146-559: The New York Cancer Hospital ( NYCH ) on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , New York City was a cancer treatment and research institution founded in 1884. The building was located at 455 Central Park West between West 105th and 106th Streets, and built between 1884 and 1886 with additions made between 1889 and 1890; it was designed by Charles Coolidge Haight in the Late Gothic and French Chateau styles – inspired by
292-505: A college education or higher. The percentage of the Upper West Side students excelling in math rose from 35% in 2000 to 66% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 43% to 56% during the same time period. The Upper West Side's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In the Upper West Side, 14% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year , less than
438-420: A cytokine responsible for promoting the proliferation, growth, and differentiation of T-cells (another cell of the adaptive immune system) and less interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine responsible for promoting a B-cell immune response (B cells produce antibodies to fight off infection). This regulation of cytokines appear to occur via the p38 MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinase)-dependent pathway . Usually,
584-459: A deal with Trump. The community's links to the events of September 11, 2001 were evinced in Upper West Side resident and Pulitzer Prize winner David Halberstam 's paean to the men of Ladder Co 40/Engine Co 35, just a few blocks from his home, in his book Firehouse . Today, this area is the site for several long-established charitable institutions; their unbroken parcels of land have provided suitably scaled sites for Columbia University and
730-414: A disease afflicting the cultured, the wealthy and the inhabitants of salubrious localities." In 1890 the hospital was expanded south, and in both sections Haight designed circular wards, about 40 feet (12 m) in diameter, in part to facilitate better observation by a nurse at a central desk and in part because the design offered more space between the heads of the beds. Ventilation was a key concern, so
876-535: A duct ran up the centers of the wards to remove what was said to be intense odors caused by the disease. Haight worked the round wards into the exterior architecture, which he executed in deep red brick and soft brown Belleville brownstone , with great conical towers irregularly placed on the three fronts. The big, broad towers gave the hospital the character of a French château , like the Château de Chambord at Chambord, Loir-et-Cher , France , and made it one of
1022-405: A few hours (usually 6 h to 12 h) after the last administration. Early symptoms include watery eyes, insomnia, diarrhea, runny nose, yawning, dysphoria , sweating, and, in some cases, a strong drug craving. Severe headache, restlessness, irritability , loss of appetite, body aches, severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, tremors, and even stronger and more intense drug craving appear as
1168-521: A logical target for analgesic development. Recently, one study has used an animal model (hind-paw incision) to observe the effects of morphine administration on the acute immunological response. Following hind-paw incision, pain thresholds and cytokine production were measured. Normally, cytokine production in and around the wounded area increases in order to fight infection and control healing (and, possibly, to control pain), but pre-incisional morphine administration (0.1 mg/kg to 10.0 mg/kg) reduced
1314-479: A low population of residents who are uninsured . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 5%, less than the citywide rate of 12%, though this was based on a small sample size. The concentration of fine particulate matter , the deadliest type of air pollutant , in the Upper West Side is 0.0083 milligrams per cubic metre (8.3 × 10 oz/cu ft), more than the city average. Ten percent of Upper West Side residents are smokers , which
1460-450: A lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 95.5% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 0 murders, 14 rapes, 116 robberies, 102 felony assaults, 136 burglaries, 877 grand larcenies, and 75 grand larcenies auto in 2022. Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 20th Precinct had a rate of 250 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to
1606-489: A mixture of income levels and occupations patronized the same gay bars in the neighborhood, making it markedly different from most gay enclaves elsewhere in the city. The influx of white gay men in the Fifties and Sixties is often credited with accelerating the gentrification of the Upper West Side. In a subsequent phase of urban renewal, the rail yards which had formed the Upper West Side's southwest corner were replaced by
SECTION 10
#17327875615601752-468: A motor vehicle. The findings from this study suggest that stable opioid use does not significantly impair abilities inherent in driving (this includes physical, cognitive and perceptual skills). COAT patients showed rapid completion of tasks that require the speed of responding for successful performance (e.g., Rey Complex Figure Test) but made more errors than controls. COAT patients showed no deficits in visual-spatial perception and organization (as shown in
1898-718: A nebulizer. As a recreational drug, it is becoming more common to inhale (" Chasing the Dragon "), but, for medical purposes, intravenous (IV) injection is the most common method of administration. Morphine is subject to extensive first-pass metabolism (a large proportion is broken down in the liver), so, if taken orally, only 40% to 50% of the dose reaches the central nervous system. Resultant plasma levels after subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and IV injection are all comparable. After IM or SC injections, morphine plasma levels peak in approximately 20 min, and, after oral administration, levels peak in approximately 30 min. Morphine
2044-731: A negative impact on anterograde and retrograde memory , but these effects are minimal and transient. Overall, it seems that acute doses of opioids in non-tolerant subjects produce minor effects in some sensory and motor abilities, and perhaps also in attention and cognition. It is likely that the effects of morphine will be more pronounced in opioid-naive subjects than chronic opioid users. In chronic opioid users, such as those on Chronic Opioid Analgesic Therapy (COAT) for managing severe, chronic pain , behavioural testing has shown normal functioning on perception, cognition, coordination and behaviour in most cases. One 2000 study analysed COAT patients to determine whether they were able to safely operate
2190-455: A new construction loan, allowed McLean's project to get back on track after work was halted due to lack of money following 9/11. By early 2005, conversion of the old landmark hospital into condominiums, now called 455 Central Park West, was completed, with units selling for as much as $ 7 million. The new apartments in the old hospital building highlight its distinct features, most notably cavernous circular rooms with lofty ceilings, while those in
2336-409: A pain medication, this compound has become the benchmark to which all other opioids are compared. It interacts predominantly with the μ–δ-opioid (Mu-Delta) receptor heteromer . The μ-binding sites are discretely distributed in the human brain , with high densities in the posterior amygdala , hypothalamus , thalamus , nucleus caudatus , putamen , and certain cortical areas. They are also found on
2482-477: A part of the Upper West Side – the present-day Manhattan Valley neighborhood – located between 96th and 110th Streets and bounded on the east by Amsterdam Avenue and on the west by Riverside Drive , Riverside Park , and the Hudson River . Its name was a derivation of the description given to the area by Dutch settlers to New Netherland , likely from Bloemendaal , a town in the tulip region . The name
2628-558: A place to be feared and avoided by patients and patrons. At the turn of the century, administrators of the beleaguered hospital changed its name to the General Memorial Hospital, and again in the early 1920s to the General Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases. Through the decades, the hospital endured its arduous dedication for its principle grounds of finding a cure for cancer. In 1955,
