Lushootseed ( / l ʌ ˈ ʃ uː t s iː d / luh- SHOOT -tseed ), historically known as Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish , or Skagit-Nisqually , is a Central Coast Salish language of the Salishan language family. Lushootseed is the general name for the dialect continuum composed of two main dialects, Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed , which are further separated into smaller sub-dialects.
128-536: Mukilteo ( / ˌ m ʌ k əl ˈ t iː oʊ / MUK -əl- TEE -oh ; Lushootseed : bək̓ʷəɬtiwʔ ) is a city in Snohomish County, Washington , United States. It is located on Puget Sound between Edmonds and Everett , approximately 25 miles (40 km) north of Seattle . The city had a population of 20,254 at the 2010 census and an estimated 2019 population of 21,441. The current site of downtown Mukilteo (also named Old Town) has been inhabited by
256-415: A Japantown in modern-day Japanese Gulch . Passenger ferry service between Mukilteo and Whidbey Island began in 1911 and was followed by the introduction of automobile ferry service in 1919. The town also gained a highway connection in 1914 with the completion of Mukilteo Boulevard , which traveled east to Everett. Until the closure of the lumber mill in 1930, Mukilteo was a company town that relied on
384-541: A mayor–council government , consisting of a mayor and a seven-member city council who are elected to four-year terms. Elections for the at-large positions are held in odd-numbered years and conducted in a nonpartisan manner, with city council seats staggered for a maximum of four seats per election. Former two-term mayor Joe Marine was re-elected to a third term as mayor in 2021, defeating former city councilwoman and two-term mayor Jennifer Gregerson, who defeated him in 2013; Marine had served as mayor since 2006. Management of
512-543: A morphophonemic writing system meaning that it is a phonemic alphabet which does not change to reflect the pronunciation such as when an affix is introduced. The chart below is based on the Lushootseed Dictionary. Typographic variations such as ⟨p'⟩ and ⟨pʼ⟩ do not indicate phonemic distinctions. Capital letters are not used in Lushootseed. Some older works based on
640-536: A 1,500-foot-long (460 m) ammunition loading dock for warships. The recently built Snohomish County Airport (later renamed Paine Field) southeast of the city was converted into a military base while retaining some civilian uses, including passenger service provided by Alaska Airlines . During the early 1950s, the loading dock was expanded with ten large storage tanks that were used to store jet fuel for military planes until 1989. On April 29, 1947, Mukilteo residents voted 223 to 137 in favor of incorporating as
768-451: A 30-year history of dealing with the "King George's men" of Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), who had developed a reputation for driving a hard bargain, but sticking honestly to what they agreed to, and for treating Whites and Indians impartially. This continued through the dealings of the local Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Superintendent General, Joel Palmer . Together with Indian Agent Mike Simmons ( David 'Doc' Maynard 's brother-in-law), he
896-405: A 54-acre (22 ha) county park along Puget Sound southwest of Harbour Pointe. The Old Town neighborhood has several of the city's major parks, including Mukilteo Lighthouse Park , a former state park that was acquired by Mukilteo in 2003 and is the city's most-used park facility. The 12-acre (4.9 ha) park includes a beach , boat launch , playground, and picnic areas. To the southeast of
1024-493: A 6.5 by 3 feet (1.98 m × 0.91 m) slab of granite, is 15 inches (380 mm) thick. A bronze plaque mounted on the west face is inscribed with text written by Edmond S. Meany . The monument commemorates the signing of the treaty, however the precise location of the signing is unknown. The Point Elliott Treaty Monument was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 2004. As of 2024,
1152-467: A family experience. Wa He Lut Indian School teaches Lushootseed to Native elementary school children in their Native Language and Culture program. As of 2013 , an annual Lushootseed conference is held at Seattle University . A course in Lushootseed language and literature has been offered at Evergreen State College . Lushootseed has also been used as a part of environmental history courses at Pacific Lutheran University . It has been spoken during
1280-407: A fourth-class city and elected school administrator Alfred Tunem as its first mayor. The incorporation was certified by the state government on May 8; at the time, Mukilteo had an estimated population of 775 people and encompassed 794 acres (321 ha). The new municipal government took over services that were previously handled by the self-organized Mukilteo Improvement Club, which was established in
1408-622: A major part of their diets. Citing the treaties and their restrictions to reservations, the state and federal government increasingly restricted their fishing after 1890. There was a rise in both commercial and sports fisheries, dominated by European Americans. State repression increased through the 1950s. In a period of increased activism, in the 1960s several Native American tribes in the Northwest began protest fish-ins. They peacefully and successfully outmaneuvered police, garnering wide media attention. The Boldt Decision in 1974, which interpreted
SECTION 10
#17327981049991536-509: A male householder with no wife present, and 29.8% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.00. The median age in the city was 41.8 years. 23.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.9% were from 25 to 44; 34.5% were from 45 to 64; and 10.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of
1664-665: A population of 11,000 people) was rejected by city voters in 2010. The majority of Mukilteo is located on a plateau overlooking Possession Sound and the Olympic Mountains to the west and Port Gardner Bay to the north. A major railroad runs along the shore, which is situated below a set of tall bluffs that are divided by ravines and gulches along several creeks. The bluffs were formed approximately 5,000 years before present and eroded away over time to form beaches and Point Elliott itself. The city has several recognized drainage basins, including Japanese Gulch , Big Gulch,
1792-500: A proclitic lə- must be added to the sentence on the next adverb. If there are no further adverbs in the sentence, the proclitic attaches to the head word of the predicate, as in the sentence xʷiʔ čəxʷ sixʷ ləbakʷɬ 'Don't get hurt again'. Almost all instances of a verb in Lushootseed (excluding the zero copula) carry a prefix indicating their tense and/or aspect . Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of these prefixes, along with their meanings and applications. The prefix ʔəs -
1920-473: A short burst of energy', and is correctly used with ʔu -. In contrast, the verb təlawil , which means 'to jump or run for an extended period of time', is used with lə -: lə təlawil čəxʷ. 'You are jumping.' There are five possessive affixes, derived from the pronouns: The third person singular -s is considered marginal and does not work with an actual lexical possessor. Lushootseed, like its neighbors Twana , Nooksack , Klallam , and
