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102-468: For road and light off-road use, a rear wheel drive configuration can be selected. However, it also has a selectable (which Mitsubishi called "Easy-Select 4WD") four-wheel drive system (low and high gear ratios) for serious off-road driving. The Pajero Junior has better off-road capabilities than some contemporary mini SUVs like the Daihatsu Terios and Suzuki X-90 . The 1094 cc engine block

204-582: A "retro-look" bodywork restyle. It is understood that this rise in retro-styled cars in Japan was started by the success of the Mitsuoka Viewt , which was a collaboration with Nissan and based on the Nissan Micra . Similarly to the other two limited edition models which were announced in 1997, Mitsubishi had originally planned to build 1000 examples. However, the bodywork was heavily criticised by

306-629: A 1589 cc HD-E petrol engine with electronic fuel injection. A refreshed version, called Taruna Oxxy, was launched in March 2005. In China, the Terios was produced under two different brand names: as the Zotye 2008/Hunter and 5008 powered with a 1.5-litre engine from Mitsubishi Motors (first series body); the Zotye was an unauthorised copy of the Terios, which caused some controversy, while FAW badged

408-637: A benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means "[I/we] explained [it] to [him/her/them]". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. Japanese "pronouns" also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English: The amazed he ran down

510-414: A distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a macron ) in rōmaji , a repeated vowel character in hiragana , or a chōonpu succeeding the vowel in katakana . /u/ ( listen )

612-419: A glide /j/ and either the first part of a geminate consonant ( っ / ッ , represented as Q) or a moraic nasal in the coda ( ん / ン , represented as N). The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and assimilates to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including [ɴ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, ɰ̃] . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as

714-484: A listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it

816-758: A long-wheelbase model. Imported from Indonesia, it offers three-row seating as standard. The Nautica was introduced in April 2008 as a rebadged model of the short-wheelbase Terios/Rush. Available with standard four-wheel drive, it was imported from Japan as the replacement to the Perodua Kembara. The first-generation Rush was launched in Malaysia in January 2008. It is available in two grade levels: 1.5G (with either manual or automatic transmission) and 1.5S (with automatic transmission only). The Rush sold in Malaysia

918-517: A rear roof-level spoiler with integrated LED third brakelight, roof rails, privacy glass, and six-spoke alloy wheels fitted as standard. The third limited edition which was launched in 1997, was the Pajero Jr. Flying Pug . Mitsubishi was responding to the rise in the popularity of old British cars at the time in Japan, so they decided that the Pajero Jr. would be a good platform to experiment with

1020-527: A roof-mounted rear spoiler. Mechanically, the 1.3-litre SOHC four-cylinder engine fitted to the previous model had been replaced by the new 1.3-litre DOHC four-cylinder engine. Power was also increased by 3 kW (4 hp; 4 PS). A sport version of the K3-VET engine was produced in Japan. In Australia, a limited edition sports series was introduced in 2001 with only 200 units being available. The vehicle had body colour matching bumpers, different from

1122-408: A sentence need not be stated and pronouns may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above, hana ga nagai would mean "[their] noses are long", while nagai by itself would mean "[they] are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: Yatta! ( やった! ) "[I / we / they / etc] did [it]!". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below),

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1224-534: A seven-seater version is available. The Rush was released in South Africa on 4 July 2018, replaced the previous Daihatsu-badged Terios. It is only available in a five-seat version and offered in five-speed manual or four-speed automatic options. Japanese language Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo , [ɲihoŋɡo] ) is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by

1326-428: A single adjective can be a complete sentence: Urayamashii! ( 羨ましい! ) "[I'm] jealous [about it]!". While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate

1428-529: A surprisingly large carrying capacity for such a small vehicle. The ZR-II was built from January 1997 to March 1998 (with sales ending in June of that year) and had the same specification as the ZR-I model, plus an additional cluster of digital instruments which included an altimeter, compass, outside temperature gauge and a clock. The popularity of the vehicle inspired Mitsubishi to create three limited editions (with

