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109-541: Some music connected with the circle was recorded by the Utrecht ensemble Camerata Trajectina in 1994. This Dutch-history -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about European culture is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Utrecht Utrecht ( / ˈ j uː t r ɛ k t / YOO -trekt , Dutch: [ˈytrɛxt] ; Utrecht dialect : Ut(e)reg [ˈyt(ə)ʁɛχ] )

218-441: A schwa ( /ə/ ). A short phrase from the gospel book of Munsterbilzen Abbey , written around 1130, still shows several unstressed vowels distinguished: That was a late monument, however, as the merging of all unstressed short vowels was already well underway by that time. Most likely, the difference was maintained only in spelling traditions, but it had been mostly lost in speech. With the introduction of new scribal traditions in

327-476: A North sea Germanic substrate . Linguists typically date this transition to around the 5th century. Old Dutch is divided into Old West Low Franconian and Old East Low Franconian ( Limburgian ); however, these varieties are very closely related, the divergence being that the latter shares more traits with neighboring historical forms of Central Franconian dialects such as Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian . While both forms of Low Franconian were instrumental to

436-597: A West Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester , England . For a long time, the sentence was commonly but erroneously considered to be the earliest in Dutch. However, it could be considered the oldest Dutch non-religious poetry. The text is usually considered a West Flemish dialect, but certain Ingvaeonic forms might be expected in any of the coastal dialects of Old English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon or Old Dutch. However,

545-469: A certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt . In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed

654-411: A dialect continuum formed/existed between Old Dutch, Old Saxon and Old Frisian. Despite sharing some particular features, a number of disparities separate Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old English and Old Dutch. One such difference is that Old Dutch used -a as its plural a-stem noun ending, while Old Saxon and Old English employed -as or -os . Much of the grammatical variation between Old Dutch and Old Saxon

763-436: A distinction in writing: dag "day" (short vowel), thahton "they thought" (long vowel). Later on, the long vowels were sometimes marked with a macron to indicate a long vowel: ā . In some texts long vowels were indicated by simply doubling the vowel in question, as in the placename Heembeke and personal name Oodhelmus (both from charters written in 941 and 797 respectively). Old Dutch may have preserved at least four of

872-407: A highway ( Catherijnebaan ). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century, the whole area is undergoing change again. The redeveloped music centre TivoliVredenburg opened in 2014 with the original Vredenburg and Tivoli concert and rock and jazz halls brought together in a single building. Utrecht experiences

981-552: A monk of the Abbey of Egmond , and so the manuscript's other name is Egmond Willeram . The text represents an imperfect attempt to translate the original into the local Old Dutch vernacular. The text contains many Old Dutch words as well as mistranslated words since the scribe must have been unfamiliar with some Old High German words in the original. It could nevertheless be regarded as the first book written in Old Dutch. However, since

1090-476: A temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) similar to all of the Netherlands . Utrecht city had a population of 361,924 in 2022. It is a growing municipality and projections are that the population will surpass 392,000 by 2025. As of November 2019, the city of Utrecht has a population of 357,179. Utrecht has a young population, with many inhabitants in the age category from 20 and 30 years, due to

1199-606: Is a station on the night service , providing an all-night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, seven days a week. International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: Utrecht Lunetten ; Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn ; Utrecht Overvecht ; Utrecht Leidsche Rijn ; Utrecht Terwijde ; Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten . A former station Utrecht Maliebaan closed in 1939 and has since been converted into

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1308-559: Is also informally considered the "capital" of the Dutch games industry . It was named by Business Finland in 2023 as one of several capitals for the European games industry as a whole. Utrecht's influence in this field was caused by video game development courses at its universities, which were the first such courses in Europe when launched in 2002. Since 2008 Utrecht has also been home to

1417-550: Is currently operated by the private transport company Qbuzz . On 16 December 2019 the new tram line to the Uithof started operating, creating a direct mass transit connection from the central station to the main Utrecht university campus. The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large-scale renovation and construction works at

