73-572: Nepabunna , also spelt Nipapanha , is a small community in the northern Flinders Ranges in north-eastern South Australia , about 600 kilometres (370 mi) north of Adelaide . It is located just west of the Gammon Ranges , and the traditional owners are the Adnyamathanha people. The settlement was originally established as Nepabunna Mission in 1931, becoming the local government area (LGA) of Nepabunna Community Council with
146-626: A dormitory in a converted TAFE building, as well as separate provision for women, provide accommodation for tourists. They also provide educational and cultural tours and grow bushfoods , as a destination for those interested in sustainable tourism . In 2000, Nantawarrina won a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) award, and was inscribed in the Global 500 Roll of Honour for Environmental Achievement. The North Flinders Soil Conservation Board, National Parks and Wildlife Service (South Australia) , Primary Industries and Resources SA and Save
219-412: A journal app with its iOS 17.2 update, pulling suggestions for entries based on locations the user has visited, music they have listened to, and photos from their photo library alongside prompts. A personal organizer is a form of diary to list actions and tasks for the day, which are recorded in a log, often using symbols to differentiate and categorize items. In free writing, the diarist sets aside
292-406: A diary is known as a diarist . Diaries undertaken for institutional purposes play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including government records (e.g. Hansard ), business ledgers , and military records . In British English, the word may also denote a preprinted journal format . Today the term is generally employed for personal diaries, normally intended to remain private or to have
365-702: A diary is the Diary of Merer , an ancient Egyptian logbook whose author described the transportation of limestone from Tura to Giza , likely to clad the outside of the Great Pyramid . The oldest extant diaries come from Middle Eastern and East Asian cultures, although the even earlier work To Myself ( Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν ), today known as the Meditations , written in Greek by the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius in
438-411: A few minutes each day to write without any constraints, letting thoughts flow freely and allowing the subconscious mind to express itself. Freewriting can unearth hidden thoughts and emotions, fostering self-discovery. A gardening journal helps gardeners improve their efforts over time by providing a historical record of actions taken, the weather and other elements, and the results. A gratitude journal
511-511: A large number of bird species including parrots , galahs , emus , the wedge-tailed eagle and small numbers of water birds. Reptiles include goannas , snakes , dragon lizards , skinks and geckos . The streambank froglet is an endemic amphibian . The Ranges are part of the Tirari–Sturt stony desert ecoregion . A team acting on behalf of the Government of South Australia and
584-478: A limited circulation amongst friends or relatives. The word " journal " may be sometimes used for "diary," but generally a diary has (or intends to have) daily entries (from the Latin word for 'day'), whereas journal-writing can be less frequent. Although a diary may provide information for a memoir , autobiography or biography , it is generally written not with the intention of being published as it stands, but for
657-763: A manner similar to the state's capital city, Adelaide. Governor Jervois reputedly bestowed the name 'Quorn' because his private secretary at the time had come from the parish of Quorn, Leicestershire in England. In the 1920s Aroona became an outstation of Oraparinna Station , and spring water was used to irrigate large gardens there. The Flinders Ranges are the largest mountain range in South Australia. It starts about 200 km (125 mi) north of Adelaide city centre . The discontinuous ranges stretch for over 430 km (265 mi) from Port Pirie to Lake Callabonna . Its most characteristic landmark
730-513: A natural amphitheatre covering 80 km (31 sq mi) and containing the range's highest peak, St Mary Peak (1,171 m (3,842 ft)). The ranges include several national parks , the largest being the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park , as well as other protected areas . It is an area of great geological and palaeontological significance, and includes the oldest fossil evidence of animal life
