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108-644: The Nitro World Games is an annual extreme sports event organized by Nitro Circus . The event was originally held in 2016 at Rice–Eccles Stadium , and moved to the Utah Motorsports Campus in 2018. In December 2015, Nitro Circus CEO Michael Porra and Travis Pastrana announced the creation of the Nitro World Games, with the inaugural Games scheduled for summer 2016 at Rice–Eccles Stadium in Salt Lake City . The city

216-408: A Pulitzer Prize , and as Meyers describes, "triumphantly re-established Hemingway's literary reputation". In January 1941, Martha was sent to China on assignment for Collier's magazine. Hemingway went with her, sending in dispatches for the newspaper PM . Meyers writes that Hemingway had little enthusiasm for the trip or for China; although his dispatches for PM provided incisive insights of

324-554: A foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star and was influenced by the modernist writers and artists of the " Lost Generation " expatriate community. His debut novel, The Sun Also Rises , was published in 1926. In 1928, Hemingway returned to the U.S., where he settled in Key West, Florida . His experiences during the war supplied material for his 1929 novel A Farewell to Arms . In 1937, Hemingway went to Spain to cover

432-531: A 15-acre (61,000 m ) property 15 miles (24 km) from Havana. That summer while visiting with Pauline and the children in Wyoming, she took the children and left him. When his divorce from Pauline was finalized, he and Martha were married on November 20, 1940, in Cheyenne, Wyoming . Hemingway followed the pattern established after his divorce from Hadley and moved again. He split his time between Cuba and

540-463: A London double-decker bus , wanting to send it down the ski slopes, and the Swiss resort managers refused. Other Club activities included expedition hang gliding from active volcanoes ; the launching of giant (20 m) plastic spheres with pilots suspended in the centre ( zorbing ); microlight flying; and BASE jumping (in the early days of this sport). In recent decades the term extreme sport

648-582: A Red Cross nurse seven years his senior. When Hemingway returned to the United States in January 1919, he believed Agnes would join him within months, and the two would marry. Instead, he received a letter from her in March with news that she was engaged to an Italian officer. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes Agnes's rejection devastated and scarred the young man; in future relationships Hemingway followed

756-660: A boat in 1934, naming it the Pilar , and began to sail the Caribbean . He arrived at Bimini in 1935, where he spent a considerable amount of time. During this period he worked on To Have and Have Not , published in 1937 while he was in Spain, which became the only novel he wrote during the 1930s. Hemingway had been following developments in Spain since early in his career and from 1931 it became clear that there would be another European war. Hemingway predicted war would happen in

864-475: A conservative community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said, "So many churches for so many good people to go to." When Clarence and Grace Hemingway married in 1896, they lived with Grace's father , Ernest Miller Hall, after whom they named their first son, the second of their six children. His sister Marcelline preceded him in 1898, and his younger siblings included Ursula in 1902, Madelaine in 1904, Carol in 1911, and Leicester in 1915. Grace followed

972-690: A contract with Scribner's . He left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers and, on his return, began an affair with Pfeiffer during a stop in Paris, before returning to Schruns to finish the revisions in March. The manuscript arrived in New York in April; he corrected the final proof in Paris in August 1926, and Scribner's published the novel in October. The Sun Also Rises epitomized

1080-436: A conventional one has as much to do with marketing as with the level of danger involved or the adrenaline generated. For example, rugby union is both dangerous and adrenaline-inducing but is not considered an extreme sport due to its traditional image, and because it does not involve high speed or an intention to perform stunts (the aesthetic criteria mentioned above) and also it does not have changing environmental variables for

1188-680: A counterintelligence unit headquartered in his guesthouse to surveil Falangists , and Nazi sympathizers. Martha and his friends thought his activities "little more than a diverting racket", but the FBI began watching him and compiled a 124-page file. Martha wanted Hemingway in Europe as a journalist and failed to understand his reticence to take part in another European war. They fought frequently and bitterly, and he drank too much, until she left for Europe to report for Collier's in September 1943. On

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1296-487: A few weeks later. During the trip, Hemingway again became sick and was treated for a variety of ailments including liver disease and high blood pressure. In November 1956, while staying in Paris, he was reminded of trunks he had stored in the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and never retrieved. Upon re-claiming and opening the trunks, Hemingway discovered they were filled with notebooks and writing from his Paris years. Excited about

1404-502: A fine house here, and kids are all well"—Mellow believes he "was plainly restless". In 1933, Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to Kenya. The 10-week trip provided material for Green Hills of Africa , as well as for the short stories " The Snows of Kilimanjaro " and " The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber ". The couple visited Mombasa , Nairobi , and Machakos in Kenya; then moved on to Tanganyika Territory , where they hunted in

1512-653: A foundation for his prose. Hemingway wanted to go to war and tried to enlist in the U.S. Army but was not accepted because he had poor eyesight. Instead he volunteered to a Red Cross recruitment effort in December 1917 and signed on to be an ambulance driver with the American Red Cross Motor Corps in Italy. In May 1918, he sailed from New York, and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery. That June he arrived at

