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116-430: The North–South Commuter Railway ( Filipino : Daambakal Pangkomyuter na Hilaga–Timog ; NSCR ), also known as the Clark–Calamba Railway , is a 147-kilometer (91-mile) commuter rail system under construction on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Running from New Clark City in Capas , Tarlac, to Calamba , Laguna, with 36 stations and four services, the railway is designed to improve connectivity within

232-602: A cartel with other 7 international companies which colluded in tenders over Spanish rail infrastructure . In April 2014, two carriages of an Urbos 3 tram in Belgrade separated during passenger service, due to the cracking of screws connecting the cars. Half of the Belgrade tramway's CAF fleet were found to have been affected by similar cracking of screws in the two weeks prior to the incident. In March 2016, 19 British Rail Class 332 units were taken out of service after

348-577: A public–private partnership (PPP) scheme. After President Aquino met with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in Japan in June 2015, Abe expressed his commitment to fund the project. On November 19, 2015, representatives of both countries exchanged notes on the project in the presence of Abe and Aquino. JICA was chosen by the Japanese government to look into financing the project, and on November 27, JICA and

464-675: A 38-kilometer (24-mile) branch line that will split in Angeles City . The line will have 12 stations and shall end in Tarlac City . The study also proposed a 47-kilometer (29-mile) extension of the NSCR to Batangas City. This will be built parallel to the PNR South Long Haul project which was approved in 2017, with the line being a single-track, standard gauge line without electrification, and will be built at-grade similar to

580-581: A US$ 400 million loan from the Export–Import Bank of China , and the rest to be shouldered by the government through BCDA and NLRC. The Southrail project was also expected to be financed by loans from China, while the linkage project was to be financed by South Korea . While the plans for Southrail were not realized, the initial phase of the linkage project from Caloocan to Alabang was completed in December 2010. Before Northrail's construction could start,

696-570: A case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led a "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted

812-472: A concourse level and a platform level. The stations are designed to adhere to both Philippine and Japanese standards. Stations will either have island platforms or side platforms with platform screen doors . The stations are designed to be barrier-free , and trains shall have spaces for passengers using wheelchairs . Historical stations will be preserved. All stations will have access to intermodal facilities. The FTI station in particular will be connected to

928-636: A consortium, JNET, together with the Israeli company Shapir Engineering and Industry, has won a tender promoted by the Israeli Ministry of Transport and Road Safety to supply railway equipment, in addition to building, extending and operating light rail lines from Jerusalem to nearby settlements in disputed territories , in violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention. In turn, Shapir is on the list of companies that benefit from

1044-562: A crack was discovered in the underframe of one unit during routine maintenance. In December 2017, the Besançon Tramway in Besançon , France discovered cracks in their Urbos 3s vehicles around the bogie box area of the bodies, which in December 2020 CAF paid for remedial work to be performed with each unit affected requiring one month downtime for the work to be completed. In January 2019, BM3 number 1322-2322 "Putna" of

1160-453: A dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández. Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly re-edited, with the latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila. Spanish served in an official capacity as language of

1276-649: A former American airbase, as the premier international airport, with the support of the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA), while the other agencies also supported the development, and in September of the same year, President Ramos signed a memorandum of agreement with Juan Carlos I of Spain for the construction of a railway line from Manila to Clark. This would be known as the Manila–Clark rapid railway system (MCRRS). A joint venture agreement

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1392-469: A number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a "Manila Lingua Franca" which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit

1508-455: A part of the NSRP north line's first phase, was a 37-kilometer (23-mile) electrified narrow gauge commuter railway from Tutuban to Malolos, funded through overseas development assistance. Other components of NSRP masterplan include the reconstruction of the existing Metro Commuter line and the reestablishment of long-haul services to northern and southern Luzon, all of which were to be funded through

1624-860: A railway on top of the North Luzon Expressway instead of using the PNR right of way , which was still allocated for the Northrail project at the time. By August 2014, the Northrail project was reinitiated as the North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR) and awaited approval. On February 16, 2015, the NEDA board, chaired by President Aquino, approved the NSCR Phase 1 as part of the North–South Railway Project (NSRP). The NSCR,

