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145-709: The work featured in Five Architects was originally developed in a series of meetings held by the Committee of Architects for the Study of the Environment (CASE) at the Museum of Modern Art . The director of MoMA's Department of Architecture and Design, Arthur Drexler , invited a group of architects to present photographs of recent built projects to a panel of critics. Another meeting followed in 1971. Drexler edited

290-648: A Long Island Sound bridge from Rye, New York , to Oyster Bay, New York , in 1973 due to environmental opposition. In the area of public assistance the Rockefeller administration carried out the largest state medical care program for the needy in the United States under Medicaid ; achieved the first major decline in New York State's welfare rolls since World War II; required employable welfare recipients to take available jobs or job training; began

435-727: A 17,000 sq ft (1,600 m ) lot at 53 West 53rd Street west of its existing building, sold it to developer Gerald D. Hines for $ 125 million in January 2007. Hines planned to build a skyscraper called Tower Verre on the site. Work on the tower was delayed because of a lack of funding following the Great Recession . In 2010, MoMA completed its merger with the P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center in Long Island City, New York , formally renaming it as MoMA PS1 . In 2011, MoMA acquired an adjacent building that housed

580-453: A bill in 1965 to abolish the death penalty except in cases involving the murder of police officers. Rockefeller was also a supporter of the " law and order " platform. On September 9, 1971, prisoners at the state penitentiary at Attica, New York, took control of a cell block and seized thirty-nine correctional officers as hostages. After four days of negotiations, Department of Correctional Services Commissioner Russell Oswald agreed to most of

725-694: A capacity audience on April 23, 1974), various TV commercials, and Chris Cunningham 's music video for Björk 's All Is Full of Love . The MoMA library is located in Midtown Manhattan, with offsite storage in Long Island City, Queens. The noncirculating collection documents modern and contemporary art, including painting, sculpture, prints, photography, film, performance, and architecture from 1880–present. The collection includes 300,000 books, 1,000 periodicals, and 40,000 files about artists and artistic groups. Over 11,000 artist books are in

870-515: A casual, snapshot-like look and subject matter so apparently ordinary that it was hard to categorize". Under Szarkowski, it focused on a more traditionally modernist approach to the medium, one that emphasized documentary images and orthodox darkroom techniques. Peter Galassi (curator 1991–2011) worked under his predecessor, whereas Quentin Bajac (curator 2013–2018) was hired from the outside. The current David Dechman Senior Curator of Photography

1015-705: A grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller , he was a noted art collector and served as an administrator of the Rockefeller Center in New York City. Rockefeller was often considered to be liberal, progressive, or moderate. In an agreement that was termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue , he persuaded Richard Nixon to alter the Republican Party platform just before the 1960 Republican National Convention . In his time, liberals in

1160-410: A major fire in 1958, which destroyed a painting by Claude Monet and led to the evacuation of other artworks. The museum's architectural evolution also continued, with a redesign of the sculpture garden by Philip Johnson and relocation to its current home designed by Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durell Stone , which opened in 1939. In later decades, the controversial decision to withdraw funding from

1305-560: A new annex designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro, and in the existing building, as well as expanded lobbies. In June 2017, the first phase of the $ 450 million expansion was completed. Spread over three floors of the art mecca off Fifth Avenue are 15,000 square-feet (about 1,400 m ) of reconfigured galleries, a new, second gift shop, a redesigned cafe and espresso bar, and facing the sculpture garden, two lounges graced with black marble quarried in France. The museum expansion project increased

1450-740: A number of family-related businesses, including Chase National Bank ; Rockefeller Center , Inc., joining the board of directors in 1931, serving as president, 1938–1945 and 1948–1951, and as chairman, 1945–1953 and 1956–1958; and Creole Petroleum Corporation , the Venezuelan subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey , 1935–1940. Rockefeller served as a member of the Westchester County Board of Health from 1933 to 1953. His service with Creole Petroleum led to his deep, lifelong interest in Latin America and he became fluent in

1595-424: A personally funded part-time consultant, principally on foreign policy issues, until the appointment to his staff became full-time in late 1968. In 1969, when Kissinger entered Richard Nixon 's administration, Rockefeller paid him $ 50,000 as a severance payment. Rockefeller resigned from the federal government in 1956 to focus on New York State and on national politics. From September 1956 to April 1958, he chaired

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1740-453: A program of voluntary rehabilitation for addicted convicts rather than prison time. This was approved by the legislature but by 1966 it was evident that this program was not working, as most addicts chose short prison terms rather than three years of treatment. Rockefeller then turned to a program of compulsory treatment, rehabilitation, and aftercare for three years. While this program saw success in rehabilitating addicts, it did little to reduce

1885-655: A proposal called "open skies" wherein the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) would exchange blueprints of military installations and agree to mutual aerial reconnaissance. Thus, military buildups would be revealed, and the danger of surprise attacks minimized. It was a counter proposal to the Soviet proposal of universal disarmament. The feeling was that the Soviets could not refuse the proposal if they were serious about disarmament. In March 1955, Rockefeller proposed

2030-417: A retrospective of Pablo Picasso 's works organized in 1939–40 and the "Indian Art of the United States" exhibition in 1941. Abby Rockefeller's son, Nelson , became the museum's president in 1939, playing a key role in its expansion and publicity. His brother, David Rockefeller , joined the board in 1948 and continued the family's close association with the museum. Significant events during this period included

2175-402: A significant renovation, nearly doubled MoMA's space for exhibitions and programs. The 2000s saw the formal merger with the P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center , and in 2019, another major renovation added significant gallery space. In 2022, MoMA was the 17th most-visited art museum in the world and the 4th most-visited museum in the United States. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th-century to

2320-573: A study to assess the state of Latin America. Nixon appointed Rockefeller to direct the study. The poor relationship between the two politicians suggested that Nixon would not be that interested in the results of the study. There was a lack of interest for the region in the late 1960s to early 1970s. In April and May 1969, at the request of President Nixon, Rockefeller and a team of 23 advisors visited 20 American republics during four trips to solicit opinions of their inter-American policies and to determine

2465-553: A two-stage trial for murder cases with punishment determined in the second stage. Rockefeller was a supporter of capital punishment and oversaw 14 executions by electrocution as governor. The last execution, that of Eddie Mays in 1963, remains to date the last execution in New York and was the last execution before Furman v. Georgia in the Northeast. Despite his personal support for capital punishment, Rockefeller signed

