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142-535: The history of Schleswig-Holstein consists of the corpus of facts since the pre-history times until the modern establishing of the Schleswig-Holstein state. The Jutland Peninsula is a peninsula in Northern Europe with modern-day Schleswig-Holstein at its base . Schleswig is also called Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland). The old Scandinavian sagas , perhaps dating back to the times of

284-572: A cadet branch descended from Abel of Denmark received Southern Jutland ( Slesvig ) as their appanage . During the rule of the dynasty Southern Jutland functioned as the Duchy which provided for the expenses of Royal Princes. Rivalry of royal succession and particularly the tendency of autonomy led to long-lasting feuds between the Dukes of Schleswig and the Kings of Denmark 1253–1325. At that time,

426-576: A referendum on whether to remain under Prussian rule or return to Danish rule. This condition, however, was never fulfilled by Prussia. During the decades of Prussian rule within the German Empire , authorities attempted a Germanisation policy in the northern part of Schleswig, which remained predominantly Danish. The period also meant increased industrialisation of Schleswig-Holstein and the use of Kiel and Flensburg as important Imperial German Navy locations. The northernmost part and west coast of

568-636: A Baltic Sea bay and the small river Rheider Au (Danish, Rejde Å ) connected to the North Sea . There on the narrowest part of southern Jutland was established the important transit market ( Haithabu , also known as Hedeby , near modern Haddeby), which was protected by the Danevirke fortification. Hedeby was located on the inlet Schlei opposite to what is now the City of Schleswig . The wealth of Schleswig, as reflected by impressive archeological finds on

710-531: A Golden bull by the emperor Frederick II in 1214 and the pope in 1217, thus provoking the nobles in Holstein. Valdemar appointed his lieutenant in Holstein. In 1223, King Valdemar and his eldest son were abducted by count Henry I, Count of Schwerin (also known as Heinrich der Schwarze ), and held captive in Castle Dannenberg for several years. Count Henry demanded that Valdemar should surrender

852-482: A campaign to conquer the rest when he died on October 24, 1374, and shortly hereon Duke Henry I died in 1375. It was then when the male lines both in the kingdom and the duchy became extinct, that the counts of Holstein-Rendsburg seized on Schleswig, assuming at the same time the style of lords of Jutland. The nobles quickly took action and managed to regain more control of the Duchy which they emphasised to be independent of

994-588: A chance in such a scenario. Therefore, they pressured the Prime Minister to call for new elections , where the Liberal Party did not secure enough votes to form a government. The Social Democrats won the election with a minority government and could not gather a strong enough mandate for the incorporation of South Schleswig. This outcome created outrage within the Danish population and was considered

1136-484: A duke within the Holy Roman Empire. Both were ruled for several centuries by the kings of Denmark. In 1721, all of Schleswig was united into a single duchy under the king of Denmark, and the great powers of Europe confirmed in an international treaty that all future kings of Denmark should automatically become dukes of Schleswig: consequently, Schleswig would always follow the order of succession that applied in

1278-443: A king between 1332 and 1340. Gerhard, however, was assassinated in 1340 by a Dane. In 1340, King Valdemar IV of Denmark began his more than twenty-year-long quest to reclaim his kingdom. While succeeding in regaining control of Zealand, Funen, Jutland, and Scania he, however, failed to obtain control of Schleswig, and its ducal line managed to continue its virtual independence. This was the time when almost all of Denmark came under

1420-487: A largely independent farmers' republic under the loose overlordship of the dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg . With each change of ruler, the people of Hadeln had their liberties and privileges reaffirmed at the Warningsacker (a legal meeting place) between Otterndorf and Altenbruch . In contrast with the neighbouring state of Wursten, the abbey of Neuenwalde and local aristocratic families were also able to own land within

1562-887: A member of the German Confederation . These demands were rejected by the Danish government in 1848, and the Germans of Holstein and Southern Schleswig rebelled. This began the First Schleswig War (1848–51). Against unbelievable odds, Denmark emerged victorious, managing to politically outmaneuver the German alliance by garnering support from the British Empire , the Russian Empire and the Second French Empire while defeating

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1704-847: A natural decrease of −8,459. The region has been strongly Protestant since the time of the Protestant Reformation . It is proportionally the most Protestant of the sixteen modern states. In 2018, members of the Protestant Church in Germany make up 44.6% of the population, while members of the Catholic Church comprise 6.1%. 49.3% either adhere to other religions or disclaim any practising religious identity. Largest groups of foreign residents by 31 December 2023 Schleswig-Holstein combines Danish, Frisian and German aspects of culture. The castles and manors in

1846-438: A result, Danish students, future administrators, clergy, and educators were taught in German and continued to use the language throughout their professional lives. In 1814, mandatory schooling was instituted, and was taught in German. This created generations of Danish children who learned German from an early age. Their schooling was conducted in German, they heard sermons in German, and when they grew up, their interactions with

1988-514: A scandal. Due to the forced migrations of Germans between 1944 and 1950 , Schleswig-Holstein took in almost a million refugees after the war, increasing its population by 33%. A pro-Danish political movement arose in Schleswig, with transfer of the area to Denmark as an ultimate goal. This was supported neither by the British occupation administration nor the Danish government. In 1955,

2130-409: A son of the former king Valdemar III of Denmark ), the last duke of that line. The childless, elderly Henry transferred his rights to his kinsman and brother-in-law King Valdemar IV in 1373. The ethnically German nobles, however, refused to allow the king to repay the mortgage and redeem the area in question. In 1374, Valdemar bought large tracts of land in the province and was on the verge of starting

2272-458: A third zone covering a southern area, but zone III was cancelled again and never voted, as the Danish government asked the commission not to expand the plebiscite to this area. In zone I covering Northern Schleswig (10 February 1920), 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% voted for Germany. In zone II covering central Schleswig (14 March 1920), the results were reversed; 80% voted for Germany and just 20% for Denmark. Only minor areas on

2414-520: A toll station. Danish chieftains would collect fees from traders, merchants, and peasants traveling along the Hærvejen (Heerweg/Armyway), the main trade route running through the peninsula. Saxons, Wagrians, and Danes alike used the Hærvejen to trade goods such as honey, furs, amber, glass, metalwork, and other commodities, such as livestock, with cattle and oxen being particularly important. Especially

2556-404: Is a major industry and the basis of its distinctive unique local cuisine. It is a popular tourist destination for Germans and visitors from across the globe. The term "Holstein" derives from Old Saxon Holseta Land, ( Holz means wood in modern Standardized German; holt is a now-archaic English word for woods.) Originally, the term referred to the central of the three Saxon tribes north of

2698-613: Is an annual event, except for 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID19-Pandemic . It took place again in June 2022. The annual Wacken Open Air festival is considered to be the largest heavy metal rock festival in the world. The coat of arms shows the symbols of the two duchies united in Schleswig-Holstein, i.e., the two lions for Schleswig and the leaf of nettle for Holstein. Supposedly, Otto von Bismarck decreed that

