71-516: Newport Arch is a 3rd-century Roman gate in the city of Lincoln, Lincolnshire . It is a Scheduled monument and Grade I listed building and is reputedly the oldest arch in the United Kingdom still used by traffic. The arch was remodelled and enlarged when the city, then the Roman town Lindum Colonia , became capital of the province Flavia Caesariensis in the 4th century. Though unique in
142-439: A close or walled precinct facing the castle began when the see was removed from the quiet backwater of Dorchester-on-Thames , Oxfordshire . It was completed in 1092 and rebuilt after a fire, but succumbed to the 1185 East Midlands earthquake . The rebuilt minster, enlarged eastwards several times, was on a grand scale, its crossing tower crowned by a spire reputedly Europe's highest at 525 ft (160 m). When complete,
213-531: A screw press , is based at the former Tower Works owned by Smith-Clayton Forge Ltd. Lincoln is the hub for settlements such as Welton, Saxilby, Skellingthorpe and Washingborough, which look to it for most services and employment needs. Added they raise the population to 165,000. Lincoln is the main centre for jobs and facilities in Central Lincolnshire and performs a regional role over much of Lincolnshire and parts of Nottinghamshire. According to
284-641: A Roman road did continue along the River Axe toward Axmouth and Seaton . These sections are labelled Fosse Way on Ordnance Survey maps. The crossroads in Axminster was controlled by a Roman fort at Woodbury Farm , now on the southern edge of the town. The route to the west crosses the Rivers Axe and Yarty to Kilmington , continuing on segments of the A35 and minor local lanes to Honiton. From Honiton
355-479: A document entitled "Central Lincolnshire Local Plan Core Strategy", Lincoln has a "travel-to-work" area with a population of about 300,000. In 2021, Lincoln City Council joined the UK's Key Cities network to help the city's public sector. The University of Lincoln and Lincoln's colleges contributes to the cities growth in the small firms, services, restaurants and entertainment venues. A small business unit next door to
426-538: A flourishing settlement accessible from the sea through the River Trent and through the River Witham. On the basis of a patently corrupt list of British bishops said to have attended the 314 Council of Arles , the city is often seen as having been the capital of the province of Flavia Caesariensis , formed during the late 3rd-century Diocletian Reforms . Subsequently, the town and its waterways declined. By
497-587: A goods lorry belonging to the Humber Warehousing Company struck the arch while attempting to pass under it. Forty years later, in May 2004, another lorry struck the arch, causing minor damage. 13 years later, in May 2017, a RASE logistics lorry got stuck underneath the arch; after letting down the tyres, it was able to reverse out with no apparent damage to the structure. Lincoln, Lincolnshire Lincoln ( / ˈ l ɪ ŋ k ə n / )
568-533: A house in Drake Street, and the Hurricane did a full circuit of the north of Lincoln, with no pilot aboard, and descended over the top of St Mary le Wigford church, to crash into a row of houses and shops, killing three people, and injuring nine. Ruston & Hornsby produced diesel engines for ships and locomotives , then by teaming up with former colleagues of Frank Whittle and Power Jets Ltd, in
639-632: A new plant outside the city at Teal Park , North Hykeham . Still, Siemens made large redundancies and moved jobs to Sweden and the Netherlands. The factory now employs 1300. R & H's former Beevor Foundry is now owned by Hoval Group , making industrial boilers ( wood chip ). The Aerospace Manufacturing Facility (AMF) in Firth Road passed from Alstom Aerospace Ltd to ITP Engines UK in January 2009. Lincoln's second largest private employer
710-632: A new street system in about 900. Lincoln underwent an economic explosion with the settlement of the Danes . Like York, the Upper City seems to have had purely administrative functions up to 850 or so, while the Lower City, down the hill towards the River Witham, may have been largely deserted. By 950, however, the Witham banks were developed, the Lower City resettled and the suburb of Wigford emerging as
781-557: A politician deeply involved in the Wars of the Roses , Philip Repyngdon , chaplain to Henry IV and defender of Wycliffe , and Thomas Wolsey , the lord chancellor of Henry VIII . Theologian William de Montibus headed the cathedral school and was its chancellor until he died in 1213. The administrative centre was the Bishop's Palace , the third element in the central complex. When built in
