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68-534: Spanish exploration of the area began in 1531 with Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán 's expedition. He named the main city founded in the area Villa de Guadalajara after his birthplace and called the area he conquered "la Conquista del Espíritu Santo de la Mayor España" ("the Conquest of the Holy Spirit of Greater Spain"). The name was not approved. Instead, Queen Joanna — at the moment the acting regent of Spain — named

136-556: A cruel, violent and irrational tyrant. His legacy has partly been colored by the fact that history was written largely by his political opponents such as Hernán Cortés, Juan de Zumárraga and Vasco de Quiroga . Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán was born ca. 1485 in Guadalajara, Spain , to an old noble family. His father was Hernán Beltrán de Guzmán, a wealthy merchant and a High Constable in the Spanish Inquisition ; his mother

204-587: A few days after the others. The first bishop of Mexico , Juan de Zumárraga , had arrived in the capital only a few days before the oidores. The instructions given to the Audiencia included a recommendation for good treatment of the indigenous people and a directive that the investigation into the conduct of Cortés and his associates Pedro de Alvarado , Alonso de Estrada , Rodrigo de Albornoz , Gonzalo de Salazar and Pedro Almíndez Chirino be concluded within 90 days. Most of these associates had participated in

272-521: A few, and then water was poured on the head of each without using the customary holy oils or chrism . The practice faced no opposition while the Franciscans were in charge of the missions, but as soon as members of other religious orders and some secular ecclesiastics arrived, doubt began to be cast upon the validity of these baptisms. To put an end to the dispute Bishop Zumárraga submitted the case to Rome , and on June 1, 1537, Pope Paul III issued

340-472: A military force of 300 to 400 discontented conquistadors and between 5,000 and 8,000 indigenous Nahua allies, Guzmán set out on December 21, 1529, to the west of Mexico City to conquer lands and peoples who until then had resisted the conquest. Among the officers on this expedition was Pedro Almíndez Chirino . The campaign started with the torture and execution of the Purépecha cazonci Tangáxuan II ,

408-622: A powerful indigenous ally of the Spanish Crown. Guzmán proceeded to launch a fierce campaign into the Chichimec lands in the province that was to become known as Nueva Galicia , reaching as far as Culiacán . Part of the purpose of the expedition was to find the fabled Cibola , the Seven Cities of Gold . This expedition has been described as a "genocidal enterprise". Typically, the conquistadors attacked an Indian village, stole

476-581: A refined hypocrisy, great immorality, ingratitude without equal, and a fierce hatred for Cortés". Juan de Zum%C3%A1rraga Juan de Zumárraga , OFM (1468 – June 3, 1548) was a Spanish Basque Franciscan prelate and the first Bishop of Mexico . He was also the region's first inquisitor . He wrote Doctrina breve , the first book published in the Western Hemisphere by a European, printed in Mexico City in 1539. Zumárraga

544-515: A royal decree dated January 25, 1531, she supplied the name Reino de Nueva Galicia (Kingdom of New Galicia). This territory extended from the Rio Lerma to Sonora, with its capital at Compostela . New Galicia was a separate entity, not under the authority of the Audiencia of Mexico City (but still part of New Spain). One nineteenth-century chronicler of the Conquest referred to Beltrán de Guzmán as "the detestable governor of Pánuco and perhaps

612-463: A small town near Nochistlán to which the name " Guadalajara " was given. Two years later Guzmán visited the city, and at the request of its inhabitants, who were fearful of Indian attacks and lacked sufficient water, he ordered it moved to Tonalá . This occurred on May 24, 1533. Later, after Guzmán had returned to Spain, it was moved again, to a site near Tlacotan (northeast of modern Zapopan ). This occurred probably between October 1541 and February of