803-598: A pastoral station. It was the first IPA established in Australia, in 1998. In 1982 or 1987, more than 58,000 hectares (140,000 acres) of Adnyamathanha traditional land was purchased from a pastoralist by the South Australian Aboriginal Lands Trust (SAALT). It was first leased out for grazing, until it became obvious that the land was so degraded by overgrazing and other factors that it was no longer suitable grazing land. Around 1997,
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#1732783637874876-541: A way to bring previously unpublished diaries to the attention of historians and other readers, such as the diary of Michael Shiner , an enslaved person in the 19th century who documented his life in Washington, D.C. Web-based services such as Open Diary (started in October 1998) and LiveJournal (January 1999) soon appeared to streamline and automate online publishing , but growth in personal storytelling came with
949-537: Is Wilpena Pound / Ikara , a large, sickle -shaped, natural amphitheatre that covers 80 km (31 sq mi), and contains the range's highest peak, St Mary Peak (1,171 m (3,842 ft), ) which adjoins the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park . The southern ranges are notable for the Pichi Richi heritage steam and diesel railway and Mount Remarkable National Park . The Heysen Trail and Mawson Trail run for several hundred kilometres along
1022-420: Is a written or audiovisual memorable record, with discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. Diaries have traditionally been handwritten but are now also often digital . A personal diary may include a person's experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings, excluding comments on current events outside the writer's direct experience. Someone who keeps
1095-488: Is a diary of things for which someone is grateful . Keeping a gratitude journal is a popular practice in the field of positive psychology . A sleep diary or sleep log is a tool used in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders or to keep track of dreams had in order to gain insight to the subconscious or for further contemplation. The German Tagebuch ('days-book') is normally rendered as "diary" in English, but
1168-580: Is a long open valley that lies around 25 km (16 mi) north of Wilpena Pound, between the Heysen Range and ABC Ranges. The lease was taken up first by the Brownes, and then by Johnson Frederick Hayward in the 1850s. Hayward had arrived in 1847 from Somerset , and was initially overseer of Pekina Station . Hayward Bluff, False Mount Hayward, South Mount Hayward, and Mount Hayward, in the Heysen Range, are all named after him. The Aroona head station
1241-526: Is situation lies within the traditional lands of the Adnyamathanha people. The Adnyamathanha people were displaced from their traditional lands in the 1850s by pastoralists, no longer able to travel around their lands as before owing to the establishment of pastoral leases . They had been used to moving around the land because of the lack of a reliable water source, but since European settlement, they had been forced to camp in groups. One of these camps
1314-469: Is the rock engravings that are understood to be the oldest artwork in the world, some dating back 40,000 years. Elder Vince Coulthard has been involved in the application process, and says that the creation stories also need to be included. Seven properties in the Flinders have been identified as possessing the technical and scientific evidence necessary to support the bid: Diary A diary
1387-525: Is the book one writes in, only read by oneself – particularly in adversity. Anne Frank went so far as to address her diary as "Kitty." Friedrich Kellner , a court official in Nazi Germany , thought of his diary as a weapon for any future fight against tyrants and terrorism, and named it 'Mein Widerstand' , My Opposition . Victor Klemperer was similarly concerned with recording for the future
1460-547: The Diaries of Adrian Mole ). Both prompted long-running satirical features in the magazine Private Eye : the former entitled Mrs Wilson's Diary in reference to Mary Wilson , wife of Prime Minister Harold Wilson , the latter entitled The Secret Diary of John Major Aged 47¾ and written as a pastiche of the Adrian Mole diaries from the perspective of the then-Prime Minister John Major . Another famous example of
1533-587: The Latin diarium ("daily allowance," from dies , "day"). The word 'journal' comes from the same root ( diurnus , "of the day") through the Old French jurnal (the modern French for 'day' being jour ). The earliest recorded use of the word 'diary' to refer to a book in which a daily record was written was in Ben Jonson 's comedy Volpone in 1605. The earliest known book resembling
