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96-529: Northern Expedition or Northern Expeditions can refer to: In history [ edit ] In Chinese history (北伐) [ edit ] Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions (228-234), a military campaign led by Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms period Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions (247-262), a military campaign led by Jiang Wei in the Three Kingdoms period Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions (354-369),

192-885: A Xianbei tribal leader, to support Shu in the war against Wei. Kebineng went to Beidi Commandery and rallied the locals to support Shu. At the time, as Cao Zhen , the Wei grand marshal, was ill, the Wei emperor Cao Rui ordered the general Sima Yi to move to Chang'an to supervise the Wei defences in the Guanzhong region against the Shu invasion. After making preparations for battle, Sima Yi, with Zhang He , Fei Yao , Dai Ling (戴陵) and Guo Huai serving as his subordinates, led Wei forces to Yumi County (隃麋縣; east of present-day Qianyang County , Shaanxi) and stationed there. He then left Fei Yao and Dai Ling with 4,000 troops to guard Shanggui County (上邽縣; in present-day Tianshui, Gansu), while he led

288-704: A campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery , the "northern gateway" into Yi Province, and succeeded in capturing it from Cao Cao's forces. In 219, Liu Bei's general Guan Yu , whom Liu Bei had left in charge of Jing Province, started the Battle of Fancheng against Cao Cao's forces. However, the Sun Quan–Liu Bei alliance ("Sun–Liu alliance"), which Zhuge Liang played an instrumental role in creating, broke down when Sun Quan sent his forces to attack and seize Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province while Guan Yu

384-462: A crucial moment, it will be no time until you meet with disaster! When Sun Quan asked him why Liu Bei did not surrender to Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang replied: Tian Heng was nothing more than a mere warrior from Qi , yet he remained faithful and refused to surrender. Shouldn't we expect more from Liu Bei, scion of the royal house of Han? His heroism and talents are renowned throughout the world. Gentlemen and commoners alike honour and admire him. Like

480-495: A day and that he micromanaged almost everything, except trivial issues like punishments for minor offences. After hearing that, Sima Yi remarked, "How can Zhuge Kongming expect to last long? He's going to die soon." The stalemate at the Wuzhang Plains lasted for over 100 days. Sometime between 11 September and 10 October 234, Zhuge Liang became critically ill and died in camp. He was 54 (by East Asian age reckoning ) at

576-412: A defeat at Changban, but now many of his men who were scattered during the battle are returning to him, along with 10,000 elite marine troops under Guan Yu , combining forces with Liu Qi 's army of at least 10,000 from Jiangxia. Cao Cao and his forces have come a great distance and are exhausted. I have heard that his light cavalry travelled over 300 li in twenty-four hours in pursuit of Liu Bei. This fits

672-506: A folk song popular in the area around his ancestral home in Shandong. Zhuge Liang maintained close relations with well-known intellectuals such as Sima Hui , Pang Degong and Huang Chengyan . However, other local literati scorned him when they learnt that he often compared himself to Guan Zhong and Yue Yi . Only a few, namely Cui Zhouping ( 崔州平 ), Xu Shu , Shi Tao ( 石韜 ) and Meng Jian ( 孟建 ), got along well with him and agreed that he

768-461: A journey to Xiakou ( 夏口 ; in present-day Wuhan , Hubei) to join Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi . Along the way, Cao Cao's forces caught up with them and defeated them at the Battle of Changban . Along with only a handful of close followers, Liu Bei managed to escape, and upon reaching Xiakou sent Zhuge Liang as his representative to meet Sun Quan and discuss an alliance against Cao Cao. Around

864-806: A military campaign led by Huan Wen in the Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms period Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions (409-416), a military campaign led by Liu Yu in the Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms period Northern Expedition (Taiping Rebellion) , a military campaign led by the Taiping against the Qing during the Taiping Rebellion Northern Expedition , a military campaign led by the Kuomintang In Russian history [ edit ] Great Northern Expedition ,

960-557: A narrow defile . Zhang He died after a stray arrow hit him in the right knee. Unlike book of Jin records, Wei's army suffered a great deal of damage from pursuing Shu's retreating army. In the spring of 234, Zhuge Liang led more than 100,000 Shu troops out of Xie Valley (斜谷) and camped at the Wuzhang Plains on the south bank of the Wei River near Mei County. Aside from using the flowing horse to transport food supplies to

1056-470: A nephew of Kuai Yue and Kuai Liang . While the younger one married Pang Shanmin ( 龐山民 ), a cousin of Pang Tong . The only known historical description of Zhuge Liang's physical appearance comes from the Sanguozhi , which recorded that he was eight chi tall (approximately 1.84 metres) with "a magnificent appearance". In Moss Roberts' translation of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of

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1152-706: A quarrel with his colleague Shen Yi (申儀), he sent spies to stir up greater suspicions between them and spread news that Meng Da was plotting a rebellion against Wei. Meng Da became fearful and decided to rebel. However, he was stuck in a dilemma after receiving a letter from the Wei general Sima Yi , who was stationed at Wancheng . In the meantime, Sima Yi quickly assembled an army, headed towards Xincheng, and reached there within eight days. Wei's rival states, Shu and Wu, sent forces to support Meng Da, but were defeated and driven back by Wei forces led by Sima Yi's subordinates. Sima Yi ordered his troops to surround Shangyong (上庸), Meng Da's base, and attack from eight directions. At

