Misplaced Pages

#508491

159-414: The Metro Manila Subway , formerly known as the Mega Manila Subway ( MMS ) is an under-construction underground rapid transit line in Metro Manila , Philippines . The 33-kilometer (21 mi) line, which will run north–south between Valenzuela , Quezon City , Pasig , Taguig , Parañaque and Pasay , consists of 17 stations between the East Valenzuela and Bicutan stations. It will become

318-531: A business case as a private initiative for the project known as the Manila Central Subway. They lay out the definite alignment of the first 150 km (93 mi), approximate the next 150 km, and guess the last 82 km (51 mi); the first 150 km are to be further subdivided into workable segments of 30 to 40 km (19 to 25 mi) each. Locate optimal sites for subway stations and determine their basic requirements at least for

477-534: A "terminal enhancement fee" to cover the higher fees, pending approval of the Civil Aeronautics Board . Additionally, passenger service charges are expected to increase in September 2025 — the first increase since 2000. Ninoy Aquino International Airport has four passenger terminals, with plans to build another terminal. Covering 73,000 square meters (790,000 sq ft), Terminal 1 of

636-425: A body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service. A study of

795-402: A cable-hauled line using stationary steam engines . As of 2021 , China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world  – 40 in number, running on over 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of track – and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in the 2010s. The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by route length

954-454: A code for its stations. Unlike that of Singapore's MRT, it is mostly numbers. Based on the line number, for example Sinyongsan station, is coded as station 429. Being on Line 4, the first number of the station code is 4. The last two numbers are the station number on that line. Interchange stations can have multiple codes. Like City Hall station in Seoul which is served by Line 1 and Line 2. It has

1113-651: A code of 132 and 201 respectively. The Line 2 is a circle line and the first stop is City Hall, therefore, City Hall has the station code of 201. For lines without a number like Bundang line it will have an alphanumeric code. Lines without a number that are operated by KORAIL will start with the letter 'K'. With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when

1272-584: A consortium led by San Miguel Corporation (SMC) and Incheon International Airport Corporation —the operator of Incheon International Airport in South Korea, with RMM Asian Logistics Inc. and RLW Aviation Development Inc. The Asian Airports Consortium was disqualified in the bidding after it was deemed non-compliant. On February 16, 2024, the DOTr awarded the contract to SMC SAP & Co. Consortium, later renamed as New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC).

1431-583: A conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching . There are also some rubber-tired systems that use a central guide rail , such as the Sapporo Municipal Subway and the NeoVal system in Rennes , France. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction of

1590-405: A dedicated right-of-way are typically used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier in the urban fabric that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path and have a larger physical footprint. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line

1749-662: A depot in Ugong, Valenzuela , within the vicinity of the East Valenzuela station . It occupies 4 hectares (9.9 acres) of space and serves as the headquarters for the operations and maintenance of the line. The trains are parked on several sets of tracks, which converge onto the spur route and later on to the main network. A 20,000-square-meter (220,000 sq ft) building will host the Philippine Railways Institute which will also be built within

SECTION 10

#1732775684509

1908-630: A feasibility study of a subway project; a route would have been linked between Port of Manila and NAIA. In 2001, Italian firms Grandi Lavori Fincosit and Societa Esecuzione Lavori Idraulici signed an agreement with the DOTC, for a MOU. The 10-kilometer-long (6.2 mi) tunnel section of the subway would connect Bonifacio Global City (BGC), going through EDSA and connecting the Ortigas , Greenhills , and Shaw Boulevard commercial centers. However, when former President Joseph Estrada resigned from office in

2067-571: A government handover, the government offered to buy out Fraport AG for US$ 400 million, to which Fraport agreed. However, before the terminal could be completed, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo called the contract "onerous" and formed a committee to evaluate the buyout agreement. The contracts were declared null and void by the Supreme Court in May 2003, the Philippine government took over

2226-613: A groundbreaking ceremony was held at Camp Aguinaldo to mark the start of pre-construction activities at the Camp Aguinaldo station . Meanwhile, the Ortigas and Shaw stations broke ground on October 3, 2022. Work on the Katipunan and Anonas stations began on February 13, 2023. The underground and tunnel boring works for the subway were slated to start by the fourth quarter of 2021, but was delayed. The first tunnel boring machine

2385-418: A large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an area of land with a set of lines , which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "L", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross

2544-652: A large part of the network, for example, in outer suburbs, runs at ground level. In most of Britain , a subway is a pedestrian underpass . The terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground . The North East England Tyne and Wear Metro , mostly overground, is known as the Metro . In Scotland , the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway . In Ireland ,

2703-452: A line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency . Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio  – more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to

2862-615: A metro. In Spain, such systems are present in Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Valencia . In Portugal, Lisbon has a metro. The Italian cities of Catania , Genoa , Milan , Naples , Rome and Turin also have metro lines. In Germany and Austria they rapid transit is known as U-Bahn , which are often supported by S-Bahn systems. In Germany, U-Bahn systems exist in Berlin , Hamburg , Munich and Nuremberg , while in Austria such

3021-574: A motion for reconsideration. The MIAA denied the motion for reconsideration. In August 2022, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) announced plans to rebid the public–private partnership project within the year. Following a major airspace closure on January 1, 2023 , plans to privatize the airport were pitched again. Secretary of Finance Benjamin Diokno supported such plans, but maintained that it should be "thoroughly studied". On April 27,

3180-763: A municipality of Rizal ), opened in 1935. It was the city's first commercial airport and was used by the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (later Philippine Airlines ) for its first domestic routes. In July 1937, Nielson Airport , located in the 45-hectare (4,800,000 sq ft) land in Makati , also then in Rizal, was inaugurated and served as the gateway to Manila; its runways now form Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas . Following World War II and Philippine independence , Grace Park Airfield closed, while Nielson Airport continued to operate until it

3339-470: A rapid transit setting. Ninoy Aquino International Airport Ninoy Aquino International Airport ( NAIA / n ɑː . ˈ iː . j ə / NA -ee- YAH ; Filipino : Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino ; IATA : MNL , ICAO : RPLL ), also known as Manila International Airport ( MIA ), is the main international airport serving Metro Manila in the Philippines . Located between

SECTION 20

#1732775684509

3498-776: A solicited bidding instead. The solicited concession agreement is set for fifteen years, with a ten-year extension if needed in case the opening of New Manila International Airport in Bulacan and Sangley Point Airport in Cavite would be delayed. The bidding opened on August 23, 2023. Four consortia submitted bids on the December 27 deadline: MIAC, Asian Airports Consortium (consisting of Lucio Co's Cosco Capital, Inc.; Asian Infrastructure and Management Corp., Philippine Skylanders International, Inc., and PT Angkasa Pura II ), GMR Airports Consortium , and SMC SAP & Co. Consortium,

