92-398: The Medeu ( Kazakh : Медеу , Medeu ) is an outdoor speed skating and bandy rink. It is located in a mountain valley ( Medeu Valley , or the valley of Malaya Almatinka River) on the south-eastern outskirts of Almaty , Kazakhstan . Medeu sits 1,691 metres above sea level. It consists of 10.5 thousand square meters of ice and utilizes a sophisticated freezing and watering system to ensure
184-601: A Berlin in a Eurasian style. He has stated that a purely administrative capital such as Canberra is not one of his goals. Two of the most significant structures in Asatana's developing urban landscape are the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation and the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center . Their architectural styles are intended to echo features of the nomadic empires that shaped the history of
276-570: A fast food complex, temporary storage warehouses and a business center, a furniture factory, and production of military and civil engineering machinery. The new Astana International Financial Centre opened in July 2018. Astana's administration is promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses through the cooperation of the Sovereign Welfare Fund Samruk-Kazyna and National Economic Chamber. Support
368-429: A 25-meter pool, fitness and wrestling rooms, a football field, as well as a comfortable hotel. The object will be made available to the pupils of the sports school. Astana has many universities and junior colleges. As of the 2013/2014 academic year, Astana had a total enrollment of 53,561 students in its 14 higher educational institutions, a 10% increase from the prior year. The L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University
460-519: A Cyrillic script in the 1940s. Today, Kazakhs use the Cyrillic and Latin scripts to write their language, although a presidential decree from 2017 ordered the transition from Cyrillic to Latin by 2031. Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony , with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and
552-837: A branch of the Haileybury and Imperial Service College , an independent school in the United Kingdom. The Astana Kazakh-Turkish High Schools are run by the International KATEV foundation. There are Kazakh-Turkish High Boarding Schools for gifted boys and girls, separately and the Nurorda International School. Astana hosts two Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS), including the School of Physics and Mathematics and International Baccalaureate world school. The QSI International School of Astana
644-762: A constitutional amendment to revert to the name Astana. As of 2022 , it holds the Guinness World Record for the capital city with the most name changes in modern times. Many centuries ago, the Bozok settlement was located on the territory of modern Astana. It was a military fortress of the Steppe section of the Great Silk Road . The etymology of the Turkic word "Boz" carries several meanings such as 'untouched earth', 'virgin soil' and 'feather grass'. It
736-406: A degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related Karakalpak while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with Altai languages . In October 2017, Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to
828-638: A large number of construction projects. Tourism becomes one of the factors that drive economic growth in the city. Astana is among the top ten most attractive tourist cities in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Astana has become a platform for high-profile diplomatic talks and summits on critical global issues. Astana has hosted multiple rounds of talks between the Syrian Arab Republic government led by Bashar al-Assad and Syrian opposition . The 12th Ministerial Conference of
920-528: A large portion of the events took place in Astana , Almaty hosted a number of the events, including ski jumping, cross-country skiing, and others. Medeu was set to host bandy . As a result, in 2009 the Medeu stadium was renovated, reopening on 16 December after undergoing 19.4 billion tenge (US$ 131.8 million) in construction costs. The Medeu stadium and ski resort Shymbulak underwent major reconstruction during
1012-765: A liturgical language in the Western European cultural sphere. The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Akhmet Baitursynuly reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then
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#17327799688971104-503: A major recreation space. In the stands, the complex seated 10.5 thousand people. The complex also included cloakrooms, buffets designed for 500 people, a hotel for athletes, a bottling room, a room with a film projector, rooms for judges, a press center, a bathhouse and rental points for skates. In 1974, Medeu hosted the European Speed Skating Championships in its arena. In the second half of the 80s, it