2840-513: Is believed to have been used only for the inner Slien (the Great and Little Bay near the city of Schleswig). The word is thought to be related to Slæ, which means reeds and aquatic plants found in this area. The Duchy of Schleswig , or Southern Jutland, was originally an integral part of Denmark, but in medieval times was established as a fief under the control of the Kingdom of Denmark, having

2982-669: Is elected by the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein . State elections were held on 8 May 2022 . The current government is a coalition of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and The Greens , led by Minister-President Daniel Günther . Schleswig-Holstein has an aging population. Since 1972 there has been a decrease in the natural rate of population change. In 2016 the total fertility rate reached 1.61, highest value in 40 years (the average value being 1.4). In 2016 there were 25,420 births and 33,879 deaths, resulting in

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3124-579: Is in Denmark ( South Jutland County , Region of Southern Denmark ). The state of Schleswig-Holstein further consists of Holstein, as well as Lauenburg and the formerly independent city of Lübeck. Schleswig-Holstein borders Denmark ( Southern Denmark ) to the north, the North Sea to the west, the Baltic Sea to the east, and the German states of Lower Saxony , Hamburg, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern to

3266-583: Is no evidence for this theory. In the Middle Ages , the Land Hadeln was a fairly, but not perfectly, autonomous rural community, applying Saxon Law . Nominally, it belonged to the Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg , whom the notables of the country almost had chosen, because they were too weak to rule strictly. The Land Hadeln has to be consequently distinguished from the Land Wursten west of it that

3408-404: Is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany , comprising most of the historical Duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig . Its capital city is Kiel ; other notable cities are Lübeck and Flensburg . It covers an area of 15,763 km (6,086 sq mi), making it the 5th smallest German federal state by area (including the city-states). Historically,

3550-796: Is the Bungsberg at 168 metres or 551 feet) and many lakes are found, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holstein Switzerland and the former Duchy of Lauenburg ( Herzogtum Lauenburg ). The longest river besides the Elbe is the Eider . Schleswig-Holstein has the lowest quota of forest covered area, it is only 11.0% (national average 32.0%), which is even lower than in the city-states of Hamburg and Bremen . The German Islands of Sylt , Föhr , Pellworm , Amrum , Heligoland and Fehmarn are part of Schleswig-Holstein, with

3692-800: The Sietland on the edge of the bogs. Drainage is difficult and is handled mainly by the pumping station ( Schöpfwerk Otterndorf ) in Otterndorf as well as by the small lock near Altenbruch . At Otterndorf the waters of the Medem and its many tributaries, and the water of the Hadeln Canal , and Elbe-Weser Shipping Channel , is pumped into the Elbe. Hitherto the area, particularly the lower-lying Sietland which lies about 0.8 m below NN, had been chronically endangered by flooding. The Land Hadeln lies in

3834-625: The Angles and Jutes give the impression that Jutland has been divided into a northern and a southern part with the border running along the Kongeå River. Taking into account both archeological findings and Roman sources, however, one could conclude that the Jutes inhabited both the Kongeå region and the more northern part of the peninsula, while the native Angles lived approximately where

3976-547: The Baltic Sea . Adolphus II (1128–1164), succeeded in re-conquering the Slavonic Wagri and founded the city and see of Lübeck to hold them in check. Adolphus III (d. 1225), his successor, received Dithmarschen in fee from the emperor Frederick I , but in 1203 the fortunes of war compelled him to surrender Holstein to Valdemar II of Denmark who mandated Albert of Orlamünde , the cession being confirmed in

4118-606: The Eider River was the border between Denmark and the Saxon territories. From the time Danes came to Schleswig from today’s eastern part of Denmark and Germans colonised Schleswig migrating from Holstein, the country north of the Elbe had been the battleground of Danes and Germans , as well as certain Slavic people . Danish scholars point to the existence of Danish placenames north for Eider and Danevirke as evidence that at least

4260-461: The Elbe river) was one of the four administrative regions of the medieval Duchy of Saxony, the others being Angria, Eastphalia, and Westphalia. Nordalbingia consisted of four districts: Dithmarschen, Holstein, Stormarn (north of the Elbe) and Hadeln (south of the Elbe). The Wagri , Wagiri, or Wagrians were a tribe of Polabian Slavs inhabiting Wagria , or eastern Holstein in northern Germany , from

4402-624: The German Confederation , invoking the Treaty of Ribe stating that the two duchies should stay "Forever Undivided". The Danes on the other hand, furthered the Eider Policy ( da:Ejderpolitikken ), stating that the natural Danish border was the Eider (river) as first recognised in the Treaty of Heiligen . Therefore, the Danes sought to reintegrate Schleswig into the Kingdom of Denmark , reversing

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4544-649: The Limes Saxoniae as a border with the Obotrites. This agreement established firm boundaries between the Franks, Obotrites, and Danes, securing peace in the region. Between 500 and 1200, Schleswig was an integral part of Denmark, but during the 12th century, Duke Abel of Schlewig came into conflict with his brother King Eric IV . Abel managed to gain autonomy from his brother, making Schleswig an autonomous duchy. Later, Abel had Eric assassinated and seized

4686-471: The Lower Saxon Duke John V being the immediate liege lord. In the following period of a hundred years, Schleswig and Holstein were many times divided between heirs. Instead of incorporating South Jutland with the Danish kingdom, however, he preferred to take advantage of the feeling of the estates in Schleswig and Holstein in favour of union to secure both provinces. An important development

4828-727: The River Elbe : Tedmarsgoi ( Dithmarschen ), Holstein and Sturmarii ( Stormarn ). The area inhabited by the tribe of the Holsts lay between the Stör River and Hamburg ; after Christianization , their main church was in Schenefeld . Saxon Holstein became a part of the Holy Roman Empire after Charlemagne 's Saxon campaigns in the late eighth century. Beginning in 811, the northern border of Holstein (and thus of

4970-651: The Saxon Wars . In retaliation for the raid on the church in Deventer, Charlemagne ordered his troops to destroy the holy pillar Irminsul , near Paderborn in either 772 or 773—a notorious act that sent shockwaves throughout the Germanic pagan world. It has been postulated that Irminsul symbolised Yggdrasil Ash - the world tree. Charlemagne then destroyed all Saxon settlements up to the Wesser river. After defeating

5112-618: The Treene River and extending to the Schlei Bay . This fortification served to deter Saxon and Wagrian raids while enabling the Danes to launch their own raids into southern territories. It would remain in use until 1864, being expanded and adapted to the changing military needs of the Danes multiple times. The establishment of the Danevirke not only helped to prevent Saxon and Wagrian raids into Danish territory but also served as