1620-471: A group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well." This was, in fact, in contravention of the Geneva Convention , and Hemingway was brought up on formal charges; he said that he "beat the rap" by claiming that he only offered advice. He was present at the liberation of Paris on August 25; however contrary to legend, he

1728-716: A level of complexity not apparent in The Sun Also Rises . In Spain in mid-1929, Hemingway researched his next work, Death in the Afternoon . He wanted to write a comprehensive treatise on bullfighting, explaining the toreros and corridas complete with glossaries and appendices, because he believed bullfighting was "of great tragic interest, being literally of life and death." During the early 1930s, Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming, where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in

1836-497: A literary quarrel that spanned decades. Pound was older than Hemingway by 14 years when they met by chance in 1922 at Sylvia Beach 's bookstore Shakespeare and Company . They visited Italy in 1923 and lived on the same street in 1924. The two forged a strong friendship; in Hemingway Pound recognized and fostered a young talent. Pound—who had just finished editing T. S. Eliot 's The Waste Land —introduced Hemingway to

1944-443: A multitude of different activities, exactly which sports are considered 'extreme' is debatable. There are, however, several characteristics common to most extreme sports. While they are not the exclusive domain of youth, extreme sports tend to have a younger-than-average target demographic. Extreme sports are also rarely sanctioned by schools for their physical education curriculum. Extreme sports tend to be more solitary than many of

2052-449: A part in the academy's decision." He was still recuperating and decided against traveling to Stockholm . Instead he sent a speech to be read in which he defined the writer's life: Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he

2160-407: A pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him. His return home in 1919 was a difficult time of readjustment. Before the age of 20, he had gained from the war a maturity that was at odds with living at home without a job and with the need for recuperation. As biographer Michael S. Reynolds explains, "Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his bloody knee." He

2268-505: A pilot who had been searching for them. He assured them he could fly out, but the landing strip was too rough and the plane exploded in flames. Mary and the pilot escaped through a broken window. Hemingway had to smash his way out by battering the door open with his head. Hemingway suffered burns and another serious head injury, that caused cerebral fluid to leak from the injury. They eventually arrived in Entebbe to find reporters covering

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2376-573: A safe deposit box in Havana as he focused on the finishing touches for A Moveable Feast . Reynolds claims it was during this period that Hemingway slid into depression, from which he was unable to recover. Finca Vigía became crowded with guests and tourists, as Hemingway considered a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959, he bought a home overlooking the Big Wood River , outside Ketchum and left Cuba—although he apparently remained on easy terms with

2484-724: A series of accidents and health problems in the years following the war: in a 1945 car accident, he injured his knee and sustained another head wound. A few years later Mary broke first her right ankle and then her left in successive skiing accidents. A 1947 car accident left Patrick with a head wound, severely ill and delirious. The doctor in Cuba diagnosed schizophrenia , and sent him for 18 sessions of electroconvulsive therapy . Hemingway sank into depression as his literary friends began to die: in 1939 William Butler Yeats and Ford Madox Ford ; in 1940 F. Scott Fitzgerald ; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce ; in 1946 Gertrude Stein ; and

2592-632: A series of bullfighting articles commissioned by Life magazine. Life wanted only 10,000 words, but the manuscript grew out of control. For the first time in his life he could not organize his writing, so he asked A. E. Hotchner to travel to Cuba to help him. Hotchner helped trim the Life piece down to 40,000 words, and Scribner's agreed to a full-length book version ( The Dangerous Summer ) of almost 130,000 words. Hotchner found Hemingway to be "unusually hesitant, disorganized, and confused", and suffering badly from failing eyesight. He left Cuba for

2700-451: A severe head injury in their Paris bathroom when he pulled a skylight down on his head thinking he was pulling on a toilet chain. This left him with a prominent forehead scar, which he carried for the rest of his life. When Hemingway was asked about the scar, he was reluctant to answer. After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city". Hemingway and Pauline went to Kansas City, Missouri , where their son Patrick

2808-547: A sightseeing flight over the Belgian Congo as a Christmas present to Mary. On their way to photograph Murchison Falls from the air, the plane struck an abandoned utility pole and was forced into a crash landing. Hemingway sustained injuries to his back and shoulder; Mary sustained broken ribs and went into shock. After a night in the brush, they chartered a boat on the river and arrived in Butiaba , where they were met by

2916-453: A somewhat necessary part of its appeal, which is partially a result of pressure for athletes to make more money and provide maximum entertainment. Extreme sports is a sub-category of sports that are described as any kind of sport "of a character or kind farthest removed from the ordinary or average". These kinds of sports often carry out the potential risk of serious and permanent physical injury and even death. However, these sports also have

3024-490: A tendency to reject unified judging methods, with different sports employing their own ideals and indeed having the ability to evolve their assessment standards with new trends or developments in the sports. The origin of the divergence of the term "extreme sports" from "sports" may date to the 1950s in the appearance of a phrase usually, but wrongly, attributed to Ernest Hemingway . The phrase is; There are only three sports: bullfighting, motor racing, and mountaineering; all