2610-607: A volume of work by five of these architects, published in 1972 by Wittenborn & Company and reprinted by Oxford University Press in 1975. Five Architects featured a preface by Drexler and critical essays by Colin Rowe and Kenneth Frampton . Later editions included a postscript by Philip Johnson . The name "Whites" was used to refer to the group in the architectural press by 1973. Michael Graves later stated that he did not know who originally coined "the Whites," but Philip Johnson

2755-631: A week-long meeting of experts from various disciplines to assess the United States position in the psychological aspects of the Cold War and develop proposals that could give the United States the initiative at the upcoming Summit Conference in Geneva . The meeting was held at the Marine Corps school at Quantico, Virginia , and became known as the Quantico Study. The Quantico panel developed

2900-463: Is Roxana Marcoci, PhD. In 1932, museum founding director Alfred Barr stressed the importance of introducing "the only great art form peculiar to the 20th century" to "the American public which should appreciate good films and support them". Museum Trustee and film producer John Hay Whitney became the first chairman of the museum's Film Library from 1935 to 1951. The collection Whitney assembled with

3045-530: Is organized around six curatorial departments: Architecture and Design, Drawings and Prints, Film, Media and Performance, Painting and Sculpture, and Photography. The MoMA's holdings include more than 150,000 individual pieces in addition to roughly 22,000 films and 4 million film stills. (Access to the collection of film stills ended in 2002, and the collection is stored in a vault in Hamlin, Pennsylvania . ). The collection houses such important and familiar works as

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3190-479: Is regarded as one of the most important in the world. The Department of Photography was founded by Beaumont Newhall in 1940 and developed a world-renowned art photography collection under Edward Steichen (curator 1947–1961). Steichen's most notable and lasting exhibit, named The Family of Man , was seen by 9 million people. In 2003, the Family of Man photographic collection was added to UNESCO 's Memory of

3335-836: Is to help expand the collection and display of work by women, Latinos, Blacks, Asians, and other marginalized communities. In connection with the renovation, MoMA shifted its approach to presenting its holdings, moving away from separating the collection by disciplines such as painting, design, and works on paper toward an integrated chronological presentation that encompasses all areas of the collection. The Museum of Modern Art closed for another round of major renovations from June to October 2019. Upon reopening on October 21, 2019, MoMA added 47,000 square feet (4,400 m ) of gallery space, bringing its total floor area to 708,000 square feet (65,800 m ). The MoMA occasionally has sponsored and hosted temporary exhibition houses, which have reflected seminal ideas in architectural history. The MoMA

3480-470: The 1960 Republican Party presidential primaries ended early when then-Vice President Richard Nixon surged ahead in the polls. After quitting the campaign, Rockefeller backed Nixon and concentrated his efforts on introducing more moderate planks into Nixon's platform, partially succeeding in the Treaty of Fifth Avenue . Rockefeller, as the leader of the Republicans' Eastern Establishment , began as

3625-518: The 25th Amendment , following Ford himself. Rockefeller did not seek a full term on the 1976 Republican ticket with Ford. He retired from politics in 1977 and died two years later. As a businessman, Rockefeller was president and later chair of Rockefeller Center, Inc., and he formed the International Basic Economy Corporation in 1947. Rockefeller assembled a significant art collection and promoted public access to

3770-644: The American Folk Art Museum on West 53rd Street. The building had been completed in 2001 to designs by Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects and was sold in connection with a financial restructuring of the Folk Art Museum. In January 2014, MoMA decided to raze the American Folk Art Museum, which was between MoMA's existing structure and the proposed tower at 53 West 53rd Street. The architectural community protested

3915-495: The Commission on Critical Choices for Americans . Rockefeller supported reform of New York's abortion laws beginning around 1968. The proposals supported by his administration would not have repealed the long-standing prohibition but would have expanded the exceptions allowed for the protection of the mother's health, or in circumstances of fetal abnormality . The reform bills did not pass; however, when an outright repeal of

4060-472: The Democratic Party ticket in 1968 but the latter refused to switch parties. Upon President Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, Vice President Gerald Ford assumed the presidency. On August 20, Ford nominated Rockefeller to be the next vice president of the United States . In considering potential nominees, Rockefeller was one of three primary candidates. The other two were Donald Rumsfeld ,

4205-593: The Eameses , Betty Cooke , Isamu Noguchi , and George Nelson . The design collection contains many industrial and manufactured pieces, ranging from a self-aligning ball bearing to an entire Bell 47D1 helicopter . In 2012, the department acquired a selection of 14 video games , the basis of an intended collection of 40 that is to range from Pac-Man (1980) to Minecraft (2011). Nelson Rockefeller Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979), sometimes referred to by his nickname Rocky ,

4350-554: The Lincoln School in Manhattan, an experimental school administered by Teachers College of Columbia University and funded by the Rockefeller family. Nelson was known to disappear on the way to school and was once found exploring the city's sewer system. As a child, he was the "indisputable leader" of his brothers, becoming particularly close to Laurance. Although his parents saw potential for Nelson to succeed in life, he

4495-663: The My Lai Massacre . The MoMA had promised to fund and circulate the poster, but after seeing the 2-by-3-foot (0.61 m × 0.91 m) poster, MoMA pulled financing for the project at the last minute. MoMA's board of trustees included Nelson Rockefeller and William S. Paley (head of CBS), who reportedly "hit the ceiling" on seeing the proofs of the poster. The poster was included shortly thereafter in MoMA's Information exhibition of July 2 to September 20, 1970, curated by Kynaston McShine. In 1971, after protests outside

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4640-760: The New Hampshire primary in March, behind write-in Henry Cabot Lodge II (from neighboring Massachusetts) and Goldwater. He then endured poor showings in several more of the party primaries before winning an upset in Oregon in May. Rockefeller took a strong lead in the California primary, and his team seemed so assured of his victory that it cut advertising funds in the last days of his campaign; however,

4785-513: The New York State Parks system and improvement of park facilities. He persuaded voters to approve three major bond acts to raise more than $ 300 million for acquisition of park and forest preserve land, and he built or started 55 new state parks. Rockefeller initiated studies of environmental issues, such as loss of agricultural land through development—an issue now characterized as " sprawl ". In September 1968, Rockefeller appointed

4930-637: The Office of Parks and Recreation . During his 15 years as governor, Rockefeller doubled the size of the state police, established the New York State Police Academy, adopted the " stop and frisk " and " no-knock " laws to strengthen police powers, and authorized 228 additional state judgeships to reduce court congestion. New York was the last state to have a mandatory death penalty for premeditated first degree murder. In 1963, Rockefeller signed legislation abandoning that and establishing