1248-554: A regional power. He attached great importance to the works of Shen Buhai and Han Fei , refusing to indulge local elites and adopting strict, but fair and clear laws. In remembrance of his governance, local people maintained shrines to him for ages. Zhuge is an uncommon two-character Chinese compound family name . In 760, when Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty built a temple to honour Jiang Ziya , he had sculptures of ten famous historical military generals and strategists placed in

1344-529: A similar example of how Guan Yu , during his brief service under Cao Cao, maintained unwavering loyalty to Liu Bei even though Cao Cao treated him very generously. After initial advisement against Zhuge Liang's plan for a Sun–Liu alliance, further consultation with his generals Lu Su and Zhou Yu convinced Sun Quan to move forward with it. He ordered Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu , Lu Su and others to lead 30,000 troops to join Liu Bei in resisting Cao Cao's invasion. In

1440-568: A southern campaign to conquer Jing Province. When Cao Cao's forces reached Jing Province's capital Xiangyang , Liu Biao's younger son Liu Cong , who had succeeded his father as the Governor of Jing Province, surrendered to Cao Cao. Upon receiving news of Liu Cong's surrender, Liu Bei immediately evacuated his base in Fancheng ( 樊城 ; present-day Fancheng District , Xiangyang, Hubei) and led thousands of his followers, both military and civilian, on

1536-517: Is a good leader of men. However, from what I observe about his character, he will make good use of my abilities but not to their fullest extent. That is why I don't want to serve under him." Pei Songzhi noted how differently this episode portrayed Zhuge Liang's special and sui generis relationship with Liu Bei, and pointed out that his loyalty to Liu Bei was so firm that nothing would make him switch allegiance to Sun Quan— not even if Sun Quan could make full use of his abilities. Pei Songzhi then cited

1632-433: Is ambiguous. Chen Shou commented that Liu Bei wholeheartly trusted Zhuge Liang and was permitting him to assume leadership. Yi Zhongtian in his "Analysis of the Three Kingdoms" presented several interpretations of Liu Bei's message. Some argued that Liu Bei said that only to test Zhuge Liang's loyalty as his brother, Zhuge Jin , was working for Eastern Wu . Others commented that the ambiguous phrase did not mean Zhuge Liang

1728-436: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Zhuge Liang%27s Northern Expeditions The expeditions are dramatised and romanticised in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , where they are referred to as the "six campaigns from Mount Qi" ( 六出祁山 ). This term is inaccurate, since Zhuge Liang only launched two of his expeditions (the first and

1824-970: Is not included in the 11th-century outstanding chronological historical text Zizhi Tongjian . In any case, according to Records of the Three Kingdoms and Zizhi Tongjian , Zhuge Liang retreated to the Shu, because of lack of supply, not defeat. and the Wei forces pursued him. The pursuit did not go completely smoothly for Wei. Sima Yi ordered Zhang He to further pursue the enemy in an attempt to capitalise on their momentum. The Weilüe mentioned that Zhang He refused to obey Sima Yi's order and argued that, according to classical military doctrine, one should refrain from pursuing an enemy force retreating to its home territory. However, Sima Yi refused to listen and forced Zhang He to carry out this order. Indeed, Zhang He fell into an ambush at Mumen Trail (木門道; near present-day Qinzhou District , Tianshui, Gansu), where Zhuge Liang had ordered crossbowmen to hide on high ground and fire at approaching enemy forces when they entered

1920-402: The Guanzhong region. Three Wei-controlled commanderies – Nan'an (南安), Tianshui and Anding (安定) – defected to the Shu side. In response to the Shu invasion, Cao Rui moved from Luoyang to Chang'an to oversee the defences and provide backup. He ordered Zhang He to attack Zhuge Liang at Mount Qi, and Cao Zhen to attack Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi at Ji Valley. Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi lost

2016-614: The Qiang people to join Shu Han against Wei. Wei Yan greatly defeated Wei forces led by Guo Huai and Fei Yao . Following those events, the conflict became a prolonged stalemate with few skirmishes. After more than a month of slow progress and by fear of significant losses and waste of resources, more and more Wei officials sent memorials to end the campaign. The situation wasn't helped by the difficult topography and constant heavy rainy weather lasting more than 30 days. Cao Rui decided to abort

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2112-702: The Sanguozhi , Zhuge Liang's writings, imperial edicts issued to Zhuge Liang, and appraisals of Zhuge Liang. In 1960, Duan Xizhong ( 段熙仲 ) and Wen Xuchu ( 聞旭初 ) annotated and reorganised Zhang Zhu's original collection, and had it published by the Zhonghua Book Company under the title Zhuge Liang Ji ( 諸葛亮集 ; Collected Works of Zhuge Liang ). Zhuge Liang's ancestral home was in Yangdu County ( 陽都縣 ), Langya Commandery ( 琅邪郡 ), near present-day Yinan County or Yishui County , Shandong . There are two other accounts of his ancestral origins in

2208-512: The Wu and Yue regions to resist the Central States , you should quickly break ties [with Cao Cao]. If you can't resist him, why don't you put down your weapons, remove your armour, position yourself as subordinate, and serve him? General, although by appearances you seem ready to pledge allegiance to Cao Cao, in your heart you still harbour thoughts of freedom. If you can't be decisive at such