1740-709: A result of an agreement made between CAF and the Welsh Government . The Newport factory has built stock for Transport for Wales , Arriva Rail North , the Docklands Light Railway , and potentially High Speed 2 if CAF win the bid process. They also donated £150,000 to the Conservative Party . CAF Signalling was fined in 2021 with 1.7 million euros by the Spanish commission on markets and competition because of its participation in

1856-534: A segment from Caloocan to Calumpit . The source of funding was to be the Obuchi Fund from the JBIC. The consortium was also now joined by Japanese companies including Fil Estate Management, Nishimatsu Construction, and Mitsui & Co . Pre-construction activities such as right-of-way clearing and relocation of affected informal settlers began, but a presidential directive later halted the clearing activities and

1972-552: A study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language. Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra , who sat as the chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans , the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing

2088-429: A week and was known as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language). In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language. this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of

2204-669: A yaw damper bracket had detached from the body of unit 195121. On June 11, 2021, West Midlands Metro (operating between Birmingham and Wolverhampton , England ) were forced to suspend their services due to cracks being discovered in the bogie box areas of their Urbos 3s vehicles, with ongoing investigations continuing to identify any other issues relating to the cracks and to find options for remedial works to be performed. Full service only began once more in February 2022. On June 24, 2021, Flytoget were forced to withdraw their entire CAF Oaris fleet after 19 days of service due to

2320-801: Is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Usually, the diacritics are not written, and the syntax and grammar are based on that of Tagalog . the General Assembly proclaims this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among

2436-600: Is argued that current state of the Filipino language is contrary to the intention of Republic Act (RA) No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages. It is further argued that, while the official view (shared by the government, the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino , and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages, in practical terms, Filipino may be considered

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2552-587: Is being built over the mostly-defunct North Main Line in northern Metro Manila and Central Luzon . The second is the 56-kilometer (35-mile) PNR Calamba which will use the existing PNR Metro Commuter Line right of way between Tutuban and Calamba, which were historically parts of the South Main Line and will have elevated, at-grade and depressed sections. There are four classes of services on this line. The following are: The Metro Manila Dream Plan proposed

2668-456: Is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and " Imperial Manila ", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues". This

2784-543: Is not a tonal language and can be considered a pitch-accent language and a syllable-timed language. It has nine basic parts of speech . The Philippines is a multilingual state with 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from a common Malayo-Polynesian language due to the Austronesian migration from Taiwan. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages, and usually through

2900-485: Is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media. The other yardstick for distinguishing a language from a dialect is: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa);

3016-474: Is the indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in the Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups . However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of

3132-593: The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages. On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino

3248-669: The Asian Development Bank (ADB). The long-haul segment of the south line was separated under a new project known as the PNR South Long Haul . On January 21, 2019, a loan agreement worth ₱80.47 billion ( US$ 1.54 billion) for the NSCR-Ex, which includes the PNR Clark 2 and Calamba sections, was signed by JICA and the Department of Finance (DOF). Another loan agreement worth ₱66.6 billion ( US$ 1.3 billion) for

3364-663: The Bucharest Metro crashed in Metrorex's Berceni underground workshops, currently concessioned by Alstom under a long maintenance contract. The year long investigation by the AGIFER proved that the TCMS software was at fault. As of 2024, legal battles between Metrorex/Alstom and CAF are still carried. In April 2021, 22 British Rail Class 195 Civity units were temporarily removed from service after routine maintenance revealed

3480-530: The Department of Finance signed a loan agreement worth ₱97.3 billion ($ 1.99 billion) for the financing of the first phase. Before the inauguration of President Rodrigo Duterte , Aquino's successor, Chinese diplomats reportedly offered to construct the railway from Manila to Clark within two years. However, his administration continued the NSCR project with Japan and included the project under its flagship Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Program . On June 25, 2017, transportation secretary Arthur Tugade unveiled

3596-473: The Greater Manila Area and will be integrated with the railway network in the region. Originally planned in the 1990s, the railway project has had a tumultuous history, being repeatedly halted and restarted for various reasons. The first proposals were the 32-kilometer (20-mile) "Manila–Clark rapid railway" with Spain in the 1990s, alongside the "Manila–Calabarzon Express". During the 2000s,

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3712-772: The Ilokano-speaking regions ), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans ), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos ), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans ), Hadji Butu (the languages of Muslim Filipinos ), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs ). The Institute of National Language adopted a resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving

3828-547: The Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano , Cebuano , Hiligaynon , or any of the other Philippine languages . He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that the national language be developed and enriched by

3944-1019: The Metro Manila Subway . The trainsets have been designated as the EM10000 class in October 2021. The procurement for the 56 airport express trainsets began on February 26, 2021, with a suggested preliminary design based on the E259 and E353 series being published on the same day. On May 10, the Department of Transportation later announced that it would acquire the airport express trainsets from Japanese manufacturers. After several months of delays and rescheduling, three bidders have submitted their designs on October 15: Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Sojitz , Marubeni and Stadler Rail , and Mitsubishi and Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF). On August 24, 2023, Mitsubishi and CAF, also

4060-623: The Philippines , lingua franca (Karaniwang wika), and one of the two official languages ( Wikang opisyal / Opisyal na wika ) of the country, with English . It is a standardized variety of the native language Tagalog , spoken and written in Metro Manila , the National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by

4176-558: The Spanish Railways Corporation on February 7 of the same year. Meanwhile, in 1997, Ayala Land proposed the construction of a railway known as the Manila–Calabarzon Express (MCX). Its initial phase involved the rehabilitation of the railway from Caloocan to Calamba and eventually the construction of spur lines to Carmona and Canlubang under a build–own–operate scheme. Studies indicated that

4292-713: The Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language. Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil . On August 22, 2007, it

4408-673: The Sydney L1 Dulwich Hill Line would be decommissioned for up to 18 months, due to serious design flaws in all 12 of the CAF Urbos 3s tram sets that were running on the line. Stokes stated that the flaws (in the bogie boxes) were likely to be far broader in scope than those identified in Sydney due to the thousands of the same tram type operated around the world. In March 2022, the West Midlands Metro

4524-504: The Taguig Integrated Terminal Exchange . The North–South Commuter Railway will have two types of rolling stock: commuter trains and airport express trains. Except for wheelchair spaces, the commuter trains will have a capacity of 2,242 passengers. The express trains, on the other hand, will have a capacity of 392 passengers. A total of 464 electric multiple unit traincars have been procured to operate on

4640-717: The Valenzuela station in Malanday , Valenzuela , will serve as the main depot, hosting the operations control center for the entire line. The Mabalacat depot, located along Gil Puyat Avenue in Clark Freeport Zone , Mabalacat , Pampanga , will function as a parking facility for train sets plying the Malolos–Calamba route. The Banlic depot will be located on a 24.5-hectare (61-acre) lot in Calamba, Laguna , near

4756-435: The 1937 selection. The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and the other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took

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4872-517: The 20 years from the early 1990s, CAF benefited from the rail investment boom in its home market in Spain to become a world player with a broad technical capability, able to manufacture almost any type of rail vehicle. CAF has supplied railway rolling stock to a number of major urban transit operators around Europe, the US, South America, East Asia, India, Australia and North Africa. CAF was an acronym for

4988-587: The 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the national language. The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language. In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to disassociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group . The changing of the name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non- Tagalogs , especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted

5104-515: The 2020 project for 31 trains for the FEVE narrow-gauge lines in the northern regions of Cantabria and Asturias, Spain, asked for a carriage width that would not fit through the existing 19th-century tunnels. The change in specifications will delay the established delivery date of October 2024 by two years to 2026. In July 2023, body cracks were discovered in four British Rail Mark 5A "Nova 3" carriage sets, leading to daily inspections of all sets and

5220-616: The DOTr, there are challenges regarding right of way , particularly in the Valenzuela to Sucat, Parañaque segment. The government has extended financial help to formal and informal settlers affected by the construction. The North–South Commuter Railway will comprise two sections corresponding to the Philippine National Railways' old main lines. The first is the 91-kilometer (57-mile) fully-elevated PNR Clark which

5336-488: The Dutch. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala , was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomás Pinpin in Pila , Laguna . A latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote

5452-431: The European Commission's competition authority for the approval of the 2021 takeover of Bombardier Transportation by Alstom . CAF U.S.A., a wholly owned subsidiary of CAF, was incorporated in 1998 and is based in Elmira, New York . It manufactures rolling stock for the North American market at a plant in Elmira that the company acquired from ADtranz in 2000. The company from Beasain continued its expansion during

