice. The power of the papacy increased under him, whereas the influence and power of the cardinals substantially decreased. Gregory XIII also established the Discalced Carmelites , an offshoot of the Carmelite Order , as a distinct unit or "province" within the former by the decree "Pia consideratione" dated 22 June 1580, ending

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