680-554: A treatise decrying Guzmán's 1529 campaign as unjust. Guzmán, who had by then made many enemies, fell out of favor with the authorities and the Second Audiencia. In 1533 he was removed from the Governorship of Pánuco and in 1534 of that of Nueva Galicia. In 1537 he was charged with treason, jailed and later expelled from New Spain. In 1529, Guzmán put Juan Ortiz de Matienzo in charge of the Audiencia. Then, gathering

748-582: A woman Sabina de Guzmán, who had taken care of him in his illness. He also bequeathed belongings to the Franciscan Order , in spite of the conflicts he had had with its members in New Spain. He probably died in Valladolid in 1558 on October 16 or shortly thereafter. In posteriority and partly in his own time Nuño de Guzmán achieved a reputation as the worst villain of the conquistadors, in

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816-462: The Real Audiencia de México to take over the government of the colony. This Audiencia consisted of a president and four oidores (judges). Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán was named president. His oidores were Juan Ortiz de Matienzo , Diego Delgadillo , Diego Maldonado and Alonso de Parada; these two last fell sick during the voyage to New Spain and died shortly after arrival. At the time Guzmán

884-499: The Caribbean colonies . In the resulting power struggles where he also made himself an enemy of important churchmen, Guzmán came out the loser. In 1537, he was arrested for treason, abuse of power and mistreatment of the indigenous inhabitants of his territories, and he was sent to Spain in shackles. He was eventually released, dying in poverty in 1558. His subsequent reputation, in scholarship and popular discourse, has been that of

952-484: The bull Altitudo divini consilii , which declared that the friars had not sinned in administering baptism in this form, but decreed that in the future it should not be thus administered except in cases of urgent need. Another difficulty arose regarding marriage. The pre-Columbian religions had permitted polygyny and the taking of concubines , and when Natives were converted the question arose as to which were legitimate wives and which were concubines, and whether any of

1020-758: The maize and other food, razed and burned the dwellings, and tortured the native leaders to gather information on what riches could be stolen there, or from nearby populations. For the most part, these riches did not exist. As an example, the Spanish were received peaceably in Tzintzuntzan by Tangáxuan II , the cazonci of the Tarascan state , which largely coincides with the modern state of Michoacán . Tangáxuan gave Guzmán presents of gold and silver and supplied him with soldiers and provisions. Nevertheless, Guzmán had him arrested and tortured, to get him to reveal

1088-651: The Audiencia and instead appointed governor of Nueva Galicia . As governor of Nueva Galicia he continued his politics of violent submission of the Indians of the Gran Chichimeca and came into conflict with church authorities such as Juan de Zumárraga , the Bishop appointed as Protector of the Indians, and Bishop of Michoacán Vasco de Quiroga . He also founded several cities that still exist such as Zacatecas , Querétaro and Guadalajara . In 1531 Zumárraga published

1156-699: The Bishop of Cuenca (Spain) . In 1525 the Spanish crown appointed him governor of the autonomous territory of Pánuco on the Gulf Coast in what is now northeast Mexico, arriving to take up the appointment in May 1527. He traveled with Luís Ponce de Leon and arrived in Hispaniola in 1526, but here he fell sick and did not arrive in Mexico until May 1527, immediately assuming his post. Cortés had already extended his reach into Pánuco, so that Guzmán's appointment

1224-643: The Caxcan, who had now allied with the Spanish. Nahuas from the Valley of Mexico moved into the region along with the Spanish as the area was settled. In the last decades of the sixteenth century Huichols also arrived. Given the growing wealth of the region with the discovery of silver to the north, especially in Nueva Vizcaya , Guadalajara became the seat of the second mainland Audiencia of New Spain in 1548. The Audiencia of Guadalajara had oversight of all

1292-504: The Franciscans and other mendicant orders when they judged it necessary for the conversion of the Indians, except for acts requiring episcopal consecration. This provision affected regions where there was no bishop, or where it required two or more days of travel to reach one. Pope Paul III confirmed the bull on January 15, 1535. The bishops found their authority much limited, and a series of assemblies followed in which Zumárraga with his customary prudence tried to arrive at an understanding with