1526-645: Is dominated by the Dom Tower , the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin . An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m [367 ft]). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second-tallest building of

1635-667: Is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts . The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna , who is best known for creating Miffy ("Nijntje", in Dutch). BAK, [Dutch: "Basis voor Actuele Kunst," Basis for Contemporary Art] offers contemporary art exhibitions and public events, as well as a Fellowship program for practitioners involved in contemporary arts, theory and activisms. Although street art

1744-523: Is home of one of the locations of TIAS School for Business and Society , focused on post-experience management education and the largest management school of its kind in the Netherlands. In 2008, its executive MBA program was rated the 24th best program in the world by the Financial Times . Utrecht is also home to two other large institutions of higher education: the vocational university Hogeschool Utrecht (37,000 students), with locations in

1853-545: Is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004. Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schröder House , which is listed on UNESCO's World Heritage Sites . Old Dutch In linguistics, Old Dutch ( Modern Dutch : Oudnederlands ) or Old Low Franconian (Modern Dutch: Oudnederfrankisch )

1962-609: Is now archived in the Vatican Codex pal. 577. Sometimes interpreteted as Old Saxon, a number of Dutch scholars have concluded the Baptismal Vow was actually written in the 8th century in Old Dutch. The difficulty in establishing whether the text was written in Old Saxon or Old Franconian is that those languages were very much alike. Irlôsin sol an frithe sêla mîna fan thên thia ginâcont mi, wanda under managon he

2071-497: Is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing whose language is patently different from Old Dutch. The most notable difference between Old and Middle Dutch is vowel reduction . Back vowels ( a , o ) in non-stressed syllables are rather frequent in Old Dutch, but in Middle Dutch, they are reduced to a schwa : The following is a translation of Psalm 55 :18, taken from

2180-505: Is similar to that between Old Dutch and Old High German. It is also found that Old Dutch had lost the dual number for its pronouns, unlike Old English, which used wit to refer to "the two of us". Old Dutch would have used we both to refer to that and to refer to many more people in the "us" group, much like Modern Dutch and English. Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch with some distinctions that approximate those found in most medieval West Germanic languages. The year 1150

2289-405: Is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt , Zeist , Houten , Vianen , Driebergen-Rijsenburg ( Utrechtse Heuvelrug ), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote cities such as Woerden and Amersfoort , counts up to 820,000 inhabitants. Utrecht's cityscape

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2398-500: Is still in the city centre at Neude square, but is now serving as library, see also Utrecht Post Office . Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine . It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its medieval structure, and

2507-429: Is subdivided into 10 city quarters, all of which have their own neighbourhood council and service centre for civil affairs. Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, a fact which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built-up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein , IJsselstein and Maarssen . It

2616-531: Is synonymous with Old Dutch . Depending on the author, the temporal boundary between Old Dutch and Old Frankish is either defined by the onset of the Second Germanic consonant shift in Eastern Frankish, the assimilation of an unattested coastal dialect showing North Sea Germanic -features by West Frankish during the closing of the 9th century , or a combination of both. Some linguists use

2725-540: Is the fourth-largest city of the Netherlands , as well as the capital and the most populous city of the province of Utrecht . The municipality of Utrecht is located in the eastern part of the Randstad conurbation , in the very centre of mainland Netherlands, and includes Haarzuilens , Vleuten and De Meern . It has a population of 361,699 as of December 2021 . Utrecht's ancient city centre features many buildings and structures, several dating as far back as

2834-582: Is the set of dialects that evolved from Frankish spoken in the Low Countries during the Early Middle Ages , from around the 6th or 9th to the 12th century. Old Dutch is mostly recorded on fragmentary relics, and words have been reconstructed from Middle Dutch and Old Dutch loanwords in French. Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. It