3132-576: A visit to Cuba in March 1944, Hemingway was bullying and abusive with Martha. Reynolds writes that "looking backward from 1960–61 [anyone] might say that his behavior was a manifestation of the depression that eventually destroyed him". A few weeks later, he contacted Collier's who made him their front-line correspondent . He was in Europe from May 1944 to March 1945. When he arrived in London, he met Time magazine correspondent Mary Welsh , with whom he became infatuated. Martha had been forced to cross

3240-451: A year earlier. Like Hadley, Martha was a St. Louis native and, like Pauline, had worked for Vogue in Paris. According to Kert, Martha "never catered to him the way other women did". He arrived in Spain in March with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens . Ivens, who was filming The Spanish Earth , intended to replace John Dos Passos with Hemingway as screenwriter. Dos Passos had left the project when his friend and Spanish translator José Robles

3348-519: A young writer up the rungs of a career". Hemingway was a "tall, handsome, muscular, broad-shouldered, brown-eyed, rosy-cheeked, square-jawed, soft-voiced young man." He lived with Hadley in a small walk-up at 74 rue du Cardinal Lemoine  [ fr ] in the Latin Quarter , and rented a room nearby for work. Stein, who was the bastion of modernism in Paris, became Hemingway's mentor and godmother to his son Jack; she introduced him to

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3456-470: Is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day. Since his return from Africa, Hemingway had been slowly writing his "African Journal". Late in the year and early into 1956 he was bedridden with a variety of illnesses. He was ordered to stop drinking so as to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but eventually disregarded. In October 1956, he returned to Europe and visited ailing Basque writer Pio Baroja , who died

3564-548: Is considered pleasurable. Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway ( / ˈ h ɛ m ɪ ŋ w eɪ / HEM -ing-way ; July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer and journalist. Known for an economical, understated style that influenced later 20th-century writers, he has been romanticized for his adventurous lifestyle and outspoken, blunt public image. Some of his seven novels, six short-story collections and two non-fiction works have become classics of American literature , and he

3672-487: Is my capital, and putting me out of business? It was a brilliant cure, but we lost the patient." In late January 1961 he was sent home, as Meyers writes, "in ruins". Asked to provide a tribute to President John F. Kennedy in February he could only produce a few sentences after a week's effort. A few months later, on April 21, Mary found Hemingway with a shotgun in the kitchen. She called Saviers, who admitted Hemingway to

3780-640: Is surfing, invented centuries ago by the inhabitants of Polynesia , it will become national sport of Hawaii . Disabled people participate in extreme sports. Nonprofit organizations such as Adaptive Action Sports seek to increase awareness of the participation in action sports by members of the disabled community, as well as increase access to the adaptive technologies that make participation possible and to competitions such as The X Games. Extreme sports may be perceived as extremely dangerous, conducive to fatalities, near-fatalities and other serious injuries. The perceived risk in an extreme sport has been considered

3888-542: The Castro government, telling The New York Times he was "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of Batista . He was in Cuba in November 1959, between returning from Pamplona and traveling west to Idaho, and the following year for his 61st birthday; however, that year, he and Mary decided to leave after hearing the news that Castro wanted to nationalize property owned by Americans and other foreign nationals. On July 25, 1960,

3996-597: The Italian Front . On his first day in Milan , he was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion to join rescuers retrieving the shredded remains of female workers. He described the incident in his 1932 non-fiction book Death in the Afternoon : "I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments." A few days later, he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave . On July 8, right after bringing chocolate and cigarettes from

4104-659: The Nobel Prize in Literature . He modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg , Isak Dinesen and Bernard Berenson deserved the prize, but he gladly accepted the prize money. Mellow says Hemingway "had coveted the Nobel Prize", but when he won it, months after his plane accidents and their worldwide press coverage, "there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituary notices had played

4212-622: The Serengeti , around Lake Manyara , and west and southeast of present-day Tarangire National Park . Their guide was the noted "white hunter" Philip Percival who had guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari. During these travels, Hemingway contracted amoebic dysentery that caused a prolapsed intestine, and he was evacuated by plane to Nairobi, an experience reflected in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". On Hemingway's return to Key West in early 1934, he began work on Green Hills of Africa , which he published in 1935 to mixed reviews. He purchased

4320-730: The Sino-Japanese War according to Reynolds, with analysis of Japanese incursions into the Philippines sparking an "American war in the Pacific". Hemingway returned to Finca Vigía in August and left for Sun Valley a month later. The United States entered the war after the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Back in Cuba, Hemingway refitted the Pilar as a Q-boat and went on patrol for German U-boats . He also created

4428-769: The Spanish Civil War , which formed the basis for his 1940 novel For Whom the Bell Tolls , written in Havana, Cuba . During World War II , Hemingway was present with Allied troops as a journalist at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris . In 1952, his novel The Old Man and the Sea was published to considerable acclaim, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . On a 1954 trip to Africa, Hemingway