5254-643: The Wagrian tribe (see: Wends ). Count Adolphus II , son of Adolphus I, succeeded and established the County of Holstein (1143) with about the borders it has had since then. Holstein was Christianised , many of the Wagrians were killed and the land was inhabited by settlers from Westphalia , Friesland and Holland . Soon the Holsatian towns, such as Lübeck and Hamburg , became serious trade competitors on

5396-406: The emperor Frederick III confirmed Christian I's overlordship over Dithmarschen (by claim, conquered only in 1559). Frederick III elevated Christian as Count of Dithmarschen , Holstein-Rendsburg, and Stormarn to Duke of Holstein, thus elevating Holstein-Rendsburg, a Lower Saxon subfief to imperial immediacy . In Holstein-Pinneberg, however, the emperor remained only the indirect overlord with

5538-525: The 10th century in the Saxon tribal chronicle ( Stammessage ) by Widukind of Corvey . In other medieval chronicles, the area "where the ocean rinses Saxony" ( "wo der Ozean Sachsen bespült" ) is called Haduloha or Hatheleria . In 797 AD, Charlemagne is supposed to have advanced to Hadeln during a campaign against the Saxons and Frisians . During the Viking invasions of the 9th to 11th centuries, Hadeln

5680-722: The 1852 London Protocol. This left Denmark politically isolated and led to the Second Schleswig War , with Prussia and Austria invading once again. This was the Second War of Schleswig . Denmark achieved some initial victories at the Battles of Mysunde , and Sankelmark , but these successes were short-lived. The Austrians defeated the Danes at the Königshügel and Vejle . However, it was the Prussians who decided

5822-600: The 4th and early 5th centuries, a significant migration saw the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons depart from their homelands to settle in the British Isles . This mass exodus left much of the Jutland Peninsula sparsely populated, allowing the Danes from southern Scandinavia and the islands of Zealand , Funen , and other smaller Danish isles to migrate into the peninsula. They gradually settled the region, integrating

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5964-609: The Battle of Bornhöved by combined forces of the Obodrites and the Franks, where the Saxons lost 4,000 people, 10,000 Saxon families were deported to other areas of the empire. Areas north of Elbe (Wagria) were given to the Obodrites, while Hadeln was directly incorporated. However, the Obodrites soon were invaded by Danes and only the intervention of Charlemagne pushed the Danes out of Eider river. As Charlemagne extended his realm in

6106-432: The Billung line, he enfeoffed Lord Adolphus of Schauenburg with the County of Holstein, as a Saxon subfief , becoming Adolphus I, Count of Holstein with the Saxon, later Lower Saxon dukes as liege lords . The Earl ( jarl ) Knud Lavard (known in English as Canute Lavard), son of a Danish king, became Duke of Jutland or Southern Jutland. His son ascended the Danish throne, and the main branch continued as Kings, and

6248-463: The County of Holstein-Rendsburg was the first succession in Holstein in female line. The Treaty of Ribe was a proclamation made by King Christian I of Denmark to a number of German nobles enabling himself to become count of Holstein-Rendsburg and regain the Danish duchy of Schleswig. Another clause gave the nobility the right to revolt should the king break the agreement (a usual feature of medieval coronation charters). Regarding Holstein-Rendsburg,

6390-421: The Danes developed a thriving livestock breeding industry, driving large herds along the Hærvejen to sell on the continent. This trade gave the route its alternative names, such as "Studevejen" (Cattle Way) in Danish and "Ochsenweg" (Oxen Way) in German. Therefore control of the Danevirke, through which the Hærvejen ran, was of immense financial significance. Whoever controlled the gates of Danevirke also controlled

6532-427: The Danish Crown. In 1386, Queen Margaret I of Denmark , younger daughter of Valdemar IV of Denmark and Helvig of Schleswig, granted Schleswig as a hereditary fief under the Danish crown to Count Gerhard VI of Holstein-Rendsburg , grandson of Gerhard III , provided that he swore allegiance to her son King Oluf , although Schleswig actually still was held autonomously by the Count of Holstein-Rendsburg. Gerhard – after

6674-406: The Danish South Schleswig Association had sent the government a formal request for incorporation. However, the dominating Social Liberal Party feared that Denmark might again face destructive wars like the two Schleswig Wars once Germany recovered from World War II. Given that the Germans had conquered Denmark in six hours during the German invasion of Denmark , they believed Denmark would not stand

6816-522: The Danish language in Schleswig (the dominant language in almost a quarter of Schleswig had changed from Danish to German since the beginning of the 19th century). A liberal constitution for Holstein was not seriously considered in Copenhagen , since it was well known that the political élite of Holstein were more conservative than Copenhagen's. Representatives of German-minded Schleswig-Holsteiners demanded that Schleswig and Holstein be unified and allowed its own constitution and that Schleswig join Holstein as

6958-407: The Danish state or to forcibly expel them from South Schleswig, as was being done to Germans in Eastern Europe . Denmark's then Prime Minister, the Liberal Party's Knud Kristensen , enthusiastically accepted the offer of South Schleswig reunification with Denmark. A survey showed that 75% of the Danish population supported the incorporation, 500,000 signatures had been collected in support of it and

7100-413: The Duchy of Schleswig, the heir of which Duke Valdemar V (as of 1325) was a minor; but Valdemar's guardian and uncle, Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (1304–1340), surnamed the Great and a notable warrior, drove back the Danes and, Christopher having been expelled, succeeded in procuring the election of Duke Valdemar to the Danish throne (as Valdemar III as of 1326), while Gerhard himself obtained

7242-409: The Duchy of Schleswig. King Valdemar III was regarded as a usurper by most Danish nobles as he had been forced by the Schleswig-Holstein nobility to sign the Constitutio Valdemaria (June 7, 1326) promising that The Duchy of Schleswig and the Kingdom of Denmark must never be united under the same ruler . Schleswig was consequently granted to Count Gerhard, being the leader of one of the three lines of

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7384-402: The Empire against the Danes. South of this raged the contest between the Empire and Slavs. The Slavs, conquered and Christianised, rose in revolt in 983, after the death of the emperor Otto II , and for a while reverted to paganism and independence. The Saxon dukes, however, continued to rule central Holstein, and when Lothair of Supplinburg became duke of Saxony (1106), on the extinction of

7526-428: The Empire) was the River Eider . The term "Schleswig" originally referred to the city of Schleswig . The word Schleswig is a German transliteration of the Danish word Slesvig, which consists of two words: Schlei and vig. The Schlei refers to the river at which the city lies, and vig means " inlet " or bay. Schleswig therefore means (in Danish): "The bay at the river Schlei". The Schlei is known as Slien in Danish and

7668-449: The Franks had spent nearly 20 years, from the late 600s to the early 700s, subjugating and converting the Frisian Kingdom . Their primary opponent was the formidable Frisian king Redbad , who fiercely resisted the Franks until his death. Now, the Frisians' neighbors, the Saxons, faced Frankish expansion. The casus belli was a Saxon raid on the church in Deventer in January of 772. This conflict, fueled by Charlemagne 's desire to conquer