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#1732787764409852-727: A short section of the A30 at Windwhistle Hill. Then it turns on to the B3167 through the hamlets of Street and Perry Street, joins the A358 , crosses the River Axe at what used to be called Stratford (now called Weycroft ), and on to Axminster . The location of the end of the Fosse Way is uncertain. There are further alignments on the A358 at Ball's Farm and Musbury south of Axminster, which imply
923-568: A small track (previously part of the A37 from before the by-pass opened and broken by the present-day A372 and A303), before picking up the B3151 through the town. It leaves the B3151 onto Ilchester's High Street, then follows West Street and Roman Road, a minor road that was formerly part of the A303, towards the present-day A303 west of town. The Roman road from Ilchester to Dorchester, Dorset continues on
994-649: A student accommodation, the Think Tank, opened in June 2009. Some entertainment venues linked to the university include The Engine Shed and The Venue Cinema. Its presence has also built-up the area around the Brayford Pool. The city is a tourist centre for visitors to historic buildings that include the cathedral, the castle and the medieval Bishop's Palace. The Collection , of which the Usher Gallery
1065-630: A trading centre. In 1068, two years after the Norman conquest of England , William I ordered Lincoln Castle to be built on the site of the old Roman settlement, for the same strategic reasons and controlling the same road, the Fosse Way . During the Anarchy , in 1141 Lincoln was the site of a battle between King Stephen and the forces of Empress Matilda , led by her illegitimate half-brother Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester . After fierce fighting in
1136-548: A two-storey street frontage that is essentially 12th century and the nearby Jew's House likewise bears witness to the Jewish population. In 1255, the affair called " The Libel of Lincoln " in which prominent Lincoln Jews, accused of ritual murder of a Christian boy ( Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln in medieval folklore) were sent to the Tower of London and 18 executed. The Jews were all expelled in 1290. Thirteenth-century Lincoln
1207-444: Is CIVITAS LINCOLNIA ("City of Lincoln"). The dissolution of the monasteries cut Lincoln's main source of diocesan income and dried up the network of patronage controlled by the bishop. Seven monasteries closed in the city alone, as did several nearby abbeys, which further diminished the region's political power. A symbol of Lincoln's economic and political decline came in 1549, when the cathedral's great spire rotted and collapsed and
1278-640: Is James Dawson and Son, a belting and hose maker founded in the late 19th century. Its two sites are in Tritton Road. The main one, next to the University of Lincoln, used Lincoln's last coal-fired boiler until it was replaced by gas in July 2018. New suburbs appeared after 1945, but heavy industry declined towards the end of the 20th century. Much development, notably around the Brayford area, has followed
1349-481: Is a cathedral city and district in Lincolnshire , England, of which it is the county town . In the 2021 Census, the city's district had a population of 103,813. The 2021 census gave the urban area of Lincoln , including Bracebridge Heath , North Hykeham , South Hykeham and Waddington , a recorded population of 127,540. Roman Lindum Colonia developed from an Iron Age settlement of Britons on
1420-700: Is now part, is an important attraction, partly in a purpose-built venue. It currently contains over 2,000,000 objects, and was one of the four finalists for the 2006 Gulbenkian Prize . Any material from official archaeological excavations in Lincolnshire is eventually deposited there. Other attractions include the Museum of Lincolnshire Life and the International Bomber Command Centre . Tranquil destinations close by are Whisby Nature Reserve and Hartsholme Country Park (including
1491-724: Is the county boundary between Leicestershire and Warwickshire . The Fosse Way follows the B4455 across Warwickshire, through Street Ashton, Stretton-under-Fosse , Brinklow , Bretford , Stretton-on-Dunsmore , Princethorpe and the site of a Roman town near Chesterton , until it joins the A429 near the boundary with Gloucestershire . The route then follows the A429 through Stretton-on-Fosse, Moreton-in-Marsh , Stow-on-the-Wold , Northleach and Fossebridge, to Cirencester , where it crosses Akeman Street and Ermin Way . South of Cirencester