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4536-536: The Toronto Star and the couple left for Paris. Of Hemingway's marriage to Hadley, Meyers claims: "With Hadley, Hemingway achieved everything he had hoped for with Agnes: the love of a beautiful woman, a comfortable income, a life in Europe." Anderson suggested Paris because it was inexpensive and it was where "the most interesting people in the world" resided. There Hemingway would meet writers such as Gertrude Stein , James Joyce and Ezra Pound who "could help

4644-555: The American West" and hunted deer, elk, and grizzly bear. He was joined there by Dos Passos. In November 1930, after taking Dos Passos to the train station in Billings, Montana , Hemingway broke his arm in a car accident. He was hospitalized for seven weeks, with Pauline tending to him. The nerves in his writing hand took as long as a year to heal, during which time he suffered intense pain. His third child, Gloria Hemingway ,

4752-494: The Atlantic in a ship filled with explosives because Hemingway refused to help her get a press pass on a plane, and she arrived in London to find him hospitalized with a concussion from a car accident. She was unsympathetic to his plight; she accused him of being a bully and told him that she was "through, absolutely finished". The last time that Hemingway saw Martha was in March 1945 as he prepared to return to Cuba; their divorce

4860-671: The Ebro , the last republican stand, along with other British and American journalists. They arrived to find the last bridge destroyed and had to retreat across the turbulent Ebro in a rowboat, Hemingway at the oars, "pulling for dear life". In early 1939, Hemingway crossed to Cuba in his boat to live in the Hotel Ambos Mundos in Havana. This was the separation phase of a slow and painful split from Pauline, which began when Hemingway met Martha Gellhorn. Martha soon joined him in Cuba, and they rented Finca Vigía ("Lookout Farm"),

4968-608: The Hemingways left Cuba for the last time, leaving art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana. After the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion , Finca Vigía was expropriated by the Cuban government, complete with Hemingway's collection of about 5,000 books. After leaving Cuba, in Sun Valley, Hemingway continued to rework the material that was published as A Moveable Feast through the 1950s. In mid-1959, he visited Spain to research

5076-705: The Irish writer James Joyce, with whom Hemingway frequently embarked on "alcoholic sprees". During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the Toronto Star newspaper. He covered the Greco-Turkish War , where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna , and wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany". Almost all his fiction and short stories were lost, when in December 1922 as she

5184-528: The Victorian convention of not differentiating children's clothing by gender. With only a year separating the two, Ernest and Marcelline resembled one another strongly. Grace wanted them to appear as twins, so in Ernest's first three years she kept his hair long and dressed both children in similarly frilly feminine clothing. Grace Hemingway was a well-known local musician, and taught her reluctant son to play

5292-445: The athletes. A feature of such activities in the view of some is their alleged capacity to induce an adrenaline rush in participants. However, the medical view is that the rush or high associated with the activity is not due to adrenaline being released as a response to fear, but due to increased levels of dopamine , endorphins and serotonin because of the high level of physical exertion. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that

5400-604: The canteen to the men at the front line, the group came under mortar fire. Hemingway was seriously wounded. Despite his wounds, he assisted Italian soldiers to safety, for which he was decorated with the Italian War Merit Cross, the Croce al Merito di Guerra . He was only 18 at the time. Hemingway later said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you ... Then when you are badly wounded

5508-435: The cello. Later he said music lessons contributed to his writing style, as evidenced in the " contrapuntal structure" of For Whom the Bell Tolls . As an adult Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although they shared similar enthusiastic energies. His father taught him woodcraft during the family's summer sojourns at Windemere on Walloon Lake , near Petoskey, Michigan , where Ernest learned to hunt, fish and camp in

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5616-507: The city was being bombarded by the Francoist army . He went back to Key West for a few months in January 1938. It was a frustrating time: he found it hard to write, fretted over poor reviews for To Have and Have Not , bickered with Pauline, followed the news from Spain avidly and planned the next trip. He took two trips to Spain in 1938. In November he visited the location of the Battle of

5724-453: The commonly used definition from research is "a competitive (comparison or self-evaluative) activity within which the participant is subjected to natural or unusual physical and mental challenges such as speed, height, depth or natural forces and where fast and accurate cognitive perceptual processing may be required for a successful outcome" by Dr. Rhonda Cohen (2012). While the use of the term "extreme sport" has spread everywhere to describe

5832-574: The country to find solitude after coming home from war. A family friend offered Hemingway a job in Toronto , and with nothing else to do, he accepted. Late that year, he began as a freelancer and staff writer for the Toronto Star Weekly . He returned to Michigan the next June and then moved to Chicago in September 1920 to live with friends, while still filing stories for the Toronto Star . In Chicago, he worked as an associate editor of

5940-470: The discovery, when he returned to Cuba in early 1957, he began to shape the recovered work into his memoir A Moveable Feast . By 1959, he ended a period of intense activity: he finished A Moveable Feast (scheduled to be released the following year); brought True at First Light to 200,000 words; added chapters to The Garden of Eden ; and worked on Islands in the Stream . The last three were stored in