7810-418: The Frisian and Dutch coasts, supplying high-quality salt, fish, and other maritime goods. Moreover, they were particularly active in trade with East Anglia in England , where pottery was exchanged in large quantities. Normalcy in the area vanished with the expansion of the Frankish Empire into Saxony from 772 to 804, triggering a generational war on an unprecedented scale for the region. Prior to this,

7952-524: The German and Danish governments issued the Bonn-Copenhagen Declarations confirming the rights of the ethnic minorities on both sides of the border. Conditions between the nationalities have since been stable and generally respectful. Schleswig-Holstein lies on the base of Jutland Peninsula between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea . Strictly speaking, "Schleswig" refers to the German Southern Schleswig (German: Südschleswig or Landesteil Schleswig , Danish : Sydslesvig ), whereas Northern Schleswig

8094-405: The German nobles to surrender Flensburg to him. War broke out in 1410, and Eric conquered Als and Ærø . In 1411, the nobles retook Flensburg, but in 1412 both sides agreed to a count of Mecklenburg to settle the dispute (Danish history claims his name was Ulrich of Mecklenburg). He awarded the city to Denmark, and Margaret I of Denmark took possession of the city. In Flensburg she was struck by

8236-429: The Germans at the Battles of Bov , the Dybbøl , the Fredericia and Isted . However, under pressure from the Great Powers , led by Tsar Alexander III , who had forced Prussia and Austria out of Denmark, the Danes were not permitted to reintegrate Schleswig into Denmark. Alexander thereby sought to preserve the existing European order,in accordance with the principles established by the Concert of Europe . This led to

8378-438: The Holsatian nobles, mostly of German ethnicity, failed to agree on which course to take. Therefore, it was easy for King Christian I of Denmark (son of Hedwig, the sister of the late duke-count Adolphus) to secure his election both as duke of Schleswig and count of Holstein-Rendsburg. In 1460, King Christian called the nobility to Ribe , and on March 2, 1460, the nobles agreed to elect him as successor of Count Adolphus VIII as

8520-418: The Holy Roman Emperor, was recognised by both sides as arbitrator. He died, however, on January 18, 1423, before reaching a settlement. His master, Emperor Sigismund now wished to settle the issue, a decision strongly opposed by the nobles of Holstein. In 1424, Emperor Sigismund ruled, based on the fact that the people of Schleswig spoke Danish, followed Danish customs and considered themselves to be Danes, that

8662-460: The Holy Roman Empire expanded northwards and had set up the Schauenburg family as counts of Holstein, under German suzerainty, first located in Nordalbingia , the Saxon part of the region, in what now is western Holstein. Knud Lavard had also gained awhile parts of Holstein , and thereby came in conflict with Count Adolphus I (Schauenburg) in the part of Holstein within the Empire, as they both were very keen on expanding their influence and pacifying

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8804-421: The Jutish coastline. These areas eventually became known as North Frisia , though historically, the region was referred to as Uthlande (Outland). In these settlements, the Frisians established fishing and trading stations. The local Danes soon became a minority and, over time, assimilated into the Frisian population. The Frisians contributed to the broader Hærvejen trade network, with sea routes extending along

8946-452: The King of Denmark ruled both Schleswig and Holstein as their duke. Schleswig was still part of Denmark, while Holstein remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. In the 19th century, Danes and Germans each believed they had a claim to Schleswig-Holstein, the population of which was majority ethnic German. The resulting long-term political and territorial dispute was known as the Schleswig-Holstein Question . In 1848, Denmark tried to formally annex

9088-411: The Kingdom of Denmark during the centuries, similarly to Holstein, that had been from the first a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, originating in the small area of Nordalbingia , in today western Holstein, inhabited then mostly by Saxons, but in 13th century expanded to the present Holstein, after winning local Danish overlord. Throughout the Middle Ages, Schleswig was a source of rivalry between Denmark and

9230-520: The Kingdom of Denmark. Following the Protestant Reformation, German was established as the language of commerce, administration, education, and clergy in Schleswig despite the population being ethnically Danish. This was because Schleswig were managed by the German Chancellery, in Kiel, which was later renamed the Schleswig-Holstein Chancellery in 1806. Therefore, Danes were sent to Kiel for their education instead of Copenhagen, where they received their education in German rather than their native Danish. As

9372-415: The Lower Elbe region. Its proximity to the Elbe estuary and the North Sea brings with it the danger that, in the event of a dyke breach during a storm surge the area, which lies just above sea level, will suffer major flooding. Traditionally the land was used for agriculture, with pastureland and cattle farming on the geest and in the Sietland , and arable and fruit farming in the Hochland . Following

9514-433: The Name of the agency using the logo is shown or the motto "Der echte Norden" (Germany's true North). Land Hadeln The name goes back to a place named Haduloha in the Royal Frankish Annals , which must have been in the north of Hohe Lieth moraine range, west of present-day Cuxhaven . Enthusiastic historians of late 19th and early 20th century postulated an Old Saxon Gau (district) of that name, but there

9656-403: The Northern Frisians after approximately the year 900 in Western Schleswig. The pattern of populated and unpopulated areas was relatively constant through Bronze Age and Iron Age . After many Angles emigrated to the British Islands in the 5th century, the land of the Angles came in closer contact with the Danish islands – plausibly by partly immigration/occupation by the Danes . Later also

9798-403: The Obotrites and later Frankish Frisia. But he was slain, either by one of his huscarls or possibly his own illegitimate son, on the Frisian campaign. The new Danish king, Hemming , Gudfred's nephew, initiated peace talks, which resulted in the Treaty of Heiligen in 810. The treaty established the Danish border at the Eider River. Charlemagne retained Saxony, including Holstein, and established

9940-446: The Prussian province Schleswig-Holstein came under British occupation . On 23 August 1946, the military government abolished the province and reconstituted it as a separate Land . On 9 September 1946, the British and Soviets offered Denmark South Schleswig, in the Septembernote  [ de ] . In this note, they gave Denmark carte blanche on how to deal with the German-speaking South Schleswigers, whether to integrate them into

10082-424: The Saxon portion of Holstein. This alliance with Charlemagne shifted the balance of power in the region. In 782, after another defeat of the Saxons, Charlemagne ordered the mass execution of 4,500 Saxons, an atrocity that became known as the Massacre of Verden . Following this brutal act, Charlemagne was nicknamed the "Butcher of Saxons" or "Saxonslaughterer." In 796, despite Saxony being fully under Frankish rule,

10224-490: The Saxons and convert them from their belief in the Germanic pantheon to Christianity , used the Deventer raid as a pretext to wage a war that would ultimately reshape the political and cultural landscape of what would later become Holstein forever. Over the course of 18 campaigns, carried out in three phases over 32 years, Charlemagne aimed to subdue the Saxons and forcibly convert them to Christianity, in what became known as