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#17327877644091562-460: Is the largest settlement in Lincolnshire, with the towns of Grimsby second largest and Scunthorpe third. The earliest origins of Lincoln can be traced to remains of an Iron Age settlement of round wooden dwellings, discovered by archaeologists in 1972, which have been dated to the 1st century BCE. It was built by Brayford Pool on the River Witham at the foot of a large hill, on which
1633-469: Is unknown, as its remains are buried beneath the later Roman and medieval ruins and modern Lincoln. The Romans conquered this part of Britain in 48 CE and soon built a legionary fortress high on a hill overlooking the natural lake, Brayford Pool, formed by the widening of the River Witham, and the northern end of the Fosse Way Roman road (A46). Celtic Lindon was later Latinised to Lindum and
1704-576: The A46 follows the route of the Fosse Way. The A46 deviates from Fosse Way at East Goscote , to follow the Leicester Western Bypass . The original alignment, which is still visible as an unclassified road called Fosse Way , passes through Syston , continuing as the minor road Melton Road through Thurmaston , before merging with the A607 (the old A46), continuing into the city centre on
1775-603: The First World War and population growth provided more workers for greater expansion. The tanks were tested on land now covered by Tritton Road in the south-west suburbs. In the Second World War , Lincoln produced an array of war goods: tanks, aircraft, munitions and military vehicles. In World War II 26 high explosive bombs were dropped on the city, with around 500 incendiary bombs, over five occasions, with eight people killed. 50 houses were destroyed, with
1846-725: The Iron Age hill fort of Bury Camp and becomes another section of the county boundary, crossing second the South Wales railway which is the South Wales Main Line , next the site of an old chapel and spring at Fosse Lodge in Dunley, and then the M4. Thereafter it passes through The Shoe and Nettleton Shrub where remains of a posting-station have been found, and arrives at Batheaston . Thereupon it turns due west to follow
1917-578: The Normans later built Lincoln Cathedral and Lincoln Castle . The name Lincoln may come from this period, when the settlement is thought to have been named in the Brittonic language of Iron Age Britain's Celtic inhabitants as Lindon , "The Pool", presumably referring to Brayford Pool (compare the etymology of Dublin , from the Gaelic dubh linn "black pool"). The extent of the original settlement
1988-648: The River Avon into Bath . Between Bath and Shepton Mallet the line of the Fosse Way follows parts of the A367, through Clandown , Radstock , Westfield and Stratton-on-the-Fosse . It runs across open country and farm tracks parallel to the A37 north of Shepton Mallet, near the Iron Age hill fort of Maesbury . At Beacon Hill south of Oakhill , it crossed the Roman road along the Mendip ridgeway from Old Sarum to
2059-518: The River Witham , near the Fosse Way road. Over time its name was shortened to Lincoln, after successive settlements, including by Anglo-Saxons and Danes . Landmarks include Lincoln Cathedral ( English Gothic architecture ; for over 200 years the world's tallest building) and the 11th-century Norman Lincoln Castle . The city hosts the University of Lincoln , Bishop Grosseteste University , Lincoln City F.C. and Lincoln United F.C. Lincoln
2130-687: The Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD, the Fosse Way marked the western frontier of Roman rule in Iron Age Britain . It is possible that the road began as a defensive ditch that was later filled in and converted into a road, or possibly a defensive ditch ran alongside the road for at least some of its length. The road joined Akeman Street and Ermin Way at Cirencester, crossed Watling Street at Venonis ( High Cross ) south of Leicester, and joined Ermine Street at Lincoln. The Antonine Itinerary (a 2nd-century Roman register of roads) includes
2201-708: The Second Legion after the conquest of the Durotriges in Dorset. The alignment leaves major roads after Petherton Bridge over the River Parrett , and follows country lanes to Over Stratton and Dinnington , where in 2002 members of the Channel 4 television programme Time Team uncovered a mosaic next to the road. The route crosses a stream called Stretford Water, climbs the ridge, and follows
