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65-806: In 1920, Chen Jiongming drove Lu Rongting and the Old Guangxi clique out of Guangdong in the First Yue-Gui War . In 1921, Chen pushed into Guangxi, starting the Second Yue-Gui war , forcing Lu Rongting to step down in July 1921. By August, Chen had occupied Nanning and the rest of Guangxi. Chen Jiongming and the Cantonese forces occupied Guangxi until April 1922. Their occupation was largely nominal because armed bands of Guangxi loyalists began to gather under local commanders, calling themselves

130-484: A "model" province with a progressive administration. As a result, Guangxi was able to supply large numbers of troops in the war effort against Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War . Chen Jiongming Chen Jiongming ( Chinese : 陳炯明 ; Wade–Giles : Chʻên Chiung -ming ; 18 January 1878 – 22 September 1933), courtesy name Jingcun (竞存/競存), nickname Ayan (阿烟/阿煙),

195-582: A foreign language, and administers international collaboration partnerships and the university's overseas Confucius Institutes. Guangxi University has 26 colleges and schools: Guangxi University is consistently ranked the best in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , one of the highly ranked universities in the South China region outside Guangdong Province , and among the top 100 nationwide. As of 2023, Guangxi University

260-401: A large student body, and extensive materials, Guangxi University was called upon to sacrifice a significant portion of its resources in support of this national project. In the reallocation, a large portion of Guangxi University faculty, students, and equipment were sent away to 19 newly created institutions across central and southwestern China. The university underwent significant downsizing as

325-712: A member of the Guangdong Provincial Assembly. When Chen returned to Canton in May 1910, the Assembly was in hot debate over the Canton-Hankou Railway Company. The Assembly appointed Chen and 5 others to form a special committee to draft new by-laws by June 1. During a meeting with representatives of interested organizations on the next day, Chen reminded the members that the by-laws would have to receive shareholder approval, and that

390-644: A new university in Guangxi with the aim of serving ethnic minority groups. In December 2006, Guangxi University and Suan Dusit University  [ th ] co-founded the Confucius Institute in Suphanburi , Thailand. In September 2007, Guangxi University established the School of International Education, which enrolls and manages international students in university programs, teaches Chinese as

455-476: A proposal about gambling, stating in his speech that: (1) The prohibition of gambling shall not be limited to certain kinds of gambling; (2) it shall not be done by stages; (3) that it shall not be limited to certain districts of the province; (4) the raising of funds to make up for the loss of gambling revenues shall not be the sole burden of the villages and towns of the province; (5) the raising of funds for certain transportation and military purposes shall not be

520-427: A result, the university was renamed National Guangxi University. The 40s and 50s would prove to be a difficult period of "great contributions and sacrifices" made by the newly named university, while also establishing its modern identity and impact as a contributor to the effort to establish higher education in central and southwestern China. By the mid-1940s, the Second Sino-Japanese War , which had begun in 1931 with

585-551: A result. On October 17, 1953, a total of 53 professors across the departments of history, foreign language, physics, chemistry, and mathematics, as well as 256 professors and instructors of the College of Teacher Education were separated from the university to form the new Guangxi Teacher's College (now Guangxi Normal University ). Subsequently, the majority of academic departments at Guangxi University were relocated. The university gave up its mechanical engineering department, which

650-476: A role it would retain during the education reorganization of the 1950s. In 1936 Guangxi University relocated to a campus in the city of Guilin . There, the university established an Institute of Botany, several agricultural research facilities, and its Economic Research Institute. In 1939, the Nationalist government expanded the university, adding several faculties including engineering and agriculture. As

715-426: A shareholder meeting was scheduled for September. Chen was skeptical about the Assembly's plan to push for the early inauguration of the national parliament. Chen agreed with another Assemblyman that he would support the proposal only to "ride with the tide", as he was already committed to a revolution instead of reform. Later on, an issue started over the full suppression of gambling. Fully aware that he would lose