3657-565: A specialized transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying. Some subway systems, such as the Beijing Subway , which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the "World's Safest Rapid Transit Network" in 2015, incorporates airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as

3816-998: A study on what shall later be Metro Manila (formally constituted on November 7, 1975). The 1973 plan was known as the Urban Transport Study in Manila Metropolitan Area (UTSMMA). The 1973 plan provided for the construction of five heavy rail subway lines in Metro Manila. The first line (Line 1) would have a length of 27.1 kilometers (16.8 mi), running from Constitution Hills (now Batasan Hills ), Quezon City to Talon, Las Piñas . The second line (Line 2), meanwhile, would be 36 kilometers (22 mi) long from Novaliches , Quezon City to Cainta , Rizal , while Line 3 for 24.3 kilometers (15.1 mi) throughout Epifanio de los Santos Avenue . The fourth line (Line 4) would have been 30.1 kilometers (18.7 mi) long from Marikina to Zapote, Bacoor , and

3975-608: A system exists in Vienna . In addition, the small, car-free town of Serfaus in the Austrian state of Tyrol also features a short U-Bahn line. There are no U-Bahn systems in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, but the city of Lausanne has its own, small metro system. In Zurich, Switzerland's largest city, a project for a U-Bahn network was stopped by a referendum in the 1970s and instead its S-Bahn system

4134-429: A two-year hiatus, Terminal 4 reopened on March 28, 2022. Under NNIC's management, Terminal 4 temporarily closed on November 6, 2024, to give way for major renovations until February 2025. As such, AirSWIFT, Cebgo, and Sunlight Air relocated to Terminal 2. NAIA's primary runway is 3,737 meters (12,260 ft) long and 60 meters (200 ft) wide, running at 061°/241° (designated as Runway 06/24). Its secondary runway

4293-529: A ₱150 billion, or US$ 3 billion, proposal to decongest and redevelop the airport. GMR-Megawide did not propose a new runway, claiming that it would not significantly boost capacity. On July 7, 2020, the NAIA consortium's proposal was rejected by the government, allowing GMR-Megawide to take over the project. On December 15, however, the MIAA revoked the original proponent status (OPS) of GMR-Megawide, who then filed

4452-462: Is 2,258 meters (7,408 ft) long and 45 meters (148 ft) wide, running at 136°/316° (designated as Runway 13/31). The primary runway was oriented at 06/24 to harness the southeast and southwest winds . Of the 550 daily flights, 100 take the secondary runway. It mainly caters to private planes and narrowbody aircraft such as the ATR 72-500 , Airbus A320, and Airbus A321, and acts as the main runway of

4611-684: Is 26.1 kilometers (16.2 mi). Also, the intermodal terminal building was to be located at Market! Market! in BGC and to cater buses, jeepneys, and taxis at this terminal. In 2015, the National Economic and Development Authority approved the construction of the Makati-Pasay-Taguig Mass Transit System Loop Line 5 (MTSL Line 5), which would have been a 20-kilometer-long (12 mi) underground railway from BGC to Taft Avenue , as identified in

4770-801: Is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area . Rapid transit systems such as the Washington Metrorail , Los Angeles Metro Rail , the Miami Metrorail , and the Montreal Metro are generally called the Metro . In Philadelphia , the term "El" is used for the Market–Frankford Line which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term "subway" applies to the Broad Street Line which is almost entirely underground. Chicago 's commuter rail system that serves

4929-608: Is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile. A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport. Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms , elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables . Maps help users understand

Metro Manila Subway - Misplaced Pages Continue

5088-585: Is an integrated plan, created on the basis of recommendations from a study conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). It was approved by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Board in June 2014, to last until 2030. The program aims to improve the transport system in Metro Manila, Philippines , with the hope of turning it into a focal point for addressing Metro Manila's interlinked problems in

5247-506: Is built. Most rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars. Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains. Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires . The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use

5406-473: Is designed to connect with other urban rail transit services in the region; riders may transfer to LRT Line 1 , MRT Line 3 , and MRT Line 7 at the nearby North Triangle Common Station , which is also currently under construction. Other connections include the existing LRT Line 2 and PNR Metro Commuter Line , as well as the planned Makati Intra-city Subway , the MRT Line 4 , and MRT Line 8 . The line

5565-413: Is designed to withstand a magnitude-8.0 earthquake. In addition, it may not be entirely underground. Assessment of the environmental and geographical considerations in the base alignment (initially 74.6 kilometers or 46.4 miles long) recommends 18% of the line to be at-grade and 9% to be running through viaduct . Prior to final approval, some adjustments to the alignment were done so that it would reduce

5724-452: Is expected to cost ₱355.6   billion (equivalent to US$ 7.06 billion in 2017 dollars). Much of its cost is covered by a loan provided by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The Metro Manila Subway is integrated with the public transit system in Metro Manila . Passengers may take various forms of road-based public transport, such as buses and jeepneys , to and from a station to reach their intended destination. The line

5883-416: Is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller loading gauge from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services. Most rapid transit systems use conventional standard gauge railway track . Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to rain , snow , or other forms of precipitation , they are often fixed directly to

6042-636: Is projected to serve 370,000 passengers per day in the short term with longer term growth leading to a projected 1.5 million passengers of daily ridership. The idea of building a subway in the Greater Manila Area had been forwarded as early as 1973, when the JICA (at the time known as the Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency or OTCA) and former Secretary of Public Works and Highways David Consunji conducted

6201-555: Is referred to simply as "the subway", despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term "L" or "El" is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The "L" train or L (New York City Subway service) refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains. Similarly, the Toronto Subway is referred to as "the subway", with some of its system also running above ground. These are

6360-521: Is reportedly moving back to Terminal 4 on March 1, 2025, as part of long-term terminal reassignments conducted by the NNIC. Since then, T4 has been specifically assigned for turboprop aircraft, functioning exclusively with ground-loaded gates . This terminal, which accommodates up to three million passengers annually, primarily hosts domestic flights by regional airlines such as AirSWIFT , SkyJet Airlines , Cebgo , and Sunlight Air . In response to

6519-412: Is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in

Metro Manila Subway - Misplaced Pages Continue

6678-577: Is shorter than the line system forwarded in 1973. In 1995, the Mexican firm Grupo ICA, which also experienced Mexico City Metro , was in talks with the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) to build a subway in the Philippines. In 1998, the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC, later DOTr) signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with JK International Ltd. to conduct

6837-741: Is the Shanghai Metro . The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total) is the New York City Subway . The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, Tokyo subway system , Seoul Metro and the Moscow Metro . The term Metro is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. Rapid transit systems may be named after