1530-455: A wider grille with a chrome lower bar, a full-width air intake for the lower bumper and a blacked-out centre piece. The steering wheel was updated to the one used in F650 series Xenia/Avanza . The grade levels for Terios were renamed to X, X Extra, R and R Adventure. On 18 February 2016, the R Custom grade was added for the Terios, followed by TRD Sportivo Ultimo grade (with TRD suspension kits) for

1632-680: Is compressed rather than protruded , or simply unrounded. Some Japanese consonants have several allophones , which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence /ti/ was palatalized and realized phonetically as [tɕi] , approximately chi ( listen ) ; however, now [ti] and [tɕi] are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī [tiː] "Western-style tea" and chii [tɕii] "social status". The "r" of

1734-421: Is topic–comment . Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender , and there are no articles . Verbs are conjugated , primarily for tense and voice , but not person . Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a complex system of honorifics , with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of

1836-612: Is a mini SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Daihatsu since 1997 as the successor to the F300 series Rocky . It was initially offered in both short- and long- wheelbase configurations before the former stopped production in 2016 to be replaced by the A200 series Rocky crossover in 2019. The long-wheelbase variant is available mainly for the Indonesian market with three-row seating options. A smaller kei car model called

1938-448: Is a new integrated chrome lining highlight running across the headlamp and radiator grille, restyled tail lamps with combination LEDs and smoked lenses. The 1.5S has additional equipment including fog lamps, chrome covers for the wing mirrors, and leather steering wheel and gear knob. Perodua launched the rebadged version of the short-wheelbase Terios, called Nautica in May 2008. The model

2040-448: Is also seen in o-medetō "congratulations", from medetaku ). Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include pan ("bread") and tabako ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from Portuguese . Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the Edo period (which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese,

2142-527: Is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals , but also traditional Chinese numerals . Proto-Japonic , the common ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages , is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the Yayoi period ), replacing

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2244-440: Is appropriate to use sensei ( 先生 , "teacher"), but inappropriate to use anata . This is because anata is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status. Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun hon ( 本 ) may refer to a single book or several books; hito ( 人 ) can mean "person" or "people", and ki ( 木 ) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number

2346-647: Is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect ). Dialects of Tōhoku and North Kantō are associated with typical farmers. The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (administratively part of Kagoshima ), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider

2448-466: Is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ). Among other sound changes, the sequence /au/ merges to /ɔː/ , in contrast with /oː/ ; /p/ is reintroduced from Chinese; and /we/ merges with /je/ . Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending - te begins to reduce onto

2550-477: Is claimed to "achieve balance between lighter weight, higher body rigidity, and comfort". In European, South American and most other Asian markets, the model is sold under the name Terios. Daihatsu designed and manufacture the Terios and also supplies the vehicle to Toyota as the Toyota Rush ( Japanese : トヨタ・ラッシュ , Hepburn : Toyota Rasshu ) under a consigned/OEM manufacturing agreement. According to

2652-509: Is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as watashi ( 私 , literally "private") or watakushi (also 私 , hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word ore ( 俺 "oneself", "myself") or boku . Similarly, different words such as anata , kimi , and omae ( お前 , more formally 御前 "the one before me") may refer to

2754-417: Is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word ) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. 人人 , hitobito , usually written with an iteration mark as 人々 ). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus Tanaka-san usually means Mx Tanaka . Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through

2856-755: Is less common. In terms of mutual intelligibility , a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding Ryūkyūan languages and Tōhoku dialects ) to students from Greater Tokyo were the Kiso dialect (in the deep mountains of Nagano Prefecture ), the Himi dialect (in Toyama Prefecture ), the Kagoshima dialect and the Maniwa dialect (in Okayama Prefecture ). The survey

2958-420: Is often called a topic-prominent language , which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence Zō wa hana ga nagai ( 象は鼻が長い ) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose". Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of

3060-656: Is originated from the Old Greek word, which is roughly translated to "making dreams come true". Initially previewed as the MS-X97, the first-generation Terios was available as a five-door wagon , and a smaller kei car model called the Terios Kid , which was only released in Japan. Model codes for the first generation were J100, J102 and J122. The Terios Kid arrived in October 1998 and continued to be built six years after