5075-631: The Rockefeller Guest House at 242 East 52nd Street was completed in 1950, some MoMA functions were held in the house until 1964. In 1937, MoMA had shifted to offices and basement galleries in the Time-Life Building in Rockefeller Center . Its permanent and current home, now renovated, designed in the International Style by the modernist architects Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durell Stone , opened to

5220-608: The United States Congress . Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1908, in Bar Harbor, Maine . Named Nelson Aldrich after his maternal grandfather Nelson W. Aldrich , he was the second son and third child of financier and philanthropist John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and philanthropist and socialite Abigail "Abby" Aldrich . He had two older siblings— Abby and John III —as well as three younger brothers: Laurance , Winthrop , and David . Their father, John Jr.,

5365-623: The 4th most-visited museum in the United States , and the third most-visited U.S. art museum. This attendance was 89 percent higher than in 2021, but still well below the pre-COVID attendance in 2019. The idea for the Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller , wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr. , and two of her friends, Lillie P. Bliss and Mary Quinn Sullivan . They became known variously as "the Ladies" or "the adamantine ladies". They rented modest quarters for

5510-691: The Eastern Establishment. 'You are looking at it, buddy,' Rockefeller told Spencer, 'I am all that is left. ' " Although Rockefeller exaggerated, the collapse of his wing of the party was underway. At the Republican National Convention in San Francisco in July, Rockefeller was given five minutes to speak before the convention in defense of five amendments to the party platform put forth by the moderate wing of

5655-712: The Empire State Plaza, in 1966 Rockefeller proposed the construction of the Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building in Harlem. The building was ultimately completed in 1973. While in office he supported the construction of the World Trade Center . Rockefeller achieved virtual total prohibition of discrimination in housing and places of public accommodation. He outlawed job discrimination based on sex or age; increased by nearly 50%

5800-761: The German Film (1947), traces the birth of Nazism from the cinema of the Weimar Republic and helped lay the foundation of modern film criticism . Under the Museum of Modern Art Department of Film , the film collection includes more than 25,000 titles and ranks as one of the world's finest museum archives of international film art. The department owns prints of many familiar feature-length movies, including Citizen Kane and Vertigo , but its holdings also contains many less-traditional pieces, including Andy Warhol 's eight-hour Empire , Fred Halsted 's gay pornographic L.A. Plays Itself (screened before

5945-652: The Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace in 1945. The conference produced the Act of Chapultepec , which provided the framework for economic, social and defense cooperation among the nations of the Americas and set the principle that an attack on one of these nations would be regarded as an attack on all and jointly resisted. Rockefeller signed the Act on behalf of the United States. Rockefeller

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6090-582: The MoMA was at the center of a controversy over its decision to withdraw funding from the iconic antiwar poster And Babies . In 1969, the Art Workers Coalition , a group of New York City artists who opposed the Vietnam War , in collaboration with Museum of Modern Art members Arthur Drexler and Elizabeth Shaw, created an iconic protest poster called And babies . The poster uses an image by photojournalist Ronald L. Haeberle and references

6235-588: The National Commission on Water Quality. The commission was charged with determining the technological, economic, social and environmental implications of meeting water quality standards mandated by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. The commission issued its report in March 1976 and he testified before Congress on its findings. On February 17, 1969, President Nixon commissioned

6380-606: The President's Advisory Committee on Government Organization to recommend ways of improving efficiency and effectiveness of the executive branch of the federal government. Rockefeller recommended thirteen reorganization plans, all of which were implemented. The plans implemented organizational changes in the Department of Defense, the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Department of Agriculture. His recommendations also led to

6525-525: The Republican presidential nomination in 1960 , 1964 , and 1968 , Rockefeller was appointed vice president of the United States under President Gerald Ford , who was appointed Vice President by President Nixon after the resignation of Spiro Agnew , and who ascended to the presidency following Nixon's resignation in August 1974. Rockefeller was the second vice president appointed to the position under

6670-484: The Republican Party , and to counter the Goldwater plank. He was booed and heckled for sixteen minutes while he stood firmly at the podium insisting on his right to speak. Goldwater supporters claimed that the booing was from not the convention floor but the gallery. Rockefeller was reluctant to support Goldwater in the general election. Rockefeller's stump speeches often used the phrase "the brotherhood of man, under

6815-751: The Republican Party were called " Rockefeller Republicans ". As governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, Rockefeller's achievements included the expansion of the State University of New York (SUNY), efforts to protect the environment, the construction of the Empire State Plaza in Albany , increased facilities and personnel for medical care, and the creation of the New York State Council on the Arts . After unsuccessfully seeking

6960-509: The Republican convention, Rockefeller finally let it be known that he was available to be the nominee, and he sought to round up uncommitted delegates and woo reluctant Nixon delegates to his banner, armed with public opinion polls that showed him doing better among voters than either Nixon or Reagan against Democrat Hubert Humphrey . Despite Rockefeller's efforts, Nixon won the nomination on the first ballot. Humphrey revealed in 1976 that he tried to convince Rockefeller to be his running mate in

7105-545: The Rockefeller administration had completed or started over 88,000 units of housing for limited income families and the aging. Rockefeller worked with the legislature and unions to create generous pension programs for many public workers, such as teachers, professors, firefighters, police officers, and prison guards. He proposed the first statewide minimum wage law in the country; it was increased five times during his administration. Additional accomplishments of Rockefeller's fifteen years as governor of New York include initiating

7250-611: The Spanish language. In 1940, after he expressed his concern to President Franklin D. Roosevelt over Nazi influence in Latin America, the President appointed Rockfeller to the new position of Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA) in the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (OCIAA). Rockefeller was charged with overseeing a program of U.S. cooperation with the nations of Latin America to help raise

7395-769: The Special Studies Project he led 15 years earlier. It was made up of a nationally representative, bipartisan group of 42 prominent Americans drawn from far-ranging fields of interest who served on a voluntary basis. Members included the majority and minority leaders of both houses of Congress. Rockefeller resigned as New York's governor in December 1973 in order to devote himself full-time to the commission's work as its chairman. He continued in that position after being sworn in as vice president, serving until February 28, 1975. Consistent with his personal interest in design and planning, Rockefeller began expansion of

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7540-762: The Temporary State Commission on the Constitutional Convention. That was followed by his chairmanship of the Special Legislative Committee on the Revision and Simplification of the Constitution. In the 1958 New York state election , he was elected governor of New York by over 570,000 votes, defeating incumbent W. Averell Harriman , even though 1958 was a banner year for Democrats elsewhere in