6996-411: Is the first railway line in the Philippines to use a moving block/CBTC system. Its subsystems include automatic train protection (ATP), automatic train operation (ATO), automatic train supervision (ATS), train detection through track circuits , and computer-based interlocking . Nippon Signal will provide their SPARCS CBTC signalling solution for the line. Two types of rails will be employed in

7155-640: The AirAsia Group for its international flights since September 15, 2014. The expanded Overseas Filipino Worker airport lounge is located near Gate 7. Constructed in 1948, Terminal 4, also known as the Manila Domestic Passenger Terminal or the Old Domestic Terminal , is the first and original structure of the airport, as well as its oldest and smallest terminal. Positioned on the old Airport Road,

7314-728: The Allhallowtide season. It then announced in September the planned reassignments: Terminal 1 would exclusively serve Philippine Airlines flights, while Terminal 2 would maintain its current status as an all-domestic terminal, and Terminal 3 would be fully dedicated to international flights of Cebu Pacific, the AirAsia Group, and all foreign airlines. This would require the remaining airlines operating at Terminal 1 to transfer to Terminal 3, and Philippines AirAsia to temporarily move its domestic flights back to Terminal 4 from Terminal 2 to accommodate Cebu Pacific's domestic flights until

7473-524: The COVID-19 pandemic , the airport authority closed Terminal 4 to minimize operating costs, while the remaining three terminals resumed operations in June 2020 upon the lifting of the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon . During its temporary closure, the terminal was utilized as a vaccination site for airport employees. As such, AirAsia temporarily transferred its domestic operations to Terminal 3. After

7632-627: The Dublin Area Rapid Transit is despite the name considered a commuter rail due to usage of mainline railways. In France, large cities, such as Paris , Marseille and Lyon , feature a Métro . Also the smaller cities of Lille Rennes have a light metro. Furthermore, Brussels in Belgium, and Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands have metro systems in place. Several Southern European contries also have

7791-752: The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad K-series cars from 1958, the New York City Subway R38 and R42 cars from the late-1960s, and the Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series , Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series and MTR M-Train EMUs from the 1970s, were generally only made possible largely due to the relatively generous loading gauges of these systems and also adequate open-air sections to dissipate hot air from these air conditioning units. Especially in some rapid transit systems such as

7950-720: The Manila International Airport Authority turned over the operations and maintenance of the airport to NNIC. While SMC is constructing New Manila International Airport (NMIA) in Bulacan, it decided to instead prioritize the rehabilitation of NAIA over the construction of the NMIA. The turnover was followed by a series of airport fee hikes. On October 1, NNIC increased parking fees. The overnight parking fees, which quadrupled from 300 to 1,200 pesos , drew criticism from motorists; however, both NNIC and

8109-740: The Metropolitan Railway opened publicly in London in 1863. High capacity monorails with larger and longer trains can be classified as rapid transit systems. Such monorail systems recently started operating in Chongqing and São Paulo . Light metro is a subclass of rapid transit that has the speed and grade separation of a "full metro" but is designed for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller loading gauges, lighter train cars and smaller consists of typically two to four cars. Light metros are typically used as feeder lines into

SECTION 50

#1732775684509

8268-578: The Montreal Metro (opened 1966) and Sapporo Municipal Subway (opened 1971), their entirely enclosed nature due to their use of rubber-tyred technology to cope with heavy snowfall experienced by both cities in winter precludes any air-conditioning retrofits of rolling stock due to the risk of heating the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot for passengers and for train operations. In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub-networks may not often be connected by track, in cases when it

8427-802: The New Manila International Airport in Bulakan , Bulacan and the other being to upgrade Sangley Point Airport in Cavite City into an international airport. In 2023, NAIA served 45.3 million passengers, forty-seven percent more than the previous year, making it the busiest airport in the Philippines , the 15th busiest in Asia , and the 38th busiest in the world . Manila's original airport, Grace Park Airfield (also known as Manila North) in Grace Park, Caloocan (then

8586-576: The North–;South Commuter Railway , and the first to be mostly underground. It is designed to run trains at 80 kilometers per hour (50 mph). The tunnel diameter inside and outside is projected to be 5.2 meters (17 ft) and 5.65 meters (18.5 ft), respectively. Since there are estimates of an expected magnitude -7.2 earthquake (which can be as powerful as magnitude 7.6) in the Marikina Valley Fault System , it

8745-529: The North–South Commuter Railway and MMS. It proposes MMS rolling stock to switch over to the at-grade NSCR-South tracks around the FTI area, via a physical connection of the tracks and electrical supply, and operate through services to NSCR-South stations from Bicutan towards Calamba and vice versa. The line will be the fourth heavy rail line in the country, after LRT Line 2 , MRT Line 7 , and

8904-529: The Prague Metro . The London Underground and Paris Métro are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its lines converging on The Loop , the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro 's Koltsevaya Line and Beijing Subway 's Line 10 . The capacity of

9063-428: The Singapore MRT , Changi Airport MRT station has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations have at least two codes, for example, Raffles Place MRT station has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line. The Seoul Metro is another example that utilizes

9222-459: The Sumitomo Corporation and Japan Transport Engineering Company (J-TREC). The same type has been ordered by the Philippine National Railways for its North–South Commuter Railway project as the PNR EM10000 class . Hitachi , along with Sumitomo and Mitsubishi , bought bid documents for the design, execution, and completion of 30 train sets in February 2020. An order for 240 railcars, arrangeable into thirty 8-car trainsets, has been finalized by

9381-560: The University of the Philippines in Quezon City, totaling 25.2 kilometers (15.7 mi). With the planned completion dates between 1983 and 2000 for that line with four stages, the other lines would have been constructed as part of the RTR network: Line 2 would connect Novaliches in Quezon City to Guadalupe, Makati ; Line 3 would connect Malabon to Roxas Boulevard in Pasay; Line 4 would connect Baclaran in Parañaque to Cubao in Quezon City; and Line 5 would connect Binondo to Marulas in Valenzuela. Also, Pacific Consultants International and

9540-450: The deep tube lines . Historically, rapid transit trains used ceiling fans and openable windows to provide fresh air and piston-effect wind cooling to riders. From the 1950s to the 1990s (and in most of Europe until the 2000s), many rapid transit trains from that era were also fitted with forced-air ventilation systems in carriage ceiling units for passenger comfort. Early rapid transit rolling stock fitted with air conditioning , such as

9699-409: The linear motor for propulsion. Some urban rail lines are built to a loading gauge as large as that of main-line railways ; others are built to a smaller one and have tunnels that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the London Underground , which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on

SECTION 60

#1732775684509

9858-432: The 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it. Rapid transit operators have often built up strong brands , often focused on easy recognition – to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities – combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority. In many cities, there