1196-524: A population of 339,286 people. Baykonyr District was created on 16 March 2018 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 18,129 ha (44,800 acres; 70.00 sq mi) with a population of 233 351 people. In April 1998, the Government of Kazakhstan asked architects and urban planners of international renown to participate in a design competition for the new capital. On 6 October 1998, Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa
1288-523: A system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the /æ/ sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period. It can be found in some native words, however. According to Vajda,
1380-724: A vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea . Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers). In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang. The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which Kazakh
1472-531: Is 3.9 °C (39.0 °F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) and record lowest is in January 1893's cold wave reaching temperatures down to −51.6 °C (−60.9 °F). July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 20.6 °C (69.1 °F). As of January 2020, the population of Astana is 1,136,008; more than double the 2002 population of 493,000. As of 2018, ethnic Kazakhs made up 80.6% of
1564-824: Is a magnet for young professionals seeking to build a career. Islam and Christianity (primarily Russian Orthodoxy , Roman Catholicism , and Protestantism ) are the predominant religions of the city. Other religions practiced are Judaism , Lutheranism , and Buddhism . The Palace of Peace and Reconciliation was specially constructed in 2006 to host the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. It contains accommodations for different religions: Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism , Taoism and other faiths. Central Asia's largest mosque , as well as Central Asia's largest synagogue are found in Astana. The metropolitan area centered upon Astana includes
1656-652: Is a member of the Kazakhstan First Division. They were founded in 2012, to develop youth football . The FC Astana-1964 is based in the Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium and plays in the Astana Municipal Football League. The club's most successful years were 2000s, when they won 3 league titles. Astana is home to several professional ice hockey teams. The Barys Astana , a founding member of
1748-405: Is also called left bank of the city, was created on 5 August 2008 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 31,179 ha (77,040 acres; 120.38 sq mi) with a population of 119,929 people. Saryarka District was created on 6 May 1998 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 19,202 ha (47,450 acres; 74.14 sq mi) with
1840-454: Is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony . Kazakh builds words by adding suffixes one after another to the word stem, with each suffix expressing only one unique meaning and following a fixed sequence. Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares
1932-628: Is an international school that provides an American curriculum to its students. The school is a branch of the Quality Schools International that started in the Middle East. The city transport in Astana consists of buses and taxis. Over 720,000 people use public transport daily. There are over 60 bus lines served by more than 1000 vehicles, with over 3000 people working in the public transport sector. Just like buses, share taxis have their own predefined routes and work on
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#17327799688972024-663: Is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the Golden Horde . The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the Kazakh Khanate . Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in the Golden Horde. Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from Persian and Arabic due to
2116-476: Is located in central Kazakhstan on the Ishim River in a very flat, semi-arid steppe region which covers most of the country's territory. It is at 51° 10' north latitude and 71° 26' east longitude. The city encompasses 722.0 square kilometres (278.8 sq mi). The elevation of Astana is 347 metres (1,138 ft) above sea level . Astana is in a spacious steppe landscape, in the transitional area between
2208-699: Is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels /e/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/ and not /ɑ/ , and happens in the next syllables. Thus, (in Latin script) jūldyz 'star', bügın 'today', and ülken 'big' are actually pronounced as jūldūz , bügün , ülkön . The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh; many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loanwords. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what