2304-565: The Wu Shu ( 吳書 ) and Fengsu Tongyi ( 風俗同意 ). The Wu Shu recorded that his ancestral family name was actually Ge ( 葛 ) and his ancestors were originally from Zhu County ( 諸縣 ; southwest of present-day Zhucheng , Shandong) before they settled in Yangdu County. As there was already another Ge family in Yangdu County before they came, the locals referred to the newcomers as the Zhuge – combining Zhu (County) and Ge – to distinguish them from

2400-669: The end of the Eastern Han dynasty ( c. 184–220) and the early Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. During the Three Kingdoms period, he served as the Imperial Chancellor (or Prime Minister) of the state of Shu Han (221–263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death in September or October 234. He is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era. His reputation as an intelligent and cultured scholar grew even while he

2496-499: The Battle of Ji Valley because their decoy force, composed of the weaker soldiers in the Shu army, were no match for Cao Zhen and his well-trained troops. (Zhuge Liang had reserved the better troops for the attack on Mount Qi.) In the meantime, Zhuge Liang sent Ma Su to lead the vanguard force to engage Zhang He at Jieting (街亭; located east of present-day Qin'an County , Gansu). Ma Su not only disobeyed Zhuge Liang's orders, but also made

2592-863: The Empire and accomplish our great mission. If my heir can be assisted, then assist him; if he turns out to be incompetent, then you may make your own decision." With tears in his eyes, Zhuge replied: "I'll do my utmost and serve with unwavering loyalty until death!" Liu Bei then instructed Liu Shan , his son and heir apparent, as follows: "When you work together with the Imperial Chancellor, you must treat him like your father." Liu Bei then named Zhuge Liang as regent for Liu Shan, and Li Yan as deputy regent. He died on 10 June 223 in Yong'an County. The last command of Liu Bei to Zhuge Liang, translated literally above as "you may make your own decision" ( 君可自取 )

2688-505: The Marquis of Zhu County to honour Ge Ying. Over time, Ge Ying's descendants adopted Zhuge as their family name by combining Zhu (County) and Ge . The earliest known ancestor of Zhuge Liang who bore the family name Zhuge was Zhuge Feng ( 諸葛豐 ), a Western Han dynasty official who served as Colonel-Director of Retainers ( 司隷校尉 ) under Emperor Yuan ( r.   48–33 BCE). Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui ( 諸葛珪 ), whose courtesy name

2784-722: The Russian Empire's exploration of its arctic territories In Thai history [ edit ] Burmese–Siamese War (1849–1855) , a military campaign led by the Siamese against the Konbaung dynasty Burma campaign , a military campaign led by the Thailand against the British empire In transportation [ edit ] MV Northern Expedition , a ferry operating in northern British Columbia Topics referred to by

2880-407: The Shu camp in the south, guarded by Wang Ping , while he led the others to attack Lucheng head-on. In response, Zhuge Liang ordered Wei Yan , Wu Ban and Gao Xiang to resist the enemy outside Lucheng, where the Wei forces suffered an unexpected and tremendous defeat: 3,000 soldiers were killed, and 5,000 suits of armour and 3,100 sets of hornbeam crossbows were seized by Shu forces. Even though

2976-515: The Shu camp, Sima Yi received orders from the Wei emperor Cao Rui to hold his ground and refrain from engaging the Shu forces. The battle became a stalemate. During this time, Zhuge Liang made several attempts to lure Sima Yi to attack him. On one occasion, he sent women's ornaments to Sima Yi to taunt him. An apparently angry Sima Yi sought permission from Cao Rui to attack the enemy but was denied. Cao Rui even sent Xin Pi as his special representative to

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3072-462: The Shu forces retreated to Lucheng (鹵城), took control of the hills in the north and south, and used the river as a natural barrier. Although his subordinates repeatedly urged him to attack the enemy, Sima Yi was hesitant to do so after seeing the layout of the Shu camps in the hills. However, he eventually relented when Jia Si and Wei Ping mocked him and said he would become a laughing stock if he refused to attack. Sima Yi then sent Zhang He to attack

3168-437: The Shu forces. During the 20-day-long siege of Chencang, Zhuge Liang used an array of tactics to attack the fortress – siege ladders , battering rams , siege towers and tunnels – but Hao Zhao successfully countered each of them in turn. Upon learning that Wei reinforcements were approaching Chencang, Zhuge Liang immediately pulled back all his troops and returned to Hanzhong. A Wei officer, Wang Shuang , led his men to attack

3264-636: The Shu-Wu alliance, but Sun Quan commented that it was simply a sign of fatigue and exhaustion. Yi Zhongtian listed three reasons for Zhuge Liang's failures: Yi Zhongtian argued that Zhuge Liang knew full well of all of the difficulties, including his own weaknesses, but Liang still pressed on with the Northern Expeditions for three reasons: In other words, Shu Han's relentless attacks against stronger enemy were from Zhuge Liang's point of view actually necessary for its own survival. Zhuge Liang

3360-626: The Sun–Liu alliance (now the Wu–Shu alliance) against Wei, the regime established by Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi . In 227, Zhuge Liang ordered troops from throughout Shu to mobilise and assemble in Hanzhong Commandery in preparation for a large-scale military campaign against Wei. Before leaving, he wrote a memorial , called Chu Shi Biao (literally "memorial on the case to go to war"), and submitted it to Liu Shan. Among other things,