10017-419: The 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack and the 2005 " 7/7 " terrorist bombings on the London Underground. Some rapid transport trains have extra features such as wall sockets, cellular reception, typically using a leaky feeder in tunnels and DAS antennas in stations, as well as Wi-Fi connectivity. The first metro system in the world to enable full mobile phone reception in underground stations and tunnels

10176-481: The 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a rapid transit system . Rapid transit is used for local transport in cities , agglomerations , and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency . The extent of

10335-440: The DOTr defended the move, as it is designed to deter the misuse of parking slots. According to NNIC, previous parking rates were used by non-passengers, which contributed to congestion. Nevertheless, NNIC is developing a 4-hectare (9.9-acre) area near Terminal 3 for a 2,500-slot parking space. On the same day, it increased takeoff and landing fees , causing Philippine Airlines , Cebu Pacific , and Philippines AirAsia to propose

10494-647: The Department of Transportation on December 21. Trains will have a capacity of 2,242 passengers, which is more than the normal capacity of the rolling stock of the existing LRT Line 1 , LRT Line 2 , MRT Line 3 , and the PNR Metro Commuter Line . At its base form, it is about twice longer than the 4-car trains of the LRTA 2000 class being used in the LRT Line 2. According to DOTr Undersecretary Timothy John Batan, each 8-car trainset will ease car traffic in Metro Manila equivalent to 1,300 cars, 220 jeepneys , or 60 buses. It will be powered through 1,500 V DC overhead lines similar to those ordered by PNR. The line will have

10653-467: The Domestic Terminal is located near the north end of Runway 13/31. Philippines AirAsia was a primary user of Terminal 4 from 2013 to 2023. In December 2022, to decongest the terminal, it transferred its two busiest flights—to Cebu and Boracay ( Caticlan )—to Terminal 3, while all other domestic flights remained at T4. It continued to operate under this scheme until all flights were transferred to Terminal 2 on July 1, 2023. However, Philippines AirAsia

10812-656: The French company Aéroports de Paris to conduct a feasibility study to expand capacity, which recommended to build two new terminals. Construction of Terminal 2, originally designed as a domestic terminal, began in 1995 and opened in 1999. It served as the hub of Philippine Airlines until 2023. Meanwhile, the larger Terminal 3, which was beset by construction delays and legal issues, opened in 2008 and became fully operational in 2014, serving Cebu Pacific and most international airlines. In October 2015, reports of an extortion scam concerning bullets planted by airport security officials in airline passengers' luggage (dubbed by

10971-538: The Greater Capital Region. Rapid transit Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on railway tracks . Some systems use guided rubber tires , magnetic levitation ( maglev ), or monorail . The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by

11130-431: The JICA study, with two options: 32nd Street or 26th Street. Despite the fact that the route is 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) long, it passes through the central business districts. The project was to be funded through the public-private partnership scheme, but after former President Benigno Aquino III stepped down from office, the project stalled and was revived again by his successor, Rodrigo Duterte . In January 2017, JICA

11289-437: The Japan Overseas Consultants participated as a study team. According to some critics of the LRT Line 1 that was built instead of the RTR Line 1, Marcos decided against the subway after being convinced by his advisers that the line could not be completed before Singapore finished its own first line . It was also proposed to be part of the 1977 Metro Manila Transport, Land Use and Development Planning Project (MMETROPLAN), which

11448-570: The Manila International Airport Consortium (MIAC), composed of six organizations (Alliance Global, AC Infrastructure Holdings Corp [under Ayala Corporation ], Infracorp Development, Filinvest Development Corporation, and JG Summit Infrastructure Holdings) submitted a ₱100 billion 25-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate the airport. This proposal was subsequently rejected by the administration of President Bongbong Marcos on July 19, which opted to go through

11607-555: The NAIA Terminal 4. Runway 13/31 closed in 2020 for rehabilitation. The runway was reopened on February 16, 2021, along with a newly constructed taxiway. In 2014, Transportation and Communications Secretary Joseph Abaya proposed a new runway adjacent to the existing Runway 06/24. The proposed runway has a length of 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) that could allow the landing of an Airbus A320 and increase capacity from 40 planes per hour to 60–70. A Dutch consultant hired by

11766-656: The Ninoy Aquino International Airport was designed to handle six million passengers annually. It is often referred to as the Ninoy Aquino Terminal , as it was the site of the former senator's assassination in 1983 . The terminal, opened in 1982, is the airport's second oldest and exclusively handles international flights. The development of the Manila International Airport, which includes Terminal 1,

11925-463: The Philippines' primary airport. NAIA is operating beyond its designed capacity of 35 million passengers, clogging air traffic and delaying flights. As a result, it has consistently been ranked as one of the world's worst airports. In response, a private consortium has been overseeing the airport's operation and rehabilitation since September 14, 2024. Two nearby construction projects meant to reduce congestion at NAIA are also underway: one being

12084-473: The US$ 640 million terminal, which has 20 jet bridges and four remote gates served by apron buses . The terminal's apron area spans 147,400 square meters (1,587,000 sq ft) and can service up to 32 aircraft simultaneously. It has the capacity to serve 33,000 passengers per day or 6,000 per hour. Since April 2017, a 220-meter (720 ft) long indoor footbridge called Runway Manila has been connecting

12243-657: The adjacent complexes been demolished. In 2024, the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC) announced that it will interconnect the two terminals after demolishing the hotel and relocating the fuel farm and the cargo terminal as part of its rehabilitation plan. This plan will increase the terminal's capacity by about 23 million passengers. From 1999 to 2023, flag carrier Philippine Airlines and its domestic subsidiary PAL Express exclusively used Terminal 2. It facilitated both domestic and international flights for these airlines, notwithstanding

12402-414: The adjacent unused Philippine Village Hotel complex and relocating a fuel depot, as well as the international cargo complex. Rehabilitation of the terminal began in September 2018, and by February 16, 2021, the partially expanded Terminal 2 was inaugurated, adding 2,800 square meters (30,000 sq ft) to the terminal area. However, Terminal 2 has not been interconnected with Terminal 1 yet, nor have

12561-602: The airport. The consortium's proposal was divided into two phases: the improvement and expansion of terminals in the current NAIA land area and the development of an additional runway, taxiways, passenger terminals, and associated support infrastructure. Changi Airport Consultants Pte. Ltd., was to provide technical support. Singapore's Changi Airport Group eyed a 30-percent stake in this venture. On March 1, 2018, Megawide Construction Corporation and its India-based consortium partner GMR Infrastructure (the consortium which revamped Mactan–Cebu International Airport ), submitted