7685-473: The Temporary Study Commission on the Future of the Adirondacks . This led to his introduction to the Legislature in 1971 of a bill to create the controversial Adirondack Park Agency , which was designed to protect the Adirondack State Park from encroaching development. He also launched the Pure Waters Program, the first state bond issue to end water pollution; created the Department of Environmental Conservation; banned DDT and other pesticides ; and established

7830-410: The U.S. Constitution. He outlawed " block-busting " as a means of artificially depressing housing values and banned discrimination in the sale of all forms of insurance. In 1973, Rockefeller worked with former Delaware Governor Russell W. Peterson to establish the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans . The commission was a private study project on national and international policy similar to

7975-545: The U.S. State Department, establishing the Junior Chamber International after its first Inter-American Congress in December 1944 at Mexico City. After coming back from the Inter-American Congress, Rockefeller convinced his father, John D. Rockefeller Jr., to donate the land to the city of New York to build the foundations of what would later become the United Nations Headquarters. In 1944, President Roosevelt appointed Rockefeller Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs. As assistant secretary of state, he initiated

8120-759: The Undersecretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the director of the Foreign Operations Administration, and the Central Intelligence Agency director. The OCB's purpose was to oversee coordinated execution of security policy and plans, including clandestine operations. Rockefeller broadly interpreted his directive and became an advocate for foreign economic aid as indispensable to national security. Most of Rockefeller's initiatives were blocked by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his Under Secretary, Herbert Hoover Jr. , both traditionalists who resented what they perceived as outside interference from Rockefeller, and by Treasury Secretary George M. Humphrey for financial reasons. In June 1955, Rockefeller convened

8265-441: The World Register in recognition of its historical value. Steichen's hand-picked successor, John Szarkowski (curator 1962–1991), guided the department with several notable exhibitions, including 1967s New Documents that presented photographs by Diane Arbus , Lee Friedlander , and Garry Winogrand and is said to have "represented a shift in emphasis" and "identified a new direction in photography: pictures that seemed to have

8410-481: The adjacent Museum Tower, and mechanical spaces and equipment within the tower were added or relocated. MoMA reopened on November 20, 2004. The renovation received mixed reception. John Updike wrote in The New Yorker that the new structure "has the enchantment of a bank after hours, of a honeycomb emptied of honey and flooded with a soft glow", while Roberta Smith of The New York Times said MoMA had an "overly refined building, whose poor layout shortchanges

8555-419: The administration and broaden the ticket's appeal if they ran in 1976, given Rockefeller's ability to attract support from constituencies that did not typically support Republicans, including organized labor, African Americans, Hispanics, and city dwellers. Ford also felt he could demonstrate his own self-confidence by selecting a strong personality like Rockefeller for the number two spot. Although he had said he

8700-417: The administration of the largest methadone maintenance program in the United States. Rockefeller was the driving force in turning the State University of New York (SUNY) into the largest system of public higher education in the United States. Under his governorship it grew from 29 campuses and 38,000 full-time students to 72 campuses and 232,000 full-time students. Rockefeller championed the acquisition of

8845-402: The antiwar poster " And Babies " in 1969, and the subsequent protests, highlighted the museum's involvement in contemporary sociopolitical issues. It was also among several institutions to aid the CIA in its efforts to engage in cultural propaganda during the Cold War . Major expansions in the 1980s and the early 21st century, including the selection of Japanese architect Yoshio Taniguchi for

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8990-430: The arts. He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art and founded the Museum of Primitive Art in 1954. In the area of philanthropy, he founded the Rockefeller Brothers Fund in 1940 with his four brothers and established the American International Association for Economic and Social Development in 1946. As of 2024, Rockefeller is the most recent Vice President who did not previously serve in

9135-407: The assault, including ten of the hostages, nine of whom were killed by the State Police and National Guard soldiers. An additional eighty people were wounded in what was called "a turkey shoot " by state prosecutor Malcolm Bell. A later investigation showed all but three of the deaths were caused by the gunfire of the National Guard and police. The other three were inmates killed by other inmates at

9280-431: The associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University , was referred to in those days as a "collector of curators". Goodyear asked him to recommend a director, and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr Jr. , a promising young protégé . Under Barr's guidance, the museum's holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful loan exhibition

9425-406: The beginning of the riot. Opponents blamed Rockefeller for these deaths in part because of his refusal to go to the prison and negotiate with the inmates, while his supporters, including many conservatives who had often vocally differed with him in the past, defended his actions as being necessary to the preservation of law and order. Rockefeller later said: "I was trying to do the best I could to save

9570-464: The birth of Rockefeller's child three days before the California primary put the divorce and remarriage issue back in the minds of voters. On primary election day, Rockefeller narrowly lost the California primary and dropped out of the race. At a discouraging point in the 1964 California primary campaign against Goldwater, his top political aide Stuart Spencer called on Rockefeller to "summon that fabled nexus of money, influence, and condescension known as

9715-455: The collection. The libraries are open by appointment to all researchers. The library's catalog is called "Dadabase". Dadabase includes records for all of the material in the library, including books, artist books , exhibition catalogs , special collections materials, and electronic resources. The MoMA's collection of artist books includes works by Ed Ruscha , Marcel Broodthaers , Susan Bee , Carl Andre , and David Horvitz . Additionally,

9860-418: The construction of the Saratoga Performing Arts Center in Saratoga Spa State Park. He supported the bill, enacted in June 1966, which acquired Olana , home of Hudson River School artist Frederic Edwin Church , as a state historic site. Rockefeller engaged in massive building projects that left a profound mark on the state of New York. (Some of his detractors claimed that he had an "Edifice Complex".) He

10005-412: The creation of a new sort of bond—what came to be called "moral obligation" bonds. They were not backed by the full faith and credit of the state but the quasi-public arrangements were meant to, and did, convey the impression that the state would not let them fail. Rockefeller is criticized in some quarters for having contributed to the " Too big to fail " phenomenon in American finance in general. By 1973,

10150-424: The creation of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare . Rockefeller was appointed Under-Secretary of this new department in 1953. Rockefeller was active in HEW 's legislative program and implemented measures that added ten million people under the Social Security program. In 1954, Rockefeller was appointed special assistant to the president for foreign affairs, sometimes referred to as special assistant to

10295-492: The creation of the Planning Coordination Group , a small high-level group that would plan and develop national security operations, both overt and covert. The group consisted of the Undersecretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the director the CIA , and special assistant Rockefeller as chairman. The group's purpose was to oversee CIA operation and other anti-Communist actions; however, State Department officials and CIA director Allen Dulles refused to cooperate with