2774-564: A plant. Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827. Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853–1855. Sertürner originally named the substance morphium , after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus , as it has a tendency to cause sleep. The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy . In 2013, approximately 523 tons of morphine were produced. Approximately 45 tons were used directly for pain, an increase of 400% over
2920-476: A revival late in the 20th century, largely through the efforts of the Riverside Park Fund, a citizen's group. Largely through their efforts and the support of the city, much of the park has been improved. The Hudson River Greenway along the river-edge of the park is a common route for pedestrians and bicyclists; an extension to the park's greenway runs between 83rd and 91st Streets on a promenade in
3066-520: A sad derelict place. A state and federal investigation ensued following a probe into allegations of Medicaid and tax fraud that ultimately caused the home to close its doors in 1974. The former New York Cancer Hospital was left in such a disastrous condition following the closure of the nursing home that there were talks of demolition before the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated
SECTION 20
#17327875615603212-417: Is dose-dependent and occurs in both therapeutic and recreational users. Morphine can interfere with menstruation by suppressing levels of luteinizing hormone . Many studies suggest the majority (perhaps as many as 90%) of chronic opioid users have opioid-induced hypogonadism. This effect may cause the increased likelihood of osteoporosis and bone fracture observed in chronic morphine users. Studies suggest
3358-408: Is metabolised primarily in the liver and approximately 87% of a dose of morphine is excreted in the urine within 72 h of administration. Morphine is metabolized primarily into morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) via glucuronidation by phase II metabolism enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase-2B7 (UGT2B7). About 60% of morphine is converted to M3G, and 6% to 10%
3504-472: Is Columbus Avenue to a slightly lesser extent. The following lists a few prominent ones: The Upper West Side is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD . The 20th Precinct is located at 120 West 82nd Street and serves the part of the neighborhood south of 86th Street , while the 24th Precinct is located at 151 West 100th Street and serves the part of the neighborhood north of 86th Street. The 20th Precinct has
3650-621: Is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with two additional ring closures. As Jack DeRuiter of the Department of Drug Discovery and Development (formerly, Pharmacal Sciences), Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University stated in his Fall 2000 course notes for that earlier department's "Principles of Drug Action 2" course, "Examination of the morphine molecule reveals the following structural features important to its pharmacological profile... Morphine and most of its derivatives do not exhibit optical isomerism, although some more distant relatives like
3796-536: Is also a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist. Activation of the KOR is associated with spinal analgesia, miosis (pinpoint pupils), and psychotomimetic effects. The DOR is thought to play a role in analgesia. Although morphine does not bind to the σ receptor , it has been shown that σ receptor agonists, such as (+)-pentazocine , inhibit morphine analgesia, and σ receptor antagonists enhance morphine analgesia, suggesting downstream involvement of
3942-488: Is also identified as Manhattan Valley . The overlapping area west of Amsterdam Avenue to Riverside Park was once known as the Bloomingdale District. From west to east, the avenues of the Upper West Side are Riverside Drive , West End Avenue (11th Avenue), Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue (10th Avenue), Columbus Avenue (9th Avenue), and Central Park West (8th Avenue). The 66-block stretch of Broadway forms
4088-453: Is an opiate that is found naturally in opium , a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies ( Papaver somniferum ). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual ; via inhalation; injection into a muscle , injection under the skin , or injection into the spinal cord area; transdermal ; or via rectal suppository . It acts directly on
4234-432: Is an ester of morphine and a morphine prodrug , essentially meaning they are identical drugs in vivo . Heroin is converted to morphine before binding to the opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, where morphine causes the subjective effects, which is what the addicted individuals are seeking. Several hypotheses are given about how tolerance develops, including opioid receptor phosphorylation (which would change
4380-402: Is converted to M6G. Not only does the metabolism occur in the liver but it may also take place in the brain and the kidneys. M3G does not undergo opioid receptor binding and has no analgesic effect. M6G binds to μ-receptors and is half as potent an analgesic as morphine in humans. Morphine may also be metabolized into small amounts of normorphine , codeine , and hydromorphone . Metabolism rate
4526-650: Is crucial for morphine's pain-relieving effects. Additionally, the neurotrophic factor BDNF , produced within the RVM neurons, is required for morphine's action. Increasing BDNF levels enhances morphine's analgesic effects, even at lower doses. Studies have shown that morphine can alter the expression of a number of genes . A single injection of morphine has been shown to alter the expression of two major groups of genes, for proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and for cytoskeleton -related proteins. Morphine has long been known to act on receptors expressed on cells of
New York Cancer Hospital - Misplaced Pages Continue
4672-462: Is derived from morphine, crosses the blood–brain barrier more easily, making it more potent. There are extended-release formulations of orally administered morphine whose effect last longer, which can be given once per day. Brand names for this formulation of morphine include Avinza, Kadian, MS Contin and Dolcontin. For constant pain, the relieving effect of extended-release morphine given once (for Kadian) or twice (for MS Contin) every 24 hours
4818-526: Is detectable in trace steady-state concentrations. The human body also produces endorphins , which are chemically related endogenous opioid peptides that function as neuropeptides and have similar effects to morphine. Morphine is an endogenous opioid in humans. Various human cells are capable of synthesizing and releasing it, including white blood cells . The primary biosynthetic pathway for morphine in humans consists of: The intermediate ( S )-norlaudanosoline (also known as tetrahydropapaveroline)
4964-515: Is determined by gender, age, diet, genetic makeup, disease state (if any), and use of other medications. The elimination half-life of morphine is approximately 120 min, though there may be slight differences between men and women. Morphine can be stored in fat, and, thus, can be detectable even after death. Morphine can cross the blood–brain barrier , but, because of poor lipid solubility, protein binding, rapid conjugation with glucuronic acid and ionization, it does not cross easily. Heroin , which
5110-421: Is different. Once treated with morphine, the p38 MAPK does not produce IL-10, instead favoring production of IL-12. The exact mechanism through which the production of one cytokine is increased in favor over another is not known. Most likely, the morphine causes increased phosphorylation of the p38 MAPK. Transcriptional level interactions between IL-10 and IL-12 may further increase the production of IL-12 once IL-10