3456-435: The Three Kingdoms , Zhuge Liang's appearance is described as follows: Kongming appeared singularly tall, with a face like gleaming jade and a plaited silken band around his head. Cloaked in crane down, he had the buoyant air of a spiritual transcendent. The original Chinese text in the novel mentions that Zhuge Liang wore a guanjin (綸巾; a type of hat) and a hechang (鶴氅; a robe commonly worn by Daoists). As Zhuge Liang

3552-488: The Wei invasion which he reluctantly accepted after much persuasion. As Xiahou Ba led the vanguard of this expedition through the 330 km Ziwu Trail (子午道), he was identified by the local residents who reported his presence to the Shu forces. Xiahou Ba barely managed to retreat after reinforcements from the main army arrived. Zhuge Liang also allowed Wei Yan to lead troops behind the enemy lines towards Yangxi (陽谿; southwest of present-day Wushan County, Gansu ) to encourage

3648-703: The Ziwu Valley (子午谷). At the same time, another Wei army led by Sima Yi , acting on Cao Rui's order, advanced towards Shu from Jing Province by sailing along the Han River . The rendezvous point for Cao Zhen and Sima Yi's armies was at Nanzheng County (南鄭縣; in present-day Hanzhong , Shaanxi ). Other Wei armies also prepared to attack Shu from the Xie Valley (斜谷) or Wuwei Commandery . When he heard of Wei recent movements, Zhuge Liang urged Li Yan to lead 20,000 troops to Hanzhong Commandery to defend against

3744-750: The additional appointment of Lu Shangshu Shi ( 錄尚書事 ), the Supervisor of the Imperial Secretariat, and had full acting imperial authority. After Zhang Fei 's death in mid 221, Zhuge Liang took on an additional appointment as Colonel-Director of Retainers ( 司隷校尉 ), which Zhang Fei previously held. Following his defeat at the Battle of Xiaoting in 222, Liu Bei retreated to Yong'an County ( 永安縣 ; present-day Fengjie County , Chongqing) and became critically ill in early 223. He summoned Zhuge from Chengdu, and told him: "Sir, you're ten times more talented than Cao Pi. You'll definitely bring peace to

3840-452: The annotations to the Sanguozhi include: During the Qing dynasty , the historian Zhang Zhu (張澍; 1776–1847) compiled and arranged multiple pieces of literature on Zhuge Liang into an 11-volume collection called Zhuge Zhongwu Hou Wen Ji (諸葛忠武侯文集; Literature Collection of Marquis Zhuge Zhongwu ). The collection contained, among other things, a preface by Zhang Zhu, Zhuge Liang's biography from

3936-793: The best understanding of current affairs. In this region, there are two of such talents: Crouching Dragon and Young Phoenix." When Liu Bei asked him who "Crouching Dragon" and "Young Phoenix" were, Sima Hui replied, "Zhuge Kongming and Pang Shiyuan ." Xu Shu , whom Liu Bei regarded highly, also recommended Zhuge Liang by saying, "Zhuge Kongming is the Crouching Dragon. General, don't you want to meet him?" When Liu Bei asked Xu Shu if he could bring Zhuge Liang to meet him, Xu Shu advised him to personally visit Zhuge Liang instead of asking Zhuge Liang to come to him. The Sanguozhi recorded in just one sentence that Liu Bei visited Zhuge Liang three times and met him. The Zizhi Tongjian recorded that

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4032-451: The campaign and recalled the officers by October 230. In 231, Zhuge Liang launched the fourth Northern Expedition and attacked Mount Qi again. He used the wooden ox , a mechanical device he invented, to transport food supplies to the frontline. The Shu forces attacked Tianshui Commandery and surrounded Mount Qi, which was defended by the Wei officers Jia Si (賈嗣) and Wei Ping (魏平). At Mount Qi, Zhuge Liang managed to convince Kebineng ,

4128-473: The campaign, the Shu emperor Liu Shan issued an imperial decree to congratulate him on his successes in defeating Wang Shuang during the second Northern Expedition , forcing Guo Huai to flee, winning back the trust of the local tribes and capturing Wudu and Yinping commanderies during the third Northern Expedition. He also restored Zhuge Liang to the position of Imperial Chancellor (丞相). In August 230, Cao Zhen led an army from Chang'an to attack Shu via

4224-687: The city was well-stocked with supplies and well-defended. In late 220, some months after Cao Cao's death, his son and successor Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian , ended the Eastern Han dynasty , and established the state of Wei with himself as the new emperor. This event marks the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China. In the following year, Liu Bei's followers urged him to declare himself emperor to challenge Cao Pi's legitimacy, but Liu Bei refused. Zhuge said: In

4320-512: The defeat of Cao Cao's army is certain. Once defeated, Cao Cao will be forced to return north, and Jing Province and Wu will be sturdy as the legs of a bronze cauldron. The trigger for victory or defeat is your decision today. Yuan Zhun's Yuanzi recorded that when Zhuge Liang was in Chaisang, Zhang Zhao recommended he switch allegiance from Liu Bei to Sun Quan, but Zhuge Liang refused. When Zhang Zhao asked him why, Zhuge Liang said, "[Sun Quan]

4416-493: The domains of Liu Bei, Cao Cao and Sun Quan . According to the plan, Liu Bei should seize control of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan ) and Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing ) from their respective governors, Liu Biao and Liu Zhang , and establish a solid foothold in southern and western China. Liu Bei would then form an alliance with Sun Quan, who ruled eastern China, and wage war against Cao Cao, who controlled northern China and