2300-549: Is not unusual between mid-December and early March. Typically, the city's river is frozen over between the second week of November and the beginning of April. Astana has a well-deserved reputation among Kazakhs for its frequent high winds, the effects of which are felt particularly strongly on the fast-developing but relatively exposed Left Bank area of the city. Overall, Astana has a continental climate classification in Köppen scheme ( Dfb ). The average annual temperature in Astana
2392-599: Is open to the public all year round, allowing visitors to skate at high altitude day or night. During night hours, skaters can enjoy music and lights in the stadium either from the ice, or from VIP boxes available for rent. The Medeu stadium and Dam also remain the location for Almaty's International Medeu-marathon. During this event, competitors run up from the city o this well-known location, climbing almost 1000 vertical meters before returning to Almaty to finish. The 2017 Winter Universiade took place in Almaty; for which Medeu
2484-496: Is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion: Suda water- LOC balyq fish jüzedı swim- PRES - 3 Suda balyq jüzedı Astana Astana , formerly known as Nur-Sultan , Akmolinsk , Tselinograd , and Akmola ,
2576-406: Is provided by a special programme of crediting. As a result, the number of small and medium-sized businesses increased by 13.7% to over 96,000 compared to the previous year as of 1 July 2015. In addition, the number of people employed in small and medium-sized business increased by 17.8% to over 234,000 people as of 1 April 2015. Astana was included in the list of top 21 intelligent communities of
2668-560: Is shown. ( /t͡s/ rarely appears in normal speech.) Kazakh has 19 native consonant phonemes; these are the stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/ , fricatives /s, z, ɕ, ʑ, ʁ/ , nasals /m, n, ŋ/ , liquids /ɾ, l/ , and two glides /w, j/ . The sounds /f, v, χ, h, t͡s, t͡ɕ/ are found only in loanwords. /ʑ/ is heard as an alveolopalatal affricate [d͡ʑ] in the Kazakh dialects of Uzbekistan and Xinjiang, China. The sounds [q] and [ʁ] may be analyzed as allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords. Kazakh has
2760-576: Is the Saryarka Velodrome , which is mainly used for track cycling events. The Saryarka Velodrome hosted the UCI Track Cycling World Cup stage in 2011. The Astana Presidential Sports Club was founded in 2012, to combine the main sports teams in Astana. The organization is supported by Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna . The 2011 Asian Winter Games were partly held in the capital. The Alau Ice Palace , hosted
2852-476: Is the capital city of Kazakhstan . The city lies on the banks of the Ishim River in the north-central part of Kazakhstan, within the Akmola Region , though administered as a city with special status separately from the rest of the region. A 2022 official estimate reported a population of 1,350,228 within the city limits, making it the second-largest city in the country , after Almaty , which had been
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2944-689: Is the biggest university in Astana with 16,558 students and 1,678 academic staff. It was founded as the result of merging the Akmola Civil Engineering Institute with the Akmola Pedagogical Institute on 23 May 1996. The oldest university in Astana is the S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University founded in 1957. Nazarbayev University is an autonomous research university founded in 2010 in partnership with some of
3036-726: Is the official language of Kazakhstan , and has official status in the Altai Republic of Russia . It is also a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang , China , and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia . The language is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian census ), Germany , and Turkey . Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh
3128-416: Is the premier music school and has provided Astana with highly qualified professional specialists in the field of Arts. Astana schools enrolls about 103,000 students across 83 schools, including 71 state schools and 12 private schools . The Miras International School , established 1999, was the first private high school established in Astana. The Haileybury Astana school was established in 2011, as
3220-483: The 2015 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships . The President's Cup tennis tournament is annually held at the Daulet National Tennis Centre . The martial art palace was opened on 6 July 2019. Sports facilities for five thousand spectators can take part in international competitions in boxing, wrestling, judo, weightlifting, and other Olympic and non-Olympic disciplines. The palace has