12720-557: The architectural design was developed by Leandro Locsin 's L.V. Locsin and Associates. In 1974, the designs were approved by the Philippine government and the ADB. Construction began in the second quarter of 1978 on a site close to the original Manila Airport, within the jurisdiction of Parañaque , then a municipality of Metro Manila. By 1991, Terminal 1 reached its capacity with a total passenger volume of 4.53 million. From that year,

12879-471: The areas of transportation, land use, and environment. In September of that year, British subway contractor Arup presented its profile to the DOTC in case the agency decides to build a subway system in Metro Manila, an official of the Makati Business Club said. Applied Planning & Infrastructure Inc., in association with MKL Associates, proposed a version of the subway plan and conducted

13038-411: The arrival area, adding parking spaces, and enhancing facilities. Renovations began on January 23, 2014. Part of the project involved the installation of buckling restrained braces to enhance the building's structural integrity. Terminal 1 once served almost all foreign-based carriers (except All Nippon Airways ). After the full completion of the larger Terminal 3 in 2014, eighteen airlines moved to

13197-478: The beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. In 1890, the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing

13356-418: The bid to PairCargo and its partner Fraport AG of Germany. Originally scheduled to open in 2002, a contract dispute between the government of the Philippines and the project's main contractor, Philippine International Air Terminals Co. Inc. (Piatco), delayed its completion. While the original agreement allowed PairCargo and Fraport AG to operate the airport for several years after its construction, followed by

13515-466: The cities of Pasay and Parañaque , about 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati , it is the main gateway for travelers to the Philippines and serves as a hub for PAL Express and Philippine Airlines . It is also the main operating base for AirSWIFT , Cebgo , Cebu Pacific , and Philippines AirAsia . Manila International Airport was officially renamed for former Philippine senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. , who

13674-626: The congestion of both terminals. Transportation Secretary Arthur Tugade and House Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez supported the initiative, with the latter proposing that airlines relocate some of their flights to Clark International Airport . However, Senator Grace Poe , chairperson of the Senate Committee on Public Services , voiced concerns that a hasty implementation might exacerbate existing issues, with Poe suggesting capacity expansion instead. She further highlighted Terminal 2's limited capacity of handling 9 million passengers compared to

13833-473: The contract was signed on March 18, witnessed by President Marcos. NNIC offered the biggest revenue share with the government at 82.16 percent—more than double the proposed revenue shares of GMR Airports Consortium (33.30 percent) and MIAC (25.91 percent). The consortium also made the initial ₱30 billion payment to the government. With the privatization, the national government is expected to earn ₱900 billion , or ₱36 billion annually. On September 14, 2024,

13992-434: The country's first-ever railway training center. Massive tunnel boring machines were to be employed for the project. In September 2020, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) presented one of the six tunnel boring machines in an acceptance test ceremony through a video conference. The first of 25 tunnel boring machines that will be used for the subway's construction was unveiled on February 5, 2021. On November 11, 2021,

14151-577: The country's international terminal until 1981 when it was converted to a domestic terminal, upon the completion and opening of Terminal 1, a new, higher-capacity terminal. Another fire damaged the old international terminal in May 1985. On August 21, 1983, oppositionist politician Ninoy Aquino attempted to return to the Philippines from exile in the United States, hoping to convince president Ferdinand Marcos to let go of political power after having held his position for nearly two decades. Aquino

14310-555: The country's second direct airport rail link after the North–South Commuter Railway , with a branch line to Ninoy Aquino International Airport . Dubbed as the country's "Project of the Century", the Metro Manila Subway broke ground on February 27, 2019, and construction began the following December. Subsequently, suffering delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the line is scheduled to fully open in 2029. The project

14469-667: The current demand of over 16 million domestic passengers. Despite initial plans for implementation in August 2018, the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA) announced its deferment a month prior due to "unforeseen operational constraints". The plan continued to be under review with no official implementation date set; however, some Philippine Airlines (PAL) flights to North America were relocated to Terminal 1 from Terminal 2 in July to accommodate

14628-407: The depot vicinity. In addition, a 900-meter (3,000 ft) test track and mock-ups of the tunnels, stations, and wayside equipment will be constructed for training purposes. In the 2023 plan, when the government approves the 194 flagship infrastructure projects, the subway's extension will lead to Bulacan and Cavite. The two routes will cover approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi). Also included in

14787-429: The design to accommodate international flights. With 12 jet bridges , the terminal can accommodate 2.5 million passengers per year in its north wing and five million in its south wing, for a total of 7.5 million passengers per year. After its conversion to a domestic terminal in 2023, its capacity was increased to ten million. The French government funded a study that led to the terminal's construction and submitted

14946-414: The display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center. Some systems assign unique alphanumeric codes to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line. For example, on

15105-420: The end of the old MIA Road (now NAIA Road ), covers an area of 75,000 square meters (810,000 sq ft). Construction began in December 1995, and the terminal started operating in 1999. It received the name Centennial Terminal in commemoration of the centennial year of Philippine independence . French company Aéroports de Paris (ADP) initially designed the terminal for domestic use, but later modified

15264-611: The entire metropolitan area is called Metra (short for Met ropolitan Ra il), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the "L" . Boston's subway system is known locally as "The T". In Atlanta , the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority goes by the acronym "MARTA." In the San Francisco Bay Area , residents refer to Bay Area Rapid Transit by its acronym "BART". The New York City Subway

15423-425: The entirety of the supervision costs. The construction of the terminal officially began on December 11, 1995, and the Philippine government took over the completed terminal on December 28, 1998. The terminal became fully operational in 1999. In August 2014, authorities announced a plan to expand Terminal 2, incorporating a structure to interconnect Terminals 1 and 2. In order to do so, the plan called for demolishing

15582-557: The extensions would lead to Tutuban and Taft Avenue MRT station ; the brown line would connect NLEX in Valenzuela to FTI (using the same alignment as MMS Phase 1), and the extension would lead to Alabang ; the blue line express would run along between the two lines; and finally, the green line would connect from Manila Bay to Tikling Junction, while the extensions would lead to Taytay and Holy Spirit, Quezon City. A year later, JICA published an information collection survey for

15741-461: The fifth line would have a length of 17.6 kilometers (10.9 mi) from Rizal Avenue , Manila to Meycauayan , Bulacan . The plan would have resolved the traffic problems of Metro Manila and would have taken 15 years to complete, or until 1988. In 1975, a Reuters report said Manila was having traffic problems as many people feared that the population would grow, the number of commuters would increase, and there would be one day with only people on

15900-404: The first 150 km; hire top-level consultants to prepare detailed engineering designs for the initial 150 km of tubes and various stations, optimal performance standards, environmental impact, economic and social benefits, value for money, and geotechnical and other technical analyses. The proposed lines are: the red line would run from North Triangle Common Station to Mall of Asia , while