10440-612: The design project for the expansion. Despite these expansion projects, MoMA's physical space had never been able to accommodate its growing collection. On June 14, 1984 the Women Artists Visibility Event (W.A.V.E.), a demonstration of 400 women artists, was held in front of the newly renovated Museum of Modern Art to protest the lack of female representation in its opening exhibition, "An International Survey of Recent Painting and Sculpture". The exhibition featured 165 artists; only 14 of those were women. By

10585-551: The emerging interest in vernacular architecture , New Classical Architecture , and early postmodernism , with three of "the Grays" and one of "the Whites" eventually winning the prestigious Driehaus Architecture Prize . Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan , New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues . The institution

10730-631: The end of the 20th century, MoMA had 100,000 objects in its collection, an increase from the 40,000 items it had in 1970. After the Dorset Hotel adjacent to the museum was placed for sale in 1996, MoMA quickly purchased it. The next year, the museum began planning a major renovation and expansion, selecting Japanese architect Yoshio Taniguchi in December 1997. The project nearly doubled the space for MoMA's exhibitions and programs, and features 630,000 square feet (59,000 m ) of space. Taniguchi's initial plan called for two structures, one each to

10875-467: The failure of their own governments to meet their needs ... demonstrations that began over grievances were taken over and exacerbated by anti-US and subversive elements which sought to weaken the United States, and their own governments in the process. A major part of the Rockefeller report suggested a reduction of American involvement, stating that "we, in the United States, cannot determine the internal political structure of any other nation". Because there

11020-446: The fatherhood of God"; reporters covering his campaign came to abbreviate the expression as BOMFOG. Rockefeller again sought the presidential nomination in the 1968 Republican Party presidential primaries . His opponents were Nixon and Governor Ronald Reagan of California. In the contest, Rockefeller again represented the liberals, Reagan representing the conservatives, and Nixon representing moderates and conservatives. Shortly before

11165-499: The film library was Iris Barry , a British film critic and author whose three decades of work in collecting films and presenting them in artistic and historical contexts gained recognition for the cinema. Barry and her successors built a collection comprising some 8000 titles. Exiled film scholar Siegfried Kracauer worked at the MoMA film archive on a psychological history of German film between 1941 and 1943. The result of his study, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of

11310-501: The first politician to win such a battle with the master builder Moses in decades. Under the New York MTA, toll revenue collected from the bridges and tunnels, which had previously been used to build more bridges, tunnels, and highways, now went to support mass transportation operations, thus shifting costs from general state funds to the motorist. In one controversial move, Rockefeller abandoned one of Moses's most desired projects,

11455-672: The first state financial support for educational television; and requiring special education for children with disabilities in public schools. To create more low-income housing, Rockefeller created the New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC), later known as the Empire State Development Corporation , with unprecedented powers to override local zoning , condemn property , and create financing schemes to carry out desired development. The financing involved

11600-837: The following: It also holds works by a wide range of influential European and American artists including Auguste Rodin , Henri Matisse , Pablo Picasso , Georges Braque , Joan Miró , Aristide Maillol , Piet Mondrian , Marcel Duchamp , Paul Klee , Fernand Léger , René Magritte , Henry Moore , Alberto Giacometti , Georgia O'Keeffe , Edward Hopper , Walker Evans , Dorothea Lange , Arshile Gorky , Hans Hofmann , Franz Kline , Willem de Kooning , Jackson Pollock , Mark Rothko , David Smith , Helen Frankenthaler , Morris Louis , Kenneth Noland , Robert Rauschenberg , Frank Stella , Andy Warhol , Roy Lichtenstein , Jean-Michel Basquiat and hundreds of others. The MoMA photography collection consists of over 25,000 works by photographers, journalists, scientists, entrepreneurs, and amateurs, and

11745-556: The front-runner for the 1964 Republican Party presidential primaries against conservative Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, who led the conservative wing of the Republican Party . In 1963, a year after Rockefeller's divorce from his first wife, he married Margaretta "Happy" Murphy , a divorcee with four children, which alienated many Republican married women. The divorce was widely condemned by politicians, including Senator Prescott Bush of Connecticut, who condemned his infidelity, divorce, and remarriage. Rockefeller finished third in

11890-618: The group and its initiatives were stymied or ignored. In September 1955, Rockefeller recommended the abolishment of the PCG, and in December of the same year he resigned as special assistant to the president. In 1956, Rockefeller created the Special Studies Project , a major seven-panel planning group directed by Henry Kissinger and funded by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, of which he was then president. It

12035-459: The help of film curator Iris Barry was so successful that in 1937 the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences commended the museum with an award "for its significant work in collecting films ... and for the first time making available to the public the means of studying the historical and aesthetic development of the motion picture as one of the major arts". The first curator and founder of

12180-469: The hostages, save the prisoners, restore order, and preserve our system without undertaking actions which could set a precedent which would go across this country like wildfire." In a telephone call with President Nixon, Rockefeller explained the deaths by saying "that's life". What became known as the " Rockefeller drug laws " were a product of Rockefeller's attempt to deal with the rapid increase in narcotics addiction and related crime. In 1962, he proposed

12325-461: The hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago . In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars and historians. This was wholly masterminded by Barr, a Picasso enthusiast, and the exhibition lionized Picasso as the greatest artist of the time, setting

12470-408: The inmates' demands for various reforms but refused to grant complete amnesty to the rioters, with passage out of the country and removal of the prison's superintendent. When negotiations stalled and the hostages appeared to be in imminent danger, Rockefeller ordered New York State Police and National Guard troops to restore order and take back the prison on September 13. Thirty-nine people died in

12615-450: The institution's labor union, founded in 1971, has been described as the first of its kind in the U.S. The MoMA Library includes about 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, more than 1,000 periodical titles and more than 40,000 files of ephemera about individual artists and groups. The archives hold primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The museum attracted 2,190,440 visitors in 2022, making it

12760-656: The largest state bond issue at the time ($ 2.5 billion) for the coordinated development of mass transportation, highways, and airports. He initiated the creation or expansion of over 22,000 miles (35,000 km) of highway, including the Long Island Expressway , the Southern Tier Expressway , the Adirondack Northway , and Interstate 81 , which vastly improved road transportation in the state of New York. Rockefeller introduced

12905-500: The legislature in 1973, the new drug laws included mandatory life sentences without the possibility of plea-bargaining or parole for all drug users, dealers, and those convicted of drug-related violent crimes; a $ 1,000 reward for information leading to the conviction of drug pushers; and removing less harsh penalties for youthful offenders. Public support for the measures was mixed, as were the results. They did not lead more addicts to seek rehabilitation as hoped, and ultimately did not solve