2048-672: A similar law. The law sunset 1 December 1855; settlers had to file their land claims by that date, so White leaders had incentive to get treaties signed with Native Americans as speedily as possible to enable development by whites. Under the laws encouraging settlement, each male settler could homestead and receive 320 acres (1.3 km ) free for himself and 640 acres with his wife (women could not individually hold property). Settlers arriving before 1850 could receive 640 acres (2.6 km ), or 1 Regular Section, one square mile. Claims were made by unilateral occupation, implicitly backed by militia if not military. Native Americans were disconcerted by
2176-493: A source published in 1990 (and therefore presumably reflecting the situation in the late 1980s), according to which there were 60 fluent speakers of Lushootseed, evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. On the other hand, the Ethnologue list of United States languages also lists, alongside Lushootseed's 60 speakers, 100 speakers for Skagit, 107 for Southern Puget Sound Salish, and 10 for Snohomish (a dialect on
2304-510: A verb, with no subject or object. All information beyond the action is to be understood by context. This can be demonstrated in ʔuʔəy’dub '[someone] managed to find [someone/something]'. Sentences which contain no verb at all are also common, as Lushootseed has no copula . An example of such a sentence is stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ 'What [is] that?'. Despite its general status as VSO, Lushootseed can be rearranged to be subject-verb-object (SVO) and verb-object-subject (VOS). Doing so does not modify
2432-541: Is a multimodal transportation hub that is served by state highways, ferries, commuter trains, and buses. The city is bisected from north to south by State Route 525 , also known as the Mukilteo Speedway, which connects the downtown ferry terminal to Harbour Pointe, State Route 99 , and Interstate 5 . State Route 526 (the Boeing Freeway) travels from west to east and provides direct connections to
2560-452: Is also covered by The Everett Herald and The Seattle Times , the region's daily newspapers. The Mukilteo School District , established in 1878, manages the public school systems of Mukilteo and neighboring areas in south Everett and unincorporated Snohomish County. It serves a population of 93,222, or nearly quintuple the city population, across 26 square miles (67 km) and has a student enrollment of approximately 15,000. Seven of
2688-497: Is defined by 44th Avenue and Japanese Gulch until it reaches State Route 526 . From there, the city's eastern boundary continues along State Route 525 along the west side of Paine Field in unincorporated Snohomish County. Mukilteo's southern border, also facing unincorporated neighborhoods, is defined by Beverly Park Road, the Picnic Point Ravine, and Hulk Creek, which drains into Possession Sound. According to
SECTION 20
#17327981049992816-574: Is disputed. According to anthropologist T. T. Waterman 's sources from the Snohomish tribe and other written records, the name's meaning was unclear. Other sources claim that the name means "good camping ground" or "narrow passage". The Snohomish people had a year-round village in the Mukilteo area for at least 600 years before the arrival of European and American explorers in the 19th century. Early artifacts uncovered during waterfront construction in
2944-674: Is located in Harbour Pointe and was constructed in 2008, costing $ 8.5 million and integrating recycled materials and other environmentally friendly features. The city hall was formerly housed at the Rosehill Community Center in Old Town and was temporarily moved to a leased Harbour Pointe warehouse in 1992 to accommodate more employees. After initially approving a site near the Rosehill Center in Old Town,
3072-523: Is located in southwestern Snohomish County, approximately 25 miles (40 km) north of Seattle . The city generally runs north–south, with a length of 5.4 miles (8.7 km) and a width of 0.8 to 2.1 miles (1.3 to 3.4 km). It is bordered to the west by the Possession Sound , a section of the Puget Sound , and to the north by Port Gardner Bay . Mukilteo's eastern border with Everett
3200-403: Is located near Harbour Pointe and comprises 180 acres (73 ha) of protected land and 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of trails. At the northeast corner of Big Gulch is Mukilteo's largest neighborhood park, 92nd Street Park, which spans 13 acres (5.3 ha) along the Mukilteo Speedway. It includes a playground, hiking trails, picnic tables, and a dog park . Mukilteo's public library is operated by
3328-420: Is one of the most common. It indicates an imperfective aspect-present tense (similar to English '-ing') for verbs that do not involve motion. More specifically, a verb may use ʔəs - if it does not result in a change of position for its subject. It is commonly known as a "state of being": ʔəs ƛ̕ubil čəd. 'I am feeling fine.' or 'I am in good health.' If a verb does involve motion, the ʔəs - prefix
3456-510: Is placed on the penultimate syllable. Some words do not fit the pattern, but generally, pronunciation is consistent in those ways. Northern Lushootseed also was affected by progressive dissimilation targeting palatal fricatives and affricates, whereas Southern Lushootseed was not, leading to some words like čəgʷəš ("wife") being pronounced čəgʷas in Northern dialects. Different dialects often use completely different words. For example,
3584-483: Is predominately forests and wetlands that are home to a variety of birds, as well as salmon , deer, and mountain beavers . It has several hiking trails that were developed by Japanese immigrants who settled in the gulch in the early 20th century. The city government acquired land in the gulch in stages between 1996 and 2014. A park with dirt tracks for BMX bikes was opened at the southwest end of Japanese Gulch in 2024. The city's largest conservation area, Big Gulch,
3712-602: Is primarily a ceremonial language, spoken for heritage or symbolic purposes, and there are about 472 second-language speakers. It is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger and classified as Reawakening by Ethnologue. Despite this, many Lushootseed-speaking tribes are attempting to revitalize their language in daily use, with several language programs and classes offered across
3840-556: Is pronounced xʷəlšucid . The southern pronunciation txʷəlšucid is derived from the original by de-voicing d into t and switching the position of l and ə . The English name "Lushootseed" is derived from dxʷləšucid . The prefix dxʷ- along with the suffix -ucid means "language." The root word , ləš , is an archaic word for the Puget Sound region. Some scholars, such as Wayne Suttles , believe it may be an old word for "people," possibly related to
3968-620: Is recognized for its quality of life and is one of the most affluent in Washington state, with a high median income . The name Mukilteo is derived from Lushootseed , the language of the Snohomish people and other Coast Salish tribes. The name for the area in Lushootseed is variously spelled as bəqɬtiuʔ , bəqɬtiyuʔ , bəkʷəɬtiu , and bək̓ʷəɬtiwʔ . It has been historically anglicized as Muckl-te-oh and Buk-wil-tee-whu, before finally being named Mukilteo. The etymology of bək̓ʷəɬtiwʔ