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#17327836378741606-521: The MIT Media Lab website from 14 November 1994 until 1996. Other early online diarists include Justin Hall , who began eleven years of personal online diary-writing in 1994, Carolyn Burke, who started publishing Carolyn's Diary on 3 January 1995, and Bryon Sutherland, who announced his diary The Semi-Existence of Bryon in a USENET newsgroup on 19 April 1995. The internet has also served as
1679-757: The Mount Brown Conservation Park south of Quorn. The Flinders Ranges are composed largely of folded and faulted sediments of the Adelaide Geosyncline . This very thick sequence was deposited in a large basin during the Neoproterozoic on the passive margin of the ancient continent of Rodinia . During the Cambrian (about 540 million years ago) the area underwent the Delamerian orogeny , when this sequence of rocks
1752-528: The Smythson company created the first featherweight diary, enabling diaries to be carried about. Many diaries of notable figures have been published and form an important element of autobiographical literature. Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) is the earliest diarist who is well known today; his diaries, preserved in Magdalene College, Cambridge , were first transcribed and published in 1825. Pepys
1825-554: The traditional owners , the Adnyamathanha people , which includes internationally renowned American palaeontologist Mary L. Droser , lodged a nomination for a tentative listing as a World Heritage Site , which was accepted by UNESCO in April 2021. The application was made on the basis of its unique geological and palaeontological values. It is a lengthy process, and the site needs to fulfil very specific criteria as well as showing strong evidence that its values are absolutely unique in
1898-526: The 19th century. As examples, the Grasmere Journal of Dorothy Wordsworth (1771–1855) was published in 1897; the journals of Fanny Burney (1752–1840) were published in 1889; the diaries of Henry Crabb Robinson (1776–1867) were published in 1869. Among important U.S. Civil War diaries are those of George Templeton Strong , a New York City lawyer, and Mary Chesnut , the wife of a Confederate officer. The diary of Jemima Condict , living in
1971-550: The 2016 Census. The community, also spelt Nipapanha, is located just west of the Gammon Ranges. Access is via the main Copley to Balcanoona road. In 2011 a flag of the Adnyamathanha people was created, and raised at Nepabunna on the 80th anniversary of its establishment. There is a school, Nepabunna Aboriginal School, a church, Nepabunna Community Church, and a cemetery. Flinders Ranges The Flinders Ranges are
2044-466: The Adnyamathanha people in 1977. The last person born on the mission, Ronald Coulthard, died in 2014. A University of Adelaide anthropological expedition travelled to Nepabunna in May 1937 led by J.B. Cleland , which included Charles P. Mountford as ethnologist and photographer , as well as botanist Thomas Harvey Johnston , virologist Frank Fenner , and others. Mountford was especially interested in
2117-526: The Adnyamathanha people's art, mythology and rituals . He came back later in the year and many times thereafter, recording Adnyamathanha language and culture. The Mountford-Sheard Collection in the State Library of South Australia shows that he had intended to write a book about them, but this was never realised. However the library has a large collection of handwritten journals , photographs, sound and film recordings gathered by him from and about
2190-815: The Bush have also supported the project. Bush Heritage Australia works with the rangers to help monitor the flora and fauna of the IPA. Iga Warta is a cultural tourism enterprise, run independently by Terrence Coulthard and his family, about 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi) in size. Terrence and his wife Josephine compiled the first comprehensive bilingual dictionary of the Adnyamathanha language , which includes descriptions of cultural practices, music and other features of Adnyamathanha life. Iga Warta means "native orange", named by 19th-century English botanist John Lindley as Capparis mitchelii . In 2011, there were only about 30 permanent residents at Nepabunna, but
2263-500: The Flinders, including the plateau of the Gammon Ranges and the Heysen Range. Cuesta forms are also very common. The Ranges are renowned for the Ediacara Hills , south-west of Leigh Creek , where in 1946 some of the oldest fossil evidence of animal life was discovered. Similar fossils have subsequently been found in the ranges, including at Nilpena , with an application being made for World Heritage listing to help protect