3162-498: Is preserved in words such as matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern mieru ("to be visible") and kikoeru ("to be audible") retain a mediopassive suffix - yu(ru) ( kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → kikoeru (all verbs with the shimo-nidan conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in Early Modern Japanese )); and

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3264-468: Is the long-wheelbase model in seven-seat configuration. In December 2010, the Rush received its first facelift for 2011. In April 2015, the Rush received its second facelift with the same model in the Indonesian market. Exterior changes included redesigned front bumper, radiator grille and bonnet. The bumper is finished in a two-tone effect and the grille is finished with faux carbon-fibre. Elsewhere, there

3366-552: Is the same as used in the Mitsubishi Colt , developing 80 PS (59 kW) at 6,500 rpm and giving the vehicle a top speed of 135 km/h (84 mph). The steering is a traditional rack and pinion setup, with power assistance. The front suspension is double wishbone, and the rear is helical spring. Sales of the Mitsubishi Pajero Junior ended in June 1998 due to the launch of its replacement,

3468-402: Is the version of Japanese discussed in this article. Formerly, standard Japanese in writing ( 文語 , bungo , "literary language") was different from colloquial language ( 口語 , kōgo ) . The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. Bungo was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then kōgo gradually extended its influence and

3570-471: Is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect , similar to the suffix ing in English. For others that represent a change of state, the -te iru form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, kite iru means "They have come (and are still here)", but tabete iru means "They are eating". Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have

3672-405: Is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish usted (contracted from vuestra merced , "your ( majestic plural ) grace") or Portuguese você (from vossa mercê ). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. The choice of words used as pronouns

3774-501: The 61st Frankfurt Motor Show and in November 2005 at the 39th Tokyo Motor Show before being named to Terios, which went into production in January 2006. The model codes are J200, J210 and J211 for the short-wheelbase configuration which has a 5-seater configuration; F700 and F710 for the long-wheelbase configuration that was built to accommodate the 7-seater configuration. It is built on a "built-in ladder frame" monocoque body, which

3876-580: The Daihatsu Taruna (chassis code: F500/F520), with a different front/rear styling and longer rear-based body capable of seating seven people. The name Taruna translates roughly as "young knight" or " cadet " in Indonesian. The Taruna was launched in July 1999 with a 1589 cc HD-C petrol engine with carburetor. It was initially available in short-wheelbase configuration only, the C-series. The engine

3978-690: The Japanese people . It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan , the only country where it is the national language , and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified Hachijō language . There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as the Ainu , Austronesian , Koreanic , and

4080-462: The Japonic language family, which also includes the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands . As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a language isolate . According to Martine Irma Robbeets , Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in

4182-542: The Mitsubishi Pajero iO (known in Europe as the "Pinin"). By that time, Mitsubishi were aware that many Pajero Juniors were being unofficially exported to other countries, so an entirely new model was designed to take the vehicle away from its kei car roots and to support larger engine sizes for the international market, although only form factors and engines that fit within Japanese compact class were available for

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4284-514: The Philippines , and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil , with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than

4386-529: The Terios Kid or Terios Lucia was also available in the local market. The 4WD version of the Terios Kid was introduced in October 1998, with a rear-wheel-drive version following in January 2000. Production of both versions ended in June 2012. The Terios Lucia was available from December 2001 until August 2003. In Malaysia, the Terios was locally assembled as the Perodua Kembara by Perodua . It

4488-488: The Terios Kid / Lucia was also available for the first-generation model. Rear-wheel drive is standard across all generations, while four-wheel drive option was available for the first- and second-generation models. Since August 2016, the Terios has been sold exclusively in Indonesia. Throughout three generations, it has also been marketed by Toyota and Perodua under various nameplates as well. The name "Terios"

4590-738: The United States (notably in Hawaii , where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and California ), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao Region and the Province of Laguna ). Japanese has no official status in Japan, but is the de facto national language of the country. There is a form of the language considered standard : hyōjungo ( 標準語 ) , meaning "standard Japanese", or kyōtsūgo ( 共通語 ) , "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of