10366-477: The Saxons and securing hostages , he turned his attention to northern Italy . For centuries, the Danes and Saxons had regarded each other as kindred peoples, sharing the same belief in the Germanic pantheon and frequently intermarrying, especially among the elite. Thus, the defeated Saxon warleader Widukind sought refuge with his father-in-law, Danish king Sigfred . The Royal Frankish Annals mention that Widukind received substantial aid from Sigfred, though

10508-510: The Saxons rose up once more, supported by the Danes. The rebellion was triggered by forced conscription of Saxons for the Frankish wars against the Avars . Moreover, Charlemagne, in alliance with the Obotrites, planned to subjugate the Danes, now led by King Gudfred Sigfredson . However, Gudfred struck first. He expanded the Danevirke, assembled a fleet, mustered an army, and launched attacks on

10650-602: The Schauenburg dynasty. The constitution can be seen as a first precursor to the Treaty of Ribe and similarly laying down the principle of separation between the Duchy of Schleswig and the Kingdom of Denmark and indeed uniting Schleswig and Holstein for the first time, though in personal union . In 1330, Christopher II was restored to his throne and Valdemar III of Denmark abdicated his untenable kingship and returned to his former position as Duke of Schleswig which he held as Valdemar V of Schleswig. As compensation, Gerhard

10792-650: The West coast of Schleswig had been the area of the Frisian language. After the Slavic migrations, the eastern area of modern Holstein was inhabited by Slavic Wagrians (Vagri) a subgroup of the Obotrites (Obotritae). Apart from northern Holstein and Schleswig inhabited by Danes there were Nordalbingia and Wagria in respectively, Western and Eastern Holstein. Nordalbingia (German: Nordalbingien, i.e. land north of

10934-586: The administration and business were conducted in German. Additionally, if Danes didn't learn German, they couldn't communicate with the administration, which often cared little if the citizens were able to understand them. Therefore, if the Danes weren't able to speak German, they were effectively frozen out of any official matters. As a result, a language shift slowly began forming in South Schleswig and gradually spread north, which alarmed Copenhagen. The Danish authorities started taking countermeasures to halt

11076-545: The area. Prussia responded by invading, thus beginning the First Schleswig War , which ended in a victory for Denmark. But in the Second Schleswig War (1864), Prussia and Austria won and the territory was absorbed into Prussia in 1867. After the German defeat in World War I, the Allies required that the question of sovereignty over the territory be submitted to plebiscites (the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites ), which resulted in

11218-455: The arrangement was pretty straightforward, the King of Denmark became in personal union count of Holstein-Rendsburg but was not allowed to annex the county, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire, to Denmark proper in real union . Regarding Schleswig the arrangement seems at first rather odd, since Schleswig was a fief under the Danish crown, thus making the Danish king his own vassal. However,

11360-435: The borderlands was a hostile and unsafe area to inhabit. In response to these threats, the Danes began constructing the Danevirke . Originally built as a dyke, it was gradually expanded into a 30-kilometer earthwork with a palisade fortification, forming a barrier between the Danes and their southern neighbors. The Danevirke was strategically positioned at the most narrow point of the peninsula, with its eastern end beginning at

11502-460: The closure of the cement works in Hemmoor , the relatively small number of industrial workers decreased further. Many workers now commute to the ports of Cuxhaven , Bremerhaven and Stade . The economic importance of tourism , especially in the beach resorts of Otterndorf and the bogside lakes near Bad Bederkesa , is steadily increasing. The first written record of Hadeln is found at the end of

11644-584: The comital residential cities. The connection between Schleswig and Holstein became closer during the 14th century as the ruling class and accompanying colonists intensely populated the Duchy Schleswig. Local lords of Schleswig had already early paid attention to keep Schleswig independent from the Kingdom of Denmark and to strengthen ties to Holstein within the Holy Roman Empire. This tradition of autonomy showed itself in future politics for centuries to come. The rivalry, sometimes leading into war between

11786-685: The contacts increased between the Danes and the people on the northern half of the Jutish peninsula. Judging by today's placenames, then the southern linguistic border of the Danish language seems to have been (starting at the west) up the Treene river, along the Danevirke (also known as Danewerk), then cutting across from the Schlei estuary to Eckernförde , and leaving the Schwansen peninsula, while

11928-732: The countryside are the best example for this tradition; some dishes like Rødgrød (German: Rote Grütze , literal English "red grits " or "red groats ") are also shared, as well as surnames such as Hansen . The most important festivals are the Kiel Week, Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival , an annual classic music festival all over the state, and the Lübeck Nordic Film Days , an annual film festival for movies from Scandinavian countries, held in Lübeck. The Kiel Week

12070-414: The death of Adolphus IV in 1261, was split up into several countships by his sons and again by his grandsons (1290): the lines of Holstein-Kiel (1261–1390) , Holstein-Pinneberg and Schaumburg (1290–1640) south of the Elbe, Holstein-Plön (1290–1350) , Holstein-Rendsburg (1290–1459) , and at times also Holstein-Itzehoe (1261–1290) and Holstein-Segeberg (1273–1315) , and again (1397–1403), all named after

12212-547: The division did not last long, since Prussia annexed Holstein in 1867, after its victory in the Austro-Prussian War . Contrary to the hopes of German Schleswig-Holsteiners, the area did not gain its independence, but was annexed as a province of Prussia in 1867. Also following the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, section five of the Peace of Prague stipulated that the people of Northern Schleswig would be consulted in

12354-759: The ducal rights for eastern Saxony to the Ascanians . In Henry's time, the Archbishop of Bremen was allied to Hartwig II . After the death of Henry the Lion's son, Henry V , the County of Stade returned to the Archbishopric. The self-government of Hadeln, under Schultheißen and Schöffen, had become stronger and accepted the Ascanian, Duke Bernard III as ruler in 1210/11. After that, the state of Hadeln formed

12496-570: The duchy of Holstein to the head of the (German-oriented) branch of the Danish royal family, the House of Augustenborg , was more controversial. The separation of the two duchies was challenged by the Augustenborg heir, who claimed, as in 1848, to be rightful heir of both Schleswig and Holstein. A common constitution for Denmark and Schleswig was promulgated in November 1863, which was a breach of

12638-409: The exact nature of this aid is not explicitly stated. However, the chronicles do note that Sigfred and Charlemagne brokered a peace agreement some years later, indicating that Sigfred, upon hearing Widukind's plea, may have mustered his army and joined the war on the side of the Saxons. In response to the Danes' involvement in the war, Charlemagne seems to have recruited the Obotrites by promising them