6048-458: The doctors, who hospitalized him with pneumonia; he recovered a week later, but most of the fighting was over. He was awarded a Bronze Star for bravery in 1947, in recognition for having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions". Hemingway said he "was out of business as a writer" from 1942 to 1945. In 1946 he married Mary, who had an ectopic pregnancy five months later. The Hemingway family suffered

6156-413: The emotion of intense thrill, usually associated with the extreme sports. Even though some extreme sports present a higher level of risk, people still choose to embark in the experience of extreme sports for the sake of the adrenaline. According to Sigmund Freud , we have an instinctual 'death wish', which is a subconscious inbuilt desire to destroy ourselves, proving that in the seek for the thrill, danger

6264-471: The expatriate artists and writers of the Montparnasse Quarter , whom she referred to as the " Lost Generation "—a term Hemingway popularized with the publication of The Sun Also Rises . A regular at Stein's salon , Hemingway met influential painters such as Pablo Picasso , Joan Miró , and Juan Gris . He eventually withdrew from Stein's influence, and their relationship deteriorated into

6372-625: The fiesta ended, on his birthday (July 21), he began to write the draft of what would become The Sun Also Rises , finishing eight weeks later. A few months later, in December 1925, the Hemingways left to spend the winter in Schruns , Austria, where Hemingway began extensively revising the manuscript. Pauline Pfeiffer, the daughter of a wealthy Catholic family in Arkansas , who came to Paris to work for Vogue magazine, joined them in January. Against Hadley's advice, Pfeiffer urged Hemingway to sign

6480-870: The first modern jumps on 1 April 1979, from the Clifton Suspension Bridge , Bristol, England . They followed the Clifton Bridge effort with a jump from the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California (including the first female bungee jump by Jane Wilmot), and with a televised leap from the Royal Gorge Suspension Bridge in Colorado , sponsored by and televised on the popular American television program That's Incredible! Bungee jumping

6588-619: The first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you." He sustained severe shrapnel wounds to both legs, underwent an immediate operation at a distribution center, and spent five days at a field hospital before he was transferred for recuperation to the Red Cross hospital in Milan. He spent six months at the hospital, where he met "Chink" Dorman-Smith . The two formed a strong friendship that lasted for decades. While recuperating, Hemingway fell in love with Agnes von Kurowsky ,

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6696-707: The flat pebbly stretch between the sea and first cover". Mellow explains that, on that first day, none of the correspondents were allowed to land and Hemingway was returned to the Dorothea Dix . Late in July, he attached himself to "the 22nd Infantry Regiment commanded by Col. Charles 'Buck' Lanham , as it drove toward Paris", and Hemingway became de facto leader to a small band of village militia in Rambouillet outside of Paris. Paul Fussell remarks: "Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to

6804-406: The following year in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's long-time Scribner's editor, and friend. During this period, he suffered from severe headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, and eventually diabetes—much of which was the result of previous accidents and many years of heavy drinking. Nonetheless, in January 1946, he began work on The Garden of Eden , finishing 800 pages by June. During

6912-432: The full extent of Hemingway's injuries: two cracked discs , a kidney and liver rupture, a dislocated shoulder and a broken skull. The accidents may have precipitated the physical deterioration that was to follow. After the plane crashes, Hemingway, who had been "a thinly controlled alcoholic throughout much of his life, drank more heavily than usual to combat the pain of his injuries." In October 1954, Hemingway received

7020-516: The last time on July 25, 1960. Mary went with him to New York where he set up a small office and attempted unsuccessfully to work. Soon after, he left New York, traveling without Mary to Spain to be photographed for the front cover of Life magazine. A few days later the news reported that he was seriously ill and on the verge of dying, which panicked Mary until she received a cable from him telling her, "Reports false. Enroute Madrid. Love Papa." He was, in fact, seriously ill, and believed himself to be on

7128-508: The late 1930s. Baker writes that Hemingway did not expect Spain to "become a sort of international testing-ground for Germany, Italy, and Russia before the Spanish Civil War was over". Despite Pauline's reluctance, he signed with North American Newspaper Alliance to cover the Spanish Civil War , and sailed from New York on February 27, 1937. Journalist and writer Martha Gellhorn accompanied Hemingway. He had met her in Key West

7236-526: The life of a writer, rather than live the life of a journalist. Hemingway, Hadley, and their son (nicknamed Bumby) returned to Paris in January 1924 and moved into an apartment on the rue Notre-Dame des Champs. Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit The Transatlantic Review , which published works by Pound, John Dos Passos , Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven , and Stein, as well as some of Hemingway's own early stories such as " Indian Camp ". When Hemingway's first collection of stories, In Our Time ,