4692-806: The de facto standard Japanese had been the Kansai dialect , especially that of Kyoto . However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example, pasokon (short for "personal computer"), intānetto ("internet"), and kamera ("camera"). Due to

4794-527: The 1.2 million of the United States ) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of Hawaii residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru , Argentina , Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver , where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry),

4896-541: The G grade and a 5% improvement for fuel economy for the 2WD automatic model. The Be‣go and Rush were discontinued in March 2016 and succeeded by the A200 series Rocky/Toyota Raize crossover in November 2019. The second-generation Terios and first-generation Rush were both launched in Indonesia on 14 December 2006, with the former succeeded the Taruna. Both cars were sold in long-wheelbase configuration and rear-wheel drive layout only. Three-row seating were standard on

4998-486: The Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an apical central tap and a lateral approximant . The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced [ ŋ ] , in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. The phonotactics of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant,

5100-572: The McTwist model (built from October 1996 to March 1998) sported a plastic A-frame bullbar with 6" (15 cm) spotlights, and the Lynx model (built from May 1997 to July 1997) sported a stainless steel bar upon which two small 5" (12 cm) spotlights were mounted. The yellow lensed spotlights on both of these models were sourced from Robert Bosch GmbH and were supplied with black removable grilles displaying "BOSCH" in white text. Both models also had

5202-736: The Old Japanese sections are written in Man'yōgana , which uses kanji for their phonetic as well as semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct morae . Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of kanji for each of the morae now pronounced き (ki), ひ (hi), み (mi), け (ke), へ (he), め (me), こ (ko), そ (so), と (to), の (no), も (mo), よ (yo) and ろ (ro). (The Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 apparently

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5304-539: The Rush in August 2009. The TX Elegant grade was removed in this update. The Terios and Rush received their first facelift on 5 and 6 October 2010 respectively, equipped with dual SRS airbags as standard. The S grade of Rush was later replaced by TRD Sportivo grade on 29 August 2013. At the same time, the Terios received some minor updates. On 20 March 2015, both the Terios and Rush received their second facelift, consisted of projector headlamps with LED positioning lamps,

5406-483: The Rush on 26 February. Three-row seating became standard on both TRD Sportivo grades. In Singapore, the Terios is offered by the local distributor in both short- and long-wheelbase configurations with an 1.5-litre engine and as a 4WD as standard. In Malaysia, the second-generation Terios is available as the Toyota Rush (2008 to 2017) and Perodua Nautica (2008 to 2009). The Rush was introduced in January 2008 as

5508-539: The Rush was released in Brunei on 5 May 2018. The car is available in mid- or high-grade model lineups, four-speed automatic transmission and seven-seat variant only. In Bangladesh, the Rush is available in two grade level: G and S, which has 7 seats and 4-speed automatic transmission option only. S has minor cosmetic changes and a button on steering wheel for accepting call The Rush was released in UAE on 14 May 2018. Only

5610-539: The Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of Classical Japanese , a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period , but began to decline during the late Meiji period . The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by UNESCO as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand

5712-452: The Terios and optional on the Rush. The Terios was initially offered in TS, TS Deluxe, TS Extra, TX Deluxe, TX Elegant and TX Adventure grade levels, while the Rush came with G and S grades. On 1 October 2008, the Indonesian market Terios received updates such as standard body-coloured side body mouldings, as well as side visors, single SRS airbag on the driver's side and parking sensors, followed by

5814-592: The Terios as the Huali Terios or Dario . In 2009, Daihatsu withdrew from the China market due to bad performance and sold the tooling and rights of this car to First Auto Works (FAW) , who was their official joint venture partner in China. Production for the 2008 ran from 2005 to 2010, while the 5008 was produced from 2008 to 2013. The concept model called D-Compact 4x4 made an appearance in September 2005 at

5916-531: The Terios won the Red Dot Design Award . The third-generation Terios was unveiled in Indonesia on 23 November 2017, along with the second-generation Rush. The development of the car was led by chief engineer Eiji Fujibayashi in 2015, with its design influenced from the FT Concept . Unlike previous models, these generation of cars are sold in long-wheelbase configuration only and neither