16059-516: The floor rather than resting on ballast , such as normal railway tracks. An alternate technology, using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel roll ways , was pioneered on certain lines of the Paris Métro and Mexico City Metro , and the first completely new system to use it was in Montreal , Canada. On most of these networks, additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and

16218-594: The former by transferring forty percent of AirAsia's daily passenger volume to the larger terminal. From April to June 2023, eight foreign airlines moved to Terminal 3 to make space for PAL's international operations at T1. These changes were designed to offer international passengers at Terminals 1 and 3 a wider selection of food and retail outlets, and additional time for duty-free shopping . After PAL completed moving all its international flights to T1 on June 16, 2023, Philippines AirAsia and Royal Air Philippines began operating from Terminal 2 on July 1, thereby reverting

16377-482: The incidents. In April 2016, a similar incident occurred. In February 2018, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) proposed the rationalization of flights to decongest the terminals of NAIA. The original plan called for Terminals 1 and 3 exclusively handling international flights, while Terminals 2 and 4 would facilitate domestic flights. This revision would deviate from the practice where Terminals 2 and 3 operate both domestic and international flights, contributing to

16536-439: The interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the interchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify

16695-608: The larger terminal to decongest Terminal 1. Since June 16, 2023, flag carrier Philippine Airlines uses Terminal 1 as its international hub. Low-cost carrier Royal Air Philippines also uses the terminal for its international flights. Other airlines operating at Terminal 1 include Air China , Air Niugini , Asiana Airlines , China Airlines , China Eastern Airlines , EVA Air , Japan Airlines , Korean Air , Kuwait Airways , Malaysia Airlines , Oman Air , Royal Brunei Airlines , Saudia , Shenzhen Airlines , Vietnam Airlines , XiamenAir , and Zipair Tokyo . Terminal 2, situated at

16854-532: The latter's expansion is completed. On February 12, 2018, a consortium of seven conglomerates consisting of Aboitiz InfraCapital , AC Infrastructure Holdings, Alliance Global , Asia's Emerging Dragon, Filinvest Development Corporation , JG Summit Holdings , and Metro Pacific Investments Corporation (which later pulled out in March 2020) submitted a ₱ 350 billion , or US$ 6.75 billion , 35-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate, expand, operate, and maintain

17013-743: The latter's rehabilitation. By October, four international airlines transferred operations to Terminal 3, freeing up space for United States flight operations at Terminal 1. Subsequently, more airlines from Terminal 1 were scheduled to relocate to Terminal 3. On December 1, 2022, the MIAA officially implemented the Schedule and Terminal Assignment Rationalization (STAR) program, when PAL began gradually transferring its international flights from Terminal 2 to Terminal 1. Likewise, Philippines AirAsia transferred its two busiest flights ( Boracay – Caticlan and Cebu )—from Terminal 4 to Terminal 3, to ease congestion at

17172-602: The lines of the Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway , while the Carmelit , in Haifa, is an underground funicular . For elevated lines, another alternative is the monorail , which can be built either as straddle-beam monorails or as a suspended monorail . While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as Chongqing Rail Transit 's monorail lines which are widely used in

17331-495: The local media the tanim-bala [literally plant-bullet] scam) spread, creating a scare among travelers. Former Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte , then a presumptive presidential candidate in the 2016 Philippine presidential election , further alleged that a syndicate was behind the incidents. Duterte said the operation had continued for more than two years. Malacañang Palace and the Philippine Senate investigated

17490-557: The main rapid transit system. For instance, the Wenhu Line of the Taipei Metro serves many relatively sparse neighbourhoods and feeds into and complements the high capacity metro lines. Some systems have been built from scratch, others are reclaimed from former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section. Ground-level alignments with

17649-600: The medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts ; the use of tunnels inspires names such as subway , underground , Untergrundbahn ( U-Bahn ) in German, or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish. The use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated ( L or el ), skytrain , overhead , overground or Hochbahn in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if

17808-418: The network map "readable" by illiterate people, this system has since become an "icon" of the system. Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations , with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce

17967-428: The newest and largest terminal, covers 182,500 square meters (1,964,000 sq ft) and extends 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi), occupying a 63.5-hectare (157-acre) site on Villamor Air Base . With construction beginning in 1997, the terminal partially opened on July 22, 2008, increasing the airport's capacity by 13 million passengers. The terminal's development, part of the 1989 expansion plan, commenced in 1997 but

18126-402: The next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest. Mexico City Metro uses a unique pictogram for each station. Originally intended to help make

18285-958: The occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments . Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system. High platforms , usually over 1 meter / 3 feet, are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger. Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes , such as pickpocketing and baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes , as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms. Security measures include video surveillance , security guards , and conductors . In some countries

18444-544: The only two North American systems that are primarily called "subways". In most of Southeast Asia and in Taiwan , rapid transit systems are primarily known by the acronym MRT . The meaning varies from one country to another. In Indonesia , the acronym stands for Moda Raya Terpadu or Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode in English. In the Philippines , it stands for Metro Rail Transit . Two underground lines use

18603-401: The operation of select PAL Express flights from Terminal 3 from 2012 to 2018. On June 16, 2023, PAL moved its international flights to Terminal 1, leaving its domestic flights at Terminal 2. This allowed the entry of low-cost carriers and former Terminal 4 users Philippines AirAsia and Royal Air Philippines on July 1, thereby converting T2 to exclusively serve domestic flights. Terminal 3,

18762-587: The outset. Budapest , Chicago , Glasgow , Boston and New York City all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro , which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems. In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities

18921-572: The plan is a 4-kilometer (2.5 mi) extension to Asia World, which will connect to an LRT-1 station and Paranaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX). The planned extensions are under study and are expected to be financed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) under the Infrastructure Preparation and Innovation Facility. In February 2023, the DOTr announced a collaboration with JICA to add more subways. At

19080-488: The plane, the tarmac, and the terminal. The incident triggered constant protests for the next three years, and along with the crash of the Philippine economy earlier in 1983 , is credited as one of the key events which led to the February 1986 People Power Revolution which removed Marcos from power. Four years after the incident, during the presidency of Ninoy's widow Corazon Aquino in 1987, Republic Act No. 6639

19239-584: The project, and the subway was to have 59 kilometers (37 mi) of route from Caloocan to Dasmarinas , Cavite , and the C4 route is the most suitable option. Meanwhile, the first phase is 22.6 kilometers (14.0 mi) from Mindanao Avenue and Quirino Highway in Quezon City to FTI in Taguig; Phase 2 leads to Bagong Silang , Caloocan, 10.2 kilometers (6.3 mi) up north; and Governor's Drive , Dasmarinas,