7344-467: The link to adrenaline and 'true' extreme sports is tentative. Brymer and Gray's study defined 'true' extreme sports as a leisure or recreation activity where the most likely outcome of a mismanaged accident or mistake was death. This definition was designed to separate the marketing hype from the activity. Eric Brymer also found that the potential of various extraordinary human experiences, many of which parallel those found in activities such as meditation,

7452-441: The loss of the suitcase were two of the stories the volume contained; he wrote the third story early in 1923 while in Italy. A few months later, in our time (without capitals) was produced in Paris. The small volume included 18 vignettes , a dozen of which he wrote the previous summer during his first visit to Spain, where he discovered the thrill of the corrida . He considered Toronto boring, missed Paris, and wanted to return to

7560-498: The monthly journal Cooperative Commonwealth , where he met novelist Sherwood Anderson . He met Hadley Richardson through his roommate's sister. Later, he claimed, "I knew she was the girl I was going to marry." Red-haired, with a "nurturing instinct", Hadley was eight years older than Hemingway. Despite the age difference, she seemed less mature than usual for a woman her age, probably because of her overprotective mother. Bernice Kert, author of The Hemingway Women , claims Hadley

7668-530: The newly established resort Sun Valley . He was at work on For Whom the Bell Tolls , which he began in March ;1939 and finished in July ;1940. His pattern was to move around while working on a manuscript, and he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Cuba, Wyoming, and Sun Valley. Published that October, it became a book-of-the-month choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for

7776-670: The outcome of the given activity or event. In a traditional sporting event, athletes compete against each other under controlled circumstances. While it is possible to create a controlled sporting event such as X Games, there are environmental variables that cannot be held constant for all athletes. Examples include changing snow conditions for snowboarders , rock and ice quality for climbers , and wave height and shape for surfers . Whilst traditional sporting judgment criteria may be adopted when assessing performance (distance, time, score, etc.), extreme sports performers are often evaluated on more subjective and aesthetic criteria. This results in

7884-453: The popular traditional sports (rafting and paintballing are notable exceptions, as they are done in teams). Activities categorized by media as extreme sports differ from traditional sports due to the higher number of inherently uncontrollable variables. These environmental variables are frequently weather and terrain-related, including wind, snow, water and mountains. Because these natural phenomena cannot be controlled, they inevitably affect

7992-429: The post-war expatriate generation, received good reviews and is "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work". Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever"; he believed the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been "battered" but were not lost. Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he

8100-480: The post-war years, he also began work on a trilogy tentatively titled "The Land", "The Sea" and "The Air", which he wanted to combine in one novel titled The Sea Book . Both projects stalled. Mellow writes that Hemingway's inability to write was "a symptom of his troubles" during these years. In 1948, Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe, staying in Venice for several months. While there, Hemingway fell in love with

8208-459: The potential to produce drastic benefits on mental and physical health and provide opportunity for individuals to engage fully with life. Extreme sports trigger the release of the hormone adrenaline , which can facilitate performance of stunts. It is believed that the implementation of extreme sports on mental health patients improves their perspective and recognition of aspects of life. In outdoor adventure sports, participants get to experience

8316-514: The previous August but delayed the revision. The serialization in Scribner's Magazine was scheduled to appear in May. In April, he was still working on the ending, which he may have rewritten as many as seventeen times. The completed novel was published on September 27, 1929. Biographer James Mellow believes A Farewell to Arms established Hemingway's stature as a major American writer and displayed

8424-502: The rest are merely games. The implication of the phrase was that the word "sport" defined an activity in which one might be killed, other activities being termed "games." The phrase may have been invented by either writer Barnaby Conrad or automotive author Ken Purdy . The Dangerous Sports Club of Oxford University , England was founded by David Kirke, Chris Baker, Ed Hulton and Alan Weston . They first came to wide public attention by inventing modern day bungee jumping , by making

8532-740: The same year: Hemingway read it, liked it, and decided his next work had to be a novel. The year before, Hemingway visited the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona , Spain, for the first time, where he became fascinated by bullfighting . The Hemingways returned to Pamplona again in 1924 and a third time in June 1925; that year, they brought with them a group of American and British expatriates: Hemingway's Michigan boyhood friend Bill Smith, Donald Ogden Stewart , Lady Duff Twysden (recently divorced), her lover Pat Guthrie, and Harold Loeb . A few days after

8640-710: The school's newspaper and yearbook (the Trapeze and Tabula ); he imitated the language of popular sportswriters and contributed under the pen name Ring Lardner Jr.—a nod to Ring Lardner of the Chicago Tribune whose byline was "Line O'Type". After leaving high school, he went to work for The Kansas City Star as a cub reporter. Although he stayed there only for six months, the Star ' s style guide , which stated "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative", became

8748-542: The story of Hemingway's death. He briefed the reporters and spent the next few weeks recuperating in Nairobi . Despite his injuries, Hemingway accompanied Patrick and his wife on a planned fishing expedition in February, but pain caused him to be irascible and difficult to get along with. When a bushfire broke out, he was again injured, sustaining second-degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm. Months later in Venice , Mary reported to friends