1360-634: The Indian girls. He no longer held the title of Protector of the Indians, as it was thought that the new oidores would refrain from the abuses of prior regimes. On November 14, 1535, with the arrival of the first viceroy , Antonio de Mendoza , the rule of the new oidores ended. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Juan López de Zárate , Bishop of Antequera, Oaxaca (1537); Francisco Marroquín Hurtado , Bishop of Santiago de Guatemala (1537); and Vasco de Quiroga , Bishop of Michoacán (1539). According to Fray Toribio de Benavente Motolinia ,

1428-586: The Indians emerged worse off than they were before. The last years of Bishop Zumárraga's life were devoted to carrying out the numerous works he had undertaken for the welfare of his diocese. Among the chief of these should be mentioned: the school for Indian girls; the famous Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco ; the introduction of the first printing press into the New World ; the foundation of various hospitals, especially those of Mexico and Vera Cruz ;

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1496-406: The Indians. Bishop Zumárraga attempted to notify the Spanish court of the course of events, but the oidores had established a successful censorship of all letters and communications from New Spain. Finally, a Basque ("Biscayne") sailor concealed a letter in a cake of wax which he immersed in a barrel of oil. Meanwhile, news reached Mexico that Cortés had been well received at the Spanish court and

1564-567: The Spaniards of the colony, many of them far advanced in years, who had passed through all the trying period of the conquest, and whom the new laws would leave in abject poverty. These had recourse to Bishop Zumárraga to intercede with Tello to obtain a suspension of the order until they could be heard before the Spanish Court. The representatives of the colonists found the emperor, Charles V , at Mechlin , on October 20, 1545. In virtue of

1632-431: The approbation of the celebrated " Nuevas Leyes ". These laws conclusively and decisively prohibited the enslavement of the Indians, withdrew all grants from all corporations, ecclesiastical and secular , and from those who were or had been Viceroys , governors , or employees of any description whatsoever; previous grants were reduced; Indians were taken from owners who had ill-treated them; all governors were deprived of

1700-564: The area "Reino de Nueva Galicia." Guzmán's violent conquest left Spanish control of the area unstable, and within a decade full war had reemerged between the settlers and the Native peoples of the area. The Mixtón War , which lasted from 1540–1541, pitted an alliance of Coras , Guachichils and Caxcans against the settlers. Nine years later the Chichimeca War broke out, this time pitting mostly Zacatecos against their former allies,

1768-540: The city of San Miguel de Culiacán on September 29, 1531. He returned to Tepic , where he set up his headquarters, sending out new expeditions from there. One of these founded the cities of Santiago de Galicia de Compostela and Purificación . Another traveled as far as the current Mexican state of Sonora . His violent expeditions into Chichimec lands were a main cause of the Mixtón rebellion . In 1531 (probably January), one of Guzmán's captains, Cristóbal de Oñate , founded

1836-456: The city under interdict , and the Franciscans retired to Texcoco . At Easter the interdict was lifted, but the oidores were excommunicated for a year. On July 15, 1530, Cortés, now titled Captain General of New Spain, reached Vera Cruz . The Crown appointed new oidores , among them Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal , Bishop of Santo Domingo , and the lawyer Vasco de Quiroga , who later became

1904-495: The confidence of the Spanish Court, and he set sail in May 1532 under orders to return to Spain. On his arrival he met his implacable enemy Delgadillo, who, though still under indictment, continued his calumnies. As a result of Delgadillo's charges, Charles V held back the Bull of Clement VII, originally dated September 2, 1530, that would have named Zumárraga bishop. Zumárraga, however, had little difficulty vindicating his good name, and

1972-639: The conquest but saw their paths to position and wealth blocked by the Cortés faction. Guzmán's rule as a governor of Pánuco was stern against Spanish rivals and brutal against the Indians. He cracked down harshly on Cortés's supporters in Pánuco, accusing some of them of disloyalty to the Crown by backing Cortés's claim to the title of viceroy. Some were stripped of their property; others were tried and executed. He also incorporated territory from adjacent provinces into