5568-408: The Filipino language. Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that: as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. And also states in the article: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain

5684-422: The Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar , author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura . In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year. This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year. Now coinciding with

5800-429: The JBIC loan was not granted. Ayala Land was subsequently excluded from the MCX as the government opted to fund the railway construction also through the Obuchi Fund, opening the project for bidding to private developers. In April 2000, the JBIC Obuchi Fund provided a $ 300 million loan to tap the ₱18.2 billion project. By the following year, the Japanese government was considering funding the project. Another study about

5916-419: The MCRRS masterplan, although Phase 4 was removed, Phase 3 was rebranded as Phase 4, and the section between Fort Bonifacio to Caloocan was rebranded as Phase 3, while Phase 2 was unchanged. Its southern counterpart, the Southrail project, involved the rehabilitation of the entire South Main Line from Calamba to Legazpi, Albay , with an extension to Matnog . Meanwhile, the Northrail–Southrail Linkage involved

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6032-635: The MCRRS project was planned to unfold in four phases. Phase 1, spanning 100 kilometers (62 miles), was set to connect Fort Bonifacio , including a proposed intermodal station in Bonifacio Global City , to the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone . Phase 2 aimed to extend the line 50 kilometers (31 miles) to Subic Bay . Phase 3 planned for a 170-kilometer (110-mile) extension to San Fernando, La Union . Phase 4 proposed an additional 200-kilometer (120-mile) extension from San Fernando to Laoag and an additional 55-kilometer (34-mile) spur line to San Jose, Nueva Ecija . Both proposals were subsequently included in

6148-465: The Malay language, the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, these were able to adopt terms that ultimately originate from other languages such as Japanese , Hokkien , Sanskrit , Tamil , and Arabic . The Malay language was generally used by the ruling classes and the merchants from the states and various cultures in the Philippine archipelago for international communication as part of maritime Southeast Asia. In fact, Filipinos first interacted with

6264-402: The Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study (MMUTIS). The contract between the NLRC and the Spanish Railways Corporation was terminated on August 14, 1998, after the parties disagreed on the source of funding for the project. Despite the contract termination, in September 1999, the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) approved the MCRRS, with the initial phase covering

6380-428: The NEDA included the project in the Metro Manila Dream Plan , which it approved in 2014. JICA also conducted a new study a year before a new transport infrastructure master plan was published. This plan calls for an airport express railway linking Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Metro Manila to Clark International Airport with a total length of 99.4 kilometers (61.8 mi). The government also examined building

6496-498: The NSCR-Ex project was signed on July 11 by the ADB and DOF. JICA would finance the electrical and mechanical systems as well as the trains for the PNR Clark 2 and Calamba sections, while ADB would finance the civil works. The loan for the civil works of PNR Calamba, worth ₱227 billion ( US$ 4.3 billion), was approved by the ADB on June 9, 2022. The loan agreement was signed by President Rodrigo Duterte and ADB on June 16. Two more loan agreements were signed on February 9, 2023, during

6612-433: The Northrail project with China was initiated but discontinued in 2011 due to allegations of overpricing . The railway's current incarnation began development in 2013. The project's initial phase was approved in 2015, and construction began in 2019. Expected to cost ₱873.62 billion , the line is the most expensive railway transportation project in the country. The entire system is expected to be completed by 2031. During

6728-426: The Philippine government was still obligated to pay the corresponding loans. On November 6, 2017, DOTr, BCDA, and NLRC reached an out-of-court settlement with Sinomach (formerly CNMEG), resolving the five-year dispute. It saved the government ₱5 billion in potential payment of claims to Sinomach and hundreds of millions of pesos in legal fees and arbitration costs. The Governance Commission for GOCCs (GCG) ordered

6844-417: The Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased. The United States initiated policies that led to the gradual removal of Spanish from official use in the Philippines. This was not done through an outright ban, but rather through a strategic shift in language policy that promoted English as the primary language for education, governance, and law. At present, Spanish

6960-409: The Spaniards using the Malay language. In addition to this, 16th-century chroniclers of the time noted that the kings and lords in the islands usually spoke around five languages. Spanish intrusion into the Philippine islands started in 1565 with the fall of Cebu. The eventual capital established by Spain for its settlement in the Philippines was Manila , situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after