8856-508: The then 19-year-old Adriana Ivancich . The platonic love affair inspired the novel Across the River and into the Trees , written in Cuba during a time of strife with Mary, and published in 1950 to negative reviews. The following year, furious at the critical reception of Across the River and Into the Trees , Hemingway wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks, saying that it

8964-511: The verge of a breakdown. Feeling lonely, he took to his bed for days, retreating into silence, despite having the first installments of The Dangerous Summer published in Life that September to good reviews. In October, he went back to New York, where he refused to leave Mary's apartment, presuming that he was being watched. She quickly took him to Idaho, where they were met at the train station in Ketchum by local physician George Saviers. He

9072-621: The woods and lakes of Northern Michigan . These early experiences instilled in him a life-long passion for outdoor adventure and living in remote or isolated areas. Hemingway went to Oak Park and River Forest High School in Oak Park between 1913 and 1917, where he competed in boxing, track and field, water polo, and football. He performed in the school orchestra for two years with his sister Marcelline, and received good grades in English classes. During his last two years at high school he edited

9180-421: Was "evocative" of Agnes, but Agnes lacked Hadley's childishness. After exchanging letters for a few months, Hemingway and Hadley decided to marry and travel to Europe. They wanted to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to go to Paris instead, writing letters of introduction for the young couple. They were married on September 3, 1921; two months later, Hemingway signed on as a foreign correspondent for

9288-467: Was "the best I can write ever for all of my life". Published in September 1952, The Old Man and the Sea became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1953. A month later he departed Cuba for his second trip to Africa. While in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in successive plane crashes, in January 1954. He had chartered

9396-503: Was an important part of the extreme sport experience. Those experiences put the participants outside their comfort zone and are often done in conjunction with adventure travel . Some of the sports have existed for decades and their proponents span generations, some going on to become well known personalities. Rock climbing and ice climbing have spawned publicly recognizable names such as Edmund Hillary , Chris Bonington , Wolfgang Güllich and more recently Joe Simpson . Another example

9504-566: Was anathema for a man of Hemingway's generation to accept he suffered from mental illness. At the end of November, Saviers flew him to the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota on the pretext that he was to be treated for hypertension . He was checked in under Saviers's name to maintain anonymity. Meyers writes that "an aura of secrecy surrounds Hemingway's treatment at the Mayo" but confirms that he

9612-632: Was arrested and later executed. The incident changed Dos Passos's opinion of the leftist republicans , and caused a rift with Hemingway. Back in the U.S. that summer, Hemingway prepared the soundtrack for the film. It was screened at the White House in July. In late August he returned to France and flew from Paris to Barcelona and then to Valencia . In September he visited the front in Belchite and then on to Teruel . On his return to Madrid Hemingway wrote his only play, The Fifth Column , as

9720-580: Was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature . Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois , a suburb of Chicago . After high school, he spent six months as a reporter for The Kansas City Star before enlisting in the Red Cross . He served as an ambulance driver on the Italian Front in World War I and was seriously wounded by shrapnel in 1918. In 1921, Hemingway moved to Paris, where he worked as

9828-611: Was born a year later on November 12, 1931, in Kansas City as "Gregory Hancock Hemingway". Pauline's uncle bought the couple a house in Key West with a carriage house, the second floor of which was converted into a writing studio. He invited friends—including Waldo Peirce , Dos Passos, and Max Perkins —to join him on fishing trips and on an all-male expedition to the Dry Tortugas . He continued to travel to Europe and to Cuba, and—although in 1933 he wrote of Key West, "We have

9936-424: Was born on June 28, 1928, at Bell Memorial Hospital . Pauline had a difficult delivery; Hemingway wrote a fictionalized version of the event in A Farewell to Arms . After Patrick's birth, they traveled to Wyoming, Massachusetts, and New York. On December 6, Hemingway was in New York visiting Bumby, about to board a train to Florida, when he received the news that his father Clarence had killed himself. Hemingway

10044-428: Was conceived as a result of efforts to equip a surfboard with a sailing boat's propulsion system (mast and sail). Kitesurfing on the other hand was conceived by combining the propulsion system of kite buggying (a parafoil ) with the bi-directional boards used for wakeboarding . Wakeboarding is in turn derived from snowboarding and waterskiing . Some contend that the distinction between an extreme sport and

10152-434: Was concerned about finances, missed Cuba, his books, and his life there, and fretted that he would never return to retrieve the manuscripts that he had left in a bank vault. He believed the manuscripts that would be published as Islands in the Stream and True at First Light were lost. He became paranoid, believing that the FBI was actively monitoring his movements in Ketchum. Mary was unable to care for her husband and it

10260-429: Was devastated, having earlier written to his father telling him not to worry about financial difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide. He realized how Hadley must have felt after her own father's suicide in 1903, and said, "I'll probably go the same way." Upon his return to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on the draft of A Farewell to Arms before leaving for France in January. He had finished it