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2272-716: The civil war . Lincoln lies at an altitude of 67 ft (20.4 m) by the River Witham up to 246 ft (75.0 m) on Castle Hill. It fills a gap in the Lincoln Cliff escarpment , which runs north and south through Central Lincolnshire , with altitudes up to 200 feet (61 metres). The city lies on the River Witham , which flows through this gap. The city is 55 miles (89 km) southwest of Hull , 32 miles (51 km) north-east of Nottingham , 47 miles (76 km) north of Peterborough , 73 miles (117 km) southeast of Leeds and 40 miles (64 km) east south-east of Sheffield . Fosse Way The Fosse Way
2343-899: The synagogue and burned the records that registered debts. Some historians have the city's fortunes declining from the 14th century, but others argue that it remained buoyant in trade and communications well into the 15th. In 1409, the city became a county corporate : the County of the City of Lincoln, formerly part of the West Riding of Lindsey since at least the time of the Domesday Book . Additional rights were then conferred by successive monarchs, including those of an assay town (controlling metal manufacturing, for example). The oldest surviving secular drama in English, The Interlude of
2414-685: The Fosse Way follows a short section of the A433 , then goes cross country. The Fosse Way crosses the River Thames and under the first South Wales railway Golden Valley Line which was constructed via Gloucester . The road continues and later forming the county boundary between Gloucestershire and Wiltshire , across the old airfield at RAF Kemble , then becomes fragmented sections of country lanes; two sections on this stretch are byways rather than maintained roads, and at points on these routes it widens to as much as 60 feet (20 m). It passes near
2485-739: The Guildhall, surmounting the city gate called the Stonebow , the ancient Council Chamber contains Lincoln's civic insignia, a fine collection of civic regalia. Outside the precincts of cathedral and castle, the old quarter clustered round the Bailgate and down Steep Hill to the High Street and High Bridge , whose half-timbered housing juts out over the river. There are three ancient churches: St Mary le Wigford and St Peter at Gowts , both 11th century in origin, and St Mary Magdalene , from
2556-674: The Student and the Girl ( c. 1300 ), may have originated from Lincoln. Lincoln's coat of arms , not officially endorsed by the College of Arms , is believed to date from the 14th century. It is Argent on a cross gules a fleur-de-lis or . The cross is believed to derive from the Diocese. The fleur-de-lis symbolises the cathedral dedication to the Virgin Mary. The motto
2627-795: The Swanholme Lakes SSSI ), while noisier entertainment can be found at Scampton airfield , Waddington airfield (base of the RAF's Red Arrows jet aerobatic team), the County Showground or the Cadwell Park motor racing circuit near Louth . Early each December the Bailgate area holds a Christmas Market in and around the Castle grounds, shaped by the traditional German-style Christmas markets, including that of Lincoln's twin town Neustadt an der Weinstrasse . In 2010, for
2698-467: The U.S. now bear the name Lincoln, such as Lincoln, Nebraska . But the shared name with England's Lincoln is only coincidental, as the U.S. place names were named in honor of Abraham Lincoln. A permanent military presence came with the 1857 completion of the "Old Barracks" (now held by the Museum of Lincolnshire Life ). They were replaced by the "New Barracks" (now Sobraon Barracks ) in 1890, when Lincoln Drill Hall in Broadgate also opened. Lincoln
2769-479: The United Kingdom, it is nevertheless one of many original Roman arches still open to traffic, other examples being two gates through the city walls of the Roman town of Diocletianopolis (now Hisarya, Bulgaria ), as well as numerous examples in Anatolia . As the north gate of the city, it carried the major Roman road Ermine Street northward almost in a straight line to the Humber . From Romano-British Buildings and Earthworks by John Ward (1911): In May 1964
2840-405: The central spire is widely accepted to have succeeded the Great Pyramids of Egypt as the world's tallest man-made structure . The Lincoln bishops were among the magnates of medieval England. The Diocese of Lincoln , the largest in England, had more monasteries than the rest of England put together, and the diocese was supported by large estates. When Magna Carta was drawn up in 1215, one of
2911-443: The city again rose to some importance with overseas trading ties. In Viking times Lincoln had its own mint, by far the most important in Lincolnshire and by the end of the 10th century, comparable in output to that of York . After establishment of the Danelaw in 886, Lincoln became one of the Five East Midland Boroughs . Excavations at Flaxengate reveal that an area deserted since Roman times received timber-framed buildings fronting