2943-514: Is the subsumption of the High German consonant shift , a set of phonological changes beginning around the 5th or 6th century that partially influenced Old Dutch, and extensively influenced Central Franconian and other Old High German dialects. Old English , Old Frisian and (to a lesser degree) Old Saxon share the application of the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law . Old Dutch was considerably less affected than those other three languages, but

3052-482: The -n of the third-person plural hebban , which is absent in both Old English and Frisian, identifies the language as Old Dutch ( Old High German habent uses a different stem). Hagunnan and hi(c) have a prothetic h , which points also to West Flemish in which the h was frequently dropped or, in the written language, added before vowels (compare abent in the Latin version). However, it has been postulated that

3161-581: The Dutch Railway Museum . Utrecht is the location of the headquarters of Nederlandse Spoorwegen (English: Dutch Railways ), the largest rail operator in the Netherlands, and ProRail , the state-owned company responsible for the construction and maintenance of the country's rail infrastructure. The Utrecht sneltram is a light rail scheme running southwards from Utrecht Centraal to the suburbs of IJsselstein , Kanaleneiland , Lombok and Nieuwegein . The sneltram began operations in 1983 and

3270-708: The Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner-city transport. Regional buses from the city are operated by Arriva and Connexxion . The Utrecht Centraal railway station is also served by the pan-European services of Eurolines . Furthermore, it acts as departure and arrival place of many coach companies serving holiday resorts in Spain and France—and during winter in Austria and Switzerland . Like most Dutch cities, Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths , making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within

3379-638: The Frisians . Pope Sergius I appointed their leader, Saint Willibrordus , as bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht . In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for

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3488-670: The High Middle Ages . It has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century. In 1579, the Union of Utrecht was signed in the city to lay the foundations for the Dutch Republic . Utrecht was the most important city in the Netherlands until the Dutch Golden Age , when it was surpassed by Amsterdam as the country's cultural centre and most populous city. Utrecht is home to Utrecht University ,

3597-592: The Leiden Willeram translates as "All night long on my bed I looked for the one my heart loves; I looked for him but did not find him". The manuscript, now in the library of the Leiden University in the Netherlands, contains an Old Dutch translation of an Old High German (East Franconian) commentary on Song of Solomon , written by the German abbot Williram of Ebersberg . The translation was done by

3706-412: The Netherlands with 30,449 students (as of 2012 ). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, on the east side of the city. According to Shanghai Jiaotong University 's university ranking in 2014, it is the 57th-best university in the world. Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies , which houses about 400 students. Utrecht

3815-544: The Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie were moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an English style landscape park that remains largely intact today. Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually became

3924-583: The Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand further north. To consolidate the border, the Limes Germanicus defense line was constructed along the main branch of the river Rhine , which at that time traversed a more northern route (now known as the Kromme Rijn ) compared to today's Rhine flow. These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near

4033-613: The Teutonic Knights . Besides these buildings which belonged to the bishopric, an additional four parish churches were constructed in the city: the Jacobikerk ( dedicated to Saint James ), founded in the 11th century, with the current Gothic church dating back to the 14th century; the Buurkerk (Neighbourhood-church) of the 11th-century parish in the centre of the city; Nicolaichurch (dedicated to Saint Nicholas ), from

4142-400: The Union of Utrecht treaty (Dutch: Unie van Utrecht), in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic . In 1580, the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought

4251-594: The Wachtendonck Psalms ; it shows the evolution of Dutch, from the original Old Dutch, written c. 900, to modern Dutch, but so accurately copies the Latin word order of the original that there is little information that can be garnered on Old Dutch syntax . In Modern Dutch, recasting is necessary to form a coherent sentence. Old Dutch texts are extremely rare and much more limited than for related languages like Old English and Old High German . Most of

4360-425: The 12th and 13th century, the practices were abandoned, and unstressed vowels were consistently written as e from that time onward. Notes: Old Dutch was spelt using the Latin alphabet. The length of a vowel was generally not represented in writing probably because the missionaries, who were the ones capable of writing and teaching how to write, tended to base the written language on Latin, which also did not make