12780-522: The extinction of the lines of Holstein-Plön (1350) and Holstein-Kiel (1390) – finally obtained also Holstein-Segeberg in 1403, ruling thus all of Holstein except of Holstein-Pinneberg with the small Schauenburg territories in Lower Saxony. With this merging of power begins the history of the union of Schleswig and Holstein. Gerhard VI died in 1404, and soon afterwards war broke out between his sons and Eric of Pomerania , Margaret's successor on

12922-526: The first century, served as the boundary between the Jutes in the north and the Angles in the south. This dyke lost its relevance in the 200s when the Angles expanded northward, leading to the establishment of a new dyke called the Wendish Dyke  [ da ] . The southern border of the Angles was marked by the marshes surrounding the Eider , that combined with the dense old-growth forrest to

13064-518: The increase in cultural land and population, Hadeln was separated from the County of Stade as a county in its own right, and became an object of contention, following the death of Count Rudolph II , between Archbishop Hartwig I of Bremen and Henry the Lion , who initially prevailed. After the disagreement of the Welf duke with Frederick Barbarossa and his deposition by the Emperor, the Emperor granted

13206-507: The island of Föhr showed a Danish majority, and the rest of the Danish vote was primarily in the town of Flensburg. On 15 June 1920, Northern Schleswig officially returned to Danish rule. The Danish/German border was the only one of the borders imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I that was never challenged by Adolf Hitler . In 1937, the Nazis passed the so-called Greater Hamburg Act ( Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz ), where

13348-622: The kings of Denmark and the Abelian dukes of Schleswig was expensive, and Denmark had to finance it through extensive loans. The Dukes of Schleswig were allied with the Counts of Holstein, who happened to become the main creditors of the Danish Crown, too, in the reign of the utterly incompetent king Christopher II of Denmark . On the death of King Valdemar's descendant Eric VI of Denmark in 1319, Christopher II of Denmark attempted to seize

13490-457: The kings. In 16th and 17th centuries particularly, educated Schleswig-Holsteiners were recruited to government positions in Norway (where they supplanted indigenous lower Norwegian nobility from its public positions, being a cause of them developing more like odalbonde class than privileged) and also in Denmark, where very many government officials came from German stock (but the Danish nobility

13632-518: The land conquered in Holstein 20 years ago and become a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor who in fact tried to intervene and arrange the release of Valdemar. Danish envoys refused these terms and Denmark declared war. The war ended in defeat of the troops under the command of Albert of Orlamünde at Mölln in 1225, and Valdemar was forced to surrender his conquests as the price of his own release and take an oath not to seek revenge. Valdemar

13774-470: The language shift by banning German in all official matters in Schleswig, which only served to create tensions between Danes and Germans. This language strife significantly contributed to shaping the inhabitants' national sentiments during a time of national unrest in Europe. It is also during this period that we see surname changes, such as from Jørgensen to Jürgensen or Nielsen to Nilsen, in South Schleswig. By

13916-463: The late 8th century, he met a united Danish army which successfully defended Danevirke , a fortified defensive barrier across the south of the territory west of the Schlei. A border was established at the Eider River in 811. This strength was enabled by three factors: The Danevirke was built immediately south of the road where boats or goods had to be hauled for approximately 5 kilometers between

14058-415: The latter being the largest and the only Island of Schleswig-Holstein located on the east coast. Heligoland is Germany's only high-sea island. Schleswig-Holstein is divided into 11 Kreise (Districts) and four Kreisfreie Städte (Urban Districts). Schleswig-Holstein has its own parliament and government which are located in the state capital Kiel. The Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein

14200-685: The limits of the Empire being pushed in 810 as far as the Schlei in Schleswig. In 811 the river Eider was declared as borderline between the Frankish Empire and Denmark . Then began the secular struggle between the Danish kings and the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 934 the German king Henry I established the March of Schleswig (Limes Danarum) between the Eider and the Schlei as an outpost of

14342-431: The loyalty of count Adolphus VIII of Holstein-Rendsburg by granting him the entire Duchy of Schleswig as a hereditary fief but under the Danish crown. On the death of Christopher eight years later, Adolphus' influence secured the election of his nephew Count Christian VII of Oldenburg to the vacant Danish throne. In 1448 Adolphus, as Adolphus I Duke of Slesvig and as Adolphus VIII Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, who himself

14484-466: The most of Schleswig was at one time Danish; German scholars claim it, on the other hand, as essentially "Germanic", due to the fact that Schleswig became an autonomous entity and a duchy (in the 13th century) since it has been populated and been dominated from the South. The Duchy of Schleswig, or Southern Jutland ( Sønderjylland ), had been a Danish fief , though having been more or less independent from

14626-580: The name can also refer to a larger region, containing both present-day Schleswig-Holstein and the former South Jutland County (Northern Schleswig; now part of the Region of Southern Denmark ) in Denmark . Schleswig was under Danish control during the Viking Age , but in the 12th century it became a duchy within Denmark. It bordered Holstein, which was a part of the Holy Roman Empire . Beginning in 1460,

14768-551: The nearby Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg was expanded, to encompass towns that had formerly belonged to the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein . To compensate Prussia for these losses (and partly because Hitler had a personal dislike for Lübeck ), the 711-year-long independence of the Hansestadt Lübeck came to an end, and almost all its territory was incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein. After World War II ,

14910-781: The new count of Holstein-Rendsburg, in order to prevent the separation of the two provinces. King Christian I, though he had been forced to swear to the Constitutio Valdemariana , succeeded in asserting his claim to Schleswig in right of his mother, Adolphus' sister. On 5 March 1460 Christian granted a coronation charter (or Freiheitsbrief ), issued first at Ribe ( Treaty of Ribe , Danish : Ribe-brevet , German : Vertrag von Ripen ) and afterwards at Kiel , which also repeated that Schleswig and Holstein-Rendsburg must remain united "dat se bliven ewich tosamende ungedelt" ( Middle Low German or Low Saxon, i.e. that they remain for ever together undivided). Christian's ascension in

15052-660: The ninth to twelfth centuries. They were a constituent tribe of the Obodrite confederacy. In the Battle of Bornhöved (798) (German: Schlacht bei Bornhöved) on the field of Sventanafeld (Sventanapolje, Slavonic for "sacred field") near the village of Bornhöved near Neumünster in 798 the Obodrites, led by Drożko, allied with the Franks, defeated the Nordalbingian Saxons. Following the Nordalbingian defeat in

15194-497: The nobility of the duchy of Holstein within the Holy Roman Empire. The Danish position can be exemplified with an inscription on a stone in the walls of the town of Rendsburg (Danish: Rendsborg ) located on the border between Schleswig and Holstein: Eidora Romani Terminus Imperii ("The River Eider is the Border of the Holy Roman Empire"). A number of Holsatian nobles sought to challenge this. The area of Schleswig (Southern Jutland)

15336-484: The nobles saw this arrangement as a guarantee against too strong Danish domination and as a guarantee against a partition of Holstein between Danish nobles. The most important consequence of this agreement was the exclusion of Schleswig in subsequent Danish laws (although the medieval Danish Code of Jutland (in Danish: Jyske Lov ) was maintained as the legal code of the duchy of Schleswig). Finally, in 1472