13050-505: The library has subscription electronic resources along with Dadabase. These include journal databases (such as JSTOR and Art Full Text), auction results indexes (ArtFact and Artnet ), the ARTstor image database, and WorldCat union catalog. MoMA's Department of Architecture and Design was founded in 1932 as the first museum department in the world dedicated to the intersection of architecture and design. The department's first director

13195-739: The local economy. Rockefeller established model farms in Venezuela , Ecuador , and Brazil . He maintained a home at Monte Sacro, the farm in Venezuela. Rockefeller returned to public service in 1950 when President Harry S. Truman appointed him chairman of the International Development Advisory Board. The Board was charged with developing a plan for implementing the President's Point IV program of providing foreign technical assistance. In 1952, President-Elect Dwight D. Eisenhower asked Rockefeller to chair

13340-473: The lone Vincent van Gogh exhibition on November 4, 1935. Containing an unprecedented 66 oils and 50 drawings from the Netherlands , as well as poignant excerpts from the artist's letters, it was a major public success due to Barr's arrangement of the exhibit, and became "a precursor to the hold van Gogh has to this day on the contemporary imagination". The museum also gained international prominence with

13485-510: The model for all the museum's retrospectives that were to follow. Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum . In 1941, MoMA hosted the ground-breaking exhibition, " Indian Art of the United States ", curated by Frederic Huntington Douglas and Rene d'Harnoncourt , that changed the way Native American arts were viewed by the public and exhibited in art museums. Abby Rockefeller's son Nelson

13630-520: The movie Down Argentine Way (1940) because it was considered offensive to Argentines. It was much more popular in the United States than in Latin America. Charlie Chaplin 's satirical The Great Dictator (1940) was banned in several countries. In the spring of 1943, Rockefeller supported extensive negotiations and mission of North American members of the Junior Chamber of Commerce to Latin America as Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs of

13775-441: The museum (as well as to modern art itself) and refused to release funds for the venture, which had to be obtained from other sources and resulted in the frequent shifts of location. Nevertheless, he eventually donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time, and thus became in effect one of its greatest benefactors. During that time, the museum initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, such as

13920-600: The museum garden, and named it in honor of his mother, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden . The Rockefeller family and he have retained a close association with the museum throughout its history, with the Rockefeller Brothers Fund funding the institution since 1947. Both David Rockefeller Jr. and Sharon Percy Rockefeller (wife of former senator Jay Rockefeller ) sit on the board of trustees. After

14065-438: The museum meant to spur inclusion of African Americans Richard Hunt was the first African American sculptor to have a major solo retrospective at the museum. In 1983, the museum more than doubled its gallery space, increased the curatorial department by 30%, and added an auditorium, two restaurants, and a bookstore in conjunction with the construction of the 56-story Museum Tower adjoining the museum. Architect César Pelli led

14210-507: The museum's collection rapidly expanded, beginning with an inaugural exhibition of works by European modernists. Despite financial challenges, including opposition from John D. Rockefeller Jr. , the museum moved to several temporary locations in its early years, and John D. Rockefeller Jr. eventually donated the land for its permanent site. From the 1930s through the 1950s, MoMA gained international recognition with landmark exhibitions, such as Barr's influential "Cubism and Abstract Art" in 1936,

14355-401: The narcotics trade and associated crime. Rockefeller was also frustrated by his belief that the federal government was not doing anything significant to address the problem. Feeling that existing laws and the way they were being implemented did not solve the problem of the "drug pusher", and pressured by voters angry about the drug problem, Rockefeller proposed a hard-line approach. As approved by

14500-453: The nation. Rockefeller was re-elected in the three subsequent elections in 1962 , 1966 , and 1970 , increasing the state's role in education, environmental protection, transportation, housing, welfare, medical aid, civil rights, and the arts. To pay for the increased government spending, Rockefeller increased taxation; for example, a sales tax was introduced in New York in 1965. He resigned three years into his fourth term and began to work at

14645-573: The need for regional pacts within the framework of the UN. Rockefeller was also instrumental in persuading the UN to establish its headquarters in New York City. President Truman fired Rockefeller, reversed his policies, and shut down the OCIAA. Reich says that in official Washington, Rockefeller had become "a discredited figure, a pariah". He returned to New York. Rockefeller formed the International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC) in 1947 to jointly continue

14790-408: The needs and conditions of each country. Most of the trips turned out to be an embarrassment. Among the recommendations in Rockefeller's report to the President were preferential trade agreements with Latin American countries, refinancing the region's foreign debt, and removing bureaucratic impediments that prevented the efficient use of United States aid. The Nixon administration did little to implement

14935-659: The new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7, 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash . Abby Rockefeller had invited A. Conger Goodyear , the former president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York , to become president of the new museum. Abby became treasurer. At the time, it

15080-596: The newly created MTA Bus Company, which were purchased by the state from private owners in a massive public bailout of bankrupt railroads and struggling private bus companies located in Queens, New York. He also created the State Department of Transportation. In taking over control of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, Rockefeller shifted power away from Robert Moses , and in doing so became

15225-402: The next month, MoMA relocated its public-facing operations to a temporary facility called MoMA QNS in Long Island City , Queens. The overall project, including an increase in MoMA's endowment to cover operating expenses, cost $ 858 million in total; the renovation of the Midtown Manhattan building alone cost $ 425 million. During the project, new gallery space was added on the first floor of

15370-563: The number of African Americans and Hispanics holding state jobs; appointed women to head the largest number of state agencies in state history; prohibited discrimination against women in education, employment, housing and credit applications; admitted the first women to the State Police; initiated affirmative action programs for women in state government; and backed New York's ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to

15515-421: The planned demolition in part because that building was relatively new, having been completed in 2001. MoMA decided to proceed with the demolition because the American Folk Art Museum was in the way of MoMA's planned expansion, which included exhibition space within 53 West 53rd Street. The tower, designed by Jean Nouvel and called 53W53 , received construction approval in 2014. Around the same time as 53W53

15660-644: The present, and includes over 200,000 works of architecture and design , drawing , painting , sculpture , photography , prints , illustrated and artist's books , film , as well as electronic media . The museum is considered one of the most influential cultural institutions globally devoted to modern and contemporary art . At the same time, MoMA has long faced criticism for developing and perpetuating Eurocentric narratives of modernism and for its insufficient focus on expanding access to socioeconomically underprivileged groups. The museum has been involved in controversies regarding its labor practices, and