5256-569: Is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 93% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", the highest rate in the city and more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in the Upper West Side, there are 3 bodegas . Mount Sinai Urgent Care Upper West Side is located in the Upper West Side. Upper West Side is located in three primary ZIP Codes . From south to north, they are 10023 south of 76th Street, 10024 between 76th and 91st Streets, and 10025 north of 91st Street. In addition, Riverside South
5402-409: Is highly addictive and prone to abuse . If one's dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur. Caution is advised for use of morphine during pregnancy or breast feeding , as it may affect the health of the baby. Morphine was first isolated in 1804 by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner . This is believed to be the first isolation of a medicinal alkaloid from
5548-482: Is home to the largest community of young Modern Orthodox singles outside of Israel. However, the Upper West Side also features a substantial number of non-Orthodox Jews. A number of major synagogues are located in the neighborhood, including the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States, Shearith Israel ; New York's second-oldest and the third-oldest Ashkenazi synagogue, B'nai Jeshurun ; Rodeph Sholom ;
5694-506: Is important to note that this study reveals that COAT patients have no domain-specific deficits, which supports the notion that chronic opioid use has minor effects on psychomotor , cognitive , or neuropsychological functioning. Morphine is a highly addictive substance. Numerous studies, including one by The Lancet , ranked morphine/heroin as the #1 most addictive substance, followed by cocaine at #2, nicotine #3, barbiturates at #4, and ethanol at #5. In controlled studies comparing
5840-410: Is less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In the Upper West Side, 10% of residents are obese , 5% are diabetic , and 21% have high blood pressure —compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 10% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%. Ninety-two percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which
5986-437: Is not being produced. This increased production of IL-12 causes increased T-cell immune response. Further studies on the effects of morphine on the immune system have shown that morphine influences the production of neutrophils and other cytokines . Since cytokines are produced as part of the immediate immunological response ( inflammation ), it has been suggested that they may also influence pain. In this way, cytokines may be
New York Cancer Hospital - Misplaced Pages Continue
6132-585: Is part of 10069. The United States Postal Service operates five post offices in the Upper West Side: The Upper West Side generally has a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018 . A majority of residents age 25 and older (78%) have a college education or higher, while 6% have less than a high school education and 16% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have
6278-406: Is produced most predominantly early in the life cycle of the plant. Past the optimum point for extraction, various processes in the plant produce codeine, thebaine , and in some cases negligible amounts of hydromorphone , dihydromorphine , dihydrocodeine , tetrahydro-thebaine, and hydrocodone (these compounds are rather synthesized from thebaine and oripavine). In the brain of mammals, morphine
6424-640: Is roughly the same as multiple administrations of immediate release (or "regular") morphine. Extended-release morphine can be administered together with "rescue doses" of immediate-release morphine as needed in case of breakthrough pain, each generally consisting of 5% to 15% of the 24-hour extended-release dosage. Morphine and its major metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide, can be detected in blood, plasma, hair, and urine using an immunoassay . Chromatography can be used to test for each of these substances individually. Some testing procedures hydrolyze metabolic products into morphine before
6570-451: Is synthesized through addition of DOPAL and dopamine. CYP2D6 , a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme is involved in two steps along the biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing both the biosynthesis of dopamine from tyramine and of morphine from codeine. Urinary concentrations of endogenous codeine and morphine have been found to significantly increase in individuals taking L-DOPA for the treatment of Parkinson's disease . Biosynthesis of morphine in
6716-450: Is very rarely fatal. Morphine withdrawal is considered less dangerous than alcohol, barbiturate, or benzodiazepine withdrawal. The psychological dependence associated with morphine addiction is complex and protracted. Long after the physical need for morphine has passed, addicts will usually continue to think and talk about the use of morphine (or other drugs) and feel strange or overwhelmed coping with daily activities without being under
6862-511: The 79th Street Boat Basin , but also cut pedestrians off from direct access to most of the riverfront by building the Henry Hudson Parkway by the river's edge. According to Robert Caro 's book on Moses, The Power Broker , Riverside Park was designed with most of the amenities located in predominantly white neighborhoods, with the neighborhoods closer to Harlem getting shorter shrift. Riverside Park, like Central Park, underwent
7008-718: The Cathedral of Saint John the Divine , as well as for some vanished landmarks, such as the Schwab Mansion on Riverside Drive . The name Bloomingdale is still used in reference to a part of the Upper West Side, essentially the location of old Bloomingdale Village, the area from about 96th Street up to 110th Street and from Riverside Park east to Amsterdam Avenue. The triangular block bound by Broadway, West End Avenue, 106th Street and 107th Street, although generally known as Straus Park (named for Isidor Straus and his wife Ida),
7154-904: The Century and Majestic by Irwin Chanin, the Orwell House by the firm of Mulliken and Moeller, and the San Remo and El Dorado by Emery Roth . Roth also designed the Beresford , the Alden, and the Ardsley on Central Park West. His first major commission, the Belle Époque -style Belleclaire Hotel , is on Broadway, while the moderne -style Normandy stands on Riverside at 86th Street. Along Broadway are several large apartment houses, including
7300-536: The Maddox wing test (a measure of the deviation of the visual axes of the eyes). Few studies have investigated the effects of morphine on motor abilities; a high dose of morphine can impair finger tapping and the ability to maintain a low constant level of isometric force (i.e. fine motor control is impaired), though no studies have shown a correlation between morphine and gross motor abilities. In terms of cognitive abilities, one study has shown that morphine may have
7446-851: The Museum Mile district on the Upper East Side, the Upper West Side is considered one of Manhattan's cultural and intellectual hubs, with Columbia University and Barnard College located just to the north of the neighborhood, the American Museum of Natural History located near its center, the New York Institute of Technology in the Columbus Circle proximity and Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School located at
SECTION 50
#17327875615607592-567: The North River was little used or traversed by the Lenape people. A combination of the stream valleys, such as that in which 96th Street runs, and wetlands to the northeast and east, may have protected a portion of the Upper West Side from the Lenape's controlled burns; lack of periodic ground fires results in a denser understory and more fire-intolerant trees, such as American Beech . In
7738-661: The Riverside South residential project, which included a southward extension of Riverside Park. The evolution of Riverside South had a 40-year history, often extremely bitter, beginning in 1962 when the New York Central Railroad , in partnership with the Amalgamated Lithographers Union , proposed a mixed-use development with 12,000 apartments, Litho City, to be built on platforms over the tracks. The subsequent bankruptcy of