15478-674: The northernmost parts as he couldn't raise the necessary funds to repay the loans. With him, the Abelian line became extinct. The true holder of the lands was the count of Holstein-Rendsburg , but Henry's feudal heirs were his first cousin Margaret of Denmark , queen of several Scandinavian realms, and Albert of Mecklenburg , son of Margaret's elder sister Ingeborg of Denmark. In 1372, Valdemar Atterdag turned his attention to Schleswig and conquered Gram in 1372 and Flensburg in 1373. Southern parts of Schleswig had been mortgaged to several German nobles by Duke Henry I, Duke of Schleswig (d. 1375,

15620-573: The plague and died shortly after. A new mediation attempt was undertaken in 1416 by the Hanseatic League . Both sides accepted, and Denmark pledged the city of Schleswig as security, and the Holsteiners the stronghold of Tönning . The mediation was unsuccessful. In 1421, the Holsteiners succeeded in regaining Haderslev , Schleswig and Tønder . In 1422, Duke Henry X of Silesia-Sagan (also known as duke Heinrich Rumpold ), envoy of

15762-551: The province saw a wave of emigration to America, while some Danes of North Schleswig emigrated to Denmark. Following the defeat of Germany in World War I , the Allied powers arranged a plebiscite in northern and central Schleswig . The plebiscite was conducted under the auspices of an international commission which designated two voting zones to cover the northern and south-central parts of Schleswig. Steps were taken to also create

15904-505: The region between the river Eider and the inlet Schlei in the years 974–983, called the March of Schleswig, and stimulating German colonisation . Later Haithabu was burned by Swedes , and first under the reign of King Sweyn Forkbeard (Svend Tveskæg) (986–1014) the situation was stabilised, although raids against Haithabu would be repeated. Haithabu was once again and ultimately destroyed by fire in 1066. As Adam of Bremen reported in 1076,

16046-475: The remaining Jutes and Angles who had not left for Britain. By the mid 5th century, the Danes had established settlements from Grenen in the north to just north of the Eider River and its marshes. Their southernmost settlements being around Schwansen , Hedeby and Husum , mirroring the same southern border as their Angle predecessors. As raiding was a frequent practice among the Danes, Saxons, and Wagrians,

16188-557: The return of some of the territory to Denmark. After World War II, Schleswig-Holstein took in over a million refugees . Today, Schleswig-Holstein's economy is known for its agriculture, such as its Holstein cows . Its position on the Atlantic Ocean makes it a major trade point and shipbuilding site; it is also the location of the Kiel Canal . Its offshore oil wells and wind farms produce significant amounts of energy. Fishing

16330-629: The same relationship with the Danish Crown as, for example, Brandenburg or Bavaria had with the Holy Roman Emperor . Around 1100, the Duchy of Saxony gave Holstein to Count Adolf I of Schauenburg . During the Migration Period , the Jutland peninsula was home to several tribes. The Jutes inhabitted the most northern part of the peninsula from Grenen to Olger's Dyke  [ de ] . This dyke, dating back to around

16472-649: The separation created by King Abel, while also granting Holstein independence to join the German Confederation as a sovereign entity. The resulting long-term political and territorial dispute was known as the Schleswig-Holstein Question . Holstein was entirely German-speaking, while Schleswig was predominantly Danish-speaking until the late 1700 and early 1800s. During this period, a linguistic shift began in southern Schleswig, transitioning from Danish to German. This meant that Schleswig

16614-411: The signing of the 1852 London Protocol , which failed to provide a solution to the issue and merely upheld the status quo. In 1863, conflict broke out again when Frederick VII died without legitimate issue. According to the order of succession of Denmark and Schleswig, the crowns of both Denmark and Schleswig would pass to Duke Christian of Glücksburg , who became Christian IX . The transmission of

16756-605: The site today, and the taxes from the Haithabu market, was enticing. A separate kingdom of Haithabu was established around year 900 by the Viking chieftain Olaf from Svealand . Olaf's son and successor Gnupa was however killed in battle against the Danish king, and his kingdom vanished. The southern border was then adjusted back and forth a few times. For instance, the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II occupied

16898-648: The south of the river, formed a natural barrier. South of the forest lay the region now known as Holstein, which was divided between the Germanic Saxons , who inhabited the western part, and the Slavic Wagri , who lived in the eastern part. In the 8th century, the Wagri would become part of the Slavic tribal confederation known as the Obotrites . (Also known as the Wends by the Danes and Saxons). During

17040-644: The south. In the western part of the state, the lowlands have virtually no hills. The North Frisian Islands , as well as almost all of Schleswig-Holstein's North Sea coast, form the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park ( Nationalpark Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer ) which is the largest national park in Central Europe. The Baltic Sea coast in the east of Schleswig-Holstein is marked by bays, fjords , and cliff lines. Rolling hills (the highest elevation

17182-519: The state, without gaining any major political influence over it. After Schloss Ritzebüttel had changed hands from the Lappe family to Hamburg in 1393, the influence of the Hanseatic city began to take hold with the foundation of the district of Amt Ritzebüttel. (today Cuxhaven ) in 1394 in the land of Hadeln. In Otterndorf , which had been granted its town charter in 1400 and where a Latin school

17324-424: The supremacy of the Counts of Holstein, who possessed different parts of Denmark as pawns for their credits. King Valdemar IV (Atterdag) started to regain the kingdom part by part, and married his rival's sister Helvig of Schleswig , the only daughter of Eric II, Duke of Schleswig . Duke Valdemar V of Slesvig's son, Henry, was in 1364 nominally entfeoffed with the Duchy, although he never reached to regain more than

17466-470: The territory rightfully belonged to the King of Denmark. Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg , protested and refused to follow the verdict. In 1425 war broke out again. In 1431, a group of pro-German burghers opened the gates of Flensburg and an army of German nobles marched in. In 1432 peace was settled, and Eric recognised the conquests made by the German nobles. In 1439, the new Danish king Christopher III (also known as Christopher of Bavaria) bought

17608-471: The throne of Denmark, who claimed South Jutland as an integral part of the Danish monarchy, a claim formally recognised by the Emperor Sigismund in 1424, it was not until 1440 that the struggle ended with the investiture of Count Adolphus VIII , Gerhard VI's son, with the hereditary duchy of Schleswig by Christopher III of Denmark . In 1409, King Eric VII of Denmark (Eric of Pomerania) forced

17750-408: The throne. Despite this, Schleswig remained an autonomous duchy within the Kingdom, setting the stage for future conflicts. Beginning in 1460, both the Duchy of Schleswig and Duchy of Holstein , were ruled together by the Danish king, who acted as the duke of both regions. Holstein being a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire created a situation where the Danish king was sovereign of Denmark but also