15805-585: The president for psychological warfare. He was tasked with providing the president with advice and assistance in developing programs by which the various departments of the government could counter Soviet foreign policy challenges. As part of this responsibility, he was named as the president's representative on the Operations Coordinating Board , a committee of the National Security Council . The other members were

15950-505: The private University of Buffalo into the SUNY system, making the State University of New York at Buffalo , now the largest public university in New York. In 1971, he championed the creation of Empire State College to provide higher education to adults by removing impediments to access such as time , location, and institutional processes. Other accomplishments included more than quadrupling state aid to primary and secondary schools; providing

16095-612: The problem of drug trafficking. These were among the toughest drug laws in the United States when they were enacted and are still on the books, albeit in moderated form. To carry out the rehabilitation program, Rockefeller created the State Narcotics Addiction Control Commission, later the State Drug Abuse Control Commission. New York also provided the financial support for research in methadone maintenance and

16240-491: The prohibition managed to pass in 1970, Rockefeller signed it. In 1972, he vetoed another bill that would have restored the abortion ban. He said in his 1972 veto message, "I do not believe it right for one group to impose its vision of morality on an entire society." Rockefeller created the first State Council on the Arts in the country, which became a model for the National Endowment for the Arts. He also oversaw

16385-467: The public indefinitely, as an experimental exhibition and performance space. In addition, the PS1 space would be available while the 53rd Street complex was closed for major renovations. MoMA broke ground on the 53rd Street project in May 2001. Over the next year, the museum gradually closed two-thirds of its galleries and moved some of its exhibits online. The Midtown building closed completely in May 2002;

16530-504: The public on May 10, 1939, attended by an illustrious company of 6,000 people, and with an opening address via radio from the White House by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1958, workers re-clad the MoMA building's second floor with a glass facade overlooking the sculpture garden. On April 15, 1958, a fire on the second floor destroyed an 18-foot-long (5.5 m) Monet Water Lilies painting (the current Monet Water Lilies

16675-588: The publicly accessible space by 25% compared to when the Tanaguchi building was completed in 2004. The expansion allowed for even more of the museum's collection of nearly 200,000 works to be displayed. The new spaces also allow visitors to enjoy a relaxing sit-down in one of the two new lounges, or even have a fully catered meal. The two new lounges include "The Marlene Hess and James D. Zirin Lounge" and "The Daniel and Jane Och Lounge". The goal of this renovation

16820-481: The report's recommendations. In his report preface, Rockefeller wrote: There is general frustration over the failure to achieve a more rapid improvement in standards of living. The United States, because of its identification with the failure of the Alliance for Progress to live up to expectations, is blamed. People in the countries concerned also used our visit as an opportunity to demonstrate their frustrations with

16965-581: The standard of living, to achieve better relations among the nations of the western hemisphere, and to counter rising Nazi influence in the region. He facilitated this form of cultural diplomacy by collaborating with the director of Latin American Relations at the CBS radio network Edmund A. Chester . The Roosevelt administration encouraged Hollywood to produce films to encourage positive relations with Latin America. Rockefeller required changes in

17110-439: The state breakfast program for children in low income areas; and established the first state loan fund for nonprofit groups to start day-care centers. A supporter of universal healthcare , Rockefeller served as consultant for Senator Jacob Javits ' "Medicare for All" bill that would expand benefits to every American. Rockefeller described universal healthcare as the wave of the future and as a human right. Rockefeller's bid in

17255-635: The state lottery and off-track betting; adopting modern treatment techniques in state mental hospitals to reduce the number of mentally ill patients by over 50%; creating the State Office of the Aging and constructing nearly 12,000 units of housing for the aging; the first mandatory seatbelt law in the United States; and creating the State Consumer Protection Board. In May 1973, President Nixon appointed Rockefeller chairman of

17400-695: The state's first support for mass transportation. He reformed the governance of New York City 's transportation system, creating the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) in 1965. The MTA merged the New York City subway system with the publicly owned Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority , the Long Island Rail Road , Staten Island Rapid Transit , and operation of lines that would later become Metro-North Railroad , along with

17545-496: The summer home in Maine, and the two fell in love. They were engaged in autumn 1929. In 1930, he graduated cum laude with an A.B. degree in economics from Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Casque and Gauntlet (a senior society), Phi Beta Kappa , and Psi Upsilon . Rockefeller and Mary were married after he graduated, on June 23, 1930, at Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania . Following his graduation, Rockefeller worked in

17690-417: The then- United States Ambassador to NATO whom Ford eventually chose as his chief of staff and later secretary of defense, and then- Republican National Committee chairman George H. W. Bush , who would eventually become vice president in his own right for two terms and president for one term. While acknowledging that many conservatives opposed Rockefeller, Ford believed he would bring executive expertise to

17835-538: The third and fourth floors were evacuated to the Whitney Museum of American Art , which abutted on the 54th Street side. Among the paintings that were rescued was A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte , which had been on loan from the Art Institute of Chicago . Visitors and employees trapped above the fire were evacuated to the roof, and then jumped to the roof of an adjoining townhouse. In 1969,

17980-598: The west and east of the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden, which was to be enlarged from its original configuration. The Peggy and David Rockefeller Building on the western portion of the site houses the main exhibition gallerie, while the Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Education and Research Building provides space for classrooms, auditoriums, teacher-training workshops, and the museum's expanded library and archives. MoMA began

18125-402: The work he had begun as Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. He intermittently served as president through 1958. IBEC was a for-profit business that established companies that would stimulate underdeveloped economies of certain countries. It was hoped that the success of these companies would encourage investors in those countries to set up competing or supporting businesses and further stimulate

18270-662: The work of the New York Five was uncritical of modernism , or that their work was an unimaginative copy of Le Corbusier. In response to Five Architects , Robert A. M. Stern organized a forum of responses, titled "Five on Five," that was published in the May 1973 issue of Architectural Forum . The five responding architects were Romaldo Giurgola , Allan Greenberg , Charles Moore , Jaquelin T. Robertson , and Stern himself. This group would come to be known as "the Grays" and were closely associated with Vincent Scully and Philadelphia architect Robert Venturi , as well as

18415-427: The world's greatest collection of Modern art". Witold Rybczynski of Slate wrote: "Most of what has been written about the new MoMA has lauded its minimalist interiors, which, even if they don't exactly disappear, have an opulently ethereal quality. [...] Yet this urban building is not experienced only from inside—and, seen from the sidewalk, Taniguchi's architecture does anything but fade away." MoMA, which owned