10368-744: Was finalized later that year. Meanwhile, he had asked Mary Welsh to marry him on their third meeting. Hemingway sustained a severe head-wound that required 57 stitches. Still suffering symptoms of the concussion, he accompanied troops to the Normandy landings wearing a large head bandage. The military treated him as "precious cargo" and he was not allowed ashore. The landing craft he was on came within sight of Omaha Beach before coming under enemy fire when it turned back. Hemingway later wrote in Collier's that he could see "the first, second, third, fourth and fifth waves of [landing troops] lay where they had fallen, looking like so many heavily laden bundles on

10476-557: Was further promoted after the Extreme Sports Channel , Extremesportscompany.com launched and then the X Games, a multi-sport event was created and developed by ESPN . The first X Games (known as 1995 Extreme Games) were held in Newport , Providence , Mount Snow , and Vermont in the United States. Certain extreme sports clearly trace back to other extreme sports, or combinations thereof. For example, windsurfing

10584-437: Was not able to tell them how scared he had been "in another country with surgeons who could not tell him in English if his leg was coming off or not." That September, he went on a fishing and camping trip with high school friends to the back-country of Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . The trip became the inspiration for his short story " Big Two-Hearted River ", in which the semi-autobiographical character Nick Adams takes to

10692-536: Was not the first into the city nor did he liberate the Ritz . While there, he visited Sylvia Beach and met Picasso with Mary Welsh, and in a spirit of happiness, forgave Gertrude Stein. Later that year, he observed heavy fighting at the Battle of Hürtgen Forest . On December 17, 1944, he traveled to Luxembourg, in spite of illness, to report on The Battle of the Bulge . As soon as he arrived, however, Lanham referred him to

10800-487: Was published in 1925, the dust jacket bore comments from Ford. "Indian Camp" received considerable praise; Ford saw it as an important early story by a young writer, and critics in the United States praised Hemingway for reinvigorating the short-story genre with his crisp style and use of declarative sentences. Six months earlier, Hemingway had met F. Scott Fitzgerald , and the pair formed a friendship of "admiration and hostility". Fitzgerald had published The Great Gatsby

10908-487: Was published in October 1927, and included his boxing story " Fifty Grand ". Cosmopolitan magazine editor-in-chief Ray Long praised "Fifty Grand", calling it, "one of the best short stories that ever came to my hands ... the best prize-fight story I ever read ... a remarkable piece of realism." By the end of the year Pauline was pregnant and wanted to move back to America. Dos Passos recommended Key West , and they left Paris in March 1928. Hemingway suffered

11016-818: Was selected for its history with the 2002 Winter Olympics and Nitro Circus . The Nitro World Games 2016 were held on July 16 with seven gold medal events. The 2018 edition was moved to Utah Motorsports Campus in Erda . Rallycross and FMX Quarterpipe were added, with the former competing on a track designed by Pastrana. BMX and skateboarding events were conducted at the CA Training Facility in Vista, California , while scooter competitions were held at Adrenaline Alley in Corby , United Kingdom (ScootFest) and Paris , France (Scooter Best Trick). The 2020 edition

11124-452: Was seriously injured in two successive plane crashes, leaving him in pain and ill health for much of the rest of his life. He died by suicide at his house in Ketchum, Idaho , in 1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois , an affluent suburb just west of Chicago, to Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a physician, and Grace Hall Hemingway , a musician. His parents were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park,

11232-626: Was set to be held at the Principality Stadium in Cardiff , Wales . However, it was canceled because of the COVID-19 pandemic . Extreme sport There is no precise definition of an 'extreme sport' and the origin of the term is unclear but it gained popularity in the 1990s when it was picked up by marketing companies to promote the X Games and when the Extreme Sports Channel and Extreme International launched. More recently,

11340-455: Was traveling to join him in Geneva , Hadley lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the train station Gare de Lyon . He was devastated and furious. Nine months later the couple returned to Toronto, where their son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10, 1923. During their absence, Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems , was published in Paris. All that remained after

11448-513: Was treated as a novelty for a few years, then became a craze for young people, and is now an established industry for thrill seekers. The club also pioneered a surrealist form of skiing, holding three events at St. Moritz , Switzerland , in which competitors were required to devise a sculpture mounted on skis and ride it down a mountain. The event reached its limits when the Club arrived in St. Moritz with

11556-561: Was treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as many as 15 times in December 1960. Reynolds gained access to Hemingway's records at the Mayo, which document 10 ECT sessions. The doctors in Rochester told Hemingway the depressive state for which he was being treated may have been caused by his long-term use of Reserpine and Ritalin . Of the ECT therapy, Hemingway told Hotchner, "What is the sense of ruining my head and erasing my memory, which

11664-724: Was working on The Sun Also Rises . In early 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pfeiffer, who came to Pamplona with them that July. On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a separation; in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer of the proceeds from The Sun Also Rises . They were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pfeiffer in May. Before his marriage to Pfeiffer, Hemingway converted to Catholicism. They honeymooned in Le Grau-du-Roi , where he contracted anthrax , and he planned his next collection of short stories, Men Without Women , which

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