Mukilteo, Washington - Misplaced Pages Continue
4096-423: Is replaced with lə -: lə ƛ̕a čəd ʔálʔal. 'I'm going home.' Completed or telic actions use the prefix ʔu -. Most verbs without ʔəs - or lə - will use ʔu -. Some verbs also exhibit a contrast in meaning between lə - and ʔu -, and only one of them is correct: ʔu saxʷəb čəxʷ. 'You jump(ed).' The verb saxʷəb literally means 'to jump, leap, or run, especially in
4224-716: Is scheduled to be offered in August 2019, with the instructors Danica Sterud Miller, Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Washington Tacoma , and Zalmai Zahir, a PhD student of theoretical linguistics at the University of Oregon . Lushootseed consists of two main dialect groups, Northern Lushootseed ( dxʷləšucid ) and Southern Lushootseed ( txʷəlšucid ~ xʷəlšucid ). Both of these dialects can then be broken down into subdialects: The Lower and Upper Skagit dialects have variously been categorized as being different from one another, or one in
4352-697: Is the Mukilteo School District , followed by the Boeing Technical Center in Harbour Pointe, with over 1,200 employees. Mukilteo also has several companies that are headquartered or based in the city, including aerospace equipment manufacturing firm Electroimpact , audio equipment manufacturer Rane , furniture manufacturer Kaas Tailored , laser manufacturer Synrad , and stovemaker Travis Industries . As of 2015, Mukilteo has an estimated workforce population of 16,935 and an unemployment rate of 6.7 percent. Under 7 percent of
4480-411: The 1890s economic depression , the town experienced a major employment and population boom, with a larger lumber mill and gunpowder factory both built along the shore. The iconic Mukilteo Lighthouse was built in 1906 by the federal Lighthouse Service to serve the increased maritime traffic in the area. Japanese immigrants arrived to work in Mukilteo's mills after the turn of the century, establishing
4608-551: The Boeing Everett Factory and Interstate 5. Other major roads include Mukilteo Boulevard, which connects the city to Everett, and Harbour Pointe Boulevard, which encircles the eponymous neighborhood and golf course. Lushootseed language Lushootseed was historically spoken across southern and western Puget Sound roughly between modern-day Bellingham and Olympia by a large number of Indigenous peoples , numbering 12,000 at its peak. Today, however, it
4736-543: The Mukilteo Lighthouse from the U.S. Coast Guard to the city government was signed in 1999 after a decade of partial use as a museum by the local historical society . The changeover was made on August 19, 2001, with the Coast Guard retaining use of the working lights and the city government planning rehabilitation work to support the building's use as a tourist landmark. The adjacent Mukilteo State Park
4864-665: The North Straits Salish languages , are in the Central Coast Salish subgroup of the Salishan family of languages. The language is spoken by many peoples in the Puget Sound region, including the Duwamish , Suquamish , Squaxin , Muckleshoot , Snoqualmie , Nisqually , and Puyallup in the south and the Snohomish , Stillaguamish , Upper Skagit , and Swinomish in the north. Ethnologue quotes
4992-540: The Puget Sound Convergence Zone , a local weather phenomenon that affects areas of Snohomish County. Mukilteo is primarily a bedroom community , with a concentration of employers at an industrial park near Harbour Pointe and several small office parks . The Puget Sound Regional Council estimated that the city had a total of 10,557 jobs as of 2017, with the largest share in the manufacturing and services sectors. The largest employer in Mukilteo
5120-541: The Puyallup Tribe . By their definition, a "speaker" includes anyone who speaks in Lushootseed for at least an hour each day. As of 2013 , the Tulalip Tribes ' Lushootseed Language Department teaches classes in Lushootseed, and its website has Lushootseed phrases with audio. The Tulalip Montessori School also teaches Lushootseed to young children. Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers also teach at
5248-423: The Snohomish people for at least 1,000 years before present . The Treaty of Point Elliott was signed in Mukilteo in 1855, opening the region to American settlement. A new town was founded at Mukilteo and served as the provisional county seat of Snohomish County in early 1861. The area remained a trading post for loggers and was home to other industries, but was overshadowed by Everett and grew slowly. Mukilteo
Mukilteo, Washington - Misplaced Pages Continue
5376-543: The State Route 525 corridor, while also revitalizing the Old Town area in the 2000s. Today, Mukilteo is a bedroom community with a small job base centered around manufacturing industries. It is also a major transportation hub, with connections to Whidbey Island via the Washington State Ferries system, Sounder commuter trains to Seattle, and public transit services to nearby cities. The city
5504-497: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 9.50 square miles (24.60 km), of which 6.40 square miles (16.58 km) is land and 3.10 square miles (8.03 km) is water. Mukilteo also has a designated urban growth area that extends south to 148th Street Southwest, bordering Lynnwood , and east to State Route 99 . An advisory vote on whether to annex the entire urban growth area (with
5632-853: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Treaty of Point Elliott The Treaty of Point Elliott of 1855, or the Point Elliott Treaty , —also known as the Treaty of Point Elliot / Point Elliot Treaty —is the lands settlement treaty between the United States government and the Native American tribes of the greater Puget Sound region in the recently formed Washington Territory (March 1853), one of about thirteen treaties between
5760-517: The planned community into a new city of 24,000 people, tentatively named Highland Bay, but residents supported annexation as a mutually agreeable option to reduce their taxes and benefit from city services. The annexation was also influenced by the county government's plans to allow passenger flights from Paine Field, which residents in Mukilteo and Harbour Pointe opposed alongside other nearby cities. The county ultimately withdrew their proposal to introduce passenger flights. Several parties that opposed
5888-437: The poverty line , including 9.3 percent of those under the age of 18 and 4 percent aged 65 or older. The city was ranked 10th on a list of top 100 small U.S. towns to live in by Money magazine in 2009, based on quality of life criteria. Mukilteo rose to ninth place in the magazine's 2011 list, becoming the only West Coast city in the top 10. Mukilteo was previously recognized in 2006 by BusinessWeek magazine as one of
6016-514: The "intent of Congress to limit the sovereign powers of Indian governments by legislation must be clearly expressed in the law in order to be effective" (in legal terminology, per Saito, Georgia State University College of Law). [Emphasis added.] The U.S. Constitution , Article 6 , states: This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in persuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under