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2982-449: The city and urban area. Lincoln Central Mosque and Cultural Centre is on Dixon Street. The city has no Sikh or Hindu temples, with the nearest ones being in Scunthorpe , Grimsby , Nottingham and Doncaster . The Jewish Lincoln Synagogue is on Steep Hill , in the ancient building, Jews' Court , which is believed to be the site of the original medieval synagogue. There is also an international temple on James Street. Churches in
3053-406: The city include: St Mary le Wigford , St Giles , St Benedicts , St Swithin's , Lincoln Cathedral , St Hugh's , St Katherine's , Alive Church , Saint Peter at Gowts , Central Methodist Church , St Nicholas Lincoln Unitarian Chapel and Greek Orthodox Church of St Basil the Great and St Paisios and others in the city and outer suburbs. Construction of the first Lincoln Cathedral within
3124-453: The city streets, Stephen's forces were defeated and Stephen himself captured and taken to Bristol . By 1150, Lincoln was among the wealthiest towns in England, based economically on cloth and wool exported to Flanders ; Lincoln weavers had set up a guild in 1130 to produce Lincoln Cloth, especially the fine dyed "scarlet" and "green", whose reputation was later enhanced by the legendary Robin Hood wearing woollens of Lincoln green . In
3195-408: The close of the 5th century, it was largely deserted, although some occupation continued under a Praefectus Civitatis – Saint Paulinus visited a man holding this office in Lincoln in 629 CE. Germanic tribes from the North Sea area settled Lincolnshire in the 5th to 6th centuries. The Latin Lindum Colonia shrank in Old English to Lindocolina, then to Lincylene. After the first Viking raids,
3266-451: The construction of the University of Lincoln's Brayford Campus, which opened in 1996. In 2012, Bishop Grosseteste teaching college was also awarded university status. 34 per cent of Lincoln's workforce are in public administration, education and health; distribution, restaurants and hotels account for 25 per cent. Industrial relics like Ruston (now Siemens ) remain, with empty industrial warehouse buildings becoming multi-use units, with
3337-399: The early 1950s, R & H (which became RGT) opened the first production line for gas turbine engines for land-based and sea-based energy production. Its success made it the city's largest single employer, providing over 5,000 jobs in its factory and research facilities, making it a rich takeover target for industrial conglomerates. It was subsumed by English Electric in November 1966, which
3408-518: The economic growth of Lincoln in this period, the city boundaries were spread to include the West Common. To this day, an annual Beat the Boundaries walk takes place along its perimeter. Coupled with the arrival of railway links, Lincoln boomed again during the Industrial Revolution , and several famous companies arose, such as Ruston's , Clayton 's, Proctor 's and William Foster's . Lincoln began to excel in heavy engineering, by building locomotives, steam shovels and all manner of heavy machinery. It
3479-408: The ethnic makeup of the city 92% White and 8% ethnic minorities. 15.1% of the people living in Lincoln were born outside of the UK, of which 9.6% are from ‘other European countries’. The most common countries of birth aside from the UK are Poland at 2.6%, Romania at 1.4%, and Lithuania at 1.1%. Lincoln is home to many active and former churches. These serve the city centre , outer suburbs of
3550-513: The first time, the event was cancelled due to "atrocious" snowfalls across most of the United Kingdom. It succumbed again in December 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ethnicity In the 2021 census, the population of Lincoln district was 103,813. The largest ethnic group was White British at 82.7%, with all ‘other white’ groups constituting 9.5%, followed by South Asian at 3.2%, Mixed race at 2%, Black British at 1.4%, other ethnic minorities made up 0.9% and Arab were 0.2%. This makes
3621-401: The historic road line. South of Leicester , the B4114 (originally the A46 but renumbered when the M69 was opened) follows the route. This is apart from a short deviation near Narborough , where the original course is no longer visible. A short distance north of the A5 , the B4114 diverges from the line of the Fosse Way to pass through the village of Sharnford . For 2 miles (3.2 km)