6018-543: The addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as -tachi , but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as Tanaka-san-tachi may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. Verbs are conjugated to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which

6120-501: The company, the name "Rush" is inspired from a "sense of energetic vitality and cheerfulness". For the Japanese market, the first-generation Terios was succeeded by the Daihatsu Be‣go ( Japanese : ダイハツ・ビーゴ , Hepburn : Daihatsu Bīgo ) and the first-generation Toyota Rush. Both vehicles were announced on 17 January 2006. According to Daihatsu, the name "Be‣go" was derived from the combination of "being" and "going" words. The Rush

6222-578: The effect of changing Japanese into a mora-timed language. Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period , respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries; and thus there

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6324-455: The flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, and words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative , mora -timed language with relatively simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure

6426-609: The genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech. Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the Heian period , from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the literary standard of Classical Japanese , which remained in common use until the early 20th century. During this time, Japanese underwent numerous phonological developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of Chinese loanwords . These included phonemic length distinction for both consonants and vowels , palatal consonants (e.g. kya ) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. kwa ), and closed syllables . This had

6528-535: The intention to build up to 1000 units of each limited edition), two of which — the Pajero Jr. McTwist , and Pajero Jr. Lynx — were exhibited at the 32nd Tokyo Motor Show in 1997. Both of these limited edition models shared the same base specification as the ZR-II, with the addition of a wood-effect insert on the dashboard and upgraded interior trim (grey on the McTwist, beige on the Lynx). External differences were that

6630-430: The language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese . Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of European loanwords . The basis of the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region (modern Tokyo ) in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853,

6732-402: The languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language . Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Japanese , or comparison with the Ryukyuan languages and Japanese dialects . The Chinese writing system

6834-401: The languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands . Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to education , mass media , and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. Japanese is a member of

6936-427: The large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between [tɕi] and [ti] , and [dʑi] and [di] , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords. Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during World War II , through Japanese annexation of Taiwan and Korea , as well as partial occupation of China ,

7038-487: The motoring press as being ugly and this variant was such a sales flop that only 139 were ever made (built from September 1997 to June 1998). Mitsubishi's rather ambitious sales literature for the Flying Pug indicated that the vehicle "sported the classic looks of a London taxi". This limited edition had the highest specification of the entire Junior range, sporting a full leather interior as standard in addition to unique cross-spoked aluminium wheels. The Flying Pug also shared

7140-635: The newer car. The first vehicles rolled off the production line on 26 October 1995. The ZR-I was the only model available until it was superseded by the ZR-II in January 1997. It was equipped with a range of amenities as standard such as air-conditioning, anti-lock brakes (ABS), SRS airbag (driver's side), electric front windows, electric door mirrors and keyless entry. A small selection of optional extras were available such as six-spoked aluminium wheels, bull bars, roof rails and privacy glass. The functional interior design included cup holders, quarter pockets, and split rear seats which fold completely flat providing

7242-418: The now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), extensive waves of Sino-Japanese vocabulary entered

7344-425: The only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with particles that identify their grammatical functions. The basic sentence structure is topic–comment . For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu ( こちらは田中さんです ). kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by

7446-410: The original Terios had been replaced. By the end of 2002, Daihatsu sold 33,000 units of Terios and 97,000 units of Terios Kid. In 2000, Daihatsu gave the Terios a mild facelift both in the exterior and interior of the vehicle. A new chrome grille replaced the black plastic grille. The high-grade model gained electric front windows, central locking, rear seat head restraints, alloy wheels, roof rails and

7548-470: The out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, oshiete moratta ( 教えてもらった ) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means "[he/she/they] explained [it] to [me/us]". Similarly, oshiete ageta ( 教えてあげた ) (literally, "explaining gave" with

7650-415: The particle wa . The verb desu is a copula , commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, Tanaka-san desu is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages,