7884-473: The September 11 attacks . McLean envisioned a plan that called for massive renovation of the old hospital remnant into modern luxury condominiums , including a new modern 26-story tower adjacent to the landmark building. Among the new tenants would be Columbia University , who bought several entire floors to use as residence to house senior faculty and visiting dignitaries. The purchase by Columbia, as well as
8030-676: The Stephen Wise Free Synagogue ; and numerous others such as the Jewish Center , and West Side Institutional . From the post-WWII years until the AIDS epidemic , the neighborhood, especially below 86th Street, had a substantial gay population. As the neighborhood had deteriorated, it was affordable to working class gay men, and those just arriving in the city and looking for their first white collar jobs. Its ethnically mixed gay population, mostly Hispanic and white, with
8176-558: The Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle, and the Riverside South apartment complex built by Donald Trump , the area from 58th Street to 65th Street is increasingly referred to as Lincoln Square by realtors who acknowledge a different tone and ambiance than that typically associated with the Upper West Side. This is a reversion to the neighborhood's historical name. The long high bluff above useful sandy coves along
8322-568: The WAIS-R Block Design Test) but did show impaired immediate and short-term visual memory (as shown on the Rey Complex Figure Test ;– Recall). These patients showed no impairments in higher-order cognitive abilities (i.e., planning). COAT patients appeared to have difficulty following instructions and showed a propensity toward impulsive behaviour, yet this did not reach statistical significance. It
8468-412: The analyte is morphine and the limit of detection is 1 ng/ml, a 20 mg intravenous (IV) dose of morphine is detectable for 12–24 hours. A limit of detection of 0.6 ng/ml had similar results. Morphine is a pentacyclic 3°amine (alkaloid) with 5 stereogenic centers and exists in 32 stereoisomeric forms . But the desired analgesic activity resides exclusively in the natural product,
8614-536: The assay and tissue being tested; in some situations it is a full agonist while in others it can be a partial agonist or even antagonist . In clinical settings, morphine exerts its principal pharmacological effect on the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract . Its primary actions of therapeutic value are analgesia and sedation. Activation of the MOR is associated with analgesia, sedation, euphoria , physical dependence , and respiratory depression . Morphine
8760-505: The central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction , kidney stones , and during labor . Its maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when administered intravenously and 60 minutes when administered by mouth, while
8906-466: The central nervous system resulting in pain relief and analgesia . In the 1970s and '80s, evidence suggesting that opioid drug addicts show increased risk of infection (such as increased pneumonia , tuberculosis , and HIV/AIDS ) led scientists to believe that morphine may also affect the immune system . This possibility increased interest in the effect of chronic morphine use on the immune system. The first step of determining that morphine may affect
SECTION 60
#17327875615609052-401: The codeinone reductase . Researchers are attempting to reproduce the biosynthetic pathway that produces morphine in genetically engineered yeast . In June 2015 the S -reticuline could be produced from sugar and R -reticuline could be converted to morphine, but the intermediate reaction could not be performed. In August 2015 the first complete synthesis of thebaine and hydrocodone in yeast
9198-420: The myenteric plexus in the intestinal tract, reducing gut motility, causing constipation. The gastrointestinal effects of morphine are mediated primarily by μ-opioid receptors in the bowel. By inhibiting gastric emptying and reducing propulsive peristalsis of the intestine, morphine decreases the rate of intestinal transit. Reduction in gut secretion and increased intestinal fluid absorption also contribute to
9344-460: The opium poppy begins with two tyrosine derivatives, dopamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde . Condensation of these precursors yields the primary intermediate higenamine (norcoclaurine). Subsequent action of four enzymes yields the tetrahydroisoquinoline reticuline , which is converted into salutaridine , thebaine , and oripavine . The enzymes involved in this process are the salutaridine synthase , salutaridine:NADPH 7-oxidoreductase and
9490-400: The terminal axons of primary afferents within laminae I and II ( substantia gelatinosa ) of the spinal cord and in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve . Morphine is a phenanthrene opioid receptor agonist – its main effect is binding to and activating the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in the central nervous system . Its intrinsic activity at the MOR is heavily dependent on
9636-474: The (-)-enantiomer with the configuration ( 5R,6S,9R,13S,14R). Morphine is the most abundant opiate found in opium , the dried latex extracted by shallowly scoring the unripe seedpods of the Papaver somniferum poppy. Morphine is generally 8–14% of the dry weight of opium. Przemko and Norman cultivars of the opium poppy, are used to produce two other alkaloids, thebaine and oripavine , which are used in
9782-709: The Belnord (1908), the Apthorp (1908), the Ansonia (1902), the Dorilton (1902), and the Manhasset . All are individually designated New York City landmarks. The serpentine Riverside Drive also has many pre-war houses and larger buildings, while West End Avenue is lined with pre-war Beaux-Arts apartment buildings and townhouses dating from the late-19th and early 20th centuries. Columbus Avenue north of 87th Street
9928-522: The Caribbean moved in during the '50s and the '60s. The Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts opened in the 1960s. The early 20th century marked the beginning of a significant Jewish presence on the Upper West Side. By 1930, Jewish residents constituted approximately one-third of the population living between West 79th and West 110th Streets, from Broadway to the Hudson River. In the 1900s,
10074-474: The General Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases moved out of the outdated Central Park West facility to its new location on the East Side. There it grew to become what is present day Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center . It was during this time that the former New York Cancer Hospital building began its decline. Under the new ownership of nursing home magnate Bernard Bergman , it
10220-491: The General Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases, to see the brick and steel vault where the hospital kept its four grams of radium —at the time the largest accumulation in the world. Dr. Edward H. Rogers, who was escorting her, assured The Times that there is no case on record of anyone being injured in health by radium. He denied that Curie had been harmed by the radioactive material, saying she had been ill recently only from anemia . In this period
10366-503: The New York City government classifies the Upper West Side as part of two neighborhood tabulation areas: Upper West Side (up to 105th Street) and Lincoln Square (down to 58th Street ), divided by 74th Street . Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the combined population of the Upper West Side was 193,867, a change of 1,674 (0.9%) from the 192,193 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 1,162.29 acres (470.36 ha),
10512-483: The United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions. It is available as a generic medication . Morphine is used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain . Its duration of analgesia is about three to seven hours. Side effects of nausea and constipation are rarely severe enough to warrant stopping treatment. It is used for pain due to myocardial infarction and for labor pains. However, concerns exist that morphine may increase mortality in