2040-484: The conquest of Central Mexico by Hernán Cortés , New Spain had been governed by a military government , generally with the objectives of maximizing personal economic gains by the Spanish conquistadors. Hoping to establish a more orderly government, to reduce the authority of Cortés, and secure the authority of the Spanish crown in the New World, on December 13, 1527 the metropolitan government of Charles V in Burgos named

2108-456: The dioceses of Oaxaca , Michoacán , Tlaxcala , Guatemala , and Ciudad Real de Chiapas, as suffragans. The Bull of appointment was sent on July 8, 1548, but Bishop Zumárraga had died one month previously. Bishop Zumarraga is also credited with chocolate becoming a popular drink among Europeans. A community of nuns in Oaxaca, after encountering a recipe of cocoa mixed with sugar, prepared it for

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2176-622: The end of August 1528, and reached Mexico on December 6. Thirteen days after, two of these judges, Alonso de Parada and Diego Maldonado, men of years and experience, died. Their companions, Juan Ortiz de Matienzo and Diego Delgadillo , assumed their authority, which was also shared by Nuño de Guzmán , who had come from his territories in the Pánuco Valley . Their administration was one of the most disastrous epochs in New Spain and one of great difficulty for Zumárraga. Although Zumárraga

2244-523: The faculty to " encomendar " (a system of patents which permitted forced labor of the Indians); owners were compelled to live upon their own possessions; and in all newly discovered territory no grants could be made. Francisco Tello de Sandoval , commissioned to carry out the New Laws , reached Mexico on March 8, 1544. The gravest difficulties confronted him. Those affected by the new laws were almost all

2312-478: The first Bishop of Michoacán . In December of the same year, the new Audiencia , the ensemble of oidores , reached Mexico and, with them, an era of peace for both Zumárraga and the Indians. Matienzo and Delgadillo were sent to Spain as prisoners, but Nuño de Guzmán escaped, being then absent in Sinaloa. Meantime the calumnies spread by the enemies of Zumárraga and the partisans of the first oidor had shaken

2380-410: The following year. Later the settlers began to complain to Antonio de Mendoza , then the viceroy of New Spain, about both the repeated relocations and Guzmán's cruelty. Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán gave the name "Conquista del Espíritu Santo de la Mayor España" to the territories he explored and conquered. However, the queen of Spain, Joanna of Castile , mother of Charles V, did not approve of the name. By

2448-542: The government in the proceeding few years while Cortés was in Honduras, with a lot of in-fighting among themselves and injustices to the population, both Spanish and Indigenous. Cortés himself was now in Spain, where he was defending his conduct and appealing his loss of authority to Charles. Cortés had some success with his appeal, being named Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca and receiving some other honors. Nevertheless, Guzmán

2516-565: The governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez and having been a sworn enemy of Cortés even before setting foot in New Spain. As governor Guzmán instituted a system of Indian slave trade in Pánuco. During a raid along Río de Las Palmas in 1528 he allowed every horseman to take 20 Indian slaves and each footman 15. In 1529 he gave out individual slaving permissions amounting to more than 1000 slaves. Initially Guzmán did not allow Spaniards to sell slaves for export except in exchange for livestock, but later he gave more than 1500 slave licenses (each permitting

2584-508: The impetus he gave to industries, agriculture, and manufactures, for which he brought trained mechanics and labourers from Spain; and the printing of many books. At the instance of the emperor, Pope Paul III separated (February 11, 1546) the See of Mexico from the metropolitan See of Seville , and erected the Archdiocese of Mexico , appointing Bishop Zumárraga first archbishop and designating