3312-457: The Arshaly , Shortandy , Tselinograd and (partially) Akkol districts of Akmola Region . The area contains 1.2 million people. Astana's economy is based on trade , industrial production , transport , communication and construction . The city's industrial production is mainly focused on producing building materials , foodstuff and mechanical engineering . Astana is a major hub of
3404-639: The Belt and Road Initiative , including for financial services and legal services connected to BRI projects. Astana is the leader in the CIS region on Global Financial Centers Index rank in 2022. The Astana International Financial Center (AIFC) opened in July 2018 to become a hub for financial services in Central Asia. Astana is the headquarters of state-owned corporations such as Samruk-Kazyna , Kazakhstan Temir Zholy , KazMunayGas , KazTransOil , Kazatomprom , KEGOC , Kazpost and Kazakhtelecom . The shift of
3496-864: The Kontinental Hockey League in 2008 and based in the Barys Arena . The Nomad Astana and HC Astana play in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship . The Snezhnye Barsy of the Junior Hockey League is a junior team of the Barys Astana. Astana annually hosts the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan's Cup ice hockey tournament. The Astana Pro Team , founded in 2007, participates in
3588-696: The UCI World Tour . The team is one of the most successful road cycling teams of recent years, winning several grand tours . The BC Astana of the VTB United League and the Kazakhstan Basketball League is the only professional basketball team in Astana. It is the most successful basketball team in Kazakhstan with three Kazakhstan Basketball League titles and four Kazakhstan Basketball Cups . Its home arena
3680-691: The World Trade Organization (WTO) was originally scheduled to take place in June 2020 in then Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2020, WTO members discussed Kazakhstan's offer to reschedule the conference to June 2021 but postponed taking a decision due to the ongoing pandemic. In April 2021, members agreed that MC12 would take place in Geneva from 30 November to 3 December. Since 2003, Astana has hosted
3772-641: The Akmolinsk Oblast. In 1893, Akmolinsk was an uyezd with a 6,428 strong population, 3 churches , 5 schools and colleges and 3 factories . During World War II , Akmolinsk served as a route for the transport of engineering tools and equipment from evacuated plants in the Ukrainian SSR , Byelorussian SSR , and Russian SFSR located in the oblasts of the Kazakh SSR . Local industries were appointed to respond to war needs, assisting
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3864-468: The Congress on World and Traditional Religions, which is a diverse gathering of religious leaders to discuss religious harmony and ending terrorism and extremism. Astana is subdivided into four districts. Almaty District was created on 6 May 1998 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 21,054 hectares (52,030 acres; 81.29 square miles) with a population of 375,938 people. The district has five villages. Yesil District , which
3956-678: The East, Aktau Fort in the South and through Atbasar to Kokshetau in the West. In 1838, at the height of the great national and liberation movement headed by Kenesary Khan , the Akmolinsk Fortress was burned. After the repression of the liberation movement, the fortress was rebuilt. On 16 July 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared an uyezd town. In 1869, Akmolinsk's external district and department were cancelled, and Akmolinsk became
4048-840: The Eurasian steppes. The city has a variety of sports teams. The major association football team is the FC Astana of the Kazakhstan Premier League . Founded in 2009, the FC Astana won six league titles, three Kazakh Cups and five Kazakh Super Cups . Their home stadium is the Astana Arena , which also serves as a home for the Kazakhstan national football team and the FC Bayterek . The FC Bayterek
4140-449: The Latin script by 2025. Cyrillic script was created to better merge the Kazakh language with other languages of the USSR , hence it has some controversial letter readings. The letter У after a consonant represents a combination of sounds і /ɘ/ , ү /ʉ/ , ы /ə/ , ұ /ʊ/ with glide /w/ , e.g. кіру [kɪ̞ˈrɪ̞w] , су [so̙w] , көру [kɵˈrʏ̞w] , атысу [ɑ̝təˈsəw] . Ю undergoes
4232-420: The Medeu started its own system of artificial ice. This was carried out by a team of Soviet engineers (and remains until the present). The site's artificial ice covers the entire site (a total of 10.5 thousand square meters). The Ministry of Highways renovated and asphalted the road from Abai Avenue to the Medeu, building two bridges through Malaya Almatinka. The Medeu eventually evolved from a sports facility into
4324-749: The WCS was given to Kazakhstan on 28 January 2011 at the congress of the Federation of International Bandy (held in Kazan ). Fourteen teams attended the world championship. In the final game, the Russian team lost to the Swedish team (4:5). The Kazakh team won the third place by defeating the Finnish team (10:5). Medeu maintains its status as one of the best-known tourist locations in Kazakhstan. The stadium