10658-835: The Upper West Side is in New York's 12th congressional district . It is in the New York State Senate 's 30th and 47th districts, the New York State Assembly 's 67th, 69th, and 75th districts, and the New York City Council 's 6th and 7th districts. The apartment buildings along Central Park West , facing the park, are some of the city's most opulent. The Dakota at 72nd Street has been home to numerous celebrities including John Lennon , Leonard Bernstein , and Lauren Bacall . Other buildings on CPW include four twin-towered structures:
10804-463: The White population. The entirety of Community District 7, which comprises the Upper West Side from 59th Street to 110th Street , had 214,744 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 84.7 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most residents are adults: a plurality (34%) are between
10950-400: The activation of a specific group of neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla , called the "morphine ensemble." This ensemble includes glutamatergic neurons that project to spinal cord, known as RVM neurons. These neurons connect to inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord, called SC neurons, which release the neurotransmitter GABA and the neuropeptide galanin . The inhibition of SC neurons
11096-628: The ages of 25–44, while 27% are between 45 and 64, and 18% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 15% and 5% respectively. As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 7 was $ 123,894. In 2018, an estimated 9% of Upper West Side residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty residents (5%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or
11242-481: The area south of 67th Street was heavily populated by African-Americans and supposedly gained its nickname of " San Juan Hill " in commemoration of African-American soldiers who were a major part of Theodore Roosevelt 's assault on Cuba 's San Juan Hill in the Spanish–American War . By 1960, it was a rough neighborhood of tenement housing, the demolition of which was delayed to allow for exterior shots in
11388-414: The area. The stately tall apartment blocks on West End Avenue and the townhouses on the streets between Amsterdam Avenue and Riverside Drive, which contribute to the character of the area, were all constructed during the pre-depression years of the twentieth century. A revolution in building techniques, the low cost of land relative to lower Manhattan, the arrival of the subway, and the popularization of
11534-415: The bones and muscles of the back and extremities occur, as do muscle spasms. At any point during this process, a suitable narcotic can be administered that will dramatically reverse the withdrawal symptoms. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 48 h and 96 h after the last dose and subside after about 8 to 12 days. Sudden discontinuation of morphine by heavily dependent users who are in poor health
11680-409: The boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000. The 24th Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 94.1% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 1 murder, 9 rapes, 150 robberies, 188 felony assaults, 180 burglaries, 526 grand larcenies, and 89 grand larcenies auto in 2022. Of
11826-578: The boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 211 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000. In 2019, the highest concentration of felony assaults and robberies in the Upper West Side was on Columbus Avenue between 100th Street and 104th Street (going through the Frederick Douglass Houses ), where there were 24 felony assaults and 15 robberies. The area around
11972-553: The chateaux of the Loire Valley . It was the first hospital in the United States dedicated specifically for the treatment of cancer, and the second in the world after the London Cancer Hospital. After outgrowing the original building and moving, it became what is today known as Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center . Around 1955, the hospital became Towers Nursing Home, and the building began its decline. It
12118-555: The city began straightening and grading the section of the Bloomingdale Road from Harsenville north, and it became known as "Western Boulevard" or "The Boulevard". It retained that name until the end of the century, when the name Broadway finally supplanted it. Development of the neighborhood lagged even while Central Park was being laid out in the 1860s and '70s, then was stymied by the Panic of 1873 . Things turned around with
12264-610: The city. By the 18th century it contained numerous farms and country residences of many of the city's well-off, a major parcel of which was the Apthorp Farm . The main artery of this area was the Bloomingdale Road, which began north of where Broadway and the Bowery Lane (now Fourth Avenue) join (at modern Union Square ) and wended its way northward up to about modern 116th Street in Morningside Heights, where
12410-580: The citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 83% of high school students in the Upper West Side graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%. The New York City Department of Education operates the following public elementary schools in the Upper West Side: The following public middle schools serves grades 6-8 unless otherwise indicated: The following public high schools serve grades 9-12 unless otherwise indicated: Morphine Morphine , formerly also called morphia ,
12556-448: The constipating effect. Opioids also may act on the gut indirectly through tonic gut spasms after inhibition of nitric oxide generation. This effect was shown in animals when a nitric oxide precursor, L-arginine , reversed morphine-induced changes in gut motility. Clinical studies consistently conclude that morphine, like other opioids, often causes hypogonadism and hormone imbalances in chronic users of both sexes. This side effect
12702-561: The cornerstone for the New York Cancer Hospital, the country's first to devote itself exclusively to the care of cancer patients. Designed by Charles C. Haight and completed in 1887, the first portion of the hospital, designated solely for women, was at the southwest corner of 106th and Central Park West. At the dedication, Grant's physician, Fordyce Barker, said that cancer was not due to misery, to poverty, or bad sanitary surroundings, or to ignorance or to bad habits, but
12848-462: The country's most famous physician. He had resigned as director of the first Woman's Hospital , which he had founded, when the hospital board forbade the admission of cervical cancer patients. In the summer of 1884, former President Ulysses S. Grant developed throat cancer. He lived in a brownstone at 3 East 66th Street , and his ensuing decline caught the attention of the nation. Considered incurable, as well as contagious and shameful, Grant's death
12994-470: The duration of its effect is 3–7 hours. Long-acting formulations of morphine are sold under the brand names MS Contin and Kadian , among others. Generic long-acting formulations are also available. Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness , euphoria , nausea , dizziness , sweating , and constipation . Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort , vomiting , and low blood pressure . Morphine
13140-427: The east of the aqueduct and Bloomingdale to the west. Bloomingdale, in the latter half of the 19th century, was the name of a village that occupied the area just south of 110th Street. Much of the riverfront of the Upper West Side was a shipping, transportation, and manufacturing corridor. The Hudson River Railroad line right-of-way was granted in the late 1830s to connect New York City to Albany, and soon ran along
13286-574: The effect is temporary. As of 2013 , the effect of low-dose or acute use of morphine on the endocrine system is unclear. Most reviews conclude that opioids produce minimal impairment of human performance on tests of sensory, motor, or attentional abilities. However, recent studies have been able to show some impairments caused by morphine, which is not surprising, given that morphine is a central nervous system depressant . Morphine has resulted in impaired functioning on critical flicker frequency (a measure of overall CNS arousal) and impaired performance on