2652-403: The importance of the conquest of Hernán Cortés began to be received, and on December 20, 1527, Zumárraga was recommended by Charles V for the post of first bishop of Mexico. Without having been consecrated and with only the title of bishop-elect and Protector of the Indians , he, accompanied by Fray Andrés de Olmos , left Spain with the first civil officials, magistrates ( oidores ), towards

2720-639: The indigenous peoples of the area. In the late 18th century, as part of the Bourbon Reforms , an Intendancy was established in Guadalajara. In 1824, after Mexican independence was consolidated, the kingdom was transformed into the State of Jalisco and the Territory of Colima. Nu%C3%B1o Beltr%C3%A1n de Guzm%C3%A1n Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán ( c.  1490  – 1558)

2788-409: The interdiction was a case of violation of sanctuary. The Audiencia had violently taken from the convent of San Francisco a servant of Cortés accused of grave crimes, and two religious, Cristóbal de Angulo and García de Llerena. Undeterred, Guzmán continued the violent suppression on the peoples of the present-day states of Jalisco , Zacatecas , Nayarit and Sinaloa . In the latter state, he founded

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2856-423: The latter as governor of Pánuco. The later events made the two enemies. The Audiencia also banned direct communication with the court in Spain. This was so effective that Bishop Zumárraga felt the necessity of hiding a letter sealed in wax in a cask, to be smuggled to the Spanish authorities by a confederate sailor. In 1530, upon Hernán Cortés' return to New Spain, Guzmán was removed from the office of President of

2924-585: The legality of the taking of any slaves before branding. In 1529 the Crown began an investigation into the slaving enterprises of Guzmán. In spite of his lack of success as governor, in 1529 he was appointed President of the First Audiencia, which the Council of the Indies and the Crown instated to check the ventures of industrious private individuals, such as Cortés, in New Spain. In the years following

2992-416: The location of hidden stores of gold. Presumably there was no more gold, because Tangáxuan did not reveal it under torture. Guzmán had him dragged by a horse and then burned alive on February 14, 1530. Meanwhile, in Mexico City, the actions of the Audiencia attracted the attention of Juan de Zumárraga, bishop of Mexico, who put it under an ecclesiastical interdiction on March 7, 1530. The immediate cause of

3060-412: The marriages had been valid at all. The Franciscans knew that certain rites were observed for certain unions, and that in some cases, where separation or divorce was desired, it was necessary to obtain the consent of the authorities, while in other cases the consent of the interested parties sufficed. These customs, they argued, meant that there were valid marriages among the Indians. Others denied that this

3128-605: The most depraved man ever to set foot in New Spain." Reports of Guzmán's treatment of the Indigenous had reached Mexico City and Spain, and, at Bishop Zumárraga's request the Crown sent Diego Pérez de la Torre to investigate. Guzmán was arrested in 1536. He was held a prisoner for more than a year and then sent to Spain in fetters. He was released from the Castle of Torrejón prison in 1538. In 1539 he returned to his position as royal contino bodyguard - court records show him on

3196-602: The northern mainland provinces of the Viceroyalty. The Audiencia at first was subordinate to the Royal Audiencia of Mexico but was made independent in 1572, with a separate governor or president. This enabled New Galicia to be ruled largely separate from the rest of the Viceroyalty. There are a number of published chronicles on colonial Nueva Galicia. A 1621 account by Domingo Lázaro de Arregui , Descripción de la Nueva Galicia gives considerable information about

3264-420: The number of baptized Indians in Mexico in 1536 was five million. The multitude of Indians who asked for baptism, said to have greatly increased after the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe in 1531, forced the missionaries to adopt a special form for administering this sacrament. The catechumens were arranged in order, with children in front. Prayers were recited in common over all, salt, saliva, etc., applied to

3332-620: The payroll every year from 1539 to 1561 (in 1561 as "deceased"). In 1552 he wrote up a memorial containing his own version of the events leading to his fall. In his account he justified his execution of the Purépecha Cazonci as being necessary in order to bring a Christian rule of law to the area, and he assured that: "in truth no execution more just has been carried out in all of New Spain, and if I were deserving of any punishment it would be for having doubted some days about whether to carry it out." In 1558 he wrote his last will which