19398-908: The rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies. Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear. Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as trolleybuses , regular buses , trams , or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops. Each rapid transit system consists of one or more lines , or circuits. Each line

19557-459: The review to the Philippine government in 1990. In 1991, the French government provided a 30-million-franc soft loan to the Philippine government to fund the detailed architectural and engineering design. ADP finished the design in 1992. The Japanese government followed suit in 1994, providing an ¥ 18.12-billion soft loan to the Philippine government to finance 75% of the construction costs and

19716-523: The risk of damage during earthquakes by travelling along solid adobe ground. On September 5, 2020, in response to questions, Transportation Secretary Arthur Tugade provided assurances that the system would be flood-proof. The stations would have design features such as water-stop panels, a high-level entrance for flood prevention, earthquake detection, and a train stop system, akin to the Tokyo subway . Full-height platform screen doors will also be built in

19875-542: The rubber tires. However, they have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro and limiting it on the Sapporo Municipal Subway, but not rubber-tired systems in other cities. Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies in their metros. One of

20034-451: The same public transport authorities . Some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives , and now forms part of the London Underground . In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway , initially

20193-541: The same month, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) decided that the subway would not pass along the fault line because the West Valley Fault passes along C-5 road in Taguig. The following November, OC Global, a Japanese consortium consisting of Oriental Consultants Global Co. Ltd., Tokyo Metro Co. Ltd., Katahira & Engineers International, Pacific Consultants Co Ltd., Tonichi Engineering Consultants, Inc., and Metro Development Co. Ltd.,

20352-529: The same year , the project never materialized. The project was proposed once more in the 2014 Metro Manila Dream Plan as a 57.7-kilometer (35.9 mi) line that would serve as the second north–south mass transit backbone for the newly expanded Greater Capital Region (the first being the North–South Commuter Railway ). The Metro Manila Dream Plan (formally titled the Roadmap for Transport Infrastructure Development for Metro Manila and Its Surrounding Areas )

20511-482: The stations. The line will feature passing loops at some stations to allow express trains to overtake local trains. Seven of the proposed stations, namely NAIA Terminal 3 , Bicutan , Senate , Lawton , Katipunan , Quezon Avenue and North Avenue stations will be built on government property in order to boost property values in the surrounding areas. The line will use a moving block signalling system based on communications-based train control (CBTC), which

20670-400: The streets with no vehicles. Also, it says that the team from JICA is studying the project that recommended the subway system and was expected to cost about US$ 930 million. In 1976, JICA conducted a feasibility study of the line, known as Rapid Transit Railway (RTR) Line 1. The study proposed a tentative route from Manila International Airport (MIA), now Ninoy Aquino International Airport , to

20829-663: The suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro , the Milan Metro , the Oslo Metro , the Istanbul Metro and the New York City Subway . Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in

20988-461: The subway by 2029. Challenges related to right-of-way acquisition have hindered construction progress, with completion as of June 2024 at only 14%. An interagency committee for the two railway projects was established to address issues with the project's alignment. The subway is estimated to be 33 kilometers (21 mi) long. The project involves the construction of 17 stations in its first phase (listed from north to south): The following phases of

21147-486: The subway project would involve extending lines up to San Jose del Monte , Bulacan, north of Metro Manila (15.4 kilometers or 9.6 miles from General Luis Avenue in Caloocan), and down to Dasmariñas, Cavite, south of Metro Manila (20.7 kilometers or 12.9 miles from the proposed Ninoy Aquino International Airport station). The entire system, when completed, will serve up to 1.74 million passengers daily. The initial plan

21306-414: The subway. The first tranche of the official development assistance from JICA amounted to ¥104.5 billion ( ₱51.3 billion ). The second tranche of the loan, signed on February 10, 2022, amounted to ¥ 253.3 billion ( ₱112.1 billion ). On March 26, 2024, the third tranche of the loan was signed, amounting to ¥150 billion ( ₱55.37 billion ). In June 2018, soil testing was conducted along the alignment. In

21465-548: The subway: 60-kilogram-per-meter (120 lb/yd) rails will be employed in the mainline while 50-kilogram-per-meter (100 lb/yd) rails will be employed in the depot. The rails in the mainline will consist of continuous welded rails while the rails in the depot will be jointed rails with fishplates . The tracks will be supported by concrete sleepers except for the turnouts which will be supported by plastic/fiber-reinforced foam urethane railroad ties . The Metro Manila Subway will use Sustina electric multiple units built by

21624-714: The term subway . In Thailand , it stands for Metropolitan Rapid Transit , previously using the Mass Rapid Transit name. Outside of Southeast Asia, Kaohsiung and Taoyuan, Taiwan , have their own MRT systems which stands for Mass Rapid Transit , as with Singapore and Malaysia . In general rapid transit is a synonym for "metro" type transit, though sometimes rapid transit is defined to include "metro", commuter trains and grade separated light rail . Also high-capacity bus-based transit systems can have features similar to "metro" systems. The opening of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked

21783-467: The term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into London Underground . The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset. The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe , the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from

21942-407: The terminal has been over capacity, recording an annual average growth rate of 11%. To accommodate this, improvements have been made, increasing its capacity to six million passengers. From 2011 to 2013, Terminal 1 was ranked among the worst airports in Asia by the travel website The Guide to Sleeping In Airports . As a result, plans were developed to rehabilitate the terminal, including expanding

22101-758: The terminal in December 2004. Piatco sued the Philippine government before the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), while Fraport separately sued the government at the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The ICSID decided in August 2007 in favor of the government, while in January 2012, the ICC case became final and executory in favor of the government. Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) designed

22260-967: The terminal to Newport City . Low-cost carrier Cebu Pacific was the first to operate at Terminal 3 on July 22, 2008. PAL Express (then Air Philippines and Airphil Express) followed suit, and used it until 2018. The first foreign carrier to operate out of Terminal 3 was All Nippon Airways on February 27, 2011. From August to October 2014, Delta Air Lines (later terminated in 2021), KLM , Emirates , Singapore Airlines , and Cathay Pacific moved to Terminal 3. Between 2018 and 2020, United Airlines , Qantas , Qatar Airways , Turkish Airlines , and Etihad Airways followed suit, as did Jetstar Asia , Jetstar Japan , Scoot , China Southern Airlines , Starlux Airlines (later terminated in March 2024), Jeju Air , Ethiopian Airlines , Thai Airways International , and Gulf Air in 2023. Other operators at Terminal 3 include new entrants Aero K , Greater Bay Airlines , and HK Express . Terminal 3 has also been used by

22419-573: The terminal to its original domestic design. While T2 is being expanded, Cebu Pacific's domestic and international operations remained at Terminal 3. Meanwhile, flights of AirSWIFT , SkyJet Airlines , Cebgo , and Sunlight Air remained at Terminal 4. Ahead of the airport's privatization, the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation—a consortium led by San Miguel Corporation —planned another set of terminal reassignments in August 2024, with an initial target implementation date before