4469-528: The 12th century, and the 13th-century Geertekerk (dedicated to Saint Gertrude of Nivelles ). Its location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town was granted city rights by Henry V at Utrecht on 2 June 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed which still flowed through the heart of

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4578-471: The 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040; Saint Peter , building started in 1039 and Saint Mary 's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Besides these churches, the city housed St. Paul's Abbey , the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas , and a 14th-century chapter house of

4687-542: The Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire . In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad . After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by

4796-599: The East, and Lombok to the West were developed. New middle-class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al , were built in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, several Jugendstil houses and office buildings were built, followed by Rietveld who built the Rietveld Schröder House (1924), and Dudok 's construction of the city theatre (1941). During World War II , Utrecht was held by German forces until

4905-579: The French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year , Dutch: Rampjaar). The French invasion was stopped just west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline . In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado . The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the cathedral of St Martin church's central section which collapsed, creating

5014-573: The Netherlands before Old Dutch was spoken have been found, and they are sometimes called Oudnederlands (English: "Old Netherlandic" or "Old Dutch") in a geographic sense. The oldest known example, wad 'mudflat', is already mentioned c.  107–108 AD in Tacitus ' Histories (Book 5), in Latinised form as vadam (acc. sg.), as the name of a village, Vada , probably reflecting Early Germanic *wada . The word exclusively referred to

5123-544: The North of the Netherlands. In the rest of the coastal region, these dialects were mostly displaced following the withdrawal to England of the migrating Angles , Saxons and Jutes , who gave rise to Old English. It was largely replaced by Weser–Rhine Germanic dialects, spoken by the Salian Franks . It spread from northern Belgium and the southern Netherlands to the coast and evolved into Old Dutch. It has, however,

5232-517: The Old Dutch period, the distinction between the feminine ō -stems and ōn -stems began to disappear, when endings of one were transferred to the other declension and vice versa, as part of a larger process in which the distinction between the strong and weak inflection was being lost not only in feminine nouns but also in adjectives. The process is shown in a more advanced stage in Middle Dutch. Old Dutch reflects an intermediate form between Old Saxon and Old High German. Like Old High German, it preserved

5341-691: The Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible (Dutch: Rijnlandse Rijmbijbel ; German: Rheinische Reimbibel ). The verse translation of biblical histories is attested only in a series of fragments from different writers. It contains Old Dutch (Low Franconian), Low German (Low Saxon) and High German (Rhine-Franconian) elements. It was likely composed in the northwest of Germany in the early 12th century, possibly in Werden Abbey , near Essen . Phonologically, Old Dutch stands in between Old Saxon and Old High German , sharing some innovations with

5450-513: The Salic law code (the Malberg glosses ) contain several Old Dutch words and this full sentence written in the early 6th century, which is likely the earliest in the language. It translates as "I tell you: I am setting you free, serve". The phrase was used to free a serf . A lito (English: half-free ) was a form of serf in the feudal system , a half-free farmer, who was connected to the land of

5559-495: The Wachtendonck Psalms, the e and i merged in unstressed syllables, as did o and u . That led to variants like dagi and dage ("day", dative singular) and tungon and tungun ("tongue", genitive, dative, accusative singular and nominative, dative, accusative plural). The forms with e and o are generally found later on, showing the gradual reduction of the articulatory distinction, eventually merging into

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5668-580: The absence or presence of the Second Germanic consonant shift . With the exception of Dutch, modern linguistic research has challenged the direct diachronical connection to Old Frankish for most of the varieties grouped under the broader "Franconian" category. Nevertheless, the traditional terminology of the West Germanic varieties along assumed Late Classical tribal lines, typical of 19th and early 20th century Germanic linguistics, remains common. Within historical linguistics Old Low Franconian