7076-407: The Spanish RENFE and in 2005, high-speed trains were exported for the first time (to Turkey). In 2018, CAF took over the Polish bus manufacturer Solaris. The company also acquired the Talent 3 platform from competitor Bombardier Transportation in 2022, as well as the Coradia Polyvalent platform and the plant in Reichshoffen from train manufacturer Alstom . This was a condition imposed by

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7192-405: The Spanish and American colonial periods, the Manila Railway Company, later the Manila Railroad Company (MRR), operated various local trains between Manila and its neighboring provinces. By the 1920s, trains had run from Tutuban to Naic in Cavite , Pagsanjan in Laguna , Montalban in Rizal , and Bulacan . The network was heavily damaged in the Battle of Manila during World War II , but

7308-409: The administrator and liquidator of NLRC and settle its liabilities . With the termination of the Northrail project, the Department of Transportation and Communications considered restarting the project by commissioning a feasibility study by CPCS Transcom Ltd. of Canada. Part of the study examined having a Malolos–Tutuban–Calamba–Los Baños commuter line. The feasibility study was still ongoing when

7424-448: The adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation. On December 31 of the same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving

7540-476: The birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration". In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos . It

7656-403: The capture of Manila from the Muslim Kingdom of Luzon ruled by Raja Matanda with the heir apparent Raja Sulayman and the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Lakan Dula . After its fall to the Spaniards, Manila was made the capital of the Spanish settlement in Asia due to the city's commercial wealth and influence, its strategic location, and Spanish fears of raids from the Portuguese and

7772-471: The closure of Alabang–Calamba commuter services the previous day. To fast-track the construction of NSCR South, the rest of the Metro Commuter Line services temporarily closed on March 27, 2024. The closure would fast-track construction by eight months, saving ₱15.18 billion in costs. On March 15, 2024, the Department of Transportation announced the completion of the 14 kilometers (8.7 mi) segment of PNR Clark 1 from Malolos to Bocaue . Nevertheless,

7888-402: The company's competitiveness and intensified the focus on in-house technology. In 1971, the existing Compañía Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) merged with Material Móvil y Construcciones (MMC) and the company adopted its current name Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles . Since the early 1990s, CAF has also been active internationally. In the early 2000s, CAF supplied high-speed trains to

8004-406: The creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta. The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention . While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of the delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping

8120-399: The deactivation of NLRC in May 2019. According to GCG, the company was "not producing the desired outcomes, no longer achieving the objectives and purposes for which it was designed and created, and not cost efficient and does not generate the level of social, physical and economic returns vis-à-vis the resource inputs." On October 19, 2023, NLRC was formally abolished, with the BCDA to act as

8236-433: The development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages. On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating the Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making

8352-581: The discovery of cracks in the chassis. The first unit was returned to service after modifications to the cracked part on the 9th of January, 2023. By the end of June 2023, two years after the withdrawal, six out of eight units had been returned to service. In the meantime, CAF has paid an unknown amount to Flytoget in compensation. Following on from these instances, in November 2021 the New South Wales transport minister Rob Stokes announced that

8468-481: The earlier name of Compañía Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles , as well as for Construcciones y Auxiliar de Feres . In 1860, Domingo Goitia, Martín Usabiaga and José Francisco Arana established this company, whose main activity was puddling furnaces and cylinder rolling. In 1892, Francisco de Goitia (Domingo Goitia's son and heir) joined the Marquess of Urquijo to set up La Maquinista Guipuzcoana , whose main activity

8584-642: The expansion of activity after the Spanish Civil War (CAF took part in reconstructing the Spanish rail fleet). In 1954, CAF took over Material Móvil y Construcciones (MMC) from Zaragoza ( Aragon ), a company with extensive experience in manufacturing long-distance and subway trains. Since 1958, the company has modernized and enlarged its Beasain plant and expanded its activity to include all kinds of rolling stock. In line with this, in 1969 CAF created its Research and Development Unit, which increased

8700-407: The first commuter rail system in the country to be mostly grade-separated . Trains are designed to run on 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge tracks at a design speed of 120 kilometers per hour (75 miles per hour) for regular trains and 160 kilometers per hour (99 miles per hour) for airport express trains. All stations will have a standard layout, with