7752-456: The previous top-spec G grade. The Rush was also updated with an updated 7-inch infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility as standard for both the E and GR Sport grades. In January 2024, the E grade was removed from the lineup, leaving only the GR Sport as the sole grade. After the replacement of the first- and second-generation Terios (sold under Daihatsu badge),

7854-481: The proposed larger Altaic family, or to various Southeast Asian languages , especially Austronesian . None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support. Other theories view the Japanese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as

7956-579: The rear door. The model codes are F800 for the Terios/international market Rush and F850 for the Malaysian market Rush/Perodua Aruz. The Indonesian market Terios/Rush went on sale on 3 January 2018. Both models are offered only in three-row configuration. With the third row backrest folded down, there are 217 L (7.7 cu ft) of storage space, which is expanded to 514 L (18.2 cu ft) when tumbled up. The Terios

8058-459: The same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle -ka is added. For example, ii desu ( いいです ) "It is OK" becomes ii desu-ka ( いいですか。 ) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no ( の ) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? "Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning

8160-407: The short-wheelbase configuration nor four-wheel drive option are offered. It uses the same platform as the long-wheelbase version of the second-generation model, albeit with some tweaks. Compared to its predecessors, the design of the car has been made more streamlined, akin to crossovers . This model has a rear liftgate rather than a side-opening rear door and no longer has the spare tyre mounted on

8262-439: The speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters , known as kanji ( 漢字 , ' Han characters') , with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 , 'simple characters') and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 , 'partial characters'). Latin script ( rōmaji ローマ字 )

8364-817: The state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the South Seas Mandate over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home. Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent , inflectional morphology , vocabulary , and particle usage. Some even differ in vowel and consonant inventories, although this

8466-481: The street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun) But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: 驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 Transliteration: Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. (grammatically correct) This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" ( 君 "lord"), anata "you" ( あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" ( 僕 "servant"). This

8568-419: The two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a homorganic consonant. Japanese also includes a pitch accent , which is not represented in moraic writing; for example [haꜜ.ɕi] ("chopsticks") and [ha.ɕiꜜ] ("bridge") are both spelled はし ( hashi ) , and are only differentiated by the tone contour. Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb . Unlike many Indo-European languages ,

8670-577: The two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. Bungo still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo , although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. The 1982 state constitution of Angaur , Palau , names Japanese along with Palauan and English as an official language of

8772-480: The two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. Hyōjungo or kyōtsūgo is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the Meiji Restoration ( 明治維新 , meiji ishin , 1868) from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see Yamanote ). Hyōjungo is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It

8874-571: The two-tone bumper colour on the standard model. Rear spoiler and sunroof became standard. The interior was updated with metallic paint finish on the centre console and dashboard. This is the first Daihatsu automobile to be assembled in Venezuela, where production began in November 2001. The first-generation Terios is also known as the Toyota Cami ( Japanese : トヨタ・キャミ , Hepburn : Toyota Kyami ) in Japan. A kei car version called

8976-407: The verb (e.g. yonde for earlier yomite ), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out ( shiroi for earlier shiroki ); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ , where modern Japanese just has hayaku , though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting o-hayō gozaimasu "good morning"; this ending

9078-459: The wood-effect dashboard insert as used on the Lynx and McTwist models, and had an additional wood-effect surround for the gear lever. In February 2001, all Pajero Juniors were recalled to replace the airbag unit in the centre of the steering wheel. This was due to reports of a small number of airbags being deployed upon starting the engine. Daihatsu Terios The Daihatsu Terios ( Japanese : ダイハツ・テリオス , Hepburn : Daihatsu Teriosu )

9180-548: The world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as Ainu , Korean , Chinese , Tibeto-Burman , Uralic , Altaic (or Ural-Altaic ), Austroasiatic , Austronesian and Dravidian . At the fringe, some linguists have even suggested a link to Indo-European languages , including Greek , or to Sumerian . Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or

9282-585: Was an exclusive model to the Toyopet Store dealership network. Both use either 1.3-litre or 1.5-litre engine. Only the 1.5-litre variant is available with both two- or four-wheel drive . The vehicle has a permanent 4WD system via lockable central differential. However, it lacks low ratio gears. A minor refresh of the Be‣go and Rush was unveiled on 13 November 2008 in Japan. The minor facelift brought redesigned front bumper, tail lamps, alloy wheel design for