4512-481: The east, notably the Ziwu Valley, which leads directly to the south of Chang'an. Meng Da , a former Shu general who defected to Wei in 220, served as the Administrator of Xincheng Commandery (新城郡; in present-day northwestern Hubei ) near Shu's northeastern border. Zhuge Liang hated Meng Da for his capricious behaviour and worried that he would become a threat to Shu. Around 227, when he heard that Meng Da had

4608-465: The emperor Liu Shan had ordered a withdrawal. The Book of Jin claimed that Sima Yi launched an attack on Shu garrisons at this juncture and succeeded in capturing the Shu "covering camps". Zhuge Liang abandoned Lucheng and retreated under the cover of night, but Sima Yi pursued him and inflicted roughly 10,000 casualties on the Shu army. This account from the Book of Jin is disputed by historians and

4704-489: The first Northern Expedition and requesting to be punished by demotion. Liu Shan approved and symbolically demoted Zhuge Liang from Imperial Chancellor (丞相) to General of the Right (右將軍), but allowed him to remain as acting Imperial Chancellor. In the winter of 228–229, Zhuge Liang launched the second Northern Expedition and led Shu forces to attack the Wei fortress at Chencang via San Pass . When he showed up at Chencang, he

4800-597: The four commanderies surrendered to him. After Liu Qi died in 209, acting on Lu Su 's advice, Sun Quan agreed to "lend" the territories in Jing Province to Liu Bei and nominate him to succeed Liu Qi as the Governor of Jing Province. After assuming governorship of southern Jing Province in 209, Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang as Military Adviser General of the Household ( 軍師中郎將 ) and put him in charge of collecting tax revenue from Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha commanderies for his military forces. During this time, Zhuge Liang

4896-475: The fourth) from Mount Qi. In 220, following the end of the Han dynasty , China was divided into three competing regimes – Cao Wei (or Wei) , Shu Han (or Shu) and Eastern Wu (or Wu) – with each of them trying to unify the country under its rule. In Shu, the strategic thinking behind the Northern Expeditions came from Zhuge Liang 's Longzhong Plan , which he presented to the warlord Liu Bei in 207. In essence,

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4992-517: The frontline to ensure that Sima Yi followed orders and remained in camp. Zhuge Liang knew that Sima Yi was pretending to be angry because he wanted to show the Wei soldiers that he would not put up with Zhuge Liang's taunting and to ensure that his men were ready for battle. During the stalemate, when Zhuge Liang sent a messenger to meet Sima Yi, Sima Yi asked the messenger about Zhuge Liang's daily routine and living conditions. The messenger said that Zhuge Liang consumed three to four sheng of grain

5088-461: The frontline, he implemented a tuntian plan by ordering his troops to grow crops alongside civilians at the south bank of the Wei River. He also forbade his troops from taking the civilians' crops. In response to the Shu invasion, the Wei general Sima Yi led his forces and another 20,000 reinforcements to the Wuzhang Plains to engage the enemy. After an initial skirmish and a night raid on

5184-505: The government. When they asked him what his ambition was, he only laughed and did not give an answer. At the time, the warlord Liu Bei was living in Xinye County as a guest of Liu Biao , the governor of Jing Province . During this time, he met the hermit Sima Hui and consulted him on the affairs of their time. Sima Hui said, "What do Confucian academics and common scholars know about current affairs? Only outstanding talents have

5280-515: The historical offices of the Shu Han government, and had previously collated Zhuge Liang's writings into an anthology. The scope of this collection may have been limited to official government documents. In the fifth century, the Liu Song dynasty historian Pei Songzhi (372–451) annotated the Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal commentary. Some alternative texts used in

5376-421: The losses were heavy, Sima Yi still retained a sizeable army, which he led back to his camp. Despite the victory, Zhuge Liang could not press his advantage with a major offensive due to a dwindling food supply. Adverse weather prevented Shu's logistics from delivering matériel on schedule. Li Yan , the Shu general responsible for overseeing the transportation of food supplies to the frontline, falsely claimed that

5472-428: The meeting(s) took place in 207. Chen Shou also mentions the three visits in his biographical sketch of Zhuge Liang appended to the memoirs Chen Shou compiled. During their private meeting, Liu Bei sought Zhuge Liang's advice on how to compete with the powerful warlords and revive the declining Han dynasty. In response, Zhuge Liang presented his Longzhong Plan , which envisaged a tripartite division of China between

5568-433: The memorial contained Zhuge Liang's reasons for the campaign against Wei and his personal advice to Liu Shan on governance issues. After Liu Shan approved, Zhuge Liang ordered the Shu forces to garrison at Mianyang (沔陽; present-day Mian County , Shaanxi ). Zhuge Liang's plan called for a march north from Hanzhong Commandery (what is now southern Shaanxi province), the main population centre in northern Yi Province . In

5664-566: The other Ge family. Over time, Zhuge Liang's ancestors adopted Zhuge as their family name. The Fengsu Tongyi recorded that Zhuge Liang's ancestor was Ge Ying ( zh:葛嬰 ), who served under Chen Sheng , a rebel leader who led the Dazexiang uprising against the Qin dynasty . Chen Sheng later executed Ge Ying. During the early Western Han dynasty , Emperor Wen considered that Ge Ying was unjustly put to death so he enfeoffed Ge Ying's grandson as