6144-649: The 1930s. The area experienced additional population and commercial growth after the opening of Boeing 's Paine Field factory for passenger jetliners in 1967, which was connected to Mukilteo by a short railroad along the floor of Japanese Gulch. The Boeing Freeway was opened in 1969, linking southern Mukilteo and the Boeing plant to a junction with Interstate 5 near the newly built Everett Mall . Mukilteo completed its first major annexation in November 1980, adding 2,500 people living on 2 square miles (5.2 km) to
6272-442: The 2010s were carbon dated to 1,000 years before present . The Vancouver Expedition , led by British explorer George Vancouver , visited the area on May 30, 1792, and landed at modern-day Mukilteo the following day. Lieutenant William Robert Broughton and botanist Archibald Menzies named the site "Rose Point" after the wild Nootka roses that grew along the shore. An American expedition led by Charles Wilkes in 1841 renamed
6400-694: The Chennault Ravines, and Picnic Point Gulch. Mukilteo is also traversed from northwest to southeast by the Southern Whidbey Island Fault , a shallow earthquake fault zone discovered in 1996. With the exception of Old Town Mukilteo, the city is divided into several large neighborhoods that are named for various developed subdivisions that were annexed in the late 20th century. Among these subdivision neighborhoods are Chennault Beach, Harbour Pointe, Olympus Terrace, and Picnic Point . Mukilteo's urban growth area includes
6528-625: The Crown Lumber Company to assist in civic endeavors, including its parks, fire department, and water district; at its peak, it employed 250 men. During the Prohibition Era , Mukilteo became a major transiting point for rum-running and was a stopover for smugglers transporting alcohol from British Columbia to Seattle. The town's gunpowder plant was destroyed on September 17, 1930, in an after-hours explosion that leveled or damaged dozens of homes, causing $ 500,000 in damage. It
SECTION 50
#17327981049996656-534: The Dictionary of Puget Salish distinguishes between schwas that are part of the root word and those inserted through agglutination which are written in superscript. The Tulalip Tribes of Washington's Lushootseed Language Department created a display with nearly all the letters in the Lushootseed alphabet , sans the letter b̓, which is a rare sound which no words begin with. See the external links below for resources. The Lushootseed language originates from
6784-628: The Native Americans as having traditional rights to fish because they were not explicitly restricted by this and other treaties, was followed by state efforts to restrict them and resistance to their fishing by non-Indians. The case was appealed and in 1979, the US Supreme Court upheld Boldt's ruling in the lower court. Today regional fisheries councils, in which Native Americans, sports and commercial fishermen participate together with federal scientists and attorneys, annually review
6912-485: The Picnic Point site to the county government and private real estate developers . Development of Harbour Pointe began in 1978 and its first phase was completed in 1989 with the opening of the neighborhood's golf course . A public marina was proposed for the development's Chenault Beach section in 1983, but was rejected due to concerns from fisheries officials over potential impacts on Indian fishing. Harbour Pointe
7040-689: The Point Elliott Treaty of January 22, 1855 were si'áb Si'ahl as Chief Seattle, and Duwamish si'áb Ts'huahntl, si'áb Now-a-chais, and si'áb Ha-seh-doo-an. The treaty guaranteed both fishing rights and reservations. Reservations were not designated for the Duwamish, Skagit, Snohomish, and Snoqualmie peoples. The Nonintercourse Act of 1834 specifically prohibited White American intrusion into Indian territories. The Oregon Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 opened Oregon Territory to European-American settlement; Washington Territory had
7168-765: The Treaty of Point Elliott included Chief Seattle ( si'áb Si'ahl) and Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens . Representatives from the Duwamish , Suquamish , Snoqualmie , Snohomish , Lummi , Skagit , Swinomish , (in order of signing) and other tribes also signed. The treaty established the Suquamish Port Madison , Tulalip , Swin-a-mish ( Swinomish ), and Lummi reservations. The Native American signers included Suquamish and Dwamish (Duwamish) Chief Seattle , Snoqualmoo (Snoqualmie) and Sno-ho-mish Chief Patkanim as Pat-ka-nam, Lummi Chief Chow-its-hoot , and Skagit Chief Goliah. The Duwamish signatories to
7296-671: The Tulalip Early Learning Academy, Quil Ceda-Tulalip Elementary in the Marysville School District, Totem Middle School, and Marysville-Getchell, Marysville-Pilchuck and Heritage High Schools. Since 1996, the Tulalip Lushootseed Department has hosted the annual dxʷləšucid sʔəsqaləkʷ ʔə ti wiw̓suʔ , a summer language camp for children. Teachers also offer family classes in the evening every year, making Lushootseed
7424-455: The U.S. and Native Nations in what is now Washington. The treaty was signed on January 22, 1855, at Muckl-te-oh or Point Elliott, now Mukilteo, Washington , and ratified 8 March and 11 April 1859. Between the signing of the treaty and the ratification, fighting continued throughout the region . Lands were being occupied by European-Americans since settlement in what became Washington Territory began in earnest from about 1845. Signatories to
7552-449: The annexation, including the county fire district , withdrew their complaints and allowed Mukilteo to annex Harbour Pointe on March 26, 1991. The annexation added 4,779 residents and 3.4 square miles (8.8 km) to Mukilteo, doubling the city's population to 6,662 and size to 6.6 square miles (17 km). It required the construction of two new fire stations , three schools, and a new city hall to house new employees. Kamiak High School
7680-596: The annual Tribal Canoe Journeys that takes place throughout the Salish Sea . There are also efforts within the Puyallup Tribe. Their website and social media, aimed at anyone interested in learning the language, are updated often. To facilitate the use of Lushootseed in electronic files, in 2008 the Tulalip Tribes contracted type designer Juliet Shen to create Unicode -compliant typefaces that met
7808-538: The areas where natives and settlers were immediately adjacent to one another or where settlers moved in on Native places, and tried to settle Native issues for the territory. Natives were angered by his pushing in other areas. Their concept of war had more to do with resources and complex concepts of prestige than with conquest or annihilation, which were not even considered. Historian Morgan suggested that Stevens appointed certain chiefs of tribes in order to facilitate goals of his administration. "The salient features of
SECTION 60
#17327981049997936-580: The authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. [Emphasis added.] Particularly since the rise of Native American activism in the late twentieth century, there have been new legal challenges to numerous treaties, land settlements, and terms of treaties. The Supreme Court has ruled that there are "canons of construction" for interpreting treaties; of