13432-481: The eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the Upper West Side-to-be contained some of colonial New York's most ambitious houses, spaced along Bloomingdale Road. It became increasingly infilled with smaller, more suburban villas in the first half of the nineteenth century, and in the middle of the century, parts had become decidedly lower class. The name "Bloomingdale District" was used to refer to
13578-419: The enlarged, but short-lived Penn Central Railroad brought other proposals and prospective developers. The one generating the most opposition was Donald Trump 's "Television City" concept of 1985, which would have included a 152-story office tower and six 75-story residential buildings. In 1991, a coalition of civic organizations proposed a purely residential development of about half that size, and then reached
13724-431: The event of non ST elevation myocardial infarction . Morphine has also traditionally been used in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema . However, a 2006 review found little evidence to support this practice. A 2016 Cochrane review concluded that morphine is effective in relieving cancer pain . Morphine is beneficial in reducing the symptom of shortness of breath due to both cancer and non-cancer causes. In
13870-502: The film musical West Side Story . Thereafter, urban renewal brought the construction of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and Lincoln Towers apartments during 1962–1968. The Upper West Side is a significant Jewish neighborhood, populated with both German Jews who moved in at the turn of last century, and Jewish refugees escaping Hitler's Europe in the 1930s. Today the area between 85th Street and 100th Street
14016-406: The five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 24th Precinct had a rate of 414 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000. As of 2018 , Manhattan Community District 7 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 25 per 100,000 people, compared to
14162-406: The following year brought awareness of the disease. Although his cancer was inoperable, others were more fortunate, since the development of anesthesia in the mid-19th century had finally given doctors a surgical treatment for cancer. In the year of Grant's diagnosis, John Jacob Astor III , Elizabeth H. Cullum, John E. Parsons, Thomas A. Emmet, Joseph W. Drexel and other prominent New Yorkers laid
14308-566: The formerly expensive elevator made it possible to construct large apartment buildings for the middle classes. The large scale and style of these buildings is one reason why the neighborhood has remained largely unchanged into the twenty-first century. The neighborhood changed from the 1930s to the 1950s. In 1932, the IND Eighth Avenue Line opened under Central Park West. In 1940, the elevated IRT Ninth Avenue Line over Columbus Avenue closed. Immigrants from Eastern Europe and
14454-452: The growth of tolerance in the longer run, particularly agents known to have significantly incomplete cross-tolerance with morphine such as levorphanol , ketobemidone , piritramide , and methadone and its derivatives; all of these drugs also have NMDA antagonist properties. It is believed that the strong opioid with the most incomplete cross-tolerance with morphine is either methadone or dextromoramide . Morphine creates analgesia through
14600-413: The hazards of radium were beginning to emerge, sparking defensive claims by its proponents. She died in 1934, unsurprisingly due to radium poisoning. In retrospect, early radiation treatments were often worse than the disease they were meant to cure. Radiation caused severe burns and, in some cases, additional cancers. New York Cancer Hospital may have been hailed a success for its good intentions, but there
14746-409: The highest level. As commonly cited , they are: In advanced stages of withdrawal, ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis has been demonstrated in some patients and is presumably attributed to spasm of the pancreatic sphincter of Oddi . The withdrawal symptoms associated with morphine addiction are usually experienced shortly before the time of the next scheduled dose, sometimes within as early as
14892-470: The hospital building a historic landmark in 1976. The medical hospital, neglected, lay overgrown and vandalized for many decades. In the neighborhood the building become popularly known as "the castle" due to its gothic round towers. Through the years, many promising developers expressed interest in the decaying property. Among some of them were hotelier and real-estate developer Ian Schrager , best known as part owner of Studio 54 , whose attempt to renovate
15038-550: The immune system was to establish that the opiate receptors known to be expressed on cells of the central nervous system are also expressed on cells of the immune system. One study successfully showed that dendritic cells , part of the innate immune system, display opiate receptors. Dendritic cells are responsible for producing cytokines , which are the tools for communication in the immune system. This same study showed that dendritic cells chronically treated with morphine during their differentiation produce more interleukin-12 (IL-12),
15184-556: The immunoassay, which must be considered when comparing morphine levels in separately published results. Morphine can also be isolated from whole blood samples by solid phase extraction (SPE) and detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Ingestion of codeine or food containing poppy seeds can cause false positives. A 1999 review estimated that relatively low doses of heroin (which metabolizes immediately into morphine) are detectable by standard urine tests for 1–1.5 days after use. A 2009 review determined that, when
15330-521: The influence of morphine. Psychological withdrawal from morphine is usually a very long and painful process. Addicts often experience severe depression, anxiety, insomnia, mood swings, forgetfulness, low self-esteem , confusion , paranoia , and other psychological problems. Without intervention, the syndrome will run its course, and most of the overt physical symptoms will disappear within 7 to 10 days including psychological dependence. A high probability of relapse exists after morphine withdrawal when neither
15476-530: The intersection of 72nd Street and Broadway also had 14 robberies in 2019. The Upper West Side is served by multiple New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations: As of 2018 , preterm births and births to teenage mothers in the Upper West Side are lower than the city average. In the Upper West Side, there were 78 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 7.1 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). The Upper West Side has
15622-581: The introduction of the Ninth Avenue elevated in the 1870s along Ninth Avenue (renamed Columbus Avenue in 1890), and with Columbia University 's relocation to Morningside Heights in the 1890s, using lands once held by the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum . Riverside Park was conceived in 1866 and formally approved by the state legislature through the efforts of city parks commissioner Andrew Haswell Green . The first segment of park
15768-558: The landmark into luxury apartments failed. The old hospital lay abandoned for nearly three decades until March 2000, when the Chicago-based developer MCL Companies became involved. With generous financing, Daniel E. McLean, president and chief executive of the MCL Companies bought the property for $ 21 million and began construction. But like numerous predecessors he was forced to halt the work due to financial holdups following
15914-637: The last twenty years. Most use for this purpose was in the developed world . About 70% of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone , oxymorphone , and heroin . It is a Schedule II drug in the United States, Class A in the United Kingdom, and Schedule I in Canada. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . In 2022, it was the 139th most commonly prescribed medication in
16060-402: The manufacture of semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids like oxycodone and etorphine . P. bracteatum does not contain morphine or codeine , or other narcotic phenanthrene -type, alkaloids. This species is rather a source of thebaine . Occurrence of morphine in other Papaverales and Papaveraceae , as well as in some species of hops and mulberry trees has not been confirmed. Morphine