3400-527: The province of Pánuco. These actions brought New Spain on the verge of a civil war between Guzmán and supporters of Cortés' led by Governor of New Spain Alonso de Estrada , when Estrada sent an expedition to reclaim the lands expropriated by Guzmán. During the court case against Cortés in 1529, Guzmán accused Cortés himself of being a traitor and a rebel. Bishop Juan de Zumárraga , who had traveled with Guzmán to Hispaniola, in turn accused Guzmán of being allied with

3468-517: The regulars without openly clashing with them. Various modifications were adopted with the consent of the regulars on condition that these "should not impair the privileges of the regulars". The question therefore remained open. In 1535, Bishop Zumárraga received the title and powers of Apostolic Inquisitor of the diocese of Mexico from the Inquisitor General , Álvaro Manrique, Archbishop of Seville , including that of delivering criminals to

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3536-526: The secular courts. He never availed himself of the title and did not establish the tribunal, although he did indict and deliver to the secular courts a lord of Texcoco, known as Don Carlos Ometochtzin Chichimecatecuhtli, accused of having "reverted to idolatry" and of offering human sacrifices. Meanwhile, Fray Las Casas had gone to Spain and obtained from the Junta of Valladolid (1541–1542)

3604-419: The situation as explained to him, he modified the general tenor of the laws so that while still correcting the principal abuses, they would not bear too heavily on the Spaniards of the colony. Through the prudent intervention of Bishop Zumárraga and the compliance of Tello, Mexico was undoubtedly saved from a bloody civil struggle such as engulfed Peru on account of the enforcement of these same laws and from which

3672-612: The taking of between 15 and 50 slaves) in an eight-month period. The slaving operation in Pánuco expanded when Guzmán became President of the Royal Audiencia of Mexico and he had Indian slaves smuggled into Pánuco and shipped on to the Caribbean. Indian slaves were branded on the face. Taking Indian slaves was not explicitly outlawed in the period before 1528. Beginning in 1528, Indian slaving operations came under increased royal control but were not prohibited. The regulations of September 19, 1528, required slave owners to present proof of

3740-412: The welfare of the Indians, pressed him to put an end to the excesses of the oidores . It was clear that he must have had an open conflict with the civil officials of the colony, relying only on his spiritual prerogatives, which commanded no respect from these immoral and unprincipled men. Some members of other religious orders, perhaps envious of the influence of the Franciscans, upheld the persecution of

3808-490: The words of his biographer Donald Chipman he has been depicted as the "personification of the Black Legend ". His contemporary Bernal Díaz del Castillo described him in the following terms: "... In all the provinces of New Spain there was not another man more foul and evil than [Guzmán] of Pánuco". His biographer Santana describes his personality as characterized by "cruelty of the highest order, ambition without limit,

3876-633: Was Doña Magdalena de Guzmán. The Guzmán family supported Prince Charles in the Revolt of the Comuneros and achieved gratitude of the later Emperor. Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán received some experience in law, but never finished a degree. For a period he and his younger brother served as one of 100 royal bodyguards of Carlos V , and he accompanied the Emperor on a trip to Flanders in 1522, and undertook sensitive diplomatic missions, including one dealing with

3944-497: Was a Spanish conquistador and colonial administrator in New Spain . He was the governor of the province of Pánuco from 1525 to 1533 and of Nueva Galicia from 1529 to 1534, and president of the first Royal Audiencia of Mexico – the high court that governed New Spain – from 1528 to 1530. He founded several cities in Northwestern Mexico , including Guadalajara . Originally a bodyguard of Charles I of Spain , he