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2336-535: The German occupation of Amsterdam in the 1940s. Otto Frank edited his daughter's diary and arranged for its publication after the war. Many edits were made before the diary was published in other countries. This was due to sexually explicit material, which also led to some libraries banning the book. The writing of diaries was also often practiced from the 20th century onwards as a conscious act of self-exploration (of greater or lesser sincerity) – examples being
2409-740: The IPA programme was just starting up, and the Adnyamathanha people at Nepabunna leapt at the chance to become part of a pilot project . The existing land would be converted into an IPA, which would become part of the Australian National Reserve System , but managed by the Nepabunna Community. The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) would help guide the project, while the federal government would provide funding for land management and preservation of cultural heritage , infrastructure and training for Indigenous rangers . On 1 August 1998
2482-739: The Quorn township). During the late 1870s the push to open agricultural land for wheat north of the Goyder's Line had met with unusual success, with good rainfall and crops in the Flinders Ranges. This, along with the copper mining lobby (copper was mined in the Hawker-Flinders Ranges area in the late 1850s and transported overland by bullock dray), induced the government to build a narrow gauge railway line north of Port Augusta through Pichi Richi Pass, Quorn , Hawker and along
2555-466: The Ranges are largely species adapted to a semi-arid environment, including sugar gum , cypress-pine , mallee and black oak . Moister areas near Wilpena Pound support grevilleas , Guinea flowers , Liliaceae and ferns . Reeds and sedges grow near permanent water sources such as springs and waterholes . Since the eradication of dingos and the establishment of permanent waterholes for stock,
2628-548: The area of what is now West Orange, New Jersey , includes local observations of the American Revolutionary War . Since the 19th century the publication of diaries by their authors has become commonplace – notably amongst politicians seeking justification but also amongst artists and litterateurs of all descriptions. Amongst late 20th-century British published political diaries, those of Richard Crossman , Tony Benn and Alan Clark are representative,
2701-671: The area, which lies adjacent to the southern boundary of the Gammon Ranges National Park , was formally proclaimed, as the "First Indigenous Protected Area in South Australia, Australia and internationally". Since then, the rangers have replanted native vegetation , and helped to protect native animals such as the yellow-footed rock wallaby ( andu ). A programme of removal of feral animals, in particular goats , has been undertaken. Bores have been built and irrigation laid. Restoration work on an old homestead , Irish Well Hut, has been undertaken, and camping sites ,
2774-519: The author's own use. In recent years, however, there is internal evidence in some diaries (e.g. those of Ned Rorem , Alan Clark , Tony Benn or Simon Gray ) that they are written with eventual publication in mind, with the intention of self-vindication (pre- or posthumous), or simply for profit. By extension, the term diary is also used to mean a printed publication of a written diary; and may also refer to other terms of journal including electronic formats (e.g. blogs ). The word ' diary ' comes from
2847-448: The continuance of traditional practices. However, this was frowned upon by others in the organisation and there were plans to investigate him, before he committed suicide at Nepabunna, where he was buried. A school was built, which was also used for church services. A dormitory was built in the 1940s, although not used for many years, but sometime after 1948 it was used to house children of parents who worked elsewhere. A government school
2920-574: The diaries of Carl Jung , Aleister Crowley and Anaïs Nin . Among important diaries by 20th-century literary figures are those of Franz Kafka , Edmund Wilson and the French writer Paul Léautaud (1872–1956). The self-reflective Diary: Divine Mercy in My Soul written by Saint Faustina contains accounts of her visions and conversations with Jesus. A strong psychological effect may arise from having an audience for one's self-expression, even if this