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780-697: A staging point for setting fire to the Manchu quarters. Chen was instrumental in backing Sun Yat-sen 's Constitutional Protection Movement . In 1918, Chen led the Guangdong Army and captured southern Fujian . Chen stayed in southern Fujian for two years, during which he devoted himself to building the Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian with Zhangzhou as its center, and implemented anarchist policies. Guangxi University Guangxi University ( 广西大学 )

845-708: Is a provincial public university in Nanning , Guangxi , China . It is affiliated with the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and co-funded by the regional government and the Ministry of Education . The university is part of Project 211 and the Double First-Class Construction . The university helped pioneer higher education in central and southwestern China, where its faculty, students, and resources contributed to

910-462: The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in northeast China, had reached southern China. In the summer of 1944, an imminent Japanese invasion of Guangxi forced National Guangxi University to evacuate its Guilin campus and move south to Rong County . The university began conducting classes out of eight conference halls. By November, the nearby city of Liuzhou had begun wartime preparations. The university

975-649: The Kuomintang in 1923, when he already controlled a considerable numbers of troops in northern Guangxi and wiped out the local bandits, warlords, and remnant forces of the Old Guangxi clique in the north. By the spring of 1924, Huang Shaohong, Bai Chongxi, and Li Zongren, formed the New Guangxi clique and had created the well equipped Guangxi Pacification Army. Li Zongren was the Commander in Chief, Huang Shaohong

1040-679: The Self-government Army . Sun Yat-sen and Chen Jiongming soon split over the continuation of the Northern Expedition. Chen, however, aspired merely to be the warlord of Guangdong and after the Zhili clique in Beijing recognized his power in the south, he abandoned Sun Yat-sen. By May 1922 the Cantonese forces had evacuated Guangxi leaving a power vacuum. Lu Rongting could construct a political and military machine from

1105-695: The Academy of Law and Political Science, Chen and his friends often used their vacations to return to Haifeng and promote their Self-Government Association (Zizhihui), trying to eradicate opium smoking, improving local grain depots, and creating nurseries for children. As the East River region was becoming more disorderly, the Governor-General (Zongdu) in Guangzhou gave the magistrate in Huizhou

1170-554: The Academy, Zhu Zhixin, but another source states that he joined the organization in 1909 at the meeting of the Union of Provincial Assemblies in Shanghai. The Canton New Army, measuring around 7,000 men, had prepared a coup that was to be launched on February 12, 1910, during Chinese New Year celebrations. Zhang Lucun, a participant in secret meetings of the coup planning, recalls: Chen Jiongming, taking advantage of his position as

1235-627: The Central South Civil Engineering Institute (now Hunan University ). The department of mining and metallurgy was sent to Central South University . The agricultural departments were relocated to Hubei province and renamed the Huazhong Agricultural University . Both Wuhan University and Sun Yat-sen University split the personnel and resources of several departments. Having sacrificed the majority of its faculty and students,

1300-543: The Clique in 1929. Following defeat in that civil war, Guangxi allied with Chen Jitang after he became chairman of the government of Guangdong in 1931, and turned against Chiang Kai-shek. Another civil war would have broken out if there had been no September 18 Incident , which prompted all sides to unite against the Empire of Japan . As a result, from 1930 to 1936, the Clique organized the reconstruction of Guangxi, which became

1365-629: The Governor-General to talk to Beijing and set a course to negotiate with Portugal. During the ninth meeting, Chen expressed his opinion that the Assembly should not be subordinate to the Governor-General. A month after the creation of the Guangdong Provincial Assembly, the Jiangsu Assembly created the Union of Provincial Assemblies to urge Beijing to accelerate the constitutional program. Three delegates from each province were sent to Shanghai, which in February 1910 went to Beijing to call for

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1430-570: The Governor-General, successfully defending the petition and impeaching the magistrate, later donating his monetary reward at the Huizhou Fraternal Association in Guangzhou, explaining that he would not have done it for money as he was a citizen from the East River region. During his vacation from the Academy in February 1908, at the shrine to Wen Tianxiang in Haifeng, Chen persuaded over 30 men to swear their support for