5760-584: The others to Mount Qi to help Jia Si and Wei Ping. When Zhuge Liang learnt of the Wei forces' approach, he split his forces into two groups – one group to remain at Mount Qi while he led the other group to attack Shanggui County. He defeated Guo Huai, Fei Yao and Dai Ling in battle and ordered his troops to collect the harvest in Shanggui County. In response, Sima Yi turned back from Mount Qi, headed to Shanggui County, and reached there within two days. By then, Zhuge Liang and his men had finished harvesting

5856-490: The past, when Wu Han , Geng Yan and others first urged Emperor Guangwu to assume the imperial throne, Emperor Guangwu declined a total of four times. Geng Chun then told him: "The world's valiant heroes are gasping for air, hoping there is anything worth hoping for. If you don't heed everyone's advice, your associates will go back to seeking a sovereign, and no one will want to follow you anymore." Emperor Guangwu felt Geng Chun's words were profound and correct, so he accepted

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5952-473: The plan envisaged a tripartite division of China between the domains of the warlords Liu Bei, Cao Cao and Sun Quan . According to the plan, Liu Bei would seize control of Jing Province and Yi Province from their respective governors, Liu Biao and Liu Zhang , and establish a solid foothold in southern and western China. Liu Bei would then form an alliance with Sun Quan, who ruled eastern China, and wage war against Cao Cao, who controlled northern China and

6048-469: The political centre of the Han dynasty in central China. After the meeting, Liu Bei became very close to Zhuge Liang and spent much time with him – much to Guan Yu and Zhang Fei 's chagrin. Liu Bei explained to them, "Now that I have Kongming, I am like a fish that has found water. I hope you'll stop making unpleasant remarks." Guan Yu and Zhang Fei then stopped complaining. In the autumn of 208, shortly before Liu Biao's death, Cao Cao led his forces on

6144-493: The political centre of the Han dynasty in central China. Liu Bei would then lead one army from Yi Province to attack Chang'an via the Qin Mountains and Wei River valley; one of Liu Bei's top generals would lead another army from Jing Province to attack Luoyang . The first phase of the plan was completed in 214 when Liu Bei gained control of southern Jing Province and Yi Province. Between 217 and 219, Liu Bei launched

6240-544: The provincial governor Liu Biao , whom he was an old friend of. After Zhuge Xuan died, Zhuge Liang moved to Deng County ( 鄧縣 ) in Nanyang Commandery ( 南陽郡 ), and settled down in Longzhong ( 隆中 ), an area about 20 li west of Xiangyang , the capital of Jing Province . In Longzhong, he lived the life of a peasant and spent his free time reading and travelling. He enjoyed reciting Liangfu Yin ( 梁父吟 ),

6336-453: The remains of the Shu camp, Sima Yi remarked, "What a genius he was!" Based on his observations that the Shu army made a hasty retreat, he concluded that Zhuge Liang had indeed died and so he led his troops in pursuit again. When Sima Yi reached Chi'an (赤岸), he asked the civilians living there about Zhuge Liang and heard that there was a recent popular saying: "A dead Zhuge (Liang) scares away a living Zhongda " He laughed and said, "I can predict

6432-568: The retreating Shu forces, but was killed in an ambush. In the spring of 229, Zhuge Liang launched the third Northern Expedition and ordered Chen Shi to lead Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Wudu (武都) and Yinping (陰平) commanderies. The Wei general Guo Huai led his troops to resist Chen Shi. He retreated after Zhuge Liang led a Shu army to Jianwei (建威; in present-day Longnan , Gansu). The Shu forces then conquered Wudu and Yinping commanderies. When Zhuge Liang returned from

6528-446: The rivers returning to the sea; like the upheavals in the affairs of our time, this is Heaven's doing. How could he turn his back on that and serve Cao Cao? An enraged Sun Quan then said that he would not allow anyone but himself to rule the territories and people in Wu . When he asked Zhuge Liang how Liu Bei could expect to resist Cao Cao, given his recent defeat at Changban, Zhuge Liang replied: Liu Bei's forces may have suffered

6624-437: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Northern Expeditions . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Expeditions&oldid=1086946526 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

6720-463: The same time, he also successfully induced Meng Da's nephew Deng Xian (鄧賢) and subordinate Li Fu (李輔) to betray Meng Da. After 16 days of siege, Deng Xian and Li Fu opened Shangyong's gates and surrendered to Sima Yi. Meng Da was captured and executed. Sima Yi and his troops headed back to Wancheng after suppressing the rebellion. He then went to the Wei capital, Luoyang , to report to the Wei emperor Cao Rui and returned to Wancheng after that. In

6816-556: The saying: "even a powerful arrow at the end of its flight cannot penetrate a piece of Lu silk cloth." Such a battle should be avoided according to military strategy, which says that it "will definitely result in defeat for the commander". The northerners are also not familiar with naval warfare. Although the people in Jing Province have surrendered to Cao Cao, they were forced to submit, and are not truly loyal to him. Now, General, if you are able to send your fierce officers to lead your vast hosts to align goals and combine might with Liu Bei,

6912-525: The south and the Wei River valley in the north. The area also afforded access to the dry northwest and the Gansu panhandle. Geographically, the rugged barrier of the Qin Mountains provided the greatest obstacle to Chang'an . The mountain range consists of a series of parallel ridges, all running slightly south of east, separated by a maze of ramifying valleys whose canyon walls often rise sheer above