4416-417: The Zailiysky Alatau. Medeu became a well-known entrepreneur, patron of educational institutions, and participated in the planting of the city. In 1930, a sanatorium was opened in the area named "MDO" (Local holiday home). Construction of the skating rink began in the fall of 1949, and the first competition took place at the stadium on 4 February 1951. The capital of the Kazakh SSR was responsible for building
4508-428: The action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару ' go ' and келу ' come ' may not combine with otyr . Any verb, however, can combine with jat ' lie ' to get a progressive tense meaning. While it
4600-425: The administrative seat of the new Virgin Lands economic region. On 14 March 1961, Khrushchev suggested the city should have a name corresponding to its role in the Virgin Lands Campaign. On 20 March 1961, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR renamed Akmolinsk to Tselinograd . On 24 April 1961, the region was reconstituted as Tselinograd Oblast . In the 1960s, Tselinograd was completely transformed. In 1963, work on
4692-428: The area's mountain tops and rivers. Kimassar trail is a 2 hour hike to the top of Furmanov Peak, where hikers have access to swinging on iconic wooden swings. Kok-Zhailyau trail is a 3 hour hike, and leads to hot springs with thermal water (the place is equipped with changing booths, tiny thermal water pool and outdoors gym). Shymbulak trail is a 2 hour hike, and leads to Shymbulak Skiing resort. From October 14, 2021, on
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#17327799688974784-426: The capital has given it a powerful boost to Astana's economic development. The city's high economic growth rate has attracted numerous investors. In the 16 years since Astana became the capital, the volume of investments has increased by almost 30 times, the gross regional product has increased by 90 times, and industrial output has increased by 11 times. The city's Gross Regional Product makes up about 8.5 per cent of
4876-419: The capital until 1997. The city became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997; since then it has grown and developed economically into one of the most modern cities in Central Asia . In 2021, the government selected Astana as one of the 10 priority destinations for tourist development. Modern Astana is a planned city , following the process of other planned capitals . After it became the capital of Kazakhstan,
4968-436: The center of the newly established Akmolinsk Oblast . In 1879, Major General Dubelt proposed to build a railway between Tyumen and Akmolinsk to the Ministry of Communications of Russia. In the course of the first 30 years of its existence, the population of Akmola numbered a trifle more than 2,000 people. However, over the next 30 years the city's population increased by three times according to volosts and settlements of
5060-451: The city centre, where at present intense building activity is occurring. To the west and east are more elevated residential areas with parks and the new area of government administration to the south of the Ishim River. Here many large building projects are under way; for example, the construction of a diplomatic quarter, and government buildings. By 2030, these quarters are to be completed. Astana's chief planner, Vladimir Laptev, wants to build
5152-406: The city dramatically changed shape with its master-plan designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa . As the seat of the government of Kazakhstan , Astana is the site of the Parliament House , Supreme Court , Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies. It is home to a range of futuristic buildings, including many skyscrapers . The settlement of Akmoly
5244-558: The city population, representing a significant increase from only 17% at the time of the country's independence. Ethnic groups (2020): In 1989, Tselinograd had a population of 281,000. The ethnic mix was about 17.7% Kazakh , 54.1% Russian and 28.2% other ethnic groups. By 2007, Astana's population had more than doubled since becoming the capital, to over 600,000, and it topped 1 million in 2017. Migrant workers—legal and illegal—have been attracted from across Kazakhstan and neighbouring states such as Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and Astana
5336-451: The city replaced Almaty as the capital of Kazakhstan, and in May 1998, it was renamed Astana, which means "capital city" in Kazakh. In March 2019, the capital was renamed to Nur-Sultan ( / ˌ n ʊər s ʊ l ˈ t ɑː n / ; Kazakh : Нұр-Сұлтан / Nūr-Sūltan [ˌnʊrsʊɫˈtɑn] ) in honor of the long-ruling President Nursultan Nazarbayev , shortly after his resignation. In September 2022, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed
5428-443: The city's original name was restored in the modified form Akmola . On 6 July 1994, the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan adopted the decree "On the transfer of the capital of Kazakhstan". After the capital of Kazakhstan was moved from Almaty to Akmola on 10 December 1997, the city was consequently renamed Astana in 1998. On 10 June 1998, Astana was presented as the capital internationally. Due to several determined advantages, Astana
5520-416: The country to provide the battle and home fronts with all materials needed. In the post-war years, Akmolinsk became a beacon of economic revival in the west of the Soviet Union ruined by the war. Additionally, many Russian-Germans were resettled here after being deported under Joseph Stalin 's rule. In 1954, Northern Kazakh SSR oblasts became a territory of the Virgin Lands Campaign , in order to turn
5612-526: The country's outgoing long-term authoritarian president, Nursultan Nazarbayev . In September 2022, after a number of controversies and unrest resulting in Nazarbayev's resignation from the Security Council of Kazakhstan , the name of the capital was changed back to Astana. Astana is almost 1,000 km (620 mi) from the country's largest city and former capital, Almaty . The nearest big cities are Karaganda (200 km [120 mi]) and Omsk in Russia (450 km [280 mi]). Astana
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#17327799688975704-504: The dam. It dam was built to protect Almaty from potentially stone and mudflows precipitated by rains and thawing of snow. The dam was called into action in 1973, when some 4.5 million cubic metres of water and debris, flooding down the gorge, were stopped short here. On 4 March 2006, Kazakhstan received the right to host the 2011 Asian Games. The Winter Asian Games were the largest scale competition ever to take place in Kazakhstan, and took place from 30 January until 6 February (2006). While
5796-433: The first three new high-rise housing districts began. In addition, the city received a number of new monumental public buildings, including the Virgin Lands Palace, a Palace of Youth, a House of Soviets, a new airport, and several sports venues. In 1971, the Tselinniy Krai was abolished and Tselinograd became the oblast's new capital. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the consequent independence of Kazakhstan,
5888-507: The form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language. Kazakh has no noun class or gender system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of seven cases: The suffix for case is placed after the suffix for number. Forms ' child ' ' hedgehog ' ' Kazakh ' ' school ' ' person ' ' flower ' ' word ' There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh: The declension of
5980-412: The frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Additionally, Persian was a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate , which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums , serving as a language exclusively for religious contexts, similar to how Latin served as
6072-424: The front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root . Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets. Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony (also called soft-hard harmony), and arguably weakened rounding harmony which is implied in the first syllable of the word. All vowels after the first rounded syllable are
6164-408: The inventory of the Turkish alphabet , though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). Over one million Kazakh speakers in Xinjiang still rely on the Perso-Arabic script for writing. It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031. Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs) are spread over
6256-457: The letters В, Ё, Ф, Х, Һ, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь, Э are only used in loanwords—mostly those of Russian origin, but sometimes of Persian and Arabic origin. They are often substituted in spoken Kazakh. Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization . Inflectional and derivational morphology , both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in
6348-414: The new skating rink. The complex was meant to prepare athletes for competitions in the highlands. The site was chosen by a special commission from Moscow. The construction of the Medeu rink involved over 1,300 workers. On the opening day of the skating rink (February 5, 1951), it established two world and six all-Union records. During the opening ceremony, a traditional parade of athletes was held, honoring