5777-417: The ancestor of the modern Dutch verb root gun , through the addition of the prefix ge- . (An English cognate probably survives in to own (up) in the sense of 'to acknowledge, concede'.) Its modern meaning is roughly "to think someone deserves something, to derive satisfaction from someone else's success", and it is commonly translated as "grant" or "bestow". Maltho thi afrio lito Glosses to

5886-506: The bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht—which included the city of Utrecht—to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric of Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht , with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained

5995-574: The bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy. The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding. This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein . In 1528

6104-422: The book never left the abbey, it cannot be regarded as the start of a Dutch literature and did not influence later works. Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan hinase hic enda thu, uuat unbidan uue nu. Arguably the most famous text containing Old Dutch, the fragment is translated as "All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for?" The text is dated from around 1100 and written by

6213-463: The central nave , from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished. Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht: St. Salvator's Church (demolished in

6322-577: The city and the Uithof campus; and the HKU Utrecht School of the Arts (3,000 students). There are many schools for primary and secondary education, allowing parents to select from different philosophies and religions in the school as is inherent in the Dutch school system . Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam. There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main city theatre

6431-407: The city are by bicycle, more than any other mode of transport. (Cars, for example, account for 30% of trips). Bicycles are used by young and old people, and by individuals and families. They are mostly traditional, upright, steel-framed bicycles, with few gears. There are also bucket bikes for carrying cargo such as groceries or small children. Thanks in part to the access provided by bicycles, 100% of

6540-489: The city in the early 19th century, required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city. Due to the past importance of Utrecht as a religious centre, several monumental churches were erected, many of which have survived. Most prominent is the Dom Church . Other notable churches include the romanesque St Peter's and St John's churches;

6649-399: The city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin , inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire. The choir and transept were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious Dom tower . The last part to be constructed was

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6758-458: The city under much more direct control of the republic, shifting the power towards its dominant province Holland . This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic being about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more so among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there. The fortified city temporarily fell to

6867-640: The city, the Rabobank -tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (394 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 m (280.5 ft) and 64.5 m (211.6 ft) high, respectively. The former Utrecht Main Post Office, built in 1924,

6976-580: The current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession . Beginning in 1723, Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world. In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of

7085-433: The deeds and words of the devil, Thunear, Wōden and Saxnōt, and all those fiends that are their companions". It mentions three Germanic pagan gods of the early Saxons which the reader is to forsake: Uuôden (" Woden "), Thunaer and Saxnōt . Scholar Rudolf Simek comments that the vow is of particular interest because it is the sole instance of the god Saxnōt mentioned in a religious context. One of many baptismal vows, it

7194-487: The earliest texts written in the Netherlands were written in Latin , rather than Old Dutch. Some of the Latin texts, however, contained Old Dutch words interspersed with the Latin text. Also, it is hard to determine whether a text actually was written in Old Dutch, as the Germanic languages spoken at that time were not standardised and were much more similar to one another. Several words that are known to have developed in

7303-412: The east ( Achterhoek , Overijssel , and Drenthe ) spoke Old Saxon . Within the field of historical philology, the terminology for the oldest historical phase of the Dutch language traditionally includes both Old Dutch as well as Old Low Franconian . In English linguistic publications, Old Netherlandic is occasionally used in addition to the aforementioned terms. Old Low Franconian , derives from

7412-535: The easternmost Dutch dialects, such as Limburgish . Before the advent of Old Dutch or any of the Germanic languages, Germanic dialects were mutually intelligible . The North Sea Germanic dialects were spoken in the whole of the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Belgium. Old Frisian was one of these dialects, and elements of it survived through the Frisian language , spoken in the province of Friesland in

7521-562: The election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II ). When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism , the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops . The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht '), but also extended to

7630-584: The final section (after some delay) being opened on 19 August 2019. Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam , Arnhem , The Hague and Maastricht , as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the Almere – Breda A27 and the Utrecht– Groningen A28 . Due to