4012-750: Was a direct challenge. His appointment was opposed by the Pro- Cortés faction of the struggle for power in early colonial Mexico, who viewed him as an outsider with no military experience. But he had the support of the Council of Indies and the Spanish Crown who saw him as a counterbalance to the figure of Cortés whose aspirations to power worried the King of Spain. Guzmán's appointment gave heart to Spanish conquerors who had not received what they considered sufficient rewards from Cortés's distribution of encomiendas and to Spanish settlers who had not participated in

4080-436: Was about to return to New Spain. Fearful of the consequences, Audiencia president Nuño de Guzmán left Mexico City on December 22, 1529, and began his famous expedition to Michoacán , Jalisco , and Sinaloa . The remaining oidores retained power and continued their outrages. In the early part of 1530 they dragged a priest and a former servant of Cortés from a church, quartered him and tortured his servant. Zumárraga placed

4148-618: Was appointed bishop on August 20, 1530, he was not consecrated until April 27, 1533. Zumárraga, as Protector of the Indians, endeavored to defend them. His position was a critical one; the Spanish monarchy had defined neither the extent of his jurisdiction nor his duties as Protector of the Indians. Moreover, he had not received official consecration as bishop, and was thus at a disadvantage when he attempted to exercise his authority. The Indians appealed to him as protector with all manner of complaints. His own Franciscans, who had so long labored for

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4216-660: Was born in 1468 or 1469 of a noble family, in Durango in the Biscay province in Spain . He entered the Franciscan Order , and in 1527 was custodian of the convent of Abrojo. Shortly afterwards he was appointed one of the judges of the court for the examination of witches in the Basque province. From his writings it would appear that he looked upon witches merely as women possessed of hallucinations. By this time more detailed accounts of

4284-473: Was consecrated bishop at Valladolid on April 27, 1533, by Diego Ribera de Toledo , Bishop of Segovia , with Francisco Zamora de Orello , Titular Bishop of Brefny , and Francisco Solís , Bishop of Drivasto , as Co-Consecrators. After another year in Spain working for favourable concessions for the Indians, he reached Mexico in October 1534, accompanied by a number of mechanics and six female teachers for

4352-408: Was now in charge in New Spain. Among his official acts was placing plaques bearing the royal coat of arms on the principal buildings of the capital, to stress that sovereignty resided in the king, not in Cortés. He had Pedro de Alvarado arrested for questioning the loyalty of Gonzalo de Salazar. There was already some animosity between Cortés and Guzmán, because the former had been reluctant to recognize

4420-513: Was sent to Mexico to counterbalance the influence of the leader of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , Hernán Cortés , since the King worried he was becoming too powerful. As Governor of Pánuco, Guzmán cracked down hard on the supporters of Cortés, stripping him and his supporters of property and rights. He conducted numerous expeditions of conquest into the northwestern areas of Mexico, enslaving thousands of Indians and shipping them to

4488-468: Was serving as governor of Pánuco, so Charles ordered the judges to assemble in Veracruz and from there make a joint entrance into the capital. The four from Spain, however, did not wait for the arrival of Guzmán, and proceeded directly to the capital. They arrived on December 8, 1528, taking over the government on the following day. They were given a splendid reception by the city government. Guzmán arrived

4556-614: Was the case. Bishop Zumárraga took part in all these discussions until the case was submitted to the Holy See. Pope Paul III decreed in the Altitudo that the converted Indians should keep the first woman wed as their wife. A third important difficulty concerned the position of the secular clergy (non-order affiliated) and their privileges. Adrian VI on May 9, 1522, issued the bull Exponi nobis fecisti to Charles V, in which he transferred his own Apostolic authority in all matters to

4624-427: Was uncovered in 1973, it shows him as a poverty stricken noble struggling to save his heirs from his debts, having had even to pawn his heirlooms to pay for medicine. In it, he requested some of the property that was confiscated from him to be returned to his heirs, and wages still due to him for his years as Governor and President be paid and turned over to his heirs. With affection he bequeathed most of his belongings to

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