6440-737: The north of Kazakhstan and the extremely thinly settled national centre, because of the Ishim River. The older boroughs lie north of the river, whilst the new boroughs are located south of the Ishim. The time offset from the UTC used by Astana is 5 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+5:00 . Astana is the second-coldest national capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia, a position formerly held by Canada's capital, Ottawa , until Astana attained capital city status in 1997. Astana has an extreme continental climate with warm summers (featuring occasional brief rain showers) and long, very cold, dry winters. Summer temperatures occasionally reach 35 °C (95 °F) while −30 to −35 °C (−22 to −31 °F)
6532-437: The noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives: The comparative form can be created by appending the suffix -(y)raq/-(ı)rek or -tau/-teu/-dau/-dau to an adjective. The superlative form can be created by placing the morpheme eñ before the adjective. The superlative form can also be expressed by reduplication. Kazakh may express different combinations of tense , aspect and mood through
6624-491: The preparations for 2011 Asian Winter Games . Most of their engineering and technical systems were replaced. It also incorporated a new refrigeration station for cooling the ice. It established a new multimedia display area of 200 m. Capacity of spectator stands increased to 8500 seats. From 29 January to 5 February 2012, the XXXII Bandy World Championship took place at the Medeu. The right to host
6716-418: The pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold. In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person. Adjectives in Kazakh are not declined for any grammatical category of the modified noun. Being a head-final language, adjectives are always placed before
6808-475: The quality of the ice. The Medeu is a high-altitude sports complex near Almaty, located at an altitude of 1,691 meters above sea level. It is considered to be the world's largest high-mountain skating rink. The skating rink was named after the Maloalmatinsky volost Medeu Pusurmanov. He built three wooden huts for the wintering of his family there, and began the development of the tract in the foothills of
6900-616: The region into a second grain producer for the Soviet Union . In December 1960, Central Committee made a resolution to create the Tselinniy Krai, which comprised five regions of the Northern Kazakh SSR oblasts. Akmolinsk Oblast was ceased to exist as a separate administrative entity. Its districts were directly subordinated to the new krai administration, and Akmolinsk became the krai capital, as well as
6992-471: The republic's Gross domestic product . The Astana – New City special economic zone was established in 2001 to help develop industry and increase the attractiveness of the city to investors. The SEZ plans to commission five projects worth 20 billion KZT (around $ 108 million) in the Industrial Park No. 1 in 2015. The projects include construction of a plant for production of diesel engines ,
7084-402: The rink made a transition from natural ice rink to artificial ice rink. The other main attraction at Medeu is the dam across the valley. The Medeu Dam , built in the late 1960s, is located south of the skating rink. The dam has 3 successive altitude levels. Special water reservoir allows holding of approximately 6 million cubic meters of water. Stairs consisting of 842 steps were built to access
7176-516: The same process but with /j/ at the beginning. The letter И represents a combination of sounds: i /ɘ/ (in front-vowel contexts) or ы /ə/ (in back vowel contexts) + glide /j/ , e.g. тиіс [tɪ̞ˈjɪ̞s] , оқиды [wo̞qəjˈdə] . In Russian loanwords, it is realized as /ʲi/ (when stressed) or /ʲɪ/ (when unstressed), e.g. изоморфизм [ɪzəmɐrˈfʲizm] . The letter Я represents either /jɑ/ or /jæ/ depending on vowel harmony. The letter Щ represents /ʃː/ , e.g. ащы [ɑ̝ʃ.ˈʃə] . Meanwhile,
7268-531: The south bend there is a photo-zone dedicated to the history of the stadium. Its main characters are the people who made Medeu a reality. Here you can find images of Kudryavtsev, Kunayev, and Pusurmanov. There are several hiking trails that originate from the Medeu main bus stop. There is access to the Shymbulak Skiing resort from the Medeu cable car station. This involves a 15–20 minute scenic ride above
7360-568: The subject to this harmony with the exception of /ɑ/ , and in the following syllables, e.g. өмір [ø̞mʏr] , қосы [qɒso] . Notably, urban Kazakh tends to violate rounding harmony, as well as pronouncing Russian borrowings against the rules. Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except: Nowadays, Kazakh is mostly written in the Cyrillic script, with an Arabic-based alphabet being used by minorities in China. Since 26 October 2017, via Presidential Decree 569, Kazakhstan will adopt
7452-551: The territory of the complex there is a parking lot for public electric transport, for the carriage of passengers along the route "Medeo-Shymbulak". Some content on this page was translated from the Russian language page on this subject. Kazakh language China Kazakh is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs . It is closely related to Nogai , Kyrgyz and Karakalpak . It