7739-411: The fort, settlements grew that housed artisans , traders and soldiers' wives and children. In Roman times, the name of the Utrecht fortress was simply Traiectum , denoting its location at a possible Rhine crossing. Traiectum became Dutch Trecht; with the U from Old Dutch "uut" (downriver) added to distinguish U-trecht from Maas-tricht , on the river Meuse . In 11th-century official documents, it

7848-549: The framing of Middle Dutch , Old East Low Franconian did not contribute much to Standard Dutch , which is based on the consolidated dialects of Holland and Brabant . During the Merovingian period, the Central Franconian dialects were influenced by Old Low Franconian (Old Dutch), resulting in certain linguistic loans which yielded a slight overlap of vocabulary, most of which relates to warfare . In addition

7957-464: The general German surrender of the Netherlands on 5 May 1945. British and Canadian troops that had surrounded the city entered it after that surrender, on 7 May 1945. Following the end of World War II, the city grew considerably when new neighbourhoods such as Overvecht , Kanaleneiland , Hoograven  [ nl ] and Lunetten were built. Around 2000, the Leidsche Rijn housing area

8066-511: The gothic churches of St James and St Nicholas; and the Buurkerk, now converted into a museum for automatically playing musical instruments . Because of its central location, Utrecht is well connected to the rest of the Netherlands and has a well-developed public transport network. Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht and is the largest in the country. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities, including direct services to Schiphol Airport . Utrecht Centraal

8175-481: The increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants . This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality. Utrecht has an industrial port located on the Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal . The container terminal has a capacity of 80,000 containers a year. In 2003,

8284-569: The larger station area redevelopment plan and in 2014 gained additional halls that allowed its merger with the rock club Tivoli and the SJU jazzpodium. There are several other venues for music throughout the city. Young musicians are educated in the conservatory , a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts . There is a specialised museum of automatically playing musical instruments. There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists

8393-420: The largest university in the Netherlands, as well as several other institutions of higher education. Due to its central position within the country, it is an important hub for both rail and road transport ; it has the busiest railway station in the Netherlands, Utrecht Centraal . It has the second-highest number of cultural events in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam. In 2012, Lonely Planet included Utrecht in

8502-437: The latter, and others with the former. The table below lists the consonantal phonemes of Old Dutch. For descriptions of the sounds and definitions of the terms, follow the links on the headings. Notes: Final-obstruent devoicing of Proto-Germanic [β] to [f] occurred across the West Germanic languages, and thus also in Old Dutch. Old Dutch spelling also reveals final devoicing of other consonants, namely: Final devoicing

8611-486: The linguistic category first devised by the German linguist Wilhelm Braune (1850–1926), who used the term Franconian as a wastebasket taxon for the early West Germanic texts that he could not readily classify as belonging to either Saxon , Alemannic or Bavarian and assumed to derive from the language of the Franks . He subsequently further divided this new grouping into Low , Middle and High Franconian based on

8720-484: The lord for whom he worked but not owned by that lord. In contrast, a slave was fully owned by the lord. The Old Dutch word and the Modern Dutch counterpart laat are both etymologically and in meaning undoubtedly related to the verb root laat (English: 'let go', 'release'), which may indicate the fairly free status of such person in relation to that a slave. The Old Dutch word lito is particularly recognisable in

8829-515: The main hub of the Dutch railway network . With the Industrial Revolution finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond its medieval centre. When the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome in 1853, Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more. From the 1880s onward, neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen , Vogelenbuurt to

8938-579: The moat ringing the old town is largely intact. In the 1970s part of the moat was converted into a motorway. It was then converted back into a waterway, the work being finished in 2020. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late-19th- and early-20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line , moved east of