7008-429: The spring of 228, Zhuge Liang launched the first Northern Expedition and led the Shu forces to Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu ). At the same time, he ordered Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead a decoy force to Ji Valley (箕谷) and pretend to be ready to attack Mei County, so as to divert the Wei forces' attention away from Mount Qi. News of the Shu invasion sent shock waves throughout

7104-633: The state of Shu Han . He appointed Zhuge Liang as his Imperial Chancellor ( 丞相 ) as follows: From the misfortune of our insolvent family, we have been lofted to an office of great authority. Cautiously we approach this great enterprise, never daring to assume ease or tranquility, thinking foremost of the needs of the people, yet we fear ourselves unable to bring them peace. Alas! Imperial Chancellor Zhuge Liang will understand our intents, tirelessly redress our deficiencies, and assist in spreading our benevolent light, that it may illuminate all of China. Sir, you are thus enjoined to do so! Zhuge Liang also held

7200-517: The temple flanking Jiang Ziya's statue: Zhuge Liang, Bai Qi , Han Xin , Li Jing , Li Shiji , Zhang Liang , Sima Rangju , Sun Tzu , Wu Qi , and Yue Yi . The authoritative historical source on Zhuge Liang's life is his biography in Volume 35 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms ( Sanguozhi ), which was written by the historian Chen Shou (233–297) in the third century. Chen Shou had worked in

7296-487: The third century, Hanzhong Commandery was a sparsely populated area surrounded by wild virgin forest. Its importance lay in its strategic placement in a long and fertile plain along the Han River , between two massive mountain ranges, the Qin Mountains in the north and the Micang Mountains in the south. It was the major administrative centre of the mountainous frontier district between the rich Sichuan Basin in

7392-494: The thoughts of the living but I can't predict those of the dead." Zhuge Liang's expeditions managed to inflict damage to the Wei army, killed several notable Wei commanders, and captured two small commanderies, but he failed to fulfil his strategic goal. After Zhuge Liang's death, his successor, Jiang Wan, changed the policy and turned to a defensive stance. Some people in Eastern Wu suspected that Shu Han wanted to renege on

7488-523: The throne. Now the Cao family have usurped the Han, and China has no sovereign. Your Highness, from the great royal clan of Liu, you have risen to overcome the times. The appropriate action is for you to take position as emperor. Your associates who have followed your Highness at length through great effort and hardship because they too hoped for some small success, are just like the ones Geng Chun spoke of. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established

7584-399: The time of his death. When Sima Yi heard from civilians that Zhuge Liang had died from illness and that the Shu army had burnt down their camp and retreated, he led his troops in pursuit and caught up with them. The Shu forces, on Yang Yi and Jiang Wei 's command, turned around and readied themselves for battle. Sima Yi pulled back his troops and retreated. Some days later, while surveying

7680-806: The time, Sun Quan was in Chaisang ( 柴桑 ; southwest of present-day Jiujiang , Jiangxi) and had been closely observing the developments in Jing Province. When Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan, he said: The land is in chaos. General, you raised an army and occupied Jiangdong , while Liu Bei is gathering forces at the south of the Han River . Both of you are preparing to compete with Cao Cao for control over China. As of now, Cao Cao has eliminated internal threats, more or less pacified his lands, and led his forces south to occupy Jing Province. The Empire trembles at his might. A hero without opportunity to display his prowess, Liu Bei has retreated here. I hope that you, General, will carefully assess your strengths and decide your next course of action. If you decide to lead your forces from

7776-485: The valley streams. As a result of local dislocations from earthquakes, the topographical features are extremely complicated. Access from the south was limited to a few mountain routes called " gallery roads ". These crossed major passes and were remarkable for their engineering skill and ingenuity. The oldest of these was to the northwest of Hanzhong Commandery and it crossed the San Pass . The Lianyun "Linked Cloud" Road

7872-585: The way and eventually joined Liu Bei in surrounding Chengdu, the capital of Yi Province. After Liu Zhang surrendered and relinquished control over Yi Province to Liu Bei in 214, Zhuge Liang was appointed as Military Adviser General ( 軍師將軍 ) and made a staff member of the office of the General of the Left ( 左將軍 ), the nominal appointment Liu Bei held at the time. Whenever Liu Bei went on military campaigns, Zhuge Liang remained behind to guard Chengdu and ensured that

7968-417: The wheat and were preparing to leave. Zhuge Liang encountered Sima Yi at Hanyang (漢陽) to the east of Shanggui County, but they did not engage in battle: Zhuge Liang ordered his troops to make use of the terrain and get into defensive positions; Sima Yi ordered his troops to get into formation, while sending Niu Jin to lead a lightly armed cavalry detachment to Mount Qi. The stand off ended when Zhuge Liang and

8064-619: The winter of 208, the allied forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Red Cliffs . Cao Cao retreated to Ye ( 鄴 ; in present-day Handan , Hebei) after his defeat. Following the Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei nominated Liu Qi as the Inspector of Jing Province and sent his forces to conquer the four commanderies in southern Jing Province: Wuling ( 武陵 ; near Changde , Hunan), Changsha , Guiyang ( 桂陽 ; near Chenzhou , Hunan) and Lingling ( 零陵 ; near Yongzhou , Hunan). The administrators of