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#17327877644093692-436: The late 12th century by Hugh of Lincoln, the Bishop's Palace was one of the most important buildings in England. Its East Hall over a vaulted undercroft is the earliest surviving example of a roofed domestic hall. The chapel range and entrance tower were built by Bishop William of Alnwick, who modernised the palace in the 1430s. Both Henry VIII and James I were guests there. The palace was sacked in 1648 by royalist troops during
3763-487: The late 13th century. The last is an unusual English dedication to a saint whose cult was coming into vogue on the European continent at the time. Lincoln was home to one of five main Jewish communities in England , well established before it was officially noted in 1154. In 1190, anti-Semitic riots that started in King's Lynn , Norfolk, spread to Lincoln; the Jewish community took refuge with royal officials, but their homes were plundered. The so-called House of Aaron has
3834-400: The lead and silver mines at Charterhouse . The Fosse Way passes through the eastern suburbs of Shepton Mallet on a short stretch of the A361 to Cannard's Grave, where it picks up the A37. The Fosse Way follows the A37 through Street-on-the-Fosse and Lydford-on-Fosse on a direct route to Ilchester . The route leaves the A37 north of the A303 junction just north of Ilchester, and follows
3905-538: The likes of the University of Lincoln , local Lincs FM radio station (in the Titanic Works ) and gyms using some of the space. The old Corn Exchange , completed in 1848, is now used as a shopping arcade, and the newer Corn Exchange , completed in 1879, is now used as a restaurant and shops. Like many other cities, Lincoln has a growing IT economy, with many e-commerce mail order companies. Two electronics firms are e2V and Dynex Semiconductor . Bifrangi, an Italian maker of crankshafts for off-road vehicles using
3976-439: The line of A37 through Yeovil to the south east. Other minor Roman roads lead from Ilchester and Lydford-on-Fosse towards Street and the A39 route along the Polden Hills , leading to Roman salt works on the Somerset Levels , and ports at Combwich , Crandon Bridge and Highbridge . After Ilchester the Fosse Way is followed by a section of the A303 under the ramparts of the Iron Age hill fort of Ham Hill , occupied by
4047-426: The old alignment, first as Melton Road then Belgrave Road and Belgrave Gate. The alignment terminates at the Clock Tower , and picks up again at Narborough Road (the A5460), on the other side of the River Soar . A 19 miles (31 km) stretch of the road between Widmerpool & Newark-on-Trent has been upgraded to a dual carriageway which was completed in 2012. The new route deviates in several sections from
4118-467: The poorly operating, slow sand filter, to kill the fatal bacteria. Chlorination of the water continued until 1911, when a new supply was implemented. Lincoln's chlorination episode was an early use of chlorine to disinfect a water supply. Westgate Water Tower was built to provide new supplies. In the two world wars , Lincoln switched to war production. The first ever tanks were invented, designed and built in Lincoln by William Foster & Co. in
4189-766: The route have the suffix -cester or -chester , which is derived from Old English ceaster / cæster (ultimately from Latin castra meaning 'military camp'). Some settlements are named after the road itself, such as Fosse- , or -on-Fosse , while others have a more generic form, such as Street , Strete , -le-Street , Stratton , Stretton , Stratford , and Stretford , derived from Old English strǣt / strēt (ultimately from Latin strata , meaning 'paved road'). The route runs from 50°44′N 3°29′W / 50.73°N 3.48°W / 50.73; -3.48 in Exeter to 53°14′N 0°32′W / 53.23°N 0.54°W / 53.23; -0.54 in Lincoln. Between Lincoln and Leicester
4260-455: The route of the Fosse Way is followed by a minor road, named Roman Road which, although single track, runs along a much wider and slightly domed strip of land with deep ditches either side (the agger ). The modern road ends at a picnic site car park, and a further 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southwards can be explored on foot. The junction of Fosse Way with Watling Street , now the A5 , is at High Cross (Roman name Venonis ). Watling Street
4331-400: The sea. It suffered as the rest of the country was beginning to prosper in the early 18th century, travellers often commenting on what had essentially become a one-street town. By the Georgian era , Lincoln's fortunes began to pick up, thanks in part to the Agricultural Revolution . Reopening of the Foss Dyke canal eased imports of coal and other raw materials vital to industry. Along with