18560-455: The year 2000 with the activation of a 1999 agreement formalizing its affiliation with the P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center , an independent contemporary art organization which had been founded in nearby Long Island City , Queens, New York in 1971. An agreement provided for a 10-year merger process, allowing gradual coordination and consolidation of programming and staff. The location in Queens, a re-purposed former public school, would remain open to

18705-553: Was Philip Johnson who served as curator between 1932 and 1934 and between 1946 and 1954. The next departmental head was Arthur Drexler , who was curator from 1951 to 1956 and then served as head until 1986. The collection consists of 28,000 works including architectural models, drawings, and photographs. One of the highlights of the collection is the Mies van der Rohe Archive. It also includes works from such legendary architects and designers as Frank Lloyd Wright , Paul László ,

18850-477: Was "just not built for standby equipment", Rockefeller was persuaded by Ford's promise to make him "a full partner" in his presidency, especially in domestic policy. Rockefeller accepted the President's request to serve as vice president. He said: "It was entirely a question of there being a Constitutional crisis and a crisis of confidence on the part of the American people. I felt there was a duty incumbent on any American who could do anything that would contribute to

18995-533: Was America's premier museum devoted exclusively to modern art, and the first of its kind in Manhattan to exhibit European modernism. One of Rockefeller's early recruits for the museum staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami (at that time best known for his portraits of modern dance pioneer Martha Graham ), who served the museum as its official documentary photographer from 1930 until 1968. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees. Sachs,

19140-658: Was a massive military buildup to counter a then-perceived military superiority threat posed by the USSR. The report was released two months after the October 1957 launch of Sputnik , and its recommendations were fully endorsed by Eisenhower in his January 1958 State of the Union address. This initial contact with Kissinger was to develop into a lifelong relationship; Kissinger was later to be described as his closest intellectual associate. From this period Rockefeller employed Kissinger as

19285-587: Was a member of the U.S. delegation at the United Nations (UN) Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945; this gathering marked the UN's founding. At the Conference there was considerable opposition to the idea of permitting, within the UN charter, the formation of regional pacts such as the Act of Chapultepec . Rockefeller, who believed that the inclusion was essential, especially to U.S. policy in Latin America, successfully urged

19430-453: Was a poor student. Generally, in the lower third of his class, he almost failed ninth grade and had undiagnosed dyslexia . Nelson's biographer Joseph E. Persico wrote that as a child he "demonstrated a discipline that throughout life would serve him in lieu of brilliance". Although Nelson was not accepted into Princeton University , he got into Dartmouth College , arriving on campus in 1926. While in college, he met Mary Todhunter Clark at

19575-496: Was acquired shortly after the fire as a replacement). The fire was started by workmen installing air conditioning, who were smoking near paint cans, sawdust, and a canvas drop cloth. One worker was killed by the fire, and several firefighters were treated for smoke inhalation. Most of the paintings on the floor had previously been removed from the work area, although large paintings including the Monet had remained in place. Art works on

19720-476: Was an ambitious study created to define the central problems and opportunities facing the United States in the future, and to clarify national purposes and objectives. The reports were published individually as they were released and were republished together in 1961 as Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports . The Special Studies Project came into national prominence with the early release of its military subpanel's report, whose principal recommendation

19865-450: Was approved, MoMA unveiled its expansion plans, which encompass space in 53W53, as well as an annex on the former site of the American Folk Art Museum. The expansion plan was developed by the architecture firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro in collaboration with Gensler . Following a controversy over the plans, MoMA split the plan into three phases in January 2016. The plan would add 50,000 square feet (4,600 m ) of gallery space in 53W53, in

20010-429: Was conceived in 1929 by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller , Lillie P. Bliss , and Mary Quinn Sullivan . Initially located in the Heckscher Building on Fifth Avenue, it opened just days after the Wall Street Crash . The museum, America's first devoted exclusively to modern art, was led by A. Conger Goodyear as president and Abby Rockefeller as treasurer, with Alfred H. Barr Jr . as its first director. Under Barr's leadership,

20155-461: Was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh , Gauguin , Cézanne , and Seurat . First housed in six rooms of galleries and offices on the 12th floor of Manhattan's Heckscher Building, on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, the museum moved into three more temporary locations within the next 10 years. Abby Rockefeller's husband, John D. Rockefeller Jr., was adamantly opposed to

20300-407: Was little the United States should or could do toward changing the political atmosphere in other countries, there was no reason to attempt to use economic aid as a political tool. This was the justification to reduce economic aid in Latin America. The Rockefeller report called for some aid to continue but the report recommended creating more effective aid programs. In 1967 Rockefeller won approval of

20445-606: Was personally interested in the planning, design, and construction of the many projects initiated during his administration, consistent with his interest in architecture. In addition, Rockefeller's construction programs included the US$ 2 billion South Mall in Albany , later renamed the Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza by Gov. Hugh Carey in 1978. It is a 98-acre (40 ha) campus of skyscrapers housing state offices and public plazas punctuated by an egg-shaped arts center. Along with

20590-516: Was selected by the board of trustees to become its president, in 1939, at the age of 30; he was a flamboyant leader and became the prime instigator and funding source of MoMA's publicity, acquisitions, and subsequent expansion into new headquarters on 53rd Street. His brother, David Rockefeller , joined the museum's board of trustees in 1948, and took over the presidency when Nelson was elected governor of New York in 1958. David Rockefeller subsequently employed noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign

20735-845: Was the 41st vice president of the United States , serving from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford . He had previously served as the 49th governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, the longest-serving governor of the state since the end of the Revolutionary War. Rockefeller was a member of the Republican Party and the wealthy Rockefeller family . Rockefeller served as assistant secretary of State for American Republic Affairs for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (1944–1945), as well as Undersecretary of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) under Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1954. A son of John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller , as well as

20880-414: Was the first to refer to the group as "the New York Five." "The Whites" describes the frequent use of white paint in the built works of the New York Five, as well as the white cardboard models they frequently presented. It also alludes to the group's affinity with the work of Le Corbusier , such as the white exterior surfaces of Villa Savoye . This affinity would later be used by some critics to suggest that

21025-606: Was the only son of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller and schoolteacher Laura Spelman . Their mother, Abby, was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail P. Greene. Rockefeller grew up in his family's homes in New York City (mainly at 10 West 54th Street), a country home in Pocantico Hills, New York , and a summer home in Seal Harbor, Maine . The family also travelled widely. He received his elementary, middle, and high school education at

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