22578-410: The time, transportation secretary Jaime Bautista said that the subways would be expanded to Cavite, and he also said there would be three to four lines. Although it is in the planning stage, it was announced during the state visit of President Marcos to Japan. In the following year, JICA also said there will be future subways, and this time, they also conducted a study for a 30-year railway master plan for

22737-601: The use of communications-based train control : the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 passengers per hour per direction . However, much higher capacities are attained in East Asia with ranges of 75,000 to 85,000 people per hour achieved by MTR Corporation 's urban lines in Hong Kong. Rapid transit topologies are determined by

22896-665: Was assassinated at the airport on August 21, 1983. NAIA is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA), an agency of the Department of Transportation (DOTr). It is currently operated by the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC), a subsidiary of San Miguel Corporation . NAIA and Clark International Airport in Clark Freeport Zone , Pampanga , both serve the greater metropolitan area . Clark caters mainly to low-cost carriers because its landing fees have been lower ever since former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo called for Clark to replace NAIA as

23055-559: Was Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, which launched its first underground mobile phone network using AMPS in 1989. Many metro systems, such as the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and the Berlin U-Bahn, provide mobile data connections in their tunnels for various network operators. The technology used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since

23214-650: Was appointed as the project consultant. The Metro Manila Subway broke ground on February 27, 2019. Ten months later, construction begun its clearing phase in Valenzuela on December 21. As part of the initial partial operability section (the Qurino Highway , the Tandang Sora , and the North Avenue stations), the first three stations will be built alongside the Philippine Railways Institute (PRI),

23373-494: Was approved by Executive Order No. 381 immediately after the former airport was destroyed by a fire a month earlier. The project's feasibility study and master plan were conducted by the Airways Engineering Corporation in 1973, supported by a US$ 29.6 million loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The detailed engineering design was created by Renardet-Sauti/Transplan/F.F. Cruz Consultant, and

23532-427: Was assassinated mere moments after exiting his plane at Terminal 1's Gate 8 (now Gate 11) after returning to the Philippines from exile in the United States. Aviation Security Command (AVSECOM) personnel escorted Aquino out of the plane to the tarmac, where an agency van awaited. A single gunshot killed him. Several shots were fired, killing alleged assassin, Rolando Galman. Seconds later, gunfire erupted, causing chaos in

23691-472: Was beleaguered by legal battles, red tape , and arbitration cases in the United States and Singapore, as well as technical and safety issues including repeated incidents of collapsed ceilings that led to repeated delays. Japan-based Takenaka Corporation undertook the terminal's rehabilitation, and it became fully operational on July 31, 2014. The construction of a third terminal was proposed by Asia's Emerging Dragon Corporation (AEDP). AEDP eventually lost

23850-467: Was ceremonially lowered on June 12, 2022, while underground tunnel works began on January 9, 2023. The line was originally slated to begin partial operations by 2022. However, in April 2022, the DOTr delayed this to 2025, with full operations by 2027, as the COVID-19 pandemic hindered construction. On July 10, 2023, the DOTr scrapped its plan to begin partial operations by 2027, opting instead to fully open

24009-487: Was decommissioned in 1948. Airport operations were moved to the current site, Nichols Field , due to the flatter terrain, expanse of greenfield land, and the existing USAF base runway (Runway 13/31), which could be used for the airport. The original one-story bungalow terminal was built adjacent to the runway and serves as the present-day Terminal 4. In 1954, the airport's longer international runway (Runway 06/24) and associated taxiways were built, and in 1956, construction

24168-899: Was developed further. Other Central European countries also have metro lines, for example in the cities of Budapest (Hungary), Prague (Czech Republic) and Warsaw (Poland). In Eastern Europe , metro systems are in operation in Minsk (Belarus), Kyiv (Ukraine), Riga (Latvia), Vilnius (Lithuania) and Moscow (Russia). In Southeastern European countries, there are metro systems in Athens and Thessaloniki (Greece), Belgrade (Serbia), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Istanbul (Turkey). In Northern Europe , rapid transit systems exist in Copenhagen (Denmark), Oslo (Norway), Stockholm (Sweden) and Helsinki (Finland). Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around North America . The term metro

24327-465: Was enacted without executive approval, renaming the airport in Ninoy's honor. Presently, a body mark of Aquino's assassination is on display at the departures area, while the spot at Gate 8 where he was killed has a memorial plaque . Due to this event, Terminal 1 is nicknamed the "Ninoy Aquino Terminal." Plans for a new terminal were conceived in 1989 when the Department of Transportation commissioned

24486-620: Was funded by the World Bank . However, the plan was not included and implemented, for some of the areas included in the plan, such as Marikina and Cainta , are prone to flooding. Instead, what was built was the LRT Line 1, opened on December 1, 1984, and completed on May 12, 1985. According to Felino Palafox , the LRT was the most feasible transport system at that time. Nevertheless, the current Manila Light Rail Transit System (mostly elevated)

24645-550: Was keen on developing a MTSL project, and in the same year, the Metro Manila Subway (then known as the Mega Manila Subway) was launched and included in the administration's Build! Build! Build! program. In August of that year, JICA published the preparatory survey for the project, which means the alignment would have run 25 kilometers (16 mi) from Quirino Highway to FTI, with the alignment along C-5 . The alignment did not have an alignment going to NAIA before it

24804-586: Was later modified in June 2020, with DOTr adding the East Valenzuela, Lawton, and Senate stations. The East Valenzuela station will be located in the subway's depot, while the Lawton and Senate stations replaced the Cayetano Boulevard station. However, these modifications are subject to the approval of NEDA and JICA. DOTr and JICA also propose a physical connection and interoperability between

24963-702: Was low and suburbs tended to spread out . Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne , has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity. Melbourne had tunnels and stations developed in the 1970s and opened in 1980. The first line of the Sydney Metro was opened in 2019. Since the 1960s, many new systems have been introduced in Europe , Asia and Latin America . In

25122-555: Was revised. The development of the project was approved by the Investment Coordination Committee (ICC) board of the National Economic and Development Authority on September 6, subject to secondary approval by the NEDA Board. The development was approved by the NEDA Board headed by President Duterte six days later. On March 16, 2018, the Philippine and Japanese governments signed a loan agreement for

25281-411: Was started on a control tower and an international terminal building. The new terminal was designed by Federico Ilustre and was built on the current site of Terminal 2. It was inaugurated on September 22, 1961. On January 22, 1972, a fire caused substantial damage to the terminal, resulting in six casualties. A slightly smaller terminal was built the following year. This second terminal would serve as

#508491