1495-706: The Guangxi Institute of Technology and the Guangxi University of Science and Technology. Ironically, the latter university was composed of former departments of engineering that had been split from Guangxi University two decades ago. The university absorbed the Guangxi Forestry College in 1962, which became the basis for a new college of agriculture within the university. In 1970, the Guangxi Labor University

1560-598: The Guangxi Provincial Medical College which became the Guangxi University School of Medicine. However, the authorities separated the university from its science and engineering faculties, which consolidated and became the independent Guangxi University of Science and Technology. Through these acquisitions and divestments, Guangxi University influenced the development of many institutions of higher education across Guangxi,

1625-555: The Guangxi provincial government began drafting plans to create Guangxi University. In the winter of 1927, the authorities invited scientist and educator Ma Junwu , a native of Guilin, Guangxi, to return to his homeland and help found the first modern university in the province. In October 1928, Guangxi University was established on Butterfly Mountain in the Hexi District of Wuzhou . University operations were briefly suspended from 1929 to 1931 due to armed conflict in Guangxi and

1690-531: The Haifeng Normal School to train to become a schoolteacher, graduating and applying for a teaching position at the advanced primary school in Haifeng in 1905. He was initially supposed to be the principal, but was banned from joining for his revolutionary ideas. He occasionally went to Huizhou to tutor wealthy students for the district examination. In early 1906, he tried to create a private normal school for training teachers. During his time at

1755-744: The National Nanning Teacher's College merged into the university and became the Guangxi University College of Teacher Education. In 1951, the undergraduate programs of the provincial Xijiang College were absorbed. The university created the independent, but affiliated Guangxi Agricultural College in 1952. At the beginning of 1952, Chairman Mao Zedong personally inscribed the name "Guangxi University" in Chinese calligraphy . The university continues to use this name, and his calligraphy, today. The year 1953 marked

1820-557: The National Revolution. Chen Jiongming returned home from the Academy in 1908, establishing the Haifeng Self-Government Gazette (Haifeng Zizhibao) in early 1909, where he was the editor-in-chief. Before Chen's gazette, the people of Haifeng were already readers of revolutionary literature. According to Chen Qiyou , "Secret revolutionary literature, such as Zou Rong's The Revolutionary Army,

1885-767: The National Revolutionary Army on April 12, 1927 and of the labour unions in Shanghai. Li Zongren was the general of the Seventh Army in the Northern Expedition. Li went on to be the commanding general of the Seventh Army in the Northern Expedition and captured Wuhan in 1927. Li was then appointed commander of the Fourth Army Group, composed of the Guangxi Army and other provincial forces amounting to 16 corps and six independent divisions. In April 1928, Li Zongren, with Bai Chongxi, who

1950-590: The absorption of Guangxi Agricultural University bolstering its key agricultural departments, Guangxi University entered the 21st century. In 2001, Guangxi University and the South China University of Technology , who had received the former university's chemical engineering department in 1953, entered into a counterpart agreement to support innovation at Guangxi University. In 2004, the Ministry of Education approved Guangxi University to establish

2015-527: The area. However, because the clique had to constantly be mobilized for war, first against the Guangdong warlords, then later against the Japanese, the tax burden which they levied was far heavier than that of Lu Rongting. The New Guangxi Clique also taxed the opium trade. As was later true for Chiang Kai-shek's government, the taxes were collected via opium suppression offices, ostensibly created to destroy

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2080-663: The army, the fact that it would alter the existing territorial influences among the Cliques in the party quickly aggravated the relationships between the central government and the regional powers. Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi and Huang Shaohong of the Guangxi Clique were the first to break off relations with Chiang in March 1929, which started the confrontation that lead to the Central Plains War . Chiang Kai-shek defeated

2145-506: The assembly to represent Huizhou. The first annual session of the Guangdong Provincial Assembly was called on October 14, 1909, but delayed by 10 days. Chen Jiongming was elected Resident Member by 53 votes. Chen Jiongming was one of the only progressives in the conservative-dominated assembly. He was elected to chair the Committee of Legal Matters. Chen introduced 6 of the 25 bills the Assembly passed during its first session. He submitted