8064-429: The average family size was 3.10. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 28.2% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.5 males. The City of Mukilteo operates as a non-charter code city with
8192-430: The best affordable suburbs due to lower housing prices compared to King County cities and its low crime rate. As of the 2010 census , there were 20,254 people, 8,057 households, and 5,660 families residing in the city of Mukilteo. The population density was 3,164.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,221.9/km). There were 8,547 housing units at an average density of 1,335.5 per square mile (515.6/km). The racial makeup of
8320-433: The boundary between the northern and southern varieties). Some sources given for these figures, however, go back to the 1970s when the language was less critically endangered. Linguist Marianne Mithun has collected more recent data on the number of speakers of various Native American languages, and could document that by the end of the 1990s there were only a handful of elders left who spoke Lushootseed fluently. The language
8448-426: The city government chose the Harbour Pointe site in 2006 as a compromise between disagreeing factions of the city council. At the federal level, Mukilteo has been part of the 2nd congressional district since 2012 and is represented by Democrat Rick Larsen . The district includes most of western Snohomish County along with Island , Skagit , and Whatcom counties. Prior to post-census redistricting in 2012, Mukilteo
8576-434: The city government was also delegated to a full-time city administrator until the position was eliminated in 2014. A proposal to create the position of city manager and change to a council–manager form of government was rejected by voters in the November 2019 elections. The city government has 113 full-time employees and operated in 2016 on a budget of $ 32 million that is predominantly funded by sales taxes . As of 2024,
8704-553: The city was 50.2% male and 49.8% female. As of the 2000 census , there were 18,019 people, 6,759 households, and 4,981 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,842.5 people per square mile (1,097.3/km). There were 7,146 housing units at an average density of 1,127.3 per square mile (435.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 82.06% White, 1.48% African American, 0.79% Native American, 10.97% Asian, 0.25% Pacific Islander, 1.13% from other races, and 3.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.90% of
8832-429: The city was 74.9% White, 1.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 17.1% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.1% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.4% of the population. There were 8,057 households, of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had
8960-492: The city's total land area. The city's largest open spaces are conservation areas in the Big Gulch and Japanese Gulch drainage basins. Mukilteo's parks are maintained by a city department that is also tasked with organizing recreational programs for citizens; it was funded by a 1996 ballot measure that was approved by voters. In addition to city-owned parks and public spaces, Mukilteo is also located near Picnic Point Park ,
9088-522: The city's waterfront was identified for potential redevelopment in the 1990s, including use for a new ferry terminal. The Port of Everett led environmental cleanup of the site and constructed a new pier to transport large airplane sections for the Boeing 787 project, replacing the existing pier. The cleanup was completed in late 2006 after several delays due to the discovery of Indian artifacts that triggered an archaeological investigation. The existing pier
9216-560: The city's workers have jobs located within Mukilteo city limits, with the majority commuting to employers in other cities. Over 26 percent of workers commute to Everett, home to the Boeing Assembly Plant and the county government. An estimated 19 percent travel to Seattle , 6 percent to Bellevue , and 5 percent to Lynnwood . Mukilteo is the ninth largest city in Snohomish County, with a population of 21,538 at
9344-627: The coastal region of Northwest Washington State and the Southwest coast of Canada. There are words in the Lushootseed language which are related to the environment and the fishing economy that surrounded the Salish tribes. The following tables show different words from different Lushootseed dialects relating to the salmon fishing and coastal economies. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lushootseed: Article 1 of
9472-626: The colonial justifications underlying federal law, which tribes and members point out they never voluntarily surrendered. Diminution of sovereignty is usually absent from accession of lands. Washington Territory Governor Isaac Stevens frequently made oral promises to tribal representatives that were not matched by what his office put in writing. As oral cultures, the Native tribes took him at his word. Stevens approved treaties which Judge James Wickerson would characterize forty years later as "unfair, unjust, ungenerous, and illegal". The local natives had
9600-401: The combined sales tax rate in Mukilteo is 10.6 percent, tied for the highest in Washington. Mukilteo maintains its own police and fire services, as well as departments for recreation, planning , and public works . Other services, including utilities, garbage collection, public transportation, and the library , are contracted to regional agencies and organizations. Mukilteo's city hall
9728-819: The decisions based on their operating as cohesive political communities during the long treaty-rights struggles. Federal courts denied recognition to the Snohomish, Steilacoom, and Duwamish, because they were not recognized as polities (civil governments). In 1930, the Point Elliott Treaty Monument was erected by the Marcus Whitman Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution at the northeast corner of Lincoln Avenue and 3rd Street in Mukilteo . The monument,
9856-649: The defeat of a city levy to fund its operations. Prior to its formal annexation into the Sno-Isle system in 1996, Mukilteo had also considered contracting with a private library operator or joining the Everett Public Library system. The city's main newspaper is the Mukilteo Beacon , a weekly publication first issued on July 22, 1992; it has sister papers in Edmonds and Mill Creek . Mukilteo
9984-408: The diminution in their sovereign powers by the alien tradition of European law. They have often claimed, in cases since the late twentieth century, to retain greater sovereign powers than federal Indian law is prepared to concede. The resulting political dynamic has resulted in tensions and disputes among tribal, federal, and state governments about sovereign powers and jurisdiction denied to tribes by
10112-522: The district's 24 schools are located within Mukilteo city limits, including Kamiak High School , two middle schools , and four elementary schools . Kamiak High School opened in 1993 to relieve the overcrowded Mariner High School and boasts a high student graduation rate of 94 percent. Mukilteo is located near two community colleges — Edmonds and Everett —that offer two-year degree programs. The city also has three private schools catered towards preschool and kindergarten education. Downtown Mukilteo