2993-533: The diary after correct PIN entry on a secure USB device. With the popularization of mobile apps , diary or journaling apps have become available for iOS and Android . Proponents have cited numerous reasons for journaling using digital applications, including ease and speed of typing, mobile portability, and search capabilities. Digital diaries are also tailored towards shorter-form, in-the-moment writing, similar to user engagement with social media services such as Facebook , Twitter and Instagram . Apple released
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3066-437: The early 1860s Hayward returned to England, and purchased an estate near Bath , which he called Aroona. In 1852 Kanyaka Station was established by Hugh Proby. William Pinkerton is credited as being the first European to find a route through the Flinders Ranges via Pichi Richi Pass. In 1853 he drove 7,000 sheep along the eastern plains of the range, to where Quorn would be built 25 years later (Pinkerton Creek runs through
3139-425: The emergence of blogs . While the format first focused on external links and topical commentary, widespread blogging tools were quickly used to create web journals. Recent advances have also been made to enable the privacy of internet diary entries. For example, some diary software now stores entries in an encrypted format, such as 256-bit AES ( Advanced Encryption Standard ) encryption, and others only permit access to
3212-633: The establishment of a council in 1998. Iga Warta is a separate, independently run small cultural tourism enterprise within the LGA. The Nipabanha Community Aboriginal Corporation runs the Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) over land known as Nantawarrina , once a station for mixed livestock . At the 2016 Australian census , Nepabunna had a population of 66. Access is via the main Copley to Balcanoona road. The land upon which Nepabunna
3285-500: The first three pastoral leases in the central Flinders Ranges were only marked out in 1851. These were Wilpena , Arkaba , and Aroona , which were developed as sheep stations . The leases were initially granted for 14 years by the government of the Colony of South Australia , over land dubbed "unoccupied waste lands". The name Aroona is derived from an Adnyamathanha word meaning "running water", or "place of frogs". Aroona Valley
3358-532: The largest mountain ranges in South Australia , which starts about 200 km (125 mi) north of Adelaide . The ranges stretch for over 430 km (265 mi) from Port Pirie to Lake Callabonna . The Adnyamathanha people are the Aboriginal group who have inhabited the range for tens of thousands of years. Its most well-known landmark is Wilpena Pound / Ikara , a formation that creates
3431-466: The latter being more indiscreet, in the tradition of the diaries of Chips Channon . In Britain in the field of the arts notable diaries were published by James Lees-Milne , Roy Strong and Peter Hall . Harold Nicolson in the mid-20th century covered both politics and the arts. One of the most famous modern diaries, widely read and translated, is the posthumously published The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank , who wrote it while in hiding during
3504-470: The lost vernacular account of her visions, Beatrice of Nazareth ). From the Renaissance on, some individuals wanted not only to record events, as in medieval chronicles and itineraries, but also to put down their own opinions and express their hopes and fears, without any intention to publish these notes. One of the early preserved examples is the anonymous Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris covering
3577-503: The modern diary was that of Abu Ali ibn al-Banna in the 11th century. His diary is the earliest known to be arranged in order of date ( ta'rikh in Arabic), very much like modern diaries. The precursors of the diary in the modern sense include daily notes of medieval mystics , concerned mostly with inward emotions and outward events perceived as spiritually important (e.g. Elizabeth of Schönau , Agnes Blannbekin , and perhaps also, in
3650-468: The north during the summer. The area gets around 250 mm (9.8 in) of rain annually, with the highest at Wilpena Pound , at 350 mm (14 in). Frost is common on winter mornings and temperatures have dropped as low as −8 °C (18 °F). Snow has even been recorded in the Wilpena Pound and at Blinman . As of 2013, the last significant snowfall was in 1995. The flora of
3723-401: The number of red kangaroos , western grey kangaroos and wallaroos in the Flinders Ranges has increased. The yellow-footed rock-wallaby , which neared extinction after the arrival of Europeans due to hunting and predation by foxes , has now stabilised. Other endemic marsupials include dunnarts and planigales . Insectivorous bats make up a significant proportion of the mammals. There are