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#17327877644094402-568: The section between High Cross and Lincoln, and lists intermediate points at Verometo ( Willoughby on the Wolds ), Margiduno (Castle Hill near Bingham ), Ad Pontem ( East Stoke ) and Crocolana ( Brough ). From Lincoln to Ilchester in Somerset , a distance of 182 miles (293 km), the route is never more than 6 miles (10 km) from a straight line. Many sections of the Fosse Way form parts of modern roads and lanes, and parish , district or county boundaries, but some parts are now only accessible on foot. Several place names on
4473-407: The title Colonia added when it became settled by army veterans. The conversion to a colonia occurred when the legion moved on to York ( Eboracum ) in 71 CE. Lindum colonia or more fully, Colonia Domitiana Lindensium , after the then Emperor Domitian , was set up within the walls of the hilltop fortress by extending it with about an equal area, down the hillside to the waterside. It became
4544-449: The witnesses was Hugh of Wells , Bishop of Lincoln . One of only four surviving originals of the document is preserved in Lincoln Castle . Among the famous bishops of Lincoln were Robert Bloet , the magnificent justiciar to Henry I , Hugh of Avalon , the cathedral builder canonised as St Hugh of Lincoln , Robert Grosseteste , the 13th-century intellectual, Henry Beaufort , chancellor of Henry V and Henry VI , Thomas Rotherham ,
4615-620: The worst night being 9 May 1941. Also much damage occurred in the Dixon Street area on Friday 15 January 1943. Two parachute mines landed in fields on South Common on the night of 19 November 1940, which exploded and broke many windows in the town, but with no more damage. On 8 May 1941, nine high explosive bombs were dropped on around Westwick Gardens in Boultham Park, east of the former Ancaster High School , killing three people. A Spitfire and Hurricane, from RAF Digby , collided over Lincoln. One pilot landed on allotments near Kingsway, and another landed near Branston Road. The Spitfire crashed on
4686-421: Was England's third largest city and a favourite of more than one king. In the First Barons' War , it was caught in the strife between the king and rebel barons allied with the French. Here and at Dover the French and Rebel army was defeated. Thereafter the town was pillaged for having sided with Prince Louis . In the Second Barons' War , of 1266, the disinherited rebels attacked the Jews of Lincoln, ransacked
4757-419: Was a Roman road built in Britain during the first and second centuries AD that linked Isca Dumnoniorum ( Exeter ) in the southwest and Lindum Colonia ( Lincoln ) to the northeast, via Lindinis ( Ilchester ), Aquae Sulis ( Bath ), Corinium ( Cirencester ), and Ratae Corieltauvorum ( Leicester ). The word Fosse is derived from the Latin fossa , meaning 'ditch'. For the first few decades after
4828-462: Was also around this time that the town's name became overshadowed in the world's consciousness by a different meaning of the word “Lincoln”: namely, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln , who led his country through their brutal Civil War and succeeded in abolishing nearly all slavery within its borders . Abraham Lincoln's surname does trace back to the English town of Lincoln, but his family had migrated to America long before his birth. Many locations in
4899-415: Was hit by typhoid in November 1904 – August 1905 caused by polluted drinking water from Hartsholme Lake and the River Witham . Over 1,000 people contracted the disease and fatalities totalled 113, including the man responsible for the city's water supply, Liam Kirk of Baker Crescent. Near the beginning of the epidemic, Dr Alexander Cruickshank Houston installed a chlorine disinfection system just ahead of
4970-431: Was not replaced. However, the comparative poverty of post-medieval Lincoln preserved pre-medieval structures that would probably have been lost under more prosperous conditions. Between 1642 and 1651 in the English Civil War , Lincoln was on a frontier between the Royalist and Parliamentary forces and changed hands several times. Many buildings were badly damaged. Lincoln now had no major industry and no easy access to
5041-419: Was then bought by GEC in 1968, with diesel engine production being transferred to the Ruston Diesels Division in Newton-le-Willows , Lancashire, at the former Vulcan Foundry . Pelham Works merged with Alstom of France in the late 1980s and was then bought in 2003 by Siemens of Germany as Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery . This includes what is left of Napier Turbochargers . Plans came early in 2008 for
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