2210-455: The beginning of a period of reorganization, dissolution, and eventual suspension of Guangxi University. That year, the nascent People's Republic of China began an unprecedented reorganization of Chinese higher education institutions on a national scale, with the goal of expanding access to higher education through the establishment of new colleges and universities. As a relatively well-developed university with comprehensive academic departments,

2275-483: The campaign, Li Zongren's battalion was reduced to about one thousand men and "sank into the grasses." But Li, intending to become more than a bandit, began building a personal military machine of professional units of soldiers. These were to be the equal of any force in China and more than a match for any number of bandits or Zhuang irregulars that Lu Rongting drew on in his war to re-establish his power in Guangxi. Li joined

2340-598: The civil governor of Guangxi from 1924 to 1929, and Guangxi remained under Li Zongren's influence until 1949. The New Guangxi clique made attempts at modernising between 1926 and 1927, when the Guangxi clique controlled Guangxi and much of Guangdong, Hunan, and Hubei. The New Guangxi clique was much more active in modernizing than Lu Rongting had been. They founded the University of Guangxi in Nanning, built over five thousand kilometers of roads and extended electrification of

2405-531: The creation of over 20 universities and academic departments during the mid 20th century. The university grants bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees across 27 colleges and departments and 98 undergraduate majors. Established in 1928, the university was broken up during national education reforms in the 1950s. Its departments were relocated across China to create or bolster numerous other institutions including then Wuhan University, then Sun Yat-sen University, and then Guangxi Normal University. As early as 1925,

2470-540: The deputy Commander, and Bai Chongxi the Chief-of-Staff. By August they had defeated and driven the former ruler Lu Rongting and other contenders out of the province. Li Zongren was military governor of Guangxi from 1924–25, and from 1925 to 1949. The coalition's efforts brought Guangxi Province under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China . Li Zongren was military governor of Guangxi from 1924–25, Huang became

2535-617: The fierce gunfight that ensued on the way to the Big East Gate killed leaders on both sides. On February 9, when the first clashes were starting, Chen Jiongming told the revolutionaries in Haifeng to send his mother to Hong Kong for safety and to alert East River revolutionaries. After one of the leaders of the revolutionary army, Ni Yingdian, was killed in battle, Chen Jiongming secretly left to Hong Kong. Even though Chen Jiongming's involvement in revolutionary activities were revealed to Manchu authorities, he continued his activities as

2600-651: The forces that composed the Self-government Armies, by calling on friendship, family, and Zhuang ethnicity, but the lack of such a leader led to a rapid collapse into localism, which occurred as the Guangdong forces withdrew. There was intense fighting to re-occupy territory or to attempt to strip the retreating forces of their supplies and munitions. With the support of Wu Peifu and the Zhili clique Lu Rongting slipped back into Guangxi in 1923 and began to try to rebuild his coalition. He soon had control over

2665-457: The gentry would do nothing, and some sort of government intervention would be preferred. In the third meeting, Chen proposed a bill to abolish the Bureau of Rehabilitation, which was passed by the Assembly but rejected by the Governor-General in Guangzhou. In the fifth meeting, Chen again spoke against gambling and, on the subject with the border dispute with Macau , urged the Assembly to petition

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2730-521: The inauguration of a national parliament within one year. Chen Jiongming was one of the delegates representing Guangdong, along with another progressive, Qiu Fengjia. Chen went to Shanghai, but not to Beijing. By then, he was already back in Guangzhou, committed to a revolutionary uprising that had been planned to begin on February 12. Chen Jiongming may have joined the Tongmenghui between 1906 and 1908, inspired by his Japanese-educated instructor at

2795-413: The magistrate, but the position of lead petitioner was not taken up by anyone initially, due to the risk of execution if the Governor-General proved the accusations to be false. Therefore, Chen was asked to take up the position for a reward of 1000 US Dollars. He replied, saying that he would first look into the matter himself. He collected evidence and interviewed witnesses, and went to Guangzhou to confront