17892-595: The time of the First Schleswig War, one-third of Schleswig and half of South Schleswig spoke German as their first language. By the time of the Second Schleswig War in 1864, half of Schleswig and the vast majority of South Schleswig spoke German as their first language. In the 19th century, fueled by nationalism both Danes and Germans claimed Schleswig-Holstein. The Germans wanted both Schleswig and Holstein to separate from Denmark and join

18034-776: The towns Haithabu and Schleswig later would emerge (originally centered in the southeast of Schleswig in Angeln ), the Saxons (earlier known apparently as the Reudingi ) originally centered in Western Holstein (known historically as " Northalbingia ") and Slavic Wagrians , part of the Obodrites (Abodrites) in Eastern Holstein. The Danes settled in the early Viking ages in Northern and Central Schleswig and

18176-482: The trade along the Hærvejen, giving them access to substantial wealth. After approximately 350 to 400 years of Danes being the sole inhabitants north of the Eider, the Frisians arrived in two waves, the first of which occurred in the 800s. They came from Frisia and initially settled on the islands of Heligoland , Sylt , Föhr and Amrum in the southwestern part of Jutland. Later, they expanded to Eiderstedt and

18318-415: The troops from Dithmarschen abandoned the Danish army and joined Adolphus' army. In the following peace, Valdemar II relinquished his conquests in Holstein for good and Holstein was permanently secured to the house of Schauenburg . King Valdemar II, who had retained the former imperial March north of the Eider, in 1232 erected Schleswig as a duchy for his second son, Abel. Holstein on the other hand, after

18460-441: The two lions were to face the nettle because of the discomfort to their bottoms which would have resulted if the lions faced away from it. Government agencies of Schleswig-Holsteins are using a logo showing a stylized version of the Schleswig Lions and the Holstein nettle combined with the abbreviation of Schleswig-Holstein "SH". Written either below or to the right of the lion and the nettle is "Schleswig-Holstein" below which either

18602-418: The war by decisively winning the pivotal Battles of Dybbøl and Als . British attempts to mediate in the London Conference of 1864 failed. With the peace Treaty of Vienna (1864) , Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig to Prussia and Holstein to Austria. The two victors divided the duchies despite their casus belli being the defence of the German-speaking Schleswig-Holsteiners' wish to remain unified. But

18744-501: The west, the Westerberg (56 m above NN ), and the Wingst (74 m above NN) to the east. To the south, between the islands of geest, sprawl extensive areas of fen and raised bog, that have been cultivated however, apart from a small terrain remnant in Ahlenmoor . The marshland itself, forming part of the Elbe Marshes , is divided in turn into the fertile sea marsh, the so-called Hochland ("highland", ca. 1–2 m above NN; comprising much of today's collective municipality of Hadeln ), and

18886-418: Was a perfectly autonomous rural republic, for some centuries. It was the easternmost of the Frisian republics and applied Frisian Law . Today the name 'Land Hadeln' is mainly restricted to the dyked marshes in the lowland bay south of the Elbe estuary. It was surrounding by sandy meltwater depositions and moraines of the Saale glaciation ( Pleistocene ), such as the geest ridges of the Hohe Lieth to

19028-410: Was awarded the island of Funen as a fief instead. In 1331 war broke out between Gerhard and King Christopher II, ending in Danish defeat. The peace terms were extremely harsh. King Christopher was only left in effective control of the small island of Langeland and faced the impossible task of raising 100,000 silver marks to redeem his country. Denmark had effectively been dissolved and was left without

19170-399: Was established early on, the citizens of Hamburg helped rebuild the castle, which had previously been destroyed by the Archbishop of Bremen, and from 1407 to 1481 the land was even a fief of Hamburg. However, when the Hamburgers tried to monopolise wheat exports, a rebellion broke out in 1456. After the conflict ended in a stalemate, a lasting compromise was finally reached between the powers of

19312-409: Was first inhabited by the mingled West Germanic tribes Cimbri , Angles and Jutes , later also by the North Germanic Danes and West Germanic Frisians . Holstein was inhabited mainly by the West Germanic Saxons, aside Wends (such as Obotrites ) and other Slavic peoples in the East. The Saxons were the last of their nation to submit to Charlemagne (804), who put their country under Frankish counts,

19454-457: Was linguistically divided with a Danish-speaking north and a German-speaking south. In 1848, King Frederick VII of Denmark declared that he would grant Denmark a liberal constitution and the immediate goal of the Danish national movement was to ensure that this constitution would give rights to all Danes, i.e. not only to those in the Kingdom of Denmark, but also to Danes (and Germans) living in Schleswig. Furthermore, they demanded protection for

19596-533: Was not suppressed, they other immersed most successful of the newcomers into their ranks). This feature of Schleswig-Holstein being a utilised source of bureaucrats was a reason of Denmark's governmental half-Germanisation in the subsequent centuries before 19th-century romantics. Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein ( German: [ˌʃleːsvɪç ˈhɔlʃtaɪn] ; Danish : Slesvig-Holsten [ˌsle̝ːsvi ˈhʌlˌste̝ˀn] ; Low German : Sleswig-Holsteen ; North Frisian : Slaswik-Holstiinj )

19738-579: Was one of the closest heirs to Scandinavian monarchies, was influential enough to get his nephew Count Christiern (Christian VII) of Oldenburg elected King of Denmark. When the Adolphus had died in 1459 without issue the Schauenburg dynasty in Holstein-Rendsburg had thus became extinct. The Schauenburg counts of Holstein-Pinneberg had no claim to succession in Schleswig; their election in Holstein-Rendsburg would have separated Schleswig and Holstein-Rendsburg. The separation of Schleswig and Holstein would have meant economic ruin for many nobles of Holstein. Moreover,

19880-432: Was part of the County of Lesum. In the 10th century, the Udonids established the County of Heilangau , better known under its later name the County of Stade . In 1063, the Udones sold their imperial immediacy to the Archbishopric of Bremen , but remained, as their vassals, still the direct rulers of the county. Around 1100, the development of the marshland in accordance with Holler rights ( Hollerrecht ) began. With

20022-400: Was released from captivity in 1226 and appealed to Pope Honorius III to have his oath repealed, a request the Pope granted. In 1226, Valdemar attacked the nobles of Holstein, and initially, had success. On July 22, 1227, the two armies clashed at Bornhöved in Holstein in the second Battle of Bornhöved . The battle ended in a decisive victory for Adolphus IV of Holstein . During the battle

20164-496: Was the gradual introduction of German administrators in the duchy of Schleswig leading to a gradual Germanification of southern Schleswig. The Germanification did not catch wind, however, before the end of the eighteenth century. Schleswig-Holstein soon got a better educational system some centuries before Denmark proper and Norway. The German nobility in Schleswig and Holstein was already a numerous range of people, and education added plenty of people to administrative officials pool of

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