9047-741: The most senior Dutch Roman Catholic leader. His ecclesiastical province covers the whole kingdom. Utrecht is also the see of the archbishop of the Old Catholic Church , titular head of the Union of Utrecht , and the location of the offices of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands , the main Dutch Protestant church. As of 2013, the largest religion is Christianity with 28% of the population being Christian, followed by Islam with 9.9% in 2016 and Hinduism with 0.8%. Religions in Utrecht (2013) The city of Utrecht

9156-622: The northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders . The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht. Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to,

9265-500: The population consists of people with a recent migration background from Western countries, while 24.8% of the population has at least one parent who is of 'non-Western origin' (8.8% from Morocco, 4% Turkey, 3% Surinam and Dutch Caribbean and 9.1% of other countries). Utrecht has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century. Currently it is the see of the Metropolitan Archbishop of Utrecht ,

9374-558: The population lives in a 15-minute city and more than 90% can get to the major destination types within 10 minutes. In 2014, the city council decided to build the world's largest bicycle parking station , near the Central Railway Station . This three-floor construction cost over €30 million and can hold 12,500 bicycles. The bicycle parking station was built in stages, with the first part opening in August 2017, and

9483-460: The port facilitated the transport of four million tons of cargo; mostly sand, gravel, fertiliser and fodder. Additionally, some tourist boat trips are organised from various places on the Oudegracht; and the city is connected to touristic shipping routes through sluices. Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on

9592-415: The presence of a large university. About 52% of the population is female, 48% is male. The majority of households (52.5%) in Utrecht are single-person households. About 29% of people living in Utrecht are either married, or have another legal partnership. About 3% of the population of Utrecht is divorced. For 62.8% of the population of Utrecht both parents were born in the Netherlands. Approximately 12.4% of

9701-468: The psalms. They were named after a manuscript that has not survived but was the source from which scholars believe the surviving fragments must have been copied. The manuscript was once owned by Canon Arnold Wachtendonck. The surviving fragments are handwritten copies made by the Renaissance scholar Justus Lipsius in the sixteenth century. Lipsius made a number of separate copies of what appeared to be

9810-408: The railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz ; its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district. The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with

9919-457: The region and ground type that is now known as the Wadden Sea . However, since the word existed long before Old Dutch did (and even before its parent language, Frankish ), it cannot be considered part of the vocabulary of Old Dutch but rather of Proto-Germanic . Haþuþȳwas. Ann kusjam logūns. This sentence has been interpreted as "Haþuþyw's. I/He grant(s) a flame (i.e. brand, sword) to

10028-538: The right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious centre of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen Provinces. The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings, Charles V struggled to exert his power over the city's citizens who had struggled to gain

10137-600: The same material, but the versions do not always agree. In addition, scholars conclude that the numerous errors and inconsistencies in the fragments point not only to some carelessness or inattentiveness by the Renaissance scholars but also to errors in the now-lost manuscript out of which the material was copied. The language of the Psalms suggests that they were originally written in the 10th century. Thes naghtes an minemo beddo vortheroda ich minen wino. Ich vortheroda hine ande ne vand sin niet. This example sentence taken from

10246-507: The select". It was discovered on a sword sheath mounting , excavated in 1996 in the Dutch village of Bergakker and is perhaps better described as Frankish than Old Dutch (Frankish was the direct parent language of Old Dutch). The text however, shows the beginning of Old Dutch morphology. The word ann , found in the partially-translated inscription is coined as the oldest Dutch by linguists Nicoline van der Sijs and Tanneke Schoonheim from Genootschap Onze Taal . They attribute that word to

10355-488: The several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railway network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen . ProRail is headquartered in De Inktpot  [ nl ] (The Inkwell), the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the "UFO" featured on its façade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank , a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht. Utrecht

10464-494: The six cases of Proto-Germanic: nominative , accusative , genitive and dative . A fifth case, the instrumental , could have also existed. The -s ending in the masculine plural was preserved in the coastal dialects, as can be seen in the Hebban Olla Vogala text where nestas is used instead of nesta . Later on, the -s ending entered Hollandic dialects and became part of the modern standard language. During