10240-603: The efforts ceased after the establishment of nearby Everett by East Coast industrialists. The Seattle and Montana Railroad (later part of the Great Northern Railway ) was completed in 1891, connecting Mukilteo with Everett, Edmonds , and Seattle . Mukilteo was platted in anticipation of the railroad and was on the shortlist of towns considered for the terminus of the Northern Pacific Railway , but lost out to Tacoma in 1873. Following
10368-565: The employ of the Natives during negotiations was concerned on their behalf with this language. The said tribes and bands further agree not to trade at Vancouver's Island or elsewhere out of the dominions of the United States, nor shall foreign Indians be permitted to reside in their reservations without consent of the superintendent or agent. The complete treaty, unabridged can be found on Wikisource . The Pacific Northwest tribes had traditionally depended on harvests of salmon and other fish as
10496-427: The encroachment of the settlers on their territory, and sometimes reacted by making raids or forming uprisings against them. By and large, Native leaders were willing to sell their land (although they had utterly different conceptions of land use and no cultural comprehension of European-American property rights concepts). They rejected proposals for their relocation from Puget Sound country. The courts have said that
10624-433: The establishment of Indian reservations, and access to traditional hunting and fishing areas. An American settlement at Point Elliott was established two years later by Morris H. Frost and J. D. Fowler, two merchants from New York . The two men established a store and saloon on the southwest side of Point Elliott, which was renamed to Mukilteo in 1860 by Fowler, using an anglicized name of the Lushootseed campsite. Mukilteo
10752-474: The final draft. Several tribes, such as the Duwamish and Snohomish, continue working toward official federal recognition. See also, for example, Duwamish (tribe) . The treaty includes the following provisions: The right of taking fish at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the Territory, Following a challenge by Native Americans in
10880-420: The first position, the subject pronoun takes the second, and 'Lummi' is pushed to the end of the sentence. Negation in Lushootseed takes the form of an adverb xʷiʔ 'no, none, nothing' which always comes at the beginning of the sentence that is to be negated. It is constructed in two possible ways, one for negatives of existence, and one for negatives of identity. If taking the form of a negative of identity,
11008-472: The following phrases: Lushootseed has four subject pronouns: čəd 'I' (first-person singular), čəɬ 'we' (first-person plural), čəxʷ 'you' (second-person singular), and čələp 'you' (second-person plural). It does not generally refer to the third person in any way. The subject pronoun always comes in the second position in the sentence: dxʷləbiʔ čəxʷ ʔu 'Are you Lummi?' xʷiʔ čəd lədxʷləbiʔ 'I am not Lummi.' Here, negation takes
11136-411: The government, unless those rights were specifically restricted. A treaty broken is not rescinded. Only a following treaty or agreement can relieve signatories of the original treaty. "Treaties are as old and as venerable as the Constitution of the United States. Age does not impair their validity or legality." [Deloria, 1994] Indian tribes, for the most part, were not parties to and rarely agreed with
11264-488: The headland "Point Elliott" for Samuel Elliott, a midshipman. After its 1853 establishment, the Washington territorial government looked to negotiate treaties with the local tribes of the Puget Sound region to secure land for settlement. On January 22, 1855, representatives from the territorial government and 82 local tribes signed the Treaty of Point Elliott , which ceded tribal territories in exchange for compensation,
11392-445: The inter-county Sno-Isle Libraries system and is located in Harbour Pointe. It was opened on July 27, 1998, after the city's voters approved an annexation into the library system with a $ 2.8 million bond in 1996. Mukilteo's original library opened on October 19, 1963, replacing an earlier bookmobile that was run by one of Sno-Isle's predecessors until the city was incorporated. It closed on December 31, 1994, due to budget cuts and
11520-494: The lands hereby reserved, or of such other land as may be selected in lieu thereof, to be surveyed into lots, and assign the same to suc[h] individuals or families as are willing to avail themselves of the privilege, and will locate on the same as a permanent home on the same terms and subject to the same regulations as are provided in the sixth article of the treaty with the Omahas, so far as the same may be applicable. An attorney in
11648-462: The late twentieth-century to federal policy excluding them from certain properties for fishing, they filed a suit. Judge George Boldt in the Boldt Decision (1974, upheld 1979) upheld their traditional right of access for fishing and hunting, as it was not restricted by the treaty. The President may hereafter, when in his opinion the interests of the Territory shall require and the welfare of
11776-467: The nasals [m] , [m̰] , [n] , and [n̰] may appear in some speech styles and words as variants of /b/ and /d/ . Lushootseed can be considered a relatively agglutinating language, given its high number of morphemes, including a large number of lexical suffixes. Word order is fairly flexible, although it is generally considered to be verb-subject-object (VSO). Lushootseed is capable of creating grammatically correct sentences that contain only
11904-483: The needs of the language. Drawing upon traditional Lushootseed carvings and artwork, she developed two typefaces: Lushootseed School and Lushootseed Sulad. In the summer of 2016, the first ever adult immersion program in Lushootseed was offered at the University of Washington's Tacoma campus . It was sponsored by The Puyallup Tribal Language Program in partnership with University of Washington Tacoma and its School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences. A similar program
12032-409: The neighborhoods of Lake Serene, Meadowdale , and Lake Stickney . Old Town Mukilteo is located at the north end of the city, between Port Gardner Bay and 5th Street (Mukilteo Boulevard). The city's landmark lighthouse is located on Point Elliott at the northwest corner of Old Town, adjacent to the Washington State Ferries terminal and commuter train station . The waterfront's sole connection to
12160-498: The old ferry terminal and NOAA facility into a walkable neighborhood with a waterfront promenade and trails. On July 30, 2016, a mass shooting occurred at a house party in the Chennault Beach neighborhood of Mukilteo, around midnight. Three people were killed using an AR-15 style rifle and another was left with serious injuries. The perpetrator, a graduate of Kamiak High School, was sentenced to life imprisonment without