2860-542: The neighboring Guizhou region. In 1932, the provincial government established the Guangxi Provincial Teacher's College, an independent normal school in Guilin, Guangxi. However, in 1936, the government reorganized institutions of higher education. The Teacher's College was ordered to merge into Guangxi University, where it became part of the colleges of literature and law. The university also absorbed

2925-596: The opium trade. Later he expanded his control to Wuzhou, thus controlling the routes through which opium both entered and left Guangxi. With his opium revenue Bai was able to build a well-equipped and trained force. During the Yue-Gui Wars, Li Zongren had accompanied Lin Hu and Lu Rongting into Guangdong and led the rear guard when the Old Guangxi Clique forces retreated before Chen Jiongming's attack. During

2990-589: The peace and tranquility of the nation". By early 1911, Chen Jiongming was funneling his fellow revolutionaries from the East River district into Guangzhou. Chen's residence on Sihou street was their headquarters, the Siping School and the Ke Bao office were their munitions depots, Chen's quarters at the Provincial Assembly were used as an explosives depot, and Chen Dasheng 's house was used as

3055-419: The power to execute prisoners without trial at the scene of the crime, leading to the arrest and execution of everyone in sight when the magistrate heard of a disturbance, once arresting a 13-year-old boy, of which his release was appealed successfully, but to no avail as the villagers discovered he had been executed the day before the appeal went through. Due to this misconduct, the local gentry pleaded to remove

3120-465: The proposal made a newspaper in response, known as Ke Bao (Assent), in a reference to their votes on the proposal. Its first issue appeared on March 30, 1911, on the same day the proposed changes were supposed to be implemented. However, the newspaper was quickly closed down on April 23, as authorities in Guangzhou accused content in it of being "derogatory toward the Throne and so inflammatory as to disturb

3185-469: The remnants of Guangxi University discontinued operations. The depleted university entered a dormant stage until 1958, awaiting reconstruction of its faculty and student body. In 1958, the Central People's Government approved a plan to reconstruct and reopen Guangxi University at a new campus in Nanning. The first step was to rebuild the engineering departments. In 1961, Guangxi University absorbed

3250-561: The senator from Huizhou fu, had rented a house outside the Big East Gate for storage of weapons and ammunition. Had the coup succeeded, Chen Jiongming would have become the Deputy Chief of Guangdong, with his fellow Assemblyman Qiu Fengjia as Chief Executive. However, authorities had become aware of the coup around 3 months before it was to happen and put Canton under martial law . Chen Jiongming's village comrades and revolutionaries gathered at his house to receive arms and ammunition, but

3315-400: The sole burden of the province, since it should be the responsibility of the central government; (6) the "law of the land" should be uniform and consistent; and (7) gambling is an obstacle to political enlightenment. Chen also supported a bill to expropriate funds from family and clan estates. However, when the matter was left to the gentry to decide, Chen protested, saying that from experience,

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3380-515: The south with its important pool of Zhuang manpower, but the situation had changed and his political organization could not be rebuilt. Among the younger men who had been trained in military schools after the 1911 revolution there was a new appreciation for modern tactics, weapons, and political means. In the confused power struggles following the Yue-Gui Wars , these local military men began to carve out territory in Guangxi and dominate it. In

3445-570: The southwest there were opium trails from Yunnan and Guizhou that ran through Baise and then down the river to Nanning . From these opium usually went out through Wuzhou , where the trade was financed. During the Yue-Gui wars, Huang Shaohong, then the commander of the Model Battalion of the 1st Guangxi Division, and Bai Chongxi his former deputy, attempted to stay neutral and relocated to Baise. Huang eventually got control of Baise, and

3510-617: The trade. In 1932 opium income amounted to fifty million dollars, the largest source of income in the provincial budget. During the Northern Expedition , Bai Chongxi was the Chief of Staff of the National Revolutionary Army and led the Eastern Route Army which conquered Hangzhou and Shanghai in 1927. As garrison commander of Shanghai, Bai also took part in the purge of Communists in