8816-710: The following factors: On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946 (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year, the Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language ) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced

8932-524: The government during the Spanish period. Spanish played a significant role in unifying the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands with a multitude of ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Before Spanish rule, the archipelago was not a unified nation, but rather a collection of independent kingdoms, sultanates, and tribes, each with its own language and customs. During the American colonial period , English became an additional official language of

9048-469: The idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution , in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of a common national language, termed Filipino , to replace Pilipino. Neither

9164-423: The integration of Metro Manila's railway network by JICA in 2001 proposed the through-operation of both railways in two options, such as an elevated section running 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) on the existing PNR old right-of-way or an underground section running 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) from Tayuman to Vito Cruz . According to SIRNMM, the proposed indicative length, which would have run from Tayuman to Marilao,

9280-468: The latter national. This is similar to the comparison between Castilian and Spanish , or Mandarin and Chinese . Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same, sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at

9396-408: The lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working. On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows: Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino

9512-741: The line, with 408 of these being the 8-car EM10000 class trainsets to be built by the Japan Transport Engineering Company (J-TREC), successor to the Tokyu Car Corporation that provided rolling stock to the Philippines from 1955 to 1976. The trainsets, called the Sustina Commuter at the time of purchase, are based on JR East commuter stock such as the E233 series but adapted to standard gauge . The trains are also designed to be interoperable with

9628-512: The locations of the first five stations during a press tour of the old PNR line. In addition, numerous changes to the project were made. The railway's gauge was changed to standard gauge, and the railway was extended to New Clark City . The south commuter line, now under the NSCR project as the North–;South Commuter Railway Extension Project (NSCR-Ex), shifted from a PPP scheme in favor of overseas development assistance from Japan and later

9744-575: The mainline and plastic/fiber-reinforced foam urethane railroad ties on turnouts in the mainline and depot. Continuous welded rails will be employed on the mainline, while jointed rails with fishplates will be employed in the depot. 60-kilogram-per-meter (120-pound-per-yard) rails will be employed in the mainline while rails built to the JIS 50N rail profile will be used in the depot. The railway will have three depots with one in each region: Malanday, Mabalacat, and Banlic. The Malanday depot, located beside

9860-986: The manufacturers of the LRTA 13000 class trains on the LRT Line 1 , were awarded the contract for the express trains. The North–South Commuter Railway will use the European Train Control System (ETCS) Level 2 for signaling, making it the first main line in Southeast Asia with ETCS Level 2. Initially, the PNR Clark 1 section of the line was set to use a communications-based train control (CBTC) system. The subsystems consist of automatic train control (ATC), automatic train protection (ATP), automatic train supervision (ATS), train detection through track circuits , and computer-based interlocking , with provisions for automatic train operation (ATO). Hitachi Rail STS , Hitachi 's Italian subsidiary,

9976-575: The namesake barangay and station in Cabuyao , featuring a control center, stabling yard, maintenance shop, and ancillary buildings. Filipino language Filipino ( English: / ˌ f ɪ l ɪ ˈ p iː n oʊ / , FIH-lih-PEE-noh ; Wikang Filipino , [ˈwi.kɐŋ fi.liˈpi.no̞] ) is a language under the Austronesian language family . It is the national language ( Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika ) of

10092-589: The occupation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, as denounced by the United Nations Human Rights Council. For FEVE , now part of Renfe Operadora : For Euskotren : For Serveis Ferroviaris de Mallorca : For other operators: For Madrid: For Barcelona: For Helsinki: For Bucharest: For Amsterdam: For Brussels: CAF Rolling Stock U.K. Ltd announced in 2017 its UK factory location

10208-401: The official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it. Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based". The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin,

10324-509: The original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to: take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language. That constitution included several provisions related to

10440-407: The other languages of the Philippines . Filipino, like other Austronesian languages, commonly uses verb-subject-object order, but can also use subject-verb-object order. Filipino follows the trigger system of morphosyntactic alignment that is also common among Austronesian languages. It has head-initial directionality. It is an agglutinative language but can also display inflection . It