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#17327836378743796-472: The older people were encouraging younger ones to return and learn about their culture. Older adults were engaging in and teaching traditional ceremonies such as the smoking ceremony, skills such as the creation of boomerangs by woodcarving , identifying and cooking bush tucker in traditional ways, and they were passing on the dreamtime stories of the Adnyamathanha people. At the 2006 census , 49 people were at Nepabunna, but this figure had grown to 66 by
3869-425: The people. The LGA, established in 1998, is managed by Nepabunna Community Inc., under an ALT lease with an expiry date of 2081. The council provides housing maintenance and general municipal services as well as organising cultural tours and education and an annual gymkhana and family day. The Nipabanha Community Aboriginal Corporation runs the Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) over land known as Nantawarrina, once
3942-729: The range for tens of thousands of years before being dispersed by European settlement after colonisation . Cave paintings , rock engravings and other cultural artefacts indicate that the Adnyamathana and Ndajurri lived in the Flinders Ranges for tens of thousands of years. Occupation of the Warratyi rock shelter dates back approximately 49,000 years. The first European explorers were an exploration party from Matthew Flinders ' seagoing visit to upper Spencer Gulf aboard HMS Investigator . They climbed Mount Brown in March 1802. In
4015-666: The ranges, providing scenic long distance routes for walkers, cyclists and horse-riders. Several small areas in the ranges have the protected area status. These include the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park near Wilpena Pound/Ikara, the Mount Remarkable National Park in the south near Melrose , the Arkaroola Protection Area in the north, The Dutchmans Stern Conservation Park west of Quorn , and
4088-415: The route to Alice Springs . Hawker townsite was surveyed at a bend in the railway line where the train line left the main road to Blinman , and named in 1880 after South Australian politician and pastoralist George Charles Hawker . Quorn was surveyed by Godfrey Walsh and proclaimed a town on 16 May 1878. The township covered an area of 1.72 km (0.66 sq mi) and was laid out in squares in
4161-416: The second half of the 2nd century AD, already displays many characteristics of a diary. Pillowbooks of Japanese court ladies and Asian travel journals offer some aspects of this genre of writing, although they rarely consist exclusively of diurnal records. In the medieval Near East , Arabic diaries were written from before the 10th century. The earliest surviving diary of this era which most resembles
4234-568: The sites. In 2004 a new geological period, the Ediacaran Period, was created to mark the appearance of Ediacaran biota . The region has a semi-arid climate with hot dry summers and cool winters. Summer temperatures usually exceed 38 °C (100 °F), while winters have highs around 13–16 °C (55–61 °F), depending on the elevation. Although rainfall is erratic, most of the precipitation falls in winter. There are also some monsoonal showers and storms that move in from
4307-583: The term encompasses workbooks or working journals as well as diaries proper. For example, the notebooks of the Austrian writer Robert Musil and of the German-Swiss artist Paul Klee are called Tagebücher . A travel journal, travel diary, or road journal, is the documentation of a journey or series of journeys. A war diary is a regularly updated official record of a military unit's administration and activities during wartime maintained by an officer in
4380-424: The tyrannies and hypocrisies of Nazi Germany and of its East German successor state in his diaries. However in these cases, the authors didn't anticipate publication. As internet access became commonly available, many people adopted it as another medium in which to chronicle their lives with the added dimension of an audience. The first online diary is thought to be Claudio Pinhanez's Open Diary , published at
4453-482: The unit. Such diaries can form an important source of historical information, for example about long and complex battles in World War I . There are numerous examples of fictional diaries. One of the earliest printed fictional diaries was the humorous Diary of a Nobody by George Grossmith and his brother Weedon. 20th-century examples include radio broadcasts (e.g. Mrs. Dale's Diary ) and published books (e.g.