8160-459: The wrong moves, resulting in the Shu vanguard suffering a disastrous defeat. After his victory at the Battle of Jieting, Zhang He seized the opportunity to attack and recapture the three commanderies. Upon learning of the Shu defeats at Ji Valley and Jieting, Zhuge Liang pulled back all his forces and retreated to Hanzhong . Although the first Northern Expedition was an overall failure, Zhuge Liang still made some small gains for Shu. The first gain

8256-500: Was Jungong ( 君貢 ), served as an assistant official in Taishan Commandery (泰山郡; around present-day Tai'an , Shandong) during the late Eastern Han dynasty under Emperor Ling ( r.   168–189 CE). Zhuge Liang had an elder brother, a younger brother, and two elder sisters. His elder brother was Zhuge Jin and his younger brother was Zhuge Jun ( 諸葛均 ). The elder of Zhuge Liang's two sisters married Kuai Qi ( 蒯祺 ),

8352-563: Was allowed take the throne for himself, but he was permitted to, when the situation demanded, replace Liu Shan with other of Liu Bei's living sons such as Liu Yong and Liu Li . Following Liu Bei's death, Liu Shan ascended the throne and succeeded his father as the emperor of Shu. After his coronation, Liu Shan enfeoffed Zhuge Liang as the Marquis of Wu District ( 武鄉侯 ) and created a personal staff to assist him. Later, Zhuge Liang assumed an additional appointment as Governor of Yi Province ( 益州牧 ). He personally oversaw all state affairs and made

8448-469: Was away at the Battle of Fancheng. Guan Yu was captured and executed by Sun Quan's forces. Between 221 and 222, Liu Bei started the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling against Sun Quan in an attempt to retake Jing Province, but failed and suffered a disastrous defeat. After Liu Bei died in 223, his son Liu Shan succeeded him as emperor of Shu, with Zhuge Liang serving as regent. In the same year, Zhuge Liang made peace with Sun Quan's Eastern Wu regime and reestablished

8544-640: Was comparable to Guan Zhong and Yue Yi. Between the late 190s and early 200s, Zhuge Liang often studied and travelled with Xu Shu, Shi Guangyuan and Meng Gongwei. Whenever he read, he only picked up the key points and moved on. His three friends, in contrast, focused on details and sometimes even memorised them. Throughout his time in Longzhong, he led a carefree life and took his time to do things. He often sat down with his arms around his knees, sighing to himself from time to time while in deep thought. He once told his three friends that they would become commandery administrators or provincial governors if they served in

8640-574: Was constructed there to take carriage traffic during the Qin dynasty in the third century BCE. Following the Jialing Valley, the route emerges in the north where the Wei River widens considerably near Chencang (in present-day Baoji , Shaanxi). Another important route was the Baoye route, which transverses the Yegu Pass and ends south of Mei County . A few more minor and difficult routes lay to

8736-485: Was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname "Wolong" or "Fulong" (both meaning "Sleeping Dragon"). Zhuge Liang's methods of administration drew both from Legalism as well as Confucianism . He was critical of the Legalist thought of Shang Yang , and advocated benevolence and education as tenets of being a ruler. He compared himself with Guan Zhong , developing Shu's agriculture and industry to become

8832-587: Was orphaned at a young age, he was raised by Zhuge Xuan , one of his father's cousins. He accompanied Zhuge Xuan to Yuzhang Commandery ( 豫章郡 ; around present-day Nanchang , Jiangxi ) when the latter was appointed as the Commandery Administrator sometime in the mid-190s. Later, after the Han central government designated Zhu Hao as the new Administrator, Zhuge Xuan left Yuzhang Commandery and brought Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Jun to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan ) to live with

8928-418: Was praised for being far-sighted in recognising this issue. The Northern Expeditions in the novel " Romance of the Three Kingdoms " are heavily fictionalized and romanticized. Zhuge Liang Zhuge Liang ( pronunciation ) (181 – September or October 234), also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming , was a Chinese statesman, strategist, and inventor who lived through

9024-910: Was stationed in Linzheng County ( 臨烝縣 ; present-day Hengyang , Hunan) in Changsha Commandery. In 211, Liu Zhang , the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), invited Liu Bei to lead troops into Yi Province to assist him in countering his rival, Zhang Lu , in Hanzhong Commandery . While Liu Bei was away in Jing Province, Zhuge Liang remained behind with Guan Yu and others to guard Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province . When Liu Bei decided to take over Liu Zhang's lands in 212, Zhuge Liang, along with Zhang Fei , Zhao Yun and others, led troops from Jing Province into Yi Province to reinforce Liu Bei. They conquered many counties and commanderies along

9120-663: Was surprised to see that it was much more heavily fortified and well-defended than he expected. That was because after the first Northern Expedition, the Wei general Cao Zhen had predicted that Shu forces would attack Chencang the next time, so he put Hao Zhao in charge of defending Chencang and strengthening its defences. Zhuge Liang first ordered his troops to surround Chencang, then sent Jin Xiang (靳詳), an old friend of Hao Zhao, to persuade Hao Zhao to surrender. Hao Zhao refused twice. Although Hao Zhao had only 1,000 men with him to defend Chencang, he successfully held his ground against

9216-461: Was the capture of some Wei civilian families, who were then registered as Shu citizens and resettled in Hanzhong. The second gain was the defection of Jiang Wei , a low-ranking Wei officer who later became a prominent Shu general. After returning to Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang executed Ma Su to appease public anger and then wrote a memorial to Liu Shan , taking full responsibility for the failure of

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