10556-845: The peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG NA ITÓ NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁO bílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ, sa layúning ang báwat táo at báwat galamáy ng lipúnan, na láging nása ísip ang Pahayág na itó, ay magsíkap sa pamamagítan ng pagtutúrò at edukasyón na maitagúyod ang paggálang sa mgá karapatán at kalayáang itó at sa pamamagítan ng mgá hakbáng na pagsúlong na pambansâ at pandaigdíg, ay makamtán ang pangkalahatán at mabísang pagkilála at pagtalíma sa mgá itó, magíng ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá Kasáping Estádo at ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá teritóryo na nása ilálim ng kaniláng nasasakúpan. Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles Over

10672-586: The present PNR network. The PNR has also requested for a feasibility study for a commuter line connecting Tarlac City and San Jose, Nueva Ecija in 2019. The length of the line and the number of stations will be determined once a proposal has been submitted. Another proposed southward extension to Pansol in Calamba, Laguna was proposed by a 2019 JICA report. The North–South Commuter Railway will also have provisions for infill stations : Malabon, Valenzuela Polo, Tabing Ilog, Tuktukan, and Malolos South. NSCR will be

10788-812: The project became embroiled in controversy as the Philippine Senate raised concerns about alleged corruption in the project. Senator Franklin Drilon commissioned a study from the University of the Philippines , which recommended the cancellation of the railway's construction, citing anomalies in the bidding process and the Buyer Credit Loan Agreement (BCLA) with Exim China. Despite the controversy, preparatory construction began in early November 2006. Civil and design works started in October 2007. However, CNMEG reportedly demobilized from

10904-730: The project on July 1, 2008, due to differences on engineering and construction standards, although this was later retracted. Due to delays in the construction work, it was soon renegotiated with the Chinese government. Construction temporarily continued in January 2009 with the support of the North Luzon Railways Corporation. However, the project would be shelved in March 2010 due to persisting legal issues and allegations of overpricing and corruption. In 2011, Northrail

11020-539: The project. In March 2012, the Philippine Supreme Court authorized a lower court to hear the case for voiding the contract. Instead of paying the US$ 184 million owed by the government in 2012, the Department of Finance was to pay Exim China four installments of US$ 46 million from September 2012 onwards. In August 2012, the Chinese and Philippine governments agreed to "disengage" from the project, although

11136-538: The purpose of constructing, operating, and managing the railroad system on August 24. In 1996, Spanish and Japanese companies such as Marubeni and Mitsui also entered the bidding process, while the project would have also been co-financed by the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF, later Japan Bank for International Cooperation or JBIC, now JICA). The NLRC then entered into an engineering, procurement and construction contract with

11252-404: The rehabilitation of the existing Metro Commuter Line from Caloocan to Calamba, creating a link between the two systems. On September 14, 2002, a memorandum of understanding was signed by NLRC and China National Machinery and Equipment Group (CNMEG) for the project. It was later approved on August 5, 2003. The project was estimated to cost around US$ 500 million, and the funding was to be covered by

11368-462: The remaining segments are 37.30-percent complete as of the month, while PNR Clark 2 is at 25.76 percent. The partial opening was initially set for 2022, but this deadline was not met, presumably due to several factors including but not limited to right-of-way acquisition, and the COVID-19 pandemic . Instead, it expects partial operations by 2028 and full operations by 2031. Additionally, according to

11484-658: The request of the Philippine government, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) conducted a study on the electrification of the commuter service. The plan was made to keep up with the increasing demand for transportation in the region. It called for the replacement of the diesel-run trains and the electrification of the PNR commuter line. Two experts from the Japanese National Railways were sent to conduct

11600-398: The same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language. In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista

11716-592: The study. Services north of Manila started to decline in the 1980s. However, commuter services were briefly extended to Malolos starting in 1990 under the Metrotren project but later ceased in 1997. Since then, railway services have been mostly confined to the south, with the contemporary Metro Commuter Line being predominantly aligned to the South Main Line. On April 28, 1994, President Fidel Ramos signed an executive order designating Clark Air Base ,

11832-413: The temporary withdrawal of five sets from service. That August, the operator TransPennine Express confirmed its intention to cease usage of all sets from the December 2023 timetable change. During the 2019 United Kingdom general election , CAF Rail UK Limited made a donation of £50,000 to the Conservative Party . In 2019, it entered into litigation that affects its corporate image. Participating in