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#17327836378744526-471: The west of the ranges to Marree , to service the agricultural and pastoral industries. However, rainfall returned to a normal pattern for the region, causing many agricultural farms to collapse. Remnants of abandoned homes can still be seen dotted around the arid landscape. Wilpena station, due to its unusual geography, along with areas around Quorn and Carrieton, are now the only places north of Goyder's Line to sustain any crops. Wilpena has now been left to
4599-474: The wild and is only a tourist location. As of 2009, kukri, unpopular with most Australian farmers as it yields 10–15% less grain than other varieties of wheat, is being grown for export to India. Mining exploration continued in the region, but coal mining at Leigh Creek and barytes at Oraparinna were the only long-term successes. Pastoral industries flourished, and the rail line became of major importance in opening up and servicing sheep and cattle stations along
4672-526: The winter of 1839 Edward John Eyre , with five men, two drays and ten horses, further explored the region, setting out from Adelaide on 1 May. The party set up a depot near Mount Arden, and then explored the surrounding region and upper Spencer Gulf, before heading east to the Murray River and returning to Adelaide . There are records of squatters in the Quorn district as early as 1845; however,
4745-427: The world. The involvement of the Adnyamathanha people, particularly their caring for country and sharing knowledge of their cultural heritage, is an important part of the future management of a World Heritage site. In November 2022, the state government announced an allocation of A$ 500,000 over four years towards enabling the Adnyamathanha people to identify priorities for cultural heritage protection. One example
4818-657: The years 1405–1449, giving subjective commentaries on current events. Famous 14th to 16th century Renaissance examples, which appeared much later as books, were the diaries by the Florentines Buonaccorso Pitti and Gregorio Dati and the Venetian Marino Sanuto the Younger . These diaries include records of even less important everyday occurrences together with much reflection, emotional experience and personal impressions. In 1908,
4891-686: Was amongst the first who took the diary beyond mere business transaction notation, into the realm of the personal. Pepys' contemporary John Evelyn also kept a notable diary, and their works are among the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period, and consist of eyewitness accounts of many great events, such as the Great Plague of London , and the Great Fire of London . The practice of posthumous publication of diaries of literary and other notables began in
4964-525: Was built in 1963. R. M. Williams had become a missionary with the UAM in 1927, and he started a workshop nearby to develop his business making riding equipment and his trademark boots , employing not only "Dollar Mick" Smith, an Aboriginal man originally from Lyndhurst who taught Williams leatherwork skills, but also at least eight mission residents, between 1932 and 1934. The mission passed into state government control in 1973, before being handed back to
5037-513: Was built next to a waterhole used by local Adnyamathanha people for its permanent supply of fresh water, but the Aboriginal people were not welcome on the station during Hayward's time there. He was implicated in a massacre of Aboriginal people near Brachina Gorge . At least 15 men, women, and children were killed in a dawn attack on 17 March 1852, in retaliation for the murder of stockman Robert Richardson on 14 March. Hayward said that he
5110-502: Was discovered. The Ediacaran Period and Ediacaran biota take their name from the Ediacara Hills within the ranges. In August 2022, a nomination for the Flinders Ranges to be named a World Heritage Site was lodged. The first humans to inhabit the Flinders Ranges were the Adnyamathanha people (meaning " hill people " or "rock people") whose descendants still reside in the area, and the Ngadjuri (Ndajurri) people, They inhabited
5183-402: Was folded and faulted into a large mountain range. The area has undergone subsequent erosion resulting in the relatively low ranges today. Most of the high ground and ridgetops are sequences of quartzites that outcrop along strike . The high walls of Wilpena Pound are formed by the outcropping beds of the eponymous Pound Quartzite in a synclinal structure. Synclines form other high parts of
5256-544: Was near a place known as Damper Hill, and another, Ram Paddock. Many of them worked on the stations. Nepabunna Mission was established in 1931 by the United Aborigines Mission , created on 52 km (20 sq mi) of land that was then part of Balcoona Station , given by the owner Roy Thomas. Jim Page and Fred Eaton were instrumental in the creation of the mission, and Page was remembered many years later for his kindness and for his encouragement of
5329-491: Was obliged to defend his men, due to the absence of police, and that he was attempting to "capture the murderers", firing at them in "self-defence". Sergeant Major Rose, who was in the district at the time with the Protector of Aborigines , Matthew Moorhouse , arrested two Aboriginal men called Bill and Jemmy, but they were released after being held for some time owing to lack of evidence and problems finding an interpreter. In
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