7544-406: The use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs , many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries otyr ' sit ' , tūr ' stand ' , jür ' go ' and jat ' lie ' , encode various shades of meaning of how
7636-433: The veteran skaters. For the following 17 seasons, 47 world records were established on the ice rink. The level of solar radiation in the area, as well as low pressure and a weak wind were thought to be key aspects in numerous world records broken at the complex. Also, the ice used on the skating rink was thought to be an important factor as it was composed of water from Malya Almatinka (providing high sliding speeds). In 1972,
7728-442: The world's top universities. The Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade is an economic institution in Astana. The Kazakh Humanities and Law Institute is a law university founded by initiative of Ministry of Justice in 1994. The Astana Medical University was the only medical school in Astana until the opening of the School of Medicine at Nazarbayev University in 2014. The Kazakh National University of Arts
7820-542: The world, according to the report released by the Intelligent Community Forum in October 2016. The rating list includes the cities, regions and communities which use digital instruments for the construction of local economy and society. In 2018, Astana attracted more than three trillion tenge (US$ 7.91 billion) in foreign direct investment, a record amount for the city. The growth was achieved due to
7912-451: Was a large settlement of the 12-14th centuries. At present, Astana is expanding to the territory of ancient Bozok. The settlement of Akmoly was established on the Ishim River in 1830 as the seat of an okrug . In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and named Akmolinsk . The advantages of the position of the town were clear as early as 1863. It describes how picket roads and lines connected this geographic center to Kargaly in
8004-678: Was awarded the First Prize. Kurokawa's proposal aimed to preserve and redevelop the existing city, and create a new city at the south and the east sides of the Ishim River , enabling the Symbiosis of the History and the Future. North of the railway line, which crosses Astana in an east–west direction, are industrial and poorer residential areas. Between the railway line and the Ishim river is
8096-521: Was chosen as the capital: large urban areas, favorable geographical position, proximity to the major economic centers of the region, considerable demographic capacity, good transportation facilities, and a relatively favorable climate. On 16 July 1999, Astana was awarded the medal and title of the City of Peace by UNESCO . In March 2019, the Kazakhstani government renamed the city Nur-Sultan to honour
8188-469: Was closed for reconstruction, stretching for seven years. From September 2001 to December 2002, a reconstruction of the Medeu was carried out. During this time a new refrigerating plant was installed by the Finnish company BG International. This involved 140 km of pipelines, and filling a new concrete foundation in the field. The main part of engineering systems was replaced, a new refrigerating station
8280-527: Was founded in 1830, possibly named after a local landmark— Ақ мола literally means white grave in Kazakh —although this theory is not universally accepted. In 1832, it was granted town status and renamed Akmolinsk. In 1961, under Nikita Khrushchev , it was renamed Tselinograd, Russian for "City of Virgin Lands ". In 1991, following Kazakhstan's independence, the name was changed to Akmola. In December 1997,
8372-685: Was installed Builders also increased the comfort of the stands, reducing their capacity to 8100 people. The Medeu was fully renovated in 2011 for the Asian Winter Games, and became a major training base for the ice skaters of the USSR. Over 200 speed world records were set there in numerous sports, including speed skating and others. Medeu remains an important centre for the training of winter sports athletes from Kazakhstan and other regions. Over 120 World Records have been documented there in numerous sports, including speed skating and others. In 1972,
8464-449: Was used for speed skating . On June 1, 2022, Medeu opened its summer roller skating season. The stadium switched to a year-round format. 450 square meters were allocated for an indoor ice court, the rest of the space was taken by a rollerdrome. The team of street art artists "Repas" realized an ambitious art project by creating in the center of the arena the biggest in Central Asia horizontal graffiti with an area of 4,000 square meters. On
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