3575-415: The university awarded its first doctoral degree and was approved to establish three additional doctoral programs. In 1999, Guangxi University was chosen to participate in Project 211 , a national initiative to elevate research standards and faculty hiring resources for a select group of rising universities. With university-wide improvements as a result of increased government funding from Project 211, and

3640-597: The university recruited a group of minority students into the colleges of agriculture, law, and business. With the surrender of Japan in September 1945, National Guangxi University moved back to its home province, temporarily taking up residence at a campus by the Lijiang river in Liuzhou. In early 1946, the student body initiated a movement that brought the university back to its original campus on Butterfly Mountain in Wuzhou. Subsequently, in September 1946, National Guangxi University moved back to Guilin. The 1950s began with several acquisitions of other institutions. In 1950

3705-544: The vote as many assemblymen were bribed by gambling companies, Chen put it to a written vote, which lost. Chen then turned this around and exposed the bribed assemblymen, with the 35 assemblymen who voted against the proposal forced to resign. Newly-appointed Governor-General Zhang Mingqi agreed to the proposal and promised to implement it on March 30, 1911. In December 1910, the assemblymen who were exposed and forced to resign from their positions started 2 newspapers, criticizing and responding to Chen. The assemblymen who voted for

3770-443: The world by several major international universities rankings, including the Times Higher Education , the Academic Ranking of World Universities , and the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR). As of 2023. the CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked Guangxi University at 374th in the world based on their publications for the period 2018–2021. The Nature Index Annual Table 2023 by Nature Research ranked Guangxi University among

3835-407: Was a Chinese lawyer, military general, revolutionary, federalist and politician who was best known as a Hailufeng Hokkien revolutionary figure in the early period of the Republic of China . He led the Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian from 1918 to 1920. Chen married Huang Yun, the daughter of his school principal, and had five daughters and three sons. In 1904, Chen attended

3900-414: Was credited with many victories over the northern warlords, led the Fourth Army group to advance on Beijing, capturing Handan , Baoding , and Shijiazhuang , by June 1. Zhang Zuolin withdrew from Beijing on June 3, and Li's army seized Beijing. Bai commanded the forward units which first entered Beijing and Tianjin . At the end of the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek began to agitate to reorganize

3965-425: Was forced to leave Guangxi entirely, relocating a second time to neighboring Guizhou province . During this temporary relocation, the university decided to continue its educational mission with a particular focus on nearby ethnic minority populations in Guangxi and southwest Guizhou provinces, including the Zhuang and Miao peoples. While moored in Rong County, faculty lectured on agriculture for local farmers and

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4030-457: Was merged into Guangxi Agricultural College, a separate institution affiliated with Guangxi University. The former college later changed its name to Guangxi Agricultural University. In 1978, Guangxi University awarded its first master's degree. In March 1997, the Ministry of Education approved the merger of Guangxi Agricultural University into Guangxi University, significantly strengthening its formerly depleted agricultural departments. In 1998,

4095-470: Was one of the earliest in China, as well as its electrical engineering department. The faculty, students, and resources of these two departments were reallocated to the newly created Huazhong Institute of Technology (now the Huazhong University of Science and Technology ) and other institutions. The university transferred its chemical engineering department to the South China University of Technology , and its highly regarded civil engineering department to

4160-403: Was ranked 501th globally by the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities , and 474th in the world by the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). The Academic Ranking of World Universities , also known as ShanghaiRanking , ranked Guangxi University in the top 301-400th in the world. Generally, Guangxi University was ranked in the top 1000 universities in

4225-407: Was read widely among young intellectuals". In 1909, 94 members were elected to the Guangdong Provincial Assembly, three of which represented Manchu bannermen. The number of assemblymen from each prefecture varied greatly - there were only 36 for Guangzhou Fu and only 6 for Huizhou Fu. The minimum age to join was 30, and Chen Jiongming, who was barely above the limit, was one of the people elected to

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