12288-609: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic halted work. A project to build a new facility by 2022 was cancelled in March 2021 after NOAA received no bids below $ 40 million, which had been appropriated by the U.S. Congress; ownership of the property is expected to revert to the Port of Everett, which NOAA took over ownership from in 2001. The city government and Port of Everett has long-term plans to redevelop 26 acres (11 ha) of space around
12416-608: The plaque at the monument reads: 1885 1930 At this place on January 22, 1855, Governor Issac I. Stevens concluded the treaty by which the Indians ceded the lands from Point Pully to the British boundary. Of the one hundred signatures, eighty-two were signed by Indian chiefs, headmen and delegates of numerous tribes. The first four recognized as leading chiefs of their own and allied tribes were Seattle , Patkanim , Goliah, and Chow-its-hoot . The United States Senate ratified
12544-478: The policy outlined [by Governor Stevens to his advisers] were as follows: Indian tribes believed the treaties became effective when they were signed by the officials they had dealt with. But United States law required Congress to approve all treaties after they were negotiated by representatives. European Americans began to settle about 1845 but Congress did not approve the treaty until April 1859, which made such settlement legal. The U.S. government never implemented
12672-405: The population. There were 6,759 households, out of which 40.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.3% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and
12800-441: The possibility of parole. The Mukilteo shooting—along with other high-profile mass shootings during the 2010s—was cited as the inspiration for an assault weapons restriction that was rejected by the state legislature and passed by voters in 2018 as Initiative 1639 . In February 2018, an Everett resident was arrested prior to a planned school shooting that would have targeted ACES Alternative High or Kamiak High School. Mukilteo
12928-576: The power of Congress in Indian affairs is plenary (full and complete)—great but under present law not absolute. The federal government and tribes are co-equal sovereign entities; the tribal governments predated the existence of the United States. One of the basic principles underlying Indian nations is that they "retain all the inherent powers of any sovereign nation", retaining all original sovereign rights and powers "which have not been given up or taken away by due process" of law. Courts have ruled that
13056-481: The provisions of the Treaty for the Duwamish, and several other tribes. Initial Treaty Advisers, Washington Territory Point Elliott Treaty, advisers to Washington Territory Chiefs, as such, were appointed by Governor Stevens, though the treaty states "on behalf of said tribes, and duly authorized by them". For various reasons, the Nooksack , Semiahmoo , Lower Puyallup and Quileute tribes did not take part in
13184-484: The region. Lushootseed has been historically known as Niskwalli/Nisqually, Puget Sound Salish, Puget Salish, Pugué, Squaxon, Skagit, and Skagit-Nisqually. The name of the language in Lushootseed is pronounced (and spelled) variably across different dialects. In the northern dialects, the language is called dxʷləšucid . In most southern dialects, it is txʷəlšucid , whereas in the Muckleshoot dialect it
13312-400: The rest of Mukilteo is via the Mukilteo Speedway ( State Route 525 ), which also serves ferry traffic; a second street, Mukilteo Lane, was closed in 2008 after severe erosion was discovered along the road. Mukilteo's largest neighborhood is Harbour Pointe, located on 2,341 acres (947 ha) in the south-central part of the city between Possession Sound and State Route 525 . It is bordered to
13440-421: The said Indians be promoted, remove them from either or all of the special reservations herein before make to the said general reservation, or such other suitable place within said Territory as he may deem fit, on remunerating them for their improvements and the expenses of such removal, or may consolidate them with other friendly tribes or bands; and he may further at his discretion cause the whole or any portion of
13568-581: The same, but are both recognized as being distinct from the Sauk dialect. There is no consensus on whether the Skykomish dialect should be grouped into Northern or Southern Lushootseed. Dialects differ in several ways. Pronunciation between dialects is different. In Northern dialects, the stress of the word generally falls on the first non-schwa of the root, whereas in the Southern dialects, stress usually
13696-408: The south along State Route 525 . This annexation nearly tripled the city's population and doubled its land area. Additional annexations and natural growth by the end of the decade brought the city's population to 6,000. The annexation of the large Harbour Pointe community was completed in 1991 and doubled the city's size to 6.6 square miles (17.09 km). A competing proposal had sought to incorporate
13824-493: The south by South Gulch and Picnic Point and to the north by Big Gulch and Olympus Terrace. The site was originally owned by the Port Gamble Lumber Company and was sold to Standard Oil in 1952 as part of a plan to build an oil refinery at Picnic Point. After protests over a similar proposal for Kayak Point in the 1960s, Standard Oil abandoned plans to build refineries in Snohomish County and turned over
13952-504: The status of particular fisheries to see how many fish are available for harvest, to review protection plans or their need, and to develop how they will share the harvests. In the same period, Native Americans outside reservations and without federal recognition, such as the Nooksack tribe , Upper Skagit , Sauks-Suiattle , and Stillaguamish peoples , won federal recognition in the 1970s, in order to secure certain financial benefits, including aid to education for their children. The BIA made
14080-408: The time of the 2020 census . The city has a significant population of Asian American residents, which began growing in the late 1980s. It is one of the most affluent suburbs of Seattle and has a median household income of $ 94,863 and a per capita income of $ 44,690, ranking 21st of 281 areas within the state. Approximately 4.9 percent of families and 5.7 percent of the overall population were below
14208-618: The treaty councils, though the rights of the Nooksack were signed over by the Lummi chief Chow-its-hoot , without their presence. Samish attendance was documented by ethnologist George Gibbs and officially reported by Governor Issac Stevens . Although the Samish were listed next to the Lummi in the first draft of the treaty, it appears that line was inadvertently omitted during transcription of
14336-412: The two principal canons, one is that they are to be interpreted as they would have been understood by the signatories. The Supreme Court has ruled that "Treaties are to be construed as a grant of rights from the Indians, not to them—and a reservation of those not granted." (This principle has guided, for instance, the retention of Native Americans of traditional rights to fish and hunt on land ceded to