16206-469: The most important pieces of institutional architecture in New York even until today. It is widely said it would much more readily be taken for an art museum than for a hospital. During the hospital's inauguration, treatment for cancer was mostly palliative . The hospital offered what was considered the best treatments available for that time. Cancer treatment then meant, at best, easing pain and making
16352-416: The neighborhood had a population density of 166.8 inhabitants per acre (106,800/sq mi; 41,200/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 69.5% (134,735) White , 7.1% (13,856) African American , 0.1% (194) Native American , 7.6% (14,804) Asian , 0% (48) Pacific Islander , 0.3% (620) from other races , and 2% (3,828) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.3% (25,782) of
16498-500: The neighborhood ranged from the former village of Harsenville, centered on the old Bloomingdale Road (now Broadway) and 65th Street , west to the railroad yards along the Hudson, then north to 110th Street, where the ground rises to Morningside Heights. With the construction of Lincoln Center , its name, though perhaps not the reality, was stretched south to 58th Street. With the arrival of the corporate headquarters and expensive condos of
16644-474: The new hospital, one of its primary benefactors, Elizabeth Hamilton Cullum, succumbed to uterine cancer. Coincidentally, John Jacob Astor's wife, Charlotte Augusta Astor also died of uterine cancer just a week shy of the hospital's grand opening in December 1887, missing her chance to be presumably cured. Due in part to his generous financial contributions to the facility, the New York Cancer Hospital's first wing
16790-484: The new tower have splendid views overlooking Central Park. Tenants enjoy such amenities as a spa, indoor pool, and 24-hour concierge service. The building was, even then, reputed to be haunted. Upper West Side The Upper West Side ( UWS ) is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City . It is bounded by Central Park on the east, the Hudson River on the west, West 59th Street to
16936-404: The number of cytokines found around the wound in a dose-dependent manner. The authors suggest that morphine administration in the acute post-injury period may reduce resistance to infection and may impair the healing of the wound. Morphine can be taken orally , sublingually , bucally , rectally , subcutaneously , intranasally , intravenously , intrathecally or epidurally and inhaled via
17082-421: The p38 within the dendritic cell expresses TLR 4 (toll-like receptor 4), which is activated through the ligand LPS ( lipopolysaccharide ). This causes the p38 MAPK to be phosphorylated . This phosphorylation activates the p38 MAPK to begin producing IL-10 and IL-12. When the dendritic cells are chronically exposed to morphine during their differentiation process then treated with LPS, the production of cytokines
17228-517: The percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 40% in the Upper West Side, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Community District 7 is not considered to be gentrifying : according to the Community Health Profile, the district was not low-income in 1990. The Upper West Side is part of Manhattan Community District 7 . Politically,
17374-399: The person does not receive medical attention immediately. Overdose treatment includes the administration of naloxone . The latter completely reverses morphine's effects, but may result in immediate onset of withdrawal in opiate-addicted subjects. Multiple doses may be needed as the duration of action of morphine is longer than that of naloxone. Due to its long history and established use as
17520-404: The physical environment nor the behavioral motivators that contributed to the abuse have been altered. Testimony to morphine's addictive and reinforcing nature is its relapse rate. Abusers of morphine have one of the highest relapse rates among all drug users, ranging up to 98% in the estimation of some medical experts. A large overdose can cause asphyxia and death by respiratory depression if
17666-437: The physiological and subjective effects of heroin and morphine in individuals formerly addicted to opiates, subjects showed no preference for one drug over the other. Equipotent, injected doses had comparable action courses, with heroin crossing the blood–brain barrier slightly quicker. No difference in subjects' self-rated feelings of euphoria , ambition, nervousness, relaxation, or drowsiness. Short-term addiction studies by
17812-565: The population. The racial composition of the Upper West Side changed moderately from 2000 to 2010, with the greatest changes being the increase in the Asian population by 38% (4,100), the decrease in the Black population by 15% (2,435), and the increase in the Hispanic / Latino population by 8% (2,147). The White population remained the majority, experiencing a slight increase of 2% (2,098), while
17958-451: The prototypical opioid withdrawal syndrome, which, unlike that of barbiturates , benzodiazepines , alcohol , or sedative -hypnotics, is not fatal by itself in otherwise healthy people. Acute morphine withdrawal, along with that of any other opioid, proceeds through a number of stages. Other opioids differ in the intensity and length of each, and weak opioids and mixed agonist-antagonists may have acute withdrawal syndromes that do not reach
18104-440: The receptor conformation), functional decoupling of receptors from G-proteins (leading to receptor desensitization), μ-opioid receptor internalization or receptor down-regulation (reducing the number of available receptors for morphine to act on), and upregulation of the cAMP pathway (a counterregulatory mechanism to opioid effects) (For a review of these processes, see Koch and Hollt ). Cessation of dosing with morphine creates
18250-748: The river itself. 1868 saw the opening of the now demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line – the city's first elevated railway – which opened in the decade following the American Civil War . The Upper West Side experienced a building boom from 1885 to 1910, thanks in large part to the 1904 opening of the city's first subway line , which comprised, in part, what is now a portion of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line , with subway stations at 59th , 66th , 72nd , 79th , 86th , 91st , 96th , 103rd , 110th , 116th , and 125th Streets. This further stimulated residential development of
18396-499: The riverbank. One major non-industrial development, the creation of Central Park in the 1850s and '60s, caused many squatters to move their shacks into the Upper West Side. Parts of the neighborhood became a ragtag collection of squatters' housing, boarding houses, and rowdy taverns. As this development occurred, the old name of Bloomingdale Road was being chopped away and the name Broadway was progressively applied further northward to include what had been lower Bloomingdale Road. In 1868,
18542-557: The road further north was known as the Kingsbridge Road. Within the confines of the modern-day Upper West Side, the road passed through areas known as Harsenville, Strycker's Bay, and Bloomingdale Village. With the building of the Croton Aqueduct passing down the area between present day Amsterdam Avenue and Columbus Avenue in 1838–42, the northern reaches of the district became divided into Manhattan Valley to
18688-588: The same researchers demonstrated that tolerance developed at a similar rate to both heroin and morphine. When compared to the opioids hydromorphone , fentanyl , oxycodone , and pethidine , former addicts showed a strong preference for heroin and morphine, suggesting that heroin and morphine are particularly susceptible to abuse and addiction. Morphine and heroin also produced higher rates of euphoria and other positive subjective effects when compared to these other opioids. The choice of heroin and morphine over other opioids by former drug addicts may also be because heroin