9384-539: Was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 phonemes , which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all Keio University students who grew up in the Kanto region . There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island , whose dialects are descended from Eastern Old Japanese . Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular

9486-502: Was fully imported from Japan, except for the front grille, front bumper and rear bumper which are manufactured and fitted in Malaysia. It has a 1.5-litre DVVT engine, full-time 4WD, projector headlamps, and five seats with dark interior. The price tag of the Nautica is not much different from the long-wheelbase Rush. It comes with only two colour choices: Medallion Grey and Majestic Black, and comes in automatic transmission only. The Nautica

9588-735: Was imported to Japan from Baekje around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in Classical Chinese , although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the kanbun method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the Kojiki , dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, kanbun , and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period,

9690-784: Was initially available in 4 grade levels: X, X Deluxe, R and R Deluxe. The R Custom grade was later added in August 2018. The Rush came with G and TRD Sportivo grades. Due to high demand, the production of Terios and Rush was also conducted in Astra Daihatsu Motor's Karawang plant alongside the Sunter plant since August 2019. In August 2021, the TRD Sportivo grade of Rush was renamed to GR Sport . Redesigned bumper add-ons and side body mouldings were included in this update. It also received start-stop system as standard, followed by Terios in September. The facelifted Terios

9792-594: Was later replaced with a 1498 cc HE-E petrol engine with electronic fuel injection in 2001 and the long-wheelbase configuration, the F-series, was introduced with the same HD-C engine as the 1999-2001 C-series, and later replaced with the same HE-E engine as the 2001 C-series in the same year. The Taruna received facelifts in August 2001, July 2003, March 2004 and March 2005. It was available with CL and FL, CX and FX, and CSX and FGX grades. There were also CSR and FGZ special grades, which were similar to CSX and FGX, with

9894-413: Was launched in 2006. It was re-branded as the Toyota Rush in August 2016, as Daihatsu left that market. The second-generation Terios was released in South Africa in 2006 as a short-wheelbase 4x4 and 4x2 model. In 2008, the three-row long-wheelbase model was released, which was imported from Indonesia. Sales ended in 2015 when Daihatsu left the market. 2015 Toyota Rush ASEAN NCAP scores: In 2006,

9996-469: Was launched on 8 June 2023 with X, R and R Custom grades, while the X Deluxe and R Deluxe grades were discontinued. Optional Astra Daihatsu Styling (ADS) package with exterior add-ons and other accessories is available for X and R grades. The GR Sport grade of the Rush was updated on 1 April 2024, changes includes a new grille, black exterior parts, new alloy rim designs, and a new 9" touchscreen infotainment system. The G grade remained unchanged. The Rush

10098-474: Was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in Early Middle Japanese , though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for /je/ , which merges with /e/ before the end of the period. Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no )

10200-498: Was quietly discontinued in 2009, slightly less than a year after its launch. Only a mere total of 489 units were ever sold. The reason for the discontinuation was because as a national car company focused on local manufacturing, Perodua was unable to obtain sufficient necessary Approved Permits for vehicle importation, as the Nautica was imported in CBU form from Japan. In Chile, the second-generation Terios in short-wheelbase configuration

10302-472: Was released in the Philippines on 4 May 2018 and was initially offered in two grade levels: E, which has five seats and is available with either manual or automatic transmission, and G, which has seven seats and is only available with an automatic transmission. In November 2020, the E grade received a reverse camera and 7-seater as standard. In May 2022, the GR Sport grade was launched which replaced

10404-526: Was unveiled in August 1998. In June 2003, the Kembara was updated with DVVT engines. In July 2004, the Kembara CT Elegance was unveiled and came with ABS , front dual airbags , leather seats, different designed alloy rim, flat type side step and cubic printing cluster. It was priced at RM59,988 and only available in one colour: Klasik Gold. In Indonesia, a version of the Terios is known as

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