11948-597: The third millennium. On 24 May 2019, it announced the acquisition of the Swedish company Euromaint at a cost of circa €80 million, following other international contracts to supply Flemish and English railway and underground networks in 2017. CAF Rolling Stock U.K. Ltd. is the CAF subsidiary in the United Kingdom. Its factory is based at Celtic Springs Business Park, at Llanwern steelworks near Newport, Wales as

12064-532: The upgrading of the existing single track to an elevated dual-track system, converting the rail gauge from narrow gauge to standard gauge , and linking Manila to Malolos in Bulacan and further on to the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone and Clark International Airport . The first segment of phase 1 covered the 32-kilometer (20-mile) railway from Caloocan to Malolos. Succeeding phases followed

12180-518: The use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. and: The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the Institute of National Language as Institute of Philippine Languages . Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created

12296-531: The working visit of President Bongbong Marcos in Japan . Construction was planned to begin in the last quarter of 2017, but pre-construction works, such as clearing of the right of way, were only started on January 5, 2018. The railway is being built in three phases and divided into two primary sections: PNR Clark 1 broke ground on February 15, 2019, followed by PNR Clark 2 on September 18, 2021. Meanwhile, construction of PNR Calamba began on July 3, 2023, following

12412-536: Was 17.0 kilometers (10.6 mi), while both options for MCX were to be 46.2 kilometers (28.7 mi) (elevated) or 43.2 kilometers (26.8 mi) (underground) from Tayuman to Cabuyao . However, the plans would never materialize. Under the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , the MCRRS was succeeded by the Northrail project, a 320-kilometer (200-mile) railway system from Caloocan to San Fernando, La Union. The Northrail project's 80-kilometer (50-mile) phase 1 involved

12528-460: Was again forced to suspend its services due to the discovery of more cracks, this time on the bodywork of the trams. On February 17, 2023, the Department of Transportation of the Philippines revealed that nearly 80 of the new light rail vehicles for Manila's LRT Line 1 cannot be used due to water leaks in the cars. Fortunately, these issues were eventually resolved, enabling the entire fleet to be utilized. In February 2023, CAF revealed that

12644-495: Was cancelled by the government under the presidency of Benigno Aquino III . Like the failed Hopewell Project in Bangkok , a few structures had been completed by the time of its cancellation. The government contemplated reusing the completed structures from the project, but ultimately, this was not implemented. In September 2011, the government expressed its interest to restart the project with China reportedly open to reconfigure

12760-528: Was designated an optional and voluntary language under the 1987 Constitution, along with Arabic. While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided that: The National Assembly shall take steps toward

12876-444: Was entered into on June 10, 1995, between BCDA, PNR, Philippine companies DMCI Holdings and Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation , and Spanish firms with Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles , Entrecanales y Tavora, Cubiertas y MZOV, (both companies later merged to form Acciona ) and Cobra Instalaciones y Servicios, S.A., as well as other investors. The agreement also established the North Luzon Railways Corporation (NLRC) for

12992-703: Was mostly reestablished after the war. MRR was succeeded by the Philippine National Railways (PNR) on June 20, 1964. On April 6, 1970, PNR inaugurated the Metro Manila Commuter Service, which started at Manila North Harbor and ended in Biñan station in Laguna. After numerous expansions, the commuter service served thousands of daily riders in its system and had an expansive network in and out of Metro Manila. In 1978, at

13108-409: Was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English , in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it

13224-409: Was tapped in November 2022 to provide the signaling equipment for PNR Clark 1 as part of a contract package covering electrical and mechanical systems, and track works. Meanwhile, Alstom was tapped in March of the same year to supply its Atlas 200 solution for PNR Clark 2 and PNR Calamba. The line will feature an Elastic Sleeper Direct Fasten (ESDF) type ballastless track with concrete sleepers in

13340-416: Was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezon , Aurora , Nueva Ecija , Batangas , Rizal , and Metro Manila , all of which mentioned are natively Tagalog-speaking. Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month). Previously, this lasted only

13456-512: Was the operation of machinery and the forging and construction of railway rolling stock. In 1898, it set up its plant in Beasain , Gipuzkoa . In 1905 it changed its name to Fábrica de Vagones de Beasain (FVB). Compañía Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) was founded in 1917, specializing in freight car production and with a total of 1,600 employees. In 1940, the Irun factory was set up, following

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