18834-683: The setting of breathlessness at rest or on minimal exertion from conditions such as advanced cancer or end-stage cardiorespiratory diseases, regular, low-dose sustained-release morphine significantly reduces breathlessness safely, with its benefits maintained over time. Morphine is also available as a slow-release formulation for opiate substitution therapy (OST) in Austria, Germany, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Canada for persons with opioid addiction who cannot tolerate either methadone or buprenorphine . Relative contraindications to morphine include: Like loperamide and other opioids, morphine acts on
18980-589: The small population of all other races experienced a negligible increase of 1% (58). Taking into account the two census tabulation areas, the overall decreases in the Black and Hispanic / Latino populations were concentrated in the Upper West Side area, with the Hispanic / Latino population actually increasing by a smaller margin in Lincoln Square. On the other hand, the increases in the White and Asian populations were mostly in Lincoln Center, especially
19126-535: The south end. The Upper West Side is part of Manhattan Community District 7 , and its primary ZIP Codes are 10023, 10024, 10025, and 10069. It is patrolled by the 20th and 24th Precincts of the New York City Police Department . The Upper West Side is bounded on the south by 59th Street , Central Park to the east, the Hudson River to the west, and 110th Street to the north. The area north of West 96th Street and east of Broadway
19272-495: The south, and West 110th Street to the north. The Upper West Side is adjacent to the neighborhoods of Hell's Kitchen to the south, Columbus Circle to the southeast, and Morningside Heights to the north. Like the Upper East Side opposite Central Park, the Upper West Side is an affluent, primarily residential area with many of its residents working in commercial areas of Midtown and Lower Manhattan . Similarly to
19418-524: The spine of the neighborhood and runs diagonally north–south across the other avenues at the south end of the neighborhood; above 78th Street Broadway runs north parallel to the other avenues. Broadway enters the neighborhood at its juncture with Central Park West at Columbus Circle (59th Street), crosses Columbus Avenue at Lincoln Square (65th Street), Amsterdam Avenue at Verdi Square (71st Street), and then merges with West End Avenue at Straus Park (aka Bloomingdale Square, at 107th Street). Traditionally
19564-525: The sufferer as comfortable as possible. Many patients came to the New York Cancer Hospital, in effect, to die, assuaged by morphine . Other forms of relief included carriage rides in Central Park and Sunday services in the hospital's Chapel of St. Elizabeth of Hungary , patron saint of the suffering. From its beginnings, the NYCH seemed fraught with misfortune. Just months after laying the cornerstone to
19710-476: The syndrome progresses. Severe depression and vomiting are very common. During the acute withdrawal period, systolic and diastolic blood pressures increase, usually beyond premorphine levels, and heart rate increases, which have potential to cause a heart attack, blood clot, or stroke. Chills or cold flashes with goose bumps alternating with flushing (hot flashes), kicking movements of the legs, and excessive sweating are also characteristic symptoms. Severe pains in
19856-440: The wards. This design was considered the very latest in 19th-century ventilation technology: The New York Times commented in 1888 that "altogether, the[se] features marked a new departure in hospital construction and make this admirable structure a model of its kind." The 20th century brought new techniques in cancer treatment, including radiation therapy . In 1921, Marie Curie visited the New York Cancer Hospital, by then renamed
20002-415: The σ receptor in the actions of morphine. The effects of morphine can be countered with opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone ; the development of tolerance to morphine may be inhibited by NMDA receptor antagonists such as ketamine , dextromethorphan , and memantine . The rotation of morphine with chemically dissimilar opioids in the long-term treatment of pain will slow down
20148-463: Was Anglicized to "Bloomingdale" or "the Bloomingdale District", covering the west side of Manhattan from about 23rd Street up to the Hollow Way (modern 125th Street ). It consisted of farms and villages along a road (regularized in 1703) known as the Bloomingdale Road. Bloomingdale Road was renamed The Boulevard in 1868, as the farms and villages were divided into building lots and absorbed into
20294-606: Was acquired through condemnation in 1872, and construction soon began following a design created by the firm of Frederick Law Olmsted , who also designed the adjacent, gracefully curving Riverside Drive . In 1937, under the administration of commissioner Robert Moses , 132 acres (0.53 km ) of land were added to the park, primarily by creating a promenade that covered the tracks of the Hudson River Railroad. Moses, working with landscape architect Gilmore D. Clarke also added playgrounds, and distinctive stonework and
20440-407: Was appropriately dedicated the "Astor Pavilion". Inspired as much by modern medical theory as by 16th-century French châteaux, the architect Charles Haight's round towers were designed to deter germs and dirt from accumulating in sharp corners, which at the time was considered a harboring ground for disease. An air shaft ran vertically through the center of each tower to prevent air from stagnating in
20586-552: Was designated a New York City landmark in 1976, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and was converted into luxury condominium apartments in 2001–2005 designed by Perkins Eastman Architects. Although he died before it opened, J. Marion Sims was much involved in the founding of the hospital. Sims had been president of the American Medical Association and was arguably
20732-468: Was no end to the suffering of those within. Plagued by the growing death rate, the NYCH had its own crematorium located in the basement of the facility, all the more dreadful by the vision, through its gothic windows, of the tall smokestack to the west of the main building. Largely because cancer remained so deadly, the hospital soon ran into financial troubles. It came to be known as "the Bastille,"
20878-669: Was officially designated Bloomingdale Square in 1907. The neighborhood also includes the Bloomingdale School of Music and Bloomingdale neighborhood branch of the New York Public Library . Adjacent to the Bloomingdale neighborhood is a more diverse and less affluent subsection of the Upper West Side called Manhattan Valley , focused on the downslope of Columbus Avenue and Manhattan Avenue from about 96th Street up to 110th Street. For census purposes,
21024-689: Was reported, but the process would need to be 100,000 times more productive to be suitable for commercial use. Elements of the morphine structure have been used to create completely synthetic drugs such as the morphinan family ( levorphanol , dextromethorphan and others) and other groups that have many members with morphine-like qualities. The modification of morphine and the aforementioned synthetics has also given rise to non-narcotic drugs with other uses such as emetics, stimulants, antitussives, anticholinergics, muscle relaxants, local anaesthetics, general anaesthetics, and others. Morphine-derived agonist–antagonist drugs have also been developed. Morphine
21170-586: Was the spine for major post-World War II urban renewal. Broadway is lined with such architecturally notable apartment buildings as The Ansonia , The Apthorp , The Belnord , the Astor Court Building , and The Cornwall , which features an Art Nouveau cornice. Newly constructed 15 Central Park West and 535 West End Avenue are among some of the prestigious residential addresses in Manhattan. Both Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue from 67th Street up to 110th Street are lined with restaurants and bars, as
21316-443: Was turned into a facility called Towers Nursing Home. The nursing home later became infamous for its negligence and lack of standards. The elderly patients testified to "atrocious conditions," including inadequate heat, pest infestations, physical abuse and negligence. The patients weren't the only ones being neglected either. The old facilities were unkempt, filthy, and a "pungent odor" filled the air. The once immaculate building became
#559440