10573-412: The studio incubator program Dutch Game Garden , which has launched a number of studios in the area. By 2014 the program had created 200 jobs. Utrecht is also home to Nixxes Software (a PlayStation Studios subsidiary) as well as Sokpop Collective . Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of

10682-419: The terms Old Low Franconian or West Frankish to specifically refer to the (very sparsely attested) varieties of Old Dutch spoken prior its assimilation of the coastal dialect. Old Dutch itself is further divided into Old West Dutch and Old East Dutch, with the descendants of Old West Dutch forming the dominant basis of the Middle Dutch literary language and Old East Dutch forming a noticeable substrate within

10791-429: The text could equally well be Old English , more specifically Old Kentish . nu saget mir einen kuning other greven, the an uren got wille gelouven, that se sagent, that ist gelogen, thes ist thaz arme volc bedrogen. Translated as "Mention one king or earl who wants to believe in their god, what they say is a lie, that's how the people are being deceived", this fragment comes from an important source for Old Dutch:

10900-542: The top 10 of the world's unsung places. Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE ) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800–800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification ( castellum ), probably built in around 50 CE . A series of such fortresses were built after

11009-403: The town became ever more canalized ; and the wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system. On the wharfs, storage facilities ( werfkelders ) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses, was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure. The relations between

11118-427: The verb's past tense lieten . End ec forsacho allum dioboles uuercum and uuordum, Thunær ende Uuôden ende Saxnôte ende allum thêm unholdum thê hira genôtas sint. The Utrecht Baptismal Vow , or Old Saxon Baptismal Vow , is a 9th-century baptismal vow that was found in a monastery library in the German city of Mainz but was written in the Dutch city of Utrecht . The sentence translates as "And I renounce all

11227-506: Was Latinized as Ultra Traiectum. Around the year 200, the wooden walls of the fortification were replaced by sturdier tuff stone walls, remnants of which are still to be found below the buildings around Dom Square. From the middle of the 3rd century, Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories. After around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border, and Utrecht

11336-527: Was abandoned. Little is known about the period from 270 to 650. Utrecht is first spoken of again several centuries after the Romans left. Under the influence of the growing realms of the Franks , during Dagobert I 's reign in the 7th century, a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress. In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians , this first church was destroyed. By the mid-7th century, British, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert

11445-580: Was built by Dudok . In addition to theatres, there is a large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival . The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg (1979 by Herman Hertzberger ). Its acoustics are considered among the best of the 20th-century original music halls. The original Vredenburg music hall has been redeveloped as part of

11554-608: Was countered by the syllable-initial voicing of voiceless fricatives, which made [v] and [f] allophones of each other. Final devoicing appears much earlier in Old Dutch than it does Old Saxon and Old High German. In fact, by judging from the find at Bergakker , it would seem that the language already had inherited this characteristic from Old Frankish whereas Old Saxon and Old High German are known to have maintained word-final voiced obstruents much later (at least 900). Notes: In unstressed syllables, only three vowels seem to have been reliably distinguished: open, front and back. In

11663-429: Was developed as an extension of the city to the west. The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style. This development led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne  [ nl ] , the music centre Vredenburg ( Hertzberger , 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into

11772-418: Was mit mi The Wachtendonck Psalms are a collection of Latin psalms , with a translation in an eastern variety of Old Dutch (Old East Low Franconian) which contains a number of Old High German elements. The example sentence above translates as "He will deliver my soul in peace from those who attack me, for, amongst many, he was with me." Probably based on a Central Franconian original, very little remains of

11881-464: Was spoken by the descendants of the Salian Franks who occupied what is now the southern Netherlands , northern Belgium , part of northern France, and parts of the Lower Rhine regions of Germany. It evolved into Middle Dutch around the 12th century. The inhabitants of northern Dutch provinces, including Groningen , Friesland , and the coast of North Holland , spoke Old Frisian , and some in

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