14464-440: The waterfront park is the Rosehill Community Center, the city's main multi-purpose recreation center. It was built in 2011 to replace the existing community center, a former school that opened in 1928 and was re-purposed for various uses between the 1970s and its demolition in 2010. The Japanese Gulch conservation area, located between Old Town and Paine Field, is the most-used natural area in Mukilteo. The 144-acre (58 ha) area
14592-492: The word " Salish ." Lushootseed has a complex consonantal phonology and 4 vowel phonemes. Along with more common voicing and labialization contrasts, Lushootseed has a plain-glottalic contrast, which is realized as laryngealized with sonorants , and ejective with voiceless stops or fricatives. It is one of only three known languages to possess all three types of glottalized consonant (ejectives, implosives, and resonants). Lushootseed has no phonemic nasals . However,
14720-816: The word for "raccoon" is x̌aʔx̌əlus in Northern Lushootseed, whereas bəlups is used in Southern Lushootseed. Morphology also differs between Northern and Southern Lushootseed. Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed have related, but different determiner systems. There are also several differences in utilizing the prefix for marking "place where" or "reason for," in subordinate clauses, with Northern Lushootseed using dəxʷ- and Southern Lushootseed using sxʷ- . See Determiners for more information on this dialectical variation. According to work published by Vi Hilbert and other Lushootseed-language specialists, Lushootseed uses
14848-460: The words themselves, but requires the particle ʔə to mark the change. The exact nature of this particle is the subject of some debate. Prepositions in Lushootseed are almost entirely handled by one word, ʔal, which can mean 'on, above, in, beside, around' among a number of potential other meanings. They come before the object they reference, much like in English. Examples of this can be found in
14976-503: Was annexed by Mukilteo in 1991 and is now home to Kamiak High School , the city library, and a large industrial district. Mukilteo has a general climate similar to most of the Puget Sound lowlands, with dry summers and mild, rainy winters moderated by a marine influence from the Pacific Ocean . On average, the area gets 38.55 inches (979 mm) of annual precipitation , spread over approximately seven months. Mukilteo lies within
15104-498: Was built in the Harbour Pointe area and opened in 1993 to serve Mukilteo, which had outgrown Mariner High School , and featured a technology-oriented curriculum. The full build-out of Harbour Pointe increased the city's population to over 18,000 by 2000, a 1,164 percent increase from 1980. The geographic and commercial center of Mukilteo was shifted further south towards Harbour Pointe, leading to cultural clashes with residents of older neighborhoods. An agreement to transfer ownership of
15232-500: Was demolished in 2015 to make way for the new ferry terminal, which opened on December 29, 2020. The new terminal includes connections to an adjacent commuter rail station , which opened in 2008 and was expanded in 2016 by Sound Transit . A research station for the Northwest Fisheries Science Center (part of NOAA ) on the tank farm site was closed in 2020 and planned to be demolished in 2020 until
15360-468: Was described as among the few even-handed men in the BIA. They were not prepared for the less straightforward approach of Stevens and his staff. The Washington Territory treaties, such as the Treaty of Medicine Creek (1854) and this Treaty of Point Elliott of 1855 (January 22) were followed by the Treaty of Walla Walla of 1855. Governor Stevens ignored federal government instructions to stick to sorting out
15488-564: Was established in 1965 and features a parade, fireworks, a fishing derby , and fun runs . The city also organizes a farmers' market at Mukilteo Lighthouse Park that runs on weekends during the summer months; the 2019 season of the farmers' market was canceled due to a shortage of volunteers and a declined request for city officials to take over the event. Mukilteo has 1,154 acres (467 ha) of total open space, including 611 acres (247 ha) of public parks and 342 acres (138 ha) of privately owned open spaces, that occupy 13 percent of
15616-493: Was extensively documented and studied by linguists with the aid of tribal elder Vi Hilbert , d. 2008, who was the last speaker with a full native command of Lushootseed. There are efforts at reviving the language, and instructional materials have been published. In 2014, there were only five second-language speakers of Lushootseed. As of 2022, although there were not yet native speakers, there were approximately 472 second-language Lushootseed speakers, according to data collected by
15744-421: Was felt as far as downtown Everett and injured eight people, but none were killed. On August 30, 1938, the vacant lumber mill was destroyed in a fire during dismantling work. The fire came weeks after a mail ferry rammed into the town's wharf, which was destroyed in the collision. After the United States entered World War II , the site of the former lumber mill was acquired by the federal government and rebuilt as
15872-637: Was part of the 1st congressional district . At the state level, the city and Edmonds comprise the 21st legislative district , which also includes unincorporated areas north of Lynnwood. Mukilteo is wholly part of the Snohomish County Council 's 2nd district, which also covers Everett and the Tulalip Indian Reservation . The city's main annual festival is the three-day Mukilteo Lighthouse Festival, held at Mukilteo Lighthouse Park in late August or early September. It
16000-412: Was relocated to another, more protected side of Point Elliott and supported the regional lumber industry, including regular shipments to Whidbey Island and a sawmill of its own. By the 1880s, it had also gained a brewery , a gunpowder plant, and the Puget Sound region's first cannery . Mukilteo was planned to become the largest port on Possession Sound, with a summer resort accessible by steamship , but
16128-456: Was the area's first trading post and served as the interim county seat of the newly created Snohomish County beginning January 14, 1861. In the first county elections on July 8, 1861, the county seat was moved to Cadyville (now Snohomish ) by a 17–10 vote. Mukilteo remained the county's only port and a major trading post for the Possession Sound region, and soon after received the county's first post office and telegraph station. The town
16256-563: Was transferred to the city government in February 2003, following an offer from the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission to donate the park in order to stave off a budget shortfall. The new city park, named Mukilteo Lighthouse Park, underwent $ 6.6 million in renovations that were completed in 2008 to add a playground and other park amenities. The 22-acre (8.9 ha) decommissioned fuel storage tank complex on
16384-447: Was used during World War II as an auxiliary fueling facility, due to its proximity to the newly built Snohomish County Airport (now Paine Field). Mukilteo was incorporated as a city in 1947 and saw new suburban development, which accelerated after the opening of the nearby Boeing Everett Factory in the late 1960s. The city annexed large suburban areas on the west side of Paine Field in the 1980s and 1990s